Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910111/

  Objective: Nosebleed, also known as epistaxis, is a common problem that occurs at some point in at least 60% of people in the United States. While the majority of nosebleeds are limited in severity and duration, about 6% of people who experience nosebleeds will seek medical attention. For the purposes of this guideline, we define the target patient with a nosebleed as a patient with bleeding from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx that is sufficient to warrant medical advice or care. This includes bleeding that is severe, persistent, and/or recurrent, as well as bleeding that impacts a patient’s quality of life. Interventions for nosebleeds range from self-treatment and home remedies to more intensive procedural interventions in medical offices, emergency departments, hospitals, and operating rooms. Epistaxis has been estimated to account for 0.5% of all emergency department visits and up to one-third of all otolaryngology-related emergency department encounters. Inpatient hospitalization for aggressive treatment of severe nosebleeds has been reported in 0.2% of patients with nosebleeds.

• #2 Nosebleed : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003106.htm

  A nosebleed is loss of blood from the tissue lining the nose. Bleeding most often occurs from one nostril only. […] Nosebleeds are very common. Most nosebleeds occur because of minor irritations of the inside of the nostrils or colds. […] Most nosebleeds occur on the front of the nasal septum. This is the piece of the tissue that separates the two sides of the nose. This type of nosebleed can be easy for a trained professional to stop. […] Nosebleed can be caused by: Irritation due to allergies, colds, sneezing or sinus problems, Very cold or dry air, Blowing the nose very hard, or picking the nose, Injury to nose, including a broken nose, or an object stuck in the nose, Sinus or pituitary surgery (transsphenoidal), Deviated septum (tissue that divides the nose into 2 nostrils), Chemical irritants including medicines or drugs that are sprayed or snorted, Overuse of decongestant nasal sprays, Oxygen treatment through nasal cannulas, Snorting cocaine or amphetamine.

• #3 Nosebleeds: Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164823

  Nosebleeds are common because of the position of the nose and its high density of blood vessels. Most are not serious, but sometimes a nosebleed can indicate a more severe underlying condition, such as leukemia. […] Nosebleeds, known medically as epistaxis, are typically not a cause for concern. In rare cases, however, they can be life threatening. […] A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue inside a persons nose. This is a common occurrence and rarely a cause for concern. The medical term for a nosebleed is epistaxis. […] Nosebleeds can be either anterior or posterior. […] Anterior nosebleeds are the most common type of nosebleed. […] Posterior nosebleeds are often more serious than anterior ones and may require medical attention. […] Most nosebleeds are not a medical emergency, and people can treat them at home. The first step of home treatment is to stop the bleeding.

• #4 Epistaxis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863220-overview

  Epistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, is a common complaint. It is rarely life threatening but may cause significant concern, especially among parents of small children. Most nosebleeds are benign, self-limiting, and spontaneous, but some can be recurrent. Many uncommon causes are also noted. […] Treatment depends on the clinical picture, the experience of the treating physician, and the availability of ancillary services. […] In most patients with epistaxis, the bleeding responds to cauterization, nasal packing, or both. For those who have recurrent or severe bleeding for which medical therapy has failed, various surgical options are available. After surgery or embolization, patients should be closely observed for any complications or signs of rebleeding. […] Medical approaches to the treatment of epistaxis may include the following: Adequate pain control in patients with nasal packing, especially in those with posterior packing. Oral and topical antibiotics to prevent rhinosinusitis and possibly toxic shock syndrome. Avoidance of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Medications to control underlying medical problems (eg, hypertension, vitamin K deficiency) in consultation with other specialists.

• #5 Nose Bleeding Houston | Nasal Surgery | Nasal Trauma Baytown

  https://www.medicalcenterent.com/nose-bleeding-medical-center-ent.html

  The nose has rich blood supply and hence trauma or injury to the face may cause nasal injury and bleeding. Nose bleed or epistaxis is blood loss from the tissues lining the nose and commonly occurs in one nostril only. Excess blood loss leads to dizziness, weakness, confusion, and fainting. […] Nose bleeds are of two types, anterior and posterior. Anterior nose bleed accounts for about 90% of nosebleeds and it comes from blood vessel of the nasal septum. Capillaries and very small blood vessels may break and bleeding occurs. Posterior nose bleed occurs from an artery in the back part of the nose. The blood can also flow back into the throat or down into the stomach causing the individual to vomit blood. This type of nose bleed more commonly occurs in elderly people. […] The most common cause of nosebleeds is trauma to the outer part of the nose caused from direct blow on the nose or inside of the nose caused from nose picking. Other predisposing factors include nasal or sinus infection, allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, high blood pressure, deviated nasal septum, nasal blockage by foreign body, nasal surgery, exposure to dry air for a long time, blood thinning medicines, vigorous nose blowing, and rarely nasal tumors.

• #6 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13464-nosebleed-epistaxis

  Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, is when you lose blood from the tissue that lines the inside of your nose. […] There are simple steps you can take to treat and prevent them. […] Most nosebleeds are minor and go away with at-home care. But if bleeding is severe or you have other symptoms (like vomiting or trouble breathing), you should go to the emergency room. […] You can usually treat these nosebleeds at home. […] A posterior nosebleed occurs deep inside your nose. […] You may need medical attention right away for this type of nosebleed. […] Nosebleed treatment depends on the cause of the bleeding. […] Your provider will explain what’s necessary in your situation. […] At-home care is often enough. But some nosebleeds need medical care at a hospital. […] Nosebleeds that occur higher on your septum or deeper in your nose may be harder to control. However, nosebleeds are rarely fatal.

• #7 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nosebleed-epistaxis-in-children.html

  A nosebleed is bleeding from tissues inside the nose (nasal mucus membranes) caused by a broken blood vessel. The medical word for nosebleed is epistaxis. Most nosebleeds in children occur in the front (anterior) part of the nose close to the nostrils. This part of the nose has many tiny blood vessels. These can be damaged easily. These nosebleeds are usually not serious. […] Nosebleeds in the back part of the nose, near the throat (posterior) are less common in children than nosebleeds in the front. They can be more serious and cause a lot of blood loss. […] A nosebleed can look scary, but is usually not a serious problem. Nosebleeds are common in children. They happen more often in dry climates. They also happen more during the winter. […] If your child’s nose doesn’t stop bleeding, take them to see the healthcare provider or go to the emergency room. In some cases, a provider may apply a chemical or heat to close a blood vessel. This is called cauterization. The provider may pack the nose as another option. Both are quick procedures. […] If your child has nosebleeds often, you can help prevent them in these ways: Treating nasal allergies may help stop cycles of itching, picking or scratching, and bleeding. […] Always contact your healthcare provider to discuss your child’s nosebleeds.

