Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #2 Epistaxis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epistaxis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Epistaxis is a prevalent symptom worldwide. About 60 percent of people experience epistaxis at least once in their lifetime, and about 6 percent of these people seek medical attention. It is more common in children and elderly patients. […] The incidence of patients with epistaxis, who required inpatient treatment to control bleeding was estimated to be 42 cases per 100,000 for men, 28 cases per 100,000 for women. For men over 85 years, the incidence is 222 per 100,000 in Thuringia, Germany. […] Only 6-10% of the patients who experience epistaxis seek medical help. […] About 1 in 200 visits to emergency departments, is for epistaxis in the United States. […] About 60 percent of Americans experienced epistaxis at least once, and about 6 percent of people seek medical attention. […] Although epistaxis is the most common emergency in ENT, mortality from epistaxis is rare. […] Patients of all age groups may experience epistaxis, but it is more prevalent in children and elderly patients. […] Based on some studies epistaxis is more common in Caucasian compared with African-Americans. […] Epistaxis is more common in males than in females.

• #3 Nosebleeds Market – Global Market Size, Share, and Trends Analysis Report – Industry Overview and Forecast to 2032 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-nosebleeds-market?srsltid=AfmBOorw3SZVOkhFCOEz9a91-R1Qls-8ABeu-gMtW0f0bXXsj0uZXIeO

  Nosebleeds (epistaxis) is a disorder that causes sporadic nose bleeding in one or both nostrils. This clinical condition is commonly characterized as posterior epistaxis or anterior epistaxis based on where the bleeding begins. According to The New England Journal of Medicine, around 60% of people worldwide have had epistaxis at least once in their lives, with only 6% requiring medical treatment. Epistaxis is extremely common in children under the age of ten and in persons over the age of 35. […] Global nosebleeds market size was valued at USD 214.14 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 321.24 million by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.20% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032. […] Nosebleeds market also provides you with detailed market analysis for patient analysis, prognosis and cures. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, adherence rates are some of the data variables that are available in the report. Direct or indirect impact analyses of epidemiology to market growth are analysed to create a more robust and cohort multivariate statistical model for forecasting the market in the growth period.

• #4 Epistaxis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863220-overview

  The frequency of epistaxis is difficult to determine because most episodes resolve with self-treatment and, therefore, are not reported. However, when multiple sources are reviewed, the lifelong incidence of epistaxis in the general population is about 60%, with fewer than 10% seeking medical attention. The age distribution is bimodal, with peaks in young children (2-10 y) and older individuals (50-80 y). Epistaxis is unusual in infants in the absence of a coagulopathy or nasal pathology (eg, choanal atresia, neoplasm). Local trauma (eg, nose picking) does not occur until later in the toddler years. Older children and adolescents also have a less frequent incidence. Consider cocaine abuse in adolescent patients. Prevalence of epistaxis tends to be higher in males (58%) than in females (42%).

• #5 An International Survey on the pragmatic management of epistaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7947736/

  The current mean prevalence of epistaxis was 21.7% worldwide. It ranged between 3% in New Zealand and Moldavia and 60% in Russia. […] The mean rate of hospitalization for epistaxis was 11.8% worldwide, with wide differences ranging from 1% in Colombia, Moldavia, and Slovakia, to 35% in Macedonia. […] The current Survey shows that there is a slight preponderance for males. […] The hospitalization rate is about 12%, but the variability is rather large as it ranges from 1 to 35%. […] The current International Survey on epistaxis management reported a relevant prevalence, mainly during childhood and senescence, an important hospitalization rate, the common use of anterior packing and electrocoagulation, and the popular prescription of a vitamin supplement and intranasal creams.

• #6 An International Survey on the pragmatic management of epistaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7947736/

  Epistaxis is one of the most common ear, nose and throat emergencies. The current International Survey on epistaxis management reported a relevant prevalence (21.7%), mainly during childhood and senescence, an important hospitalization rate (11.8%), the common use of anterior packing and electrocoagulation, and the popular prescription of a vitamin supplement and intranasal creams. […] From an epidemiological point of view, the lifetime incidence of epistaxis has been reported to be as high as 60%. However, a real number is difficult to be estimated as only a very small proportion requires specialist management and therefore many cases escape to evaluation. […] It has to be underlined that epistaxis accounts for the 33% of all emergent admissions for ear, nose, and throat problems and the median age for hospital admission is 70 years.