• #8 Treatment of Epistaxis – ACEP Now

  https://www.acepnow.com/article/treatment-epistaxis/

  Epistaxis is one of the most common ear, nose, and throat emergencies, with an estimated 60% lifetime incidence rate for an individual person. Of this group, approximately 6% seek medical care to stop the bleeding. Epistaxis has a bimodal age distribution, with most cases in children 2-10 years old and adults 50-80 years old. Certain high-risk groups, such as the elderly, require rapid intervention to stem bleeding and prevent further complications. […] The treatment of epistaxis has undergone significant changes in recent years. Gone are the days when an uncomfortable nasal pack is inserted, with rebleeding upon removal several days later fairly common. New packing devices and ingenious hemostatic agents have been developed to provide a variety of effective and well-tolerated treatment options.

• #9 Taking control of nosebleeds – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/taking-control-of-nosebleeds

  At some point in their lifetimes, most people will experience a nosebleed. It’s common for adults and children, especially during dry winter months. […] Although rarely life-threatening, nosebleeds can cause anxiety and sometimes are difficult to control. […] Nosebleeds are more likely to occur when the nasal mucosa is dry and irritated. When there is low moisture content in the air, such as in the winter when homes are warmed with furnaces or electric heat, the blood vessels are more prone to tearing. […] Fortunately, most nosebleeds stop on their own after a few minutes. By staying calm and following some simple steps, most nosebleeds can be managed without medical assistance. […] For serious bleeds or frequent nosebleeds, seek medical attention with your health care team or in an emergency department.

• #10 Nosebleed Causes, Warning Signs, When to Worry, How To Stop

  https://www.medicinenet.com/nosebleed/article.htm

  Nosebleed The incidence of nosebleeds is higher during the colder winter months when upper respiratory infections are more frequent. […] The definition of a nosebleed, which is medically termed epistaxis, is simply bleeding from the blood vessels in the nose. Nosebleeds are common due to the location of the nose on the face, and the large number of blood vessels in the nose. […] The most common causes of nosebleeds are drying of the nasal membranes and nose picking (digital trauma), which can be prevented with proper lubrication of the nasal passages and not picking the nose. […] Consult a doctor for a nosebleed if bleeding cannot be stopped, there is a large amount of blood lost, or you feel weak or faint. […] The following risk factors predispose people to nosebleeds: Infection, Trauma, including self-induced nose picking (this is the most common cause of nosebleeds in children), Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Use of blood-thinning medications, Alcohol abuse, Less common causes of nosebleeds include tumors and inherited bleeding problems, Hormonal changes during pregnancy may increase the risk of nosebleeds.

• #11 Nosebleed : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003106.htm

  A nosebleed is loss of blood from the tissue lining the nose. Bleeding most often occurs from one nostril only. […] Nosebleeds are very common. Most nosebleeds occur because of minor irritations of the inside of the nostrils or colds. […] Most nosebleeds occur on the front of the nasal septum. This is the piece of the tissue that separates the two sides of the nose. This type of nosebleed can be easy for a trained professional to stop. […] Nosebleed can be caused by: Irritation due to allergies, colds, sneezing or sinus problems, Very cold or dry air, Blowing the nose very hard, or picking the nose, Injury to nose, including a broken nose, or an object stuck in the nose, Sinus or pituitary surgery (transsphenoidal), Deviated septum (tissue that divides the nose into 2 nostrils), Chemical irritants including medicines or drugs that are sprayed or snorted, Overuse of decongestant nasal sprays, Oxygen treatment through nasal cannulas, Snorting cocaine or amphetamine.

• #12 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, first-line treatments should be used prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. […] Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #13 Nosebleeds – epistaxis, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nosebleed

  Nosebleeds are very common, especially in children and older people. […] Most nosebleeds get better with first-aid measures. […] Sometimes nosebleeds are due to another medical problem. […] Most nosebleeds are mild and do not last long. […] Nosebleeds can be distressing for children, but the bleeding can usually be easily stopped with first aid. Most nosebleeds do not need special treatment. […] Nosebleeds can also happen with some medical conditions, such as nasal polyps, sinusitis, leukaemia, and blood disorders that cause problems with blood clotting. […] Nosebleeds can be a nuisance but are usually nothing to worry about. However, frequent, persistent or unusually heavy nosebleeds should be discussed with your doctor. […] Try to stay calm if you have a nosebleed. Most nosebleeds can be treated at home with self-care measures.

• #14 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] The most common sign of HHTfrequent and sometimes heavy nosebleeds related to telangiectasis in the noseoften shows up when patients are young, at around age 12. […] A HHT specialized ENT physician monitors and treats the nosebleeds.

• #15 Nosebleeds

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nosebleeds/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050914

  Most nosebleeds aren’t serious and will stop on their own or by following self-care steps. […] Seek emergency medical care if nosebleeds: […] Talk to your doctor if you’re having frequent nosebleeds, even if you can stop them fairly easily. It’s important to determine the cause of frequent nosebleeds. […] Self-care steps for occasional nosebleeds include: […] After the bleeding has stopped, to keep it from starting again, don’t pick or blow your nose and don’t bend down for several hours. Keep your head higher than the level of your heart. […] Tips to help prevent noseble

• #16

• #17 Nurse’s Notes: Nosebleeds | News

  https://www.manzanodayschool.org/news-post/~post/nurses-notes-20171030

  Nosebleeds are common in kids, and most are caused by nose-picking, dry air, or a cold or allergies. An injury or blow to the nose can cause bleeding, but most aren’t a serious problem. Nose bleeds can be scary, but are rarely cause for alarm. Most will stop quickly and can be easily managed at home. […] Stay calm. If you get nervous it can make you bleed more. […] Call the doctor if: Your child has nosebleeds often. Your child may have put something in his or her nose. Your child tends to bruise or bleed easily. Your child recently started taking new medicine. […] Seek emergency care or call the doctor if: The bleeding is heavy, or accompanied by dizziness or weakness. The bleeding is the result of a fall or blow to the head or face. […] How to prevent nosebleeds: Keep your child’s nails short to prevent injuries from nose-picking. Keep the inside of your child’s nose moist with saline (saltwater) nasal spray. You can also dab antibiotic ointment gently around the opening of the nostrils. Run a cool-mist humidifier (or vaporizer) in bedrooms. Make sure your kids wear protective athletic equipment during sports or other activities that could cause a nose injury. […] Even with proper precautions, kids can still get a bloody nose occasionally. If your child gets a nosebleed, don’t panic. They’re usually harmless and are almost always easy to stop.

• #18 Nosebleed | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/nosebleed/

  Nosebleeds are not usually a sign of anything serious. You can often treat them at home. […] To stop a nosebleed: Sit down at a table, lean forward and firmly pinch the soft part of your nose, just above your nostrils, for at least 10 to 15 minutes. […] If the bleeding eventually stops, you wont usually need to seek medical advice. But in some cases you may need further treatment from your GP or in hospital. […] Speak to your GP practice if: you have nosebleeds that come and go regularly. […] If you see your GP or go to hospital with a nosebleed, youll be assessed to find out how serious your condition is and whats likely to have caused it. This may involve: looking inside your nose, measuring your pulse and blood pressure, carrying out blood tests, asking about any other symptoms you have. […] If needed, your doctor will discuss additional treatments with you. For example, ointments for your nose, cautery to seal blood vessels in your nose or nasal packing may be required.

• #19 NOSEBLEEDS? – Pre-Nursing Students

  https://allnurses.com/nosebleeds-t286729/

  I worked at an Elementary School for a good 3 or 4 years, and we were always told to absolutely NOT tilt the head back. This allows the blood to run back into the person’s throat and may lead to choking, coughing, or even vomiting. […] I’m pretty sure the only reason to put your head back is to prevent blood from soiling your face and clothes…it makes the observer or first aider feel better. In the end though, you’re going to barf it back up anyway… Head forward. […] As an EMT, we were taught to have the patient position the head in a sniffing position (like you are slightly sniffing a flower). It allows for a little head tilt but not all the way back. Pinch the bridge of the nose until the bleeding stops. Ice compress also helps on the bridge of the nose although it is uncomfortable for children.

• #20 Nosebleeds: Causes and How To Stop | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/nosebleeds?srsltid=AfmBOoofOWJpbH_pSFEUKLa9qnOxGzufi_kH8rYvAI2supQXa5SZD1Dq

  In most cases, you can stop a nosebleed by having the person pinch his or her nostrils together while sitting with his or her head slightly forward. […] General Care: Nosebleeds […] Have the person pinch their nostrils together while sitting with their head slightly forward. […] This position keeps blood from pooling in the back of the throat, which can lead to choking or vomiting on blood.

• #21

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2011/03000/managing_epistaxis.12.aspx

  Follow these steps to stop nasal bleeding. […] Anterior bleeding is usually managed by digital pressure, gentle chemical cauterization, or nasal packing. […] Have the patient sit upright with her head tilted forward, and instruct her to apply direct external digital pressure to the nares with her index finger and thumb. […] If bleeding persists, cotton pledgets soaked in a vasoconstrictor and anesthetic will be placed in the anterior nasal cavity, and direct pressure should be applied at both sides of the nose. […] If bleeding is significant, establish vascular access, place the patient on a cardiac monitor, and begin fluid resuscitation with a crystalloid solution, as prescribed. […] If bleeding persists, assist in preparing the epistaxis tray and a headlamp. […] The definitive treatment is cautery (silver nitrate or electrical).

• #23

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te8195

  Nosebleeds are common, especially if you have colds or allergies. Many things can cause a nosebleed. […] Some nosebleeds stop on their own with pressure. Others need packing. Some get cauterized (sealed). If you have gauze or other packing materials in your nose, you will need to follow up with your doctor to have the packing removed. You may need more treatment if you get nosebleeds a lot. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you get another nosebleed: Gently blow your nose to clear any clots. Sit up and tilt your head slightly forward. This keeps blood from going down your throat. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch the front, soft part of your nose shut for at least 15 minutes. Use a clock. Do not check to see if the bleeding has stopped before the 15 minutes are up. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch your nose shut for another 10 to 15 minutes. Using a nasal decongestant spray such as oxymetazoline (Drixoral) before pinching your nose can also help to stop the bleeding. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.

• #24 Nosebleeds: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.nosebleeds-care-instructions.te8195

  Nosebleeds are common, especially if you have colds or allergies. Many things can cause a nosebleed. […] Some nosebleeds stop on their own with pressure. Others need packing. Some get cauterized (sealed). If you have gauze or other packing materials in your nose, you will need to follow up with your doctor to have the packing removed. You may need more treatment if you get nosebleeds a lot. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you get another nosebleed: Gently blow your nose to clear any clots. Sit up and tilt your head slightly forward. This keeps blood from going down your throat. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch the front, soft part of your nose shut for at least 15 minutes. Use a clock. Do not check to see if the bleeding has stopped before the 15 minutes are up. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch your nose shut for another 10 to 15 minutes. Using a nasal decongestant spray such as oxymetazoline (Afrin) before pinching your nose can also help to stop the bleeding. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.

• #25 How to stop a nose bleed | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/how-to-stop-a-nose-bleed

  Nose bleeds can occur as a result of allergies, trauma or medications. Candice Dunkin, manager, athletic trainers, Parkview Sports Medicine, walks us through the proper procedure for getting the bleeding under control, safely. […] Protect yourself and the patient by using gloves to avoid the transferring of fluids. Gauze pads, tissues or toilet paper are beneficial to absorb the blood. […] Apply direct pressure to the base of the patients nose for 10 seconds. Have the patient tip their head forward so they dont swallow the fluids. […] If the bleeding wont stop, put an ice pack on the bridge of the nose. Be sure to use gauze or another barrier so the cold isnt directly on the skin. […] The patient should not blow their nose for 2-3 hours following the incident. […] If the bleeding starts again within 2-3 hours, and there was no new trauma, seek additional treatment. […] Any time theres trauma, seek medical care.

• #26 Patient education: Nosebleeds (epistaxis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nosebleeds-epistaxis-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Nosebleeds (epistaxis) (Beyond the Basics) […] Nosebleeds (the medical term is „epistaxis”) are very common. Almost every person has had at least one in their lifetime. They are usually caused by dry air or nose-picking. […] With the right self-care, most nosebleeds will stop on their own. […] You should seek emergency medical care if your nosebleed or your child’s: […] If you follow the steps outlined above, and your nose continues to bleed, repeat all the steps once more. Apply pressure for a total of at least 30 minutes. If you continue to bleed, seek emergency medical care, either at an emergency room or at an urgent care clinic. […] Most nosebleeds are caused by nothing more than the irritation from dry or cold air, or by injury caused by nose-picking. […] If you take medications to prevent blood clots, you are more likely to get nosebleeds and to have trouble stopping a nosebleed once it starts.