• #7 Epistaxis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epistaxis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Epistaxis is a prevalent symptom worldwide. About 60 percent of people experience epistaxis at least once in their lifetime, and about 6 percent of these people seek medical attention. It is more common in children and elderly patients. […] The incidence of patients with epistaxis, who required inpatient treatment to control bleeding was estimated to be 42 cases per 100,000 for men, 28 cases per 100,000 for women. For men over 85 years, the incidence is 222 per 100,000 in Thuringia, Germany. […] Only 6-10% of the patients who experience epistaxis seek medical help. […] About 1 in 200 visits to emergency departments, is for epistaxis in the United States. […] About 60 percent of Americans experienced epistaxis at least once, and about 6 percent of people seek medical attention. […] Although epistaxis is the most common emergency in ENT, mortality from epistaxis is rare. […] Patients of all age groups may experience epistaxis, but it is more prevalent in children and elderly patients. […] Based on some studies epistaxis is more common in Caucasian compared with African-Americans. […] Epistaxis is more common in males than in females.

• #8 Epistaxis: Outpatient Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p240.html

  Epistaxis is a common emergency encountered by primary care physicians. Up to 60% of the general population experience epistaxis, and 6% seek medical attention for it. More than 90% of cases arise from the anterior nasal circulation, and most treatments can be easily performed in the outpatient setting. […] Epistaxis is one of the most common otolaryngologic emergencies, occurring in up to 60% of the general population, with one in 10 of those affected seeking medical attention. It accounts for one in 200 emergency department visits. […] Compared with anterior epistaxis, posterior epistaxis is more likely to require hospitalization and twice as likely to need nasal packing. […] Posterior epistaxis is often brisk, and given the location of these vessels, it is usually difficult to visualize the site of bleeding. Compared with anterior epistaxis, patients with posterior epistaxis are more likely to require hospitalization and are twice as likely to require nasal packing. […] If clinicians with appropriate expertise are available, endoscopic artery ligation and endovascular embolization are more effective than packing.

• #9 Epistaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/

  Nosebleeds are rarely fatal, accounting for only 4 of the 2.4 million deaths in the United States. About 60% of people have experienced a nosebleed, and only 10% are severe enough to warrant treatment or medical intervention. They occur most commonly in children aged 2 to 10 years old and older people between 50 and 80. […] Differentiating an anterior or posterior nosebleed is critical in management. […] An interprofessional team best performs the care of nose bleeding. Most patients initially present to the emergency room; the triage nurse should fully know the importance of admitting patients with significant bleeding.

• #10 Epistaxis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863220-overview

  The frequency of epistaxis is difficult to determine because most episodes resolve with self-treatment and, therefore, are not reported. However, when multiple sources are reviewed, the lifelong incidence of epistaxis in the general population is about 60%, with fewer than 10% seeking medical attention. The age distribution is bimodal, with peaks in young children (2-10 y) and older individuals (50-80 y). Epistaxis is unusual in infants in the absence of a coagulopathy or nasal pathology (eg, choanal atresia, neoplasm). Local trauma (eg, nose picking) does not occur until later in the toddler years. Older children and adolescents also have a less frequent incidence. Consider cocaine abuse in adolescent patients. Prevalence of epistaxis tends to be higher in males (58%) than in females (42%).

• #11 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #12 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #13 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php?jid=jor

  Epistaxis is a common presenting problem among paediatric populations, affecting 30% of children aged 0-5 years, and more than 50% of children greater than 5 years. It also affects 60% of all people on at least one occasion during their lifetime. […] Although both conditions are commonly seen in clinical practice, there is a paucity of literature exploring epistaxis with a psychiatric aetiology. This paper aims to summarise the existing literature documenting the various causes and management of psychiatric epistaxis-an uncommon cause for a common condition. […] Most presentations of self-mutilation have a psychotic illness with up to 54% of self-mutilation occurring in first presentations of schizophrenia. […] A patient that presents with an inanimate nasal foreign body typically reports painless, unilateral mucopurulent discharge. Epistaxis is rare but has been reported in the literature.

• #14 Epistaxis in Children — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/epistaxis-in-children/

  Epistaxis is a common presenting complaint to the Emergency Department. Affects ~30% of children 0-5 years of age […] Affects ~50% of children 5 years and older […] Majority of pediatric epistaxis is venous and arises from anterior plexus. […] ~7% of children presenting to the ED require further interventions to control the epistaxis. […] The vast majority (93.5%) only required simple procedure to control anterior bleeding. […] Investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric epistaxis in the emergency department setting. […] Epistaxis is a common problem in childhood. […] Epistaxis in the pediatric population is a common problem for both primary care physicians (PCPs) and otolaryngologists. […] Otolaryngologists are frequently consulted for the evaluation and treatment of pediatric epistaxis.

• #15 For Patients: KidsENT Health Month: Epistaxis | AAO-HNS Bulletin

  https://bulletin.entnet.org/home/article/21247789/for-patients-kidsent-health-month-epistaxis

  Epistaxis is another word for nosebleed, which can commonly occur in children. About 64 percent of children aged 11 to 15 years have had at least one episode of epistaxis. The vast majority of pediatric nosebleeds originate from the anterior portion of the nose, with very few coming from the posterior portion. Two of the more common causes of epistaxis in children involve digital trauma (i.e., picking their nose) or chronic irritation of the lining of the nose due to colds or allergies. These are often spontaneous and rarely severe enough to require a trip to the emergency department or hospital, so a lot of emphasis is put on measures to prevent the nosebleeds. […] If your childs nosebleeds continue to recur despite these preventive measures, then a clinic appointment with an ENT may be appropriate to help determine the underlying cause.

• #16 Epistaxis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863220-overview

  The frequency of epistaxis is difficult to determine because most episodes resolve with self-treatment and, therefore, are not reported. However, when multiple sources are reviewed, the lifelong incidence of epistaxis in the general population is about 60%, with fewer than 10% seeking medical attention. The age distribution is bimodal, with peaks in young children (2-10 y) and older individuals (50-80 y). Epistaxis is unusual in infants in the absence of a coagulopathy or nasal pathology (eg, choanal atresia, neoplasm). Local trauma (eg, nose picking) does not occur until later in the toddler years. Older children and adolescents also have a less frequent incidence. Consider cocaine abuse in adolescent patients. Prevalence of epistaxis tends to be higher in males (58%) than in females (42%).

• #17 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #18

  https://scitemed.com/article/2704/Updates-on-the-Management-of-Epistaxis

  Epistaxis occurs in up to 60% of the general population. The incidence of epistaxis presents a bimodal distribution, with most cases occurring in individuals below the age of 10 and above the age of 70. The average age of patients hospitalized for nosebleed is 70 years old. Elderly individuals account for 40% of the cases requiring medical intervention, due primarily to the fact that bleeding events among the elderly can have severe consequences. […] Males are slightly more likely than are females to experience epistaxis, due perhaps to the protective effects of estrogen. Thus, there is a predominance of males among hospitalized patients below the age of 49 and a more equal sex distribution above this point.

• #19 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #20

  https://scitemed.com/article/2704/Updates-on-the-Management-of-Epistaxis

  Epistaxis occurs in up to 60% of the general population. The incidence of epistaxis presents a bimodal distribution, with most cases occurring in individuals below the age of 10 and above the age of 70. The average age of patients hospitalized for nosebleed is 70 years old. Elderly individuals account for 40% of the cases requiring medical intervention, due primarily to the fact that bleeding events among the elderly can have severe consequences. […] Males are slightly more likely than are females to experience epistaxis, due perhaps to the protective effects of estrogen. Thus, there is a predominance of males among hospitalized patients below the age of 49 and a more equal sex distribution above this point.

• #21 An International Survey on the pragmatic management of epistaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7947736/

  The current mean prevalence of epistaxis was 21.7% worldwide. It ranged between 3% in New Zealand and Moldavia and 60% in Russia. […] The mean rate of hospitalization for epistaxis was 11.8% worldwide, with wide differences ranging from 1% in Colombia, Moldavia, and Slovakia, to 35% in Macedonia. […] The current Survey shows that there is a slight preponderance for males. […] The hospitalization rate is about 12%, but the variability is rather large as it ranges from 1 to 35%. […] The current International Survey on epistaxis management reported a relevant prevalence, mainly during childhood and senescence, an important hospitalization rate, the common use of anterior packing and electrocoagulation, and the popular prescription of a vitamin supplement and intranasal creams.