• #27 Nosebleeds: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-nosebleeds/basics/art-20056683

  Nosebleeds, also called epistaxis (ep-ih-STAK-sis), are common. They happen when the tender blood vessels in the nose break. Common nosebleed causes can include changes of season, dryness, scratching, some medicines and injuries. People on blood thinners may have worse nosebleeds than do others. Most often nosebleeds are only annoying and not a true medical problem. But they can be both. […] Follow these steps to treat a common nosebleed. […] Pinching puts pressure on the blood vessels and helps stop the blood flow. […] If the bleeding doesn’t stop, pinch the nose again for up to 15 minutes. […] Seek emergency care if the bleeding doesn’t stop after the second try. […] You may need to have a blood vessel cauterized. Cautery is a method that burns and seals blood vessels using electric current, silver nitrate or a laser. […] A care provider might pack the nose with special gauze or an inflatable latex balloon. Both packing methods put pressure on the blood vessel and stop the bleeding. […] Think about using a humidifier. Adding more moisture in your home may help relieve nasal bleeding.

• #28 Nosebleeds: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.nosebleeds-care-instructions.te8195

  Nosebleeds are common, especially if you have colds or allergies. Many things can cause a nosebleed. […] Some nosebleeds stop on their own with pressure. Others need packing. Some get cauterized (sealed). If you have gauze or other packing materials in your nose, you will need to follow up with your doctor to have the packing removed. You may need more treatment if you get nosebleeds a lot. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you get another nosebleed: Gently blow your nose to clear any clots. Sit up and tilt your head slightly forward. This keeps blood from going down your throat. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch the front, soft part of your nose shut for at least 15 minutes. Use a clock. Do not check to see if the bleeding has stopped before the 15 minutes are up. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch your nose shut for another 10 to 15 minutes. Using a nasal decongestant spray such as oxymetazoline (Afrin) before pinching your nose can also help to stop the bleeding. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.

• #29

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te8195

  Nosebleeds are common, especially if you have colds or allergies. Many things can cause a nosebleed. […] Some nosebleeds stop on their own with pressure. Others need packing. Some get cauterized (sealed). If you have gauze or other packing materials in your nose, you will need to follow up with your doctor to have the packing removed. You may need more treatment if you get nosebleeds a lot. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If you get another nosebleed: Gently blow your nose to clear any clots. Sit up and tilt your head slightly forward. This keeps blood from going down your throat. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch the front, soft part of your nose shut for at least 15 minutes. Use a clock. Do not check to see if the bleeding has stopped before the 15 minutes are up. If the bleeding has not stopped, pinch your nose shut for another 10 to 15 minutes. Using a nasal decongestant spray such as oxymetazoline (Drixoral) before pinching your nose can also help to stop the bleeding. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.

• #30 Epistaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/epistaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Epistaxis or nosebleeds are common and self-limiting, with only about 10% requiring emergent treatment. […] Priority nursing care for patients with epistaxis involves stopping the bleeding. The airway and circulation must be maintained at all times. Medical management may be required if the bleeding will not stop within 20 minutes of direct pressure. Vasoconstricting foams or gels, nasal packing, and cauterization are interventions that may be employed. Patient education is essential to teach first aid measures to help control nosebleeds at home and avoid recurrence and complications. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for epistaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] While epistaxis is typically not serious and can be addressed with first aid measures, frequent and heavy nosebleeds can cause deficient fluid volume due to excessive blood loss. […] Nosebleeds can be easily managed if patients are educated on first-aid precautions.

• #31 Nursing Care Plan For Epistaxis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-epistaxis/

  Epistaxis, commonly known as a nosebleed, is a frequently encountered medical issue that can vary in severity from mild to severe. It occurs when blood vessels within the nasal passages rupture, leading to bleeding from the nose. While often benign, epistaxis can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying medical condition or may result from trauma. […] A nursing care plan for epistaxis aims to provide comprehensive care and support to individuals experiencing nosebleeds. This plan focuses on assessing the cause, severity, and potential complications of epistaxis, as well as implementing appropriate interventions to control bleeding, relieve discomfort, and prevent recurrence. […] Nurses play a crucial role in the management of epistaxis, ensuring that individuals receive prompt and effective care. This includes providing education on preventive measures, recognizing when medical attention is necessary, and offering comfort during episodes of nosebleeds.

• #32 Epistaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/epistaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Epistaxis or nosebleeds are common and self-limiting, with only about 10% requiring emergent treatment. […] Priority nursing care for patients with epistaxis involves stopping the bleeding. The airway and circulation must be maintained at all times. Medical management may be required if the bleeding will not stop within 20 minutes of direct pressure. Vasoconstricting foams or gels, nasal packing, and cauterization are interventions that may be employed. Patient education is essential to teach first aid measures to help control nosebleeds at home and avoid recurrence and complications. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for epistaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] While epistaxis is typically not serious and can be addressed with first aid measures, frequent and heavy nosebleeds can cause deficient fluid volume due to excessive blood loss. […] Nosebleeds can be easily managed if patients are educated on first-aid precautions.

• #33 Nosebleeds – School Nursing

  https://allnurses.com/nosebleeds-t698254/

  I have them stay in my office. If I don’t, they want to constantly check it and rub it, and get blood everywhere. Almost every significant nose bleed that comes to my office, I swear they just let it drip down the hall the whole way to my office. […] If they are younger (pre-k – 2nd grade) I usually keep them until the bleeding has stopped and start educating about nosebleed prevention and stoppage while they are sitting. […] Most of the nosebleeds that come in think they have to lean their head back to get it to stop, which isn’t a good idea, so I will educate on the proper way to sit, hold the nose, etc. […] For big drippy nose bleeds if under 3rd grade I will don gloves and pinch that nose for 3-5 minutes until bleeding stops, I’ll repeat the „no picking or blowing you nose today.” […] They stay. I’m K-3. I want to make sure it’s really done that their hands clothes are cleaned up. […] I actually had one this year that we had to send to ER. Lost at least 2 units of blood. Gushing over my hand for over 20 minutes.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2011/03000/managing_epistaxis.12.aspx

  Follow these steps to stop nasal bleeding. […] Anterior bleeding is usually managed by digital pressure, gentle chemical cauterization, or nasal packing. […] Have the patient sit upright with her head tilted forward, and instruct her to apply direct external digital pressure to the nares with her index finger and thumb. […] If bleeding persists, cotton pledgets soaked in a vasoconstrictor and anesthetic will be placed in the anterior nasal cavity, and direct pressure should be applied at both sides of the nose. […] If bleeding is significant, establish vascular access, place the patient on a cardiac monitor, and begin fluid resuscitation with a crystalloid solution, as prescribed. […] If bleeding persists, assist in preparing the epistaxis tray and a headlamp. […] The definitive treatment is cautery (silver nitrate or electrical).

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2011/03000/managing_epistaxis.12.aspx

  If packing is used, especially posterior packing, monitor for respiratory compromise. […] The nasal packing will be left in place for 3 to 5 days. […] Instruct the patient to avoid exerting herself, forcefully blowing her nose, or bending over. […] Advise her to take steps to prevent constipation and straining, which increases the risk of bleeding. […] Don’t leave the patient unattended during epistaxis.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2011/03000/managing_epistaxis.12.aspx

  If packing is used, especially posterior packing, monitor for respiratory compromise. […] The nasal packing will be left in place for 3 to 5 days. […] Instruct the patient to avoid exerting herself, forcefully blowing her nose, or bending over. […] Advise her to take steps to prevent constipation and straining, which increases the risk of bleeding. […] Don’t leave the patient unattended during epistaxis.