• #22 Epistaxis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epistaxis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Epistaxis is a prevalent symptom worldwide. About 60 percent of people experience epistaxis at least once in their lifetime, and about 6 percent of these people seek medical attention. It is more common in children and elderly patients. […] The incidence of patients with epistaxis, who required inpatient treatment to control bleeding was estimated to be 42 cases per 100,000 for men, 28 cases per 100,000 for women. For men over 85 years, the incidence is 222 per 100,000 in Thuringia, Germany. […] Only 6-10% of the patients who experience epistaxis seek medical help. […] About 1 in 200 visits to emergency departments, is for epistaxis in the United States. […] About 60 percent of Americans experienced epistaxis at least once, and about 6 percent of people seek medical attention. […] Although epistaxis is the most common emergency in ENT, mortality from epistaxis is rare. […] Patients of all age groups may experience epistaxis, but it is more prevalent in children and elderly patients. […] Based on some studies epistaxis is more common in Caucasian compared with African-Americans. […] Epistaxis is more common in males than in females.

• #23

  https://scitemed.com/article/2704/Updates-on-the-Management-of-Epistaxis

  Epistaxis occurs in up to 60% of the general population. The incidence of epistaxis presents a bimodal distribution, with most cases occurring in individuals below the age of 10 and above the age of 70. The average age of patients hospitalized for nosebleed is 70 years old. Elderly individuals account for 40% of the cases requiring medical intervention, due primarily to the fact that bleeding events among the elderly can have severe consequences. […] Males are slightly more likely than are females to experience epistaxis, due perhaps to the protective effects of estrogen. Thus, there is a predominance of males among hospitalized patients below the age of 49 and a more equal sex distribution above this point.

• #24 An International Survey on the pragmatic management of epistaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7947736/

  Epistaxis is one of the most common ear, nose and throat emergencies. The current International Survey on epistaxis management reported a relevant prevalence (21.7%), mainly during childhood and senescence, an important hospitalization rate (11.8%), the common use of anterior packing and electrocoagulation, and the popular prescription of a vitamin supplement and intranasal creams. […] From an epidemiological point of view, the lifetime incidence of epistaxis has been reported to be as high as 60%. However, a real number is difficult to be estimated as only a very small proportion requires specialist management and therefore many cases escape to evaluation. […] It has to be underlined that epistaxis accounts for the 33% of all emergent admissions for ear, nose, and throat problems and the median age for hospital admission is 70 years.

• #25 Epistaxis: Outpatient Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p240.html

  Epistaxis is a common emergency encountered by primary care physicians. Up to 60% of the general population experience epistaxis, and 6% seek medical attention for it. More than 90% of cases arise from the anterior nasal circulation, and most treatments can be easily performed in the outpatient setting. […] Epistaxis is one of the most common otolaryngologic emergencies, occurring in up to 60% of the general population, with one in 10 of those affected seeking medical attention. It accounts for one in 200 emergency department visits. […] Compared with anterior epistaxis, posterior epistaxis is more likely to require hospitalization and twice as likely to need nasal packing. […] Posterior epistaxis is often brisk, and given the location of these vessels, it is usually difficult to visualize the site of bleeding. Compared with anterior epistaxis, patients with posterior epistaxis are more likely to require hospitalization and are twice as likely to require nasal packing. […] If clinicians with appropriate expertise are available, endoscopic artery ligation and endovascular embolization are more effective than packing.

• #26 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #27 Frequency and severity of idiopathic epistaxis relative to time of day | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81570-0

  This study investigated the frequency of idiopathic epistaxis onset and its severity relative to the time of day. […] The timing of epistaxis onset was divided into four categories: morning (6:01-12:00), afternoon (12:01-18:00), evening (18:01-24:00), and overnight (00:01-6:00). […] During the study period, a total of 1684 patients with a median age of 56 years developed epistaxis. […] Epistaxis incidence was highest in December, lowest in July, and highest in winter, followed by fall, spring, and summer. […] Epistaxis occurred most frequently overnight (n=823, 48.8%), followed by evening (n=410, 24.3%), morning (n=254, 15.1%), and afternoon (n=197, 11.7%; p<0.001). [...] After adjustment for covariates, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk of epistaxis were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.26-1.43), 1.47 (1.38-1.56), and 3.52 (3.14-3.91) in the evening, morning, and overnight, respectively.

• #28 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #29 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #30 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #31 EM@3AM: Pediatric Epistaxis – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-pediatric-epistaxis/

  Epidemiology: […] Epistaxis affects up to 30% of all children between ages 0-5 and accounts for 1 in every 200 ED visits. […] Over 50% of children age <10 years have at least one nosebleed. [...] Incidence is bimodal, affecting children under 10 years and geriatric patients most frequently. [...] Occurs more commonly during winter and allergy seasons. [...] Increased epistaxis when weather is either warm or cold, or when there is low humidity. [...] [...] [...] Evaluation: [...] Majority of epistaxis does not involve acute airway compromise or hemodynamic instability. [...] Exam should include assessment of airway stability, general appearance, vital signs, and mental status. [...] Provide hemodynamic resuscitation or acute airway interventions, if needed. [...] Inquire about previous episodes of epistaxis and what methods have been attempted to control bleeding.

• #32 Frequency and severity of idiopathic epistaxis relative to time of day | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81570-0

  This study investigated the frequency of idiopathic epistaxis onset and its severity relative to the time of day. […] The timing of epistaxis onset was divided into four categories: morning (6:01-12:00), afternoon (12:01-18:00), evening (18:01-24:00), and overnight (00:01-6:00). […] During the study period, a total of 1684 patients with a median age of 56 years developed epistaxis. […] Epistaxis incidence was highest in December, lowest in July, and highest in winter, followed by fall, spring, and summer. […] Epistaxis occurred most frequently overnight (n=823, 48.8%), followed by evening (n=410, 24.3%), morning (n=254, 15.1%), and afternoon (n=197, 11.7%; p<0.001). [...] After adjustment for covariates, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk of epistaxis were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.26-1.43), 1.47 (1.38-1.56), and 3.52 (3.14-3.91) in the evening, morning, and overnight, respectively.

• #33 Frequency and severity of idiopathic epistaxis relative to time of day | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81570-0

  In this cohort, these results suggest that adult idiopathic epistaxis occurred most frequently at overnight, especially in the winter, and more need management to immediately control the bleeding in ENT emergency departments. […] This analysis supports that health care professionals and caregiver should be aware of individuals with hypertension, and the status of blood pressure at overnight should be considered in preventing nasal bleedings risk. […] Our study found that idiopathic epistaxis most frequently occurred overnight (0:01 am-6 am). […] The risk of epistaxis overnight was 3.52 times higher than the risk in the afternoon (adjusted OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 3.14-3.91), followed by the risks in the evening (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.38-1.56) and morning (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.43). […] Additionally, most epistaxis cases occurred overnight, and the majority of epistaxis cases required endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis. […] Our findings confirm that endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis under local anaesthesia in the ENT emergency department can effectively control epistaxis and effectively reduce the nasal and re-bleed rates.

• #34 Frequency and severity of idiopathic epistaxis relative to time of day | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81570-0

  In this cohort, these results suggest that adult idiopathic epistaxis occurred most frequently at overnight, especially in the winter, and more need management to immediately control the bleeding in ENT emergency departments. […] This analysis supports that health care professionals and caregiver should be aware of individuals with hypertension, and the status of blood pressure at overnight should be considered in preventing nasal bleedings risk. […] Our study found that idiopathic epistaxis most frequently occurred overnight (0:01 am-6 am). […] The risk of epistaxis overnight was 3.52 times higher than the risk in the afternoon (adjusted OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 3.14-3.91), followed by the risks in the evening (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.38-1.56) and morning (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.43). […] Additionally, most epistaxis cases occurred overnight, and the majority of epistaxis cases required endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis. […] Our findings confirm that endoscopic electrocoagulation haemostasis under local anaesthesia in the ENT emergency department can effectively control epistaxis and effectively reduce the nasal and re-bleed rates.