• #37 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  Individuals with a nosebleed who require prompt management should receive treatment for active bleeding with firm sustained compression to the lower third of the nose, with or without the assistance of the patient or caregiver, for 5 minutes or longer. […] Individuals in whom bleeding precludes identification of a bleeding site despite nasal compression should receive treatment for active bleeding with nasal packing. […] Individuals with a suspected bleeding disorder or for individuals who are using anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications should receive resorbable packing to manage the nosebleed. Education should be provided about the type of packing placed, timing of, and plan for, removal of packing (if not resorbable), post-procedure care, and any signs or symptoms that would warrant prompt reassessment.

• #38 Management of Epistaxis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0115/p305.html

  Patient information: A handout on nosebleeds, written by the authors of this article, is provided on page 312. […] Family physicians frequently encounter patients with epistaxis (nasal bleeding). In rare cases, this condition may lead to massive bleeding and even death. […] Nasal bleeding usually responds to first-aid measures such as compression. When epistaxis does not respond to simple measures, the source of the bleeding should be located and treated appropriately. […] Treatments to be considered include topical vasoconstriction, chemical cautery, electrocautery, nasal packing (nasal tampon or gauze impregnated with petroleum jelly), posterior gauze packing, use of a balloon system (including a modified Foley catheter), and arterial ligation or embolization. […] Hospital admission should be considered for patients with significant comorbid conditions or complications of blood loss.

• #39 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  Anterior rhinoscopy should be performed to identify a source of bleeding after removal of any blood clot (if present) for individuals with nosebleeds. […] Nasal endoscopy should be performed to identify the site of bleeding and guide further management for individuals with recurrent nasal bleeding, despite prior treatment with packing or cautery, or with recurrent unilateral nasal bleeding. […] Individuals with an identified site of bleeding should be treated with an appropriate intervention, which may include one or more of the following: topical vasoconstrictors, nasal cautery, and moisturizing or lubricating agents. […] Individuals with persistent or recurrent bleeding not controlled by packing or nasal cauterization should be evaluated for candidacy for surgical arterial ligation or endovascular embolization.

• #40 Epistaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/

  Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is one of the most frequent ear, nose, and throat emergencies encountered in both primary care and emergency settings. […] Anterior nosebleeds typically arise from Kiesselbach’s plexus, located on the anterior nasal septum. […] Effective teamwork improves outcomes by facilitating timely interventions, managing complications, and providing patient-centered care that addresses both the acute issue and underlying risk factors for recurrent epistaxis. […] Differentiating an anterior or posterior nosebleed is critical in management. […] Treatment for anterior bleeding can be started with direct pressure for at least 10 minutes. […] If topical treatments are unsuccessful, proceed with nasal examination to identify and cauterize the vessel with silver nitrate. […] If silver nitrate is used to cauterize a septal blood vessel, only use it on 1 side of the septum to prevent septal perforation.

• #41 Nosebleed Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/nosebleed

  Your provider will perform a physical exam. In some cases, you may be watched for signs and symptoms of low blood pressure from losing blood, also called hypovolemic shock (this is rare). […] The type of treatment used will be based on the cause of the nosebleed. Treatment may include: Controlling blood pressure, Closing the blood vessel using heat, electric current, or silver nitrate sticks, Nasal packing.

• #42 Management of Epistaxis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0115/p305.html

  Patient information: A handout on nosebleeds, written by the authors of this article, is provided on page 312. […] Family physicians frequently encounter patients with epistaxis (nasal bleeding). In rare cases, this condition may lead to massive bleeding and even death. […] Nasal bleeding usually responds to first-aid measures such as compression. When epistaxis does not respond to simple measures, the source of the bleeding should be located and treated appropriately. […] Treatments to be considered include topical vasoconstriction, chemical cautery, electrocautery, nasal packing (nasal tampon or gauze impregnated with petroleum jelly), posterior gauze packing, use of a balloon system (including a modified Foley catheter), and arterial ligation or embolization. […] Hospital admission should be considered for patients with significant comorbid conditions or complications of blood loss.

• #43 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, first-line treatments should be used prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. […] Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #44 Nosebleed (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/nosebleed-aftercare-instructions.html

  Prevent another nosebleed: Keep your nose moist. Put a small amount of petroleum jelly inside your nostrils as needed. Use a saline (saltwater) nasal spray. Do not put anything else inside your nose unless your healthcare provider says it is okay. Do not use oil-based lubricants if you use oxygen therapy. They may be flammable. Use a cool mist humidifier to increase air moisture in your home. This will help your nose stay moist. Do not pick or blow your nose for at least a week. You can irritate or damage your nose if you pick it. Blowing your nose too hard may cause the bleeding to start again. Do not bend over or strain as this can cause the bleeding to start again. Avoid irritants such as tobacco smoke or chemical sprays such as cleaners. […] Follow up with your healthcare provider as directed: Any packing in your nose should be removed within 2 to 3 days. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits.

• #45

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te8195

  When the bleeding has stopped, try not to pick, rub, or blow your nose for several hours. Avoiding these things helps keep your nose from bleeding again. […] To prevent nosebleeds: Do not blow your nose too hard. Try not to lift or strain after a nosebleed. Raise your head on a pillow while you sleep. Put a thin layer of a saline- or water-based nasal gel, such as NasoGel, inside your nose. Put it on the septum, which divides your nostrils. This will prevent dryness that can cause nosebleeds. Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. Follow the directions for cleaning the machine. Do not use aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve) for 36 to 48 hours after a nosebleed unless your doctor tells you to. You can use acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain relief. Talk to your doctor about stopping any other medicines you are taking. Some medicines may make you more likely to get a nosebleed. Do not use cold medicines or nasal sprays without first talking to your doctor. They can make your nose dry. Do not snort tobacco, drugs, or any other drying substances up your nose.

• #46 Nosebleeds: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.nosebleeds-care-instructions.te8195

  When the bleeding has stopped, try not to pick, rub, or blow your nose for several hours. Avoiding these things helps keep your nose from bleeding again. […] To prevent nosebleeds: Do not blow your nose too hard. Try not to lift or strain after a nosebleed. Raise your head on a pillow while you sleep. Put a thin layer of a saline- or water-based nasal gel, such as NasoGel, inside your nose. Put it on the septum, which divides your nostrils. This will prevent dryness that can cause nosebleeds. Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. Follow the directions for cleaning the machine. Do not use aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve) for 36 to 48 hours after a nosebleed unless your doctor tells you to. You can use acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain relief. Talk to your doctor about stopping any other medicines you are taking. Some medicines may make you more likely to get a nosebleed. Do not use cold medicines or nasal sprays without first talking to your doctor. They can make your nose dry. Do not snort tobacco, drugs, or any other drying substances up your nose.

• #47 Nosebleed Causes, Warning Signs, When to Worry, How To Stop

  https://www.medicinenet.com/nosebleed/article.htm

  You can attempt to prevent the nose from bleeding again with the following tips: Go home and rest with your head elevated at 30 to 45 degrees, Do not blow your nose or put anything into it, Do not strain during bowel movements, Do not strain or bend down to lift anything heavy, Try to keep your head higher than the level of your heart, Do not smoke, Eat a diet of soft, cool foods and beverages. […] If re-bleeding occurs, try to clear the nose of blood clots by sniffing in forcefully.

• #48 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  Individuals with a nosebleed who require prompt management should receive treatment for active bleeding with firm sustained compression to the lower third of the nose, with or without the assistance of the patient or caregiver, for 5 minutes or longer. […] Individuals in whom bleeding precludes identification of a bleeding site despite nasal compression should receive treatment for active bleeding with nasal packing. […] Individuals with a suspected bleeding disorder or for individuals who are using anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications should receive resorbable packing to manage the nosebleed. Education should be provided about the type of packing placed, timing of, and plan for, removal of packing (if not resorbable), post-procedure care, and any signs or symptoms that would warrant prompt reassessment.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2011/03000/managing_epistaxis.12.aspx

  If packing is used, especially posterior packing, monitor for respiratory compromise. […] The nasal packing will be left in place for 3 to 5 days. […] Instruct the patient to avoid exerting herself, forcefully blowing her nose, or bending over. […] Advise her to take steps to prevent constipation and straining, which increases the risk of bleeding. […] Don’t leave the patient unattended during epistaxis.

• #50 Epistaxis: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/epistaxis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Epistaxis or nosebleeds are common and self-limiting, with only about 10% requiring emergent treatment. […] Priority nursing care for patients with epistaxis involves stopping the bleeding. The airway and circulation must be maintained at all times. Medical management may be required if the bleeding will not stop within 20 minutes of direct pressure. Vasoconstricting foams or gels, nasal packing, and cauterization are interventions that may be employed. Patient education is essential to teach first aid measures to help control nosebleeds at home and avoid recurrence and complications. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for epistaxis, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] While epistaxis is typically not serious and can be addressed with first aid measures, frequent and heavy nosebleeds can cause deficient fluid volume due to excessive blood loss. […] Nosebleeds can be easily managed if patients are educated on first-aid precautions.

• #51 Nursing Care Plan For Epistaxis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-epistaxis/

  These nursing diagnoses encompass the physical, psychosocial, and knowledge-related aspects of epistaxis. They provide a framework for assessing and addressing the factors contributing to nosebleeds while emphasizing the importance of patient education and support. […] These nursing interventions are designed to address the immediate management of epistaxis and provide preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of future nosebleeds. Individualized care, education, and reassurance are essential components of effective nursing care for individuals experiencing nosebleeds. […] In conclusion, our nursing care plan for epistaxis is a testament to our commitment to delivering compassionate, evidence-based care. By providing immediate relief and equipping individuals with the knowledge and tools to manage nosebleeds effectively, we play an essential role in their well-being. Our goal is not only to address the immediate concern but also to offer support and guidance that can improve the quality of life for those experiencing epistaxis.

• #52 Nosebleed : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003106.htm

  Repeated nosebleeds may be a symptom of another disease such as high blood pressure, a bleeding disorder, or a tumor of the nose or sinuses. […] To stop a nosebleed: Sit down and gently squeeze the soft portion of the nose between your thumb and finger (so that the nostrils are closed) for a full 10 minutes. Lean forward to avoid swallowing the blood and breathe through your mouth. Wait at least 10 minutes before checking if the bleeding has stopped. […] It may help to apply cold compresses or ice across the bridge of the nose. Do not pack the inside of the nose with gauze. […] If bleeding persists, a nasal spray decongestant (Afrin, Neo-Synephrine) can sometimes be used to close off small vessels and control bleeding. […] Things you can do to prevent frequent nosebleeds include: Keep the home cool and use a vaporizer to add moisture to the inside air. Use nasal saline spray and water-soluble jelly (such as Ayr gel) to prevent nasal linings from drying out in the winter.

• #53 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13464-nosebleed-epistaxis

  Here are some tips for preventing nosebleeds: Use a saline nasal spray or saline nose drops two to three times a day in each nostril to keep your nasal passages moist. […] Avoid blowing your nose too forcefully. […] Quit smoking. Smoking dries out your nose and irritates it. […] If you have frequent nosebleeds, see a healthcare provider.

• #54 Nosebleeds – epistaxis, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nosebleed

  If a nosebleed is very heavy and does not stop after 20 minutes of pressure, you need to go to your nearest emergency department. […] If your nosebleeds persist and become a problem, you may need further treatment. The treatment might be surgery to close off the blood vessels in the nose. […] In some cases, nosebleeds can be prevented. It depends on the cause. […] You can help prevent some nosebleeds by not picking your nose, blowing your nose gently, and using a humidifier. […] Treating underlying conditions such as hay fever may also help prevent a nosebleed. […] Frequent, heavy nosebleeds may cause anaemia.

• #55 Nosebleeds: When It’s Time to Get Medical Attention | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/nosebleeds-when-its-time-get-medical-attention

  See an ear, nose, and throat specialist if nosebleeds are very frequent. […] A specialist can rule out a few diagnoses by examination or taking a history. […] If you lose about a cup of blood, seek immediate medical attention. […] If a nosebleed is severe enough that it can fill up a cup with blood, then we are in the territory of something where urgent medical attention is necessary. […] If a patient has frequent nosebleeds, without any other concerning signs or symptoms, topical moisturizing agents for the nose—nasal saline gel spray or a little bit of petroleum jelly in the front of the nose—can protect the lining of the nose and minimize nosebleeds. […] For more troublesome cases, a quick application of silver nitrate in the doctor’s office can put a stop to the nosebleed. […] The procedure is simple, quick, and very effective.

• #56 Nosebleeds | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ear-nose-throat/nosebleeds

  One in seven Americans will develop a nosebleed (epistaxis) at least once in their lives. While nosebleeds are common and usually harmless, the sudden onset of a bloody nose can be startling and frightening. The most common causes for nosebleeds are dry climate, heated indoor air during winter months, steroid nasal sprays or direct injury to the nose. More intense and frequent nosebleeds may occur in people who take anticoagulation medication. […] Fortunately, there are some easy steps you can take to prevent and treat most nosebleeds on your own at home. […] Nosebleeds are rarely dangerous and can be easily managed at home if you know what to do and when to seek help. […] If your nosebleeds occur more than three to four times per week, or six or more times in a month despite following these tips, please contact your health care provider. Patients who take anticoagulation medication and experience frequent and/or more severe nosebleeds should call 734-936-8051 for an urgent appointment.

• #57

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te8195

  Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your nose is still bleeding after you have pinched the nose shut 2 times for 15 minutes each time (30 minutes total). There is a lot of blood running down the back of your throat even after you pinch your nose and tilt your head forward. You feel weak or light-headed. You have a nosebleed after a head injury. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You get nosebleeds often, even if they stop. You do not get better as expected.

• #58 Nosebleeds: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.nosebleeds-care-instructions.te8195

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: Your nose is still bleeding after you have pinched the nose shut 2 times for 15 minutes each time (30 minutes total). There is a lot of blood running down the back of your throat even after you pinch your nose and tilt your head forward. You feel weak or lightheaded. You have a nosebleed after a head injury. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You get nosebleeds often, even if they stop. You do not get better as expected.

• #59 Nosebleed : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003106.htm

  Get emergency care if: Bleeding does not stop after 20 minutes. Nose bleeding occurs after a head injury. This may suggest a skull fracture, and x-rays or other imaging should be taken. […] Contact your health care provider if: You or your child has frequent nosebleeds. Nosebleeds are not associated with a cold or other minor irritation. […] The type of treatment used will be based on the cause of the nosebleed. Treatment may include: Controlling blood pressure, Closing the blood vessel using heat, electric current, or silver nitrate sticks, Nasal packing, Reducing a broken nose or removing a foreign body, Reducing the amount of blood thinner medicine or stopping aspirin, Treating problems that keeps your blood from clotting normally.

• #60 Nosebleed Causes, Warning Signs, When to Worry, How To Stop

  https://www.medicinenet.com/nosebleed/article.htm

  If a nosebleed recurs four times or more in a week, see a healthcare professional to determine why this is occurring. […] If the nosebleed persists or is recurrent, see your healthcare professional who may recommend stopping the nosebleed with a heating instrument or chemical swab (cautery of the blood vessel that is causing the trouble), or application of a topical medicine called thrombin that promotes local clotting of blood. […] You should go to the emergency room for a nosebleed if you experience any of the following: If bleeding cannot be stopped or keeps occurring (persistent or chronic), If bleeding is rapid, or if blood loss is large, If you feel weak or faint, If your nosebleed is associated with trauma to the face, loss of consciousness, or blurry vision, If your nosebleed is associated with a fever or headache, If your infant or baby has a nosebleed, contact the pediatrician.

• #61 When to See a Doctor for Nosebleed Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/ear-nose-and-throat/when-to-see-a-doctor-for-nosebleeds

  Bleeding after a head injury, such as a fall that results in hitting your face […] Possible broken nose (if your nose was injured in some way, especially if it looks crooked) […] Difficulty breathing due to excessive bleeding […] Feeling dizzy or lightheaded […] Being on blood thinners […] Having a nosebleed in a child under age 2 […] Having a history of serious nosebleeds requiring specialist care. […] Other times, you can get by without immediate care, but still need to have nosebleeds evaluated by a doctor. Make an appointment for an office visit if you have the following symptoms: You or your child experience frequent nosebleeds, such as one a week or more. […] You have nosebleeds that don’t seem related to either colds or other minor irritations. […] Nosebleeds happen after recent surgery such as sinus surgery.

• #62 Nosebleeds (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nose-bleed.html

  Nosebleeds are common in kids 3 to 10 years old, and most are caused by nose-picking or dry air. They can be scary, but usually aren’t serious. Most will stop on their own and can be cared for at home. […] First Aid Guide Nosebleeds Go […] Stay calm and reassure your child. […] Have your child sit upright in a chair or on your lap, then tilt his or her head slightly forward. […] Do not have your child lean back. This may cause blood to flow down the back of the throat, which tastes bad and may cause gagging, coughing, or vomiting. […] Gently pinch the soft part of the nose (just below the bony ridge) with a tissue or clean washcloth. […] Keep pressure on the nose for about 10 minutes; if you stop too soon, bleeding may start again. […] Have your child relax a while after a nosebleed. Discourage nose-blowing, picking, or rubbing, and any rough play.

• #63

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/Pages/How-to-Stop-a-Nosebleed.aspx

  A nosebleed usually comes on suddenly, with blood flowing freely from one nostril. Most nosebleeds stop by themselves within a few minutes. […] Use these steps for stopping a nosebleed: […] Stay calm; the nosebleed is probably not serious, and you should try not to upset your child. Your child will pick up on your emotional cues. […] Keep your child sitting or standing and leaning slightly forward. Don’t let him lie down or lean back because this will allow blood to flow down his throat and might make him vomit. […] Don’t stuff tissues or another material into the nose to stop the bleeding. […] Firmly pinch the soft part of your child’s nose using a cold compress if you have one, otherwise your fingers and keep the pressure on for a full 10 minutes. Don’t look to see if your child’s nose is bleeding during this time; you may start the flow again.

• #64 Patient education: Nosebleeds (epistaxis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nosebleeds-epistaxis-beyond-the-basics/print

  If you take medications to prevent blood clots, you are more likely to get nosebleeds and to have trouble stopping a nosebleed once it starts. […] If you wind up needing medical care for a nosebleed, your health care provider will focus first on making sure you can breathe properly and on getting the bleeding to stop. […] If the bleeding will not stop and the health care provider can see the source of the bleeding, he or she may stop the bleeding using a chemical or an electrical device. […] If you get nosebleeds frequently, the following measures may help reduce the chances of getting a nosebleed: […] Use a humidifier in your bedroom while sleeping, especially when the air is very dry […] Keep your nose moist using a saline (saltwater) nasal spray or gel […] Avoid picking your nose or, if you must do it, clip your fingernails to avoid injury.

• #65 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, first-line treatments should be used prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. […] Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #66 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, first-line treatments should be used prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. […] Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #67 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] The most common sign of HHTfrequent and sometimes heavy nosebleeds related to telangiectasis in the noseoften shows up when patients are young, at around age 12. […] A HHT specialized ENT physician monitors and treats the nosebleeds.

• #68 Nursing Care Plan For Epistaxis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-epistaxis/

  These nursing diagnoses encompass the physical, psychosocial, and knowledge-related aspects of epistaxis. They provide a framework for assessing and addressing the factors contributing to nosebleeds while emphasizing the importance of patient education and support. […] These nursing interventions are designed to address the immediate management of epistaxis and provide preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of future nosebleeds. Individualized care, education, and reassurance are essential components of effective nursing care for individuals experiencing nosebleeds. […] In conclusion, our nursing care plan for epistaxis is a testament to our commitment to delivering compassionate, evidence-based care. By providing immediate relief and equipping individuals with the knowledge and tools to manage nosebleeds effectively, we play an essential role in their well-being. Our goal is not only to address the immediate concern but also to offer support and guidance that can improve the quality of life for those experiencing epistaxis.

• #69 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, first-line treatments should be used prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. […] Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #70 Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910111/

  The guideline development group made recommendations for the following key action statements: (1) At the time of initial contact, the clinician should distinguish the nosebleed patient who requires prompt management from the patient who does not. (2) The clinician should treat active bleeding for patients in need of prompt management with firm sustained compression to the lower third of the nose, with or without the assistance of the patient or caregiver, for 5 minutes or longer. (3a) For patients in whom bleeding precludes identification of a bleeding site despite nasal compression, the clinician should treat ongoing active bleeding with nasal packing. (3b) The clinician should use resorbable packing for patients with a suspected bleeding disorder or for patients who are using anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications. (4) The clinician should educate the patient who undergoes nasal packing about the type of packing placed, timing of and plan for removal of packing (if not resorbable), postprocedure care, and any signs or symptoms that would warrant prompt reassessment. (5) The clinician should document factors that increase the frequency or severity of bleeding for any patient with a nosebleed, including personal or family history of bleeding disorders, use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, or intranasal drug use. (6) The clinician should perform anterior rhinoscopy to identify a source of bleeding after removal of any blood clot (if present) for patients with nosebleeds. (7a) The clinician should perform, or should refer to a clinician who can perform, nasal endoscopy to identify the site of bleeding and guide further management in patients with recurrent nasal bleeding, despite prior treatment with packing or cautery, or with recurrent unilateral nasal bleeding. (8) The clinician should treat patients with an identified site of bleeding with an appropriate intervention, which may include one or more of the following: topical vasoconstrictors, nasal cautery, and moisturizing or lubricating agents. (9) When nasal cautery is chosen for treatment, the clinician should anesthetize the bleeding site and restrict application of cautery only to the active or suspected site(s) of bleeding. (10) The clinician should evaluate, or refer to a clinician who can evaluate, candidacy for surgical arterial ligation or endovascular embolization for patients with persistent or recurrent bleeding not controlled by packing or nasal cauterization. (11) In the absence of life-threatening bleeding, the clinician should initiate first-line treatments prior to transfusion, reversal of anticoagulation, or withdrawal of anticoagulation/antiplatelet medications for patients using these medications. (12) The clinician should assess, or refer to a specialist who can assess, the presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome. (13) The clinician should educate patients with nosebleeds and their caregivers about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care. (14) The clinician or designee should document the outcome of intervention within 30 days or document transition of care in patients who had a nosebleed treated with nonresorbable packing, surgery, or arterial ligation/embolization.

• #71 Nosebleeds – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/nosebleeds/

  If frequent nosebleeds are a problem, it is important to consult an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist, who will carefully examine the nose using an endoscope (a pencil-sized scope) to see inside the nose before making a treatment recommendation. […] Some tips you can follow to help prevent future nosebleeds include: Keep the lining of your nose moist by gently applying a light coating of saline gel, petroleum jelly, or an antibiotic ointment with a cotton swab three times daily, including at bedtime.

• #72 10 Ways to Stop and Prevent Nosebleeds | Summa Health

  https://www.summahealth.org/flourish/entries/2021/12/10-ways-to-stop-and-prevent-nosebleeds

  Nosebleeds cant always be prevented, but you can help lower your chances of getting them by: […] Keeping your nose moisturized. Dry nasal membranes can cause nosebleeds. To keep the inside of your nose moist, use saline spray several times a day or try putting a thin layer of petroleum jelly in your nostrils using a cotton swab before bedtime. […] Using a humidifier. Especially during the winter months, the air in your house can be dry and irritate your nose. […] Quitting smoking. Smoking can irritate the inside of your nose and dry it out. […] Not picking your nose, blowing or rubbing it too hard. Long, sharp fingernails can break the skin inside your nose when picking. […] Limiting the use of cold or allergy decongestants. These medicines can dry out your nose and cause nosebleeds or make them worse.

• #73 San Diego Pediatricians | Children’s Primary Care Medical Group » Archive » Nosebleeds: What You Need to Know

  https://www.cpcmg.net/nosebleeds-what-you-need-to-know/

  What should you do if your child’s nose doesn’t stop bleeding? If your child’s nosebleed is still bleeding heavily after two or three attempts to staunch the flow of blood, contact your CPCMG pediatrician immediately. Urgent medical care is definitely recommended if the nosebleed is a result of a head injury or if you child feels weak, dizzy or has a headache. […] How can I help prevent nosebleeds from affecting my child? If your child has frequent nosebleeds, you can help prevent them: • Run a cool mist humidifier in your child’s room at night. Be sure to clean the humidifier regularly so germs and mold don’t grow in it. • Teach your child not to pick his or her nose or blow it too hard. • Put petroleum jelly inside your child’s nostrils several times a day to help protect the mucus membranes. • Use saltwater (saline) nose drops or spray as directed by your child’s healthcare provider. • Talk with your CPCMG provider if your child has allergies. • Don’t smoke in the home or around your child. • Keep your child’s fingernails trimmed to reduce scratches and irritation to the nose.

• #74 Epistaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/

  Once the bleeding is controlled, arranging a timely follow-up (within 1 week) with their primary care clinician or an otolaryngologist is essential. […] Patients should also be advised to avoid hot foods, strenuous activity, blowing the nose, or digital manipulation of the nose on discharge. […] An interprofessional team best performs the care of nose bleeding.

• #75 Nursing Care Plan For Epistaxis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-epistaxis/

  These nursing diagnoses encompass the physical, psychosocial, and knowledge-related aspects of epistaxis. They provide a framework for assessing and addressing the factors contributing to nosebleeds while emphasizing the importance of patient education and support. […] These nursing interventions are designed to address the immediate management of epistaxis and provide preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of future nosebleeds. Individualized care, education, and reassurance are essential components of effective nursing care for individuals experiencing nosebleeds. […] In conclusion, our nursing care plan for epistaxis is a testament to our commitment to delivering compassionate, evidence-based care. By providing immediate relief and equipping individuals with the knowledge and tools to manage nosebleeds effectively, we play an essential role in their well-being. Our goal is not only to address the immediate concern but also to offer support and guidance that can improve the quality of life for those experiencing epistaxis.

Zobacz więcej