• #35 Epistaxis: Outpatient Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p240.html

  Epistaxis is a common emergency encountered by primary care physicians. Up to 60% of the general population experience epistaxis, and 6% seek medical attention for it. More than 90% of cases arise from the anterior nasal circulation, and most treatments can be easily performed in the outpatient setting. […] Epistaxis is one of the most common otolaryngologic emergencies, occurring in up to 60% of the general population, with one in 10 of those affected seeking medical attention. It accounts for one in 200 emergency department visits. […] Compared with anterior epistaxis, posterior epistaxis is more likely to require hospitalization and twice as likely to need nasal packing. […] Posterior epistaxis is often brisk, and given the location of these vessels, it is usually difficult to visualize the site of bleeding. Compared with anterior epistaxis, patients with posterior epistaxis are more likely to require hospitalization and are twice as likely to require nasal packing. […] If clinicians with appropriate expertise are available, endoscopic artery ligation and endovascular embolization are more effective than packing.

• #36 Epistaxis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/epistaxis?embed_domain=external.radpair.comradiopaedia-icon-144.pngradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us

  Epistaxis is very common, with a lifetime incidence of ~60% 2. […] Anterior epistaxes mainly bleed from Kiesselbach’s plexus and posterior epistaxes (5% of all epistaxis) from Woodruff’s plexus.

• #37 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #38 For Patients: KidsENT Health Month: Epistaxis | AAO-HNS Bulletin

  https://bulletin.entnet.org/home/article/21247789/for-patients-kidsent-health-month-epistaxis

  Epistaxis is another word for nosebleed, which can commonly occur in children. About 64 percent of children aged 11 to 15 years have had at least one episode of epistaxis. The vast majority of pediatric nosebleeds originate from the anterior portion of the nose, with very few coming from the posterior portion. Two of the more common causes of epistaxis in children involve digital trauma (i.e., picking their nose) or chronic irritation of the lining of the nose due to colds or allergies. These are often spontaneous and rarely severe enough to require a trip to the emergency department or hospital, so a lot of emphasis is put on measures to prevent the nosebleeds. […] If your childs nosebleeds continue to recur despite these preventive measures, then a clinic appointment with an ENT may be appropriate to help determine the underlying cause.

• #39 Epistaxis: Outpatient Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0815/p240.html

  Epistaxis is a common emergency encountered by primary care physicians. Up to 60% of the general population experience epistaxis, and 6% seek medical attention for it. More than 90% of cases arise from the anterior nasal circulation, and most treatments can be easily performed in the outpatient setting. […] Epistaxis is one of the most common otolaryngologic emergencies, occurring in up to 60% of the general population, with one in 10 of those affected seeking medical attention. It accounts for one in 200 emergency department visits. […] Compared with anterior epistaxis, posterior epistaxis is more likely to require hospitalization and twice as likely to need nasal packing. […] Posterior epistaxis is often brisk, and given the location of these vessels, it is usually difficult to visualize the site of bleeding. Compared with anterior epistaxis, patients with posterior epistaxis are more likely to require hospitalization and are twice as likely to require nasal packing. […] If clinicians with appropriate expertise are available, endoscopic artery ligation and endovascular embolization are more effective than packing.

• #40 Nosebleed (Epistaxis). Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nosebleed-epistaxis-pro

  Epistaxis is extremely common. The majority of people will have had at least one nosebleed, usually as a result of trauma, in the course of their lifetime. The actual incidence of epistaxis in children is unknown, as only a small number will seek medical attention compared to nosebleeds in adults. […] It has peaks of incidence at age 2-10 and 50-80 years. Both sexes are equally affected. Children with migraines actually have a higher incidence of recurrent epistaxis than children without migraines.

• #41 Epistaxis in Children — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/epistaxis-in-children/

  Epistaxis is a common presenting complaint to the Emergency Department. Affects ~30% of children 0-5 years of age […] Affects ~50% of children 5 years and older […] Majority of pediatric epistaxis is venous and arises from anterior plexus. […] ~7% of children presenting to the ED require further interventions to control the epistaxis. […] The vast majority (93.5%) only required simple procedure to control anterior bleeding. […] Investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric epistaxis in the emergency department setting. […] Epistaxis is a common problem in childhood. […] Epistaxis in the pediatric population is a common problem for both primary care physicians (PCPs) and otolaryngologists. […] Otolaryngologists are frequently consulted for the evaluation and treatment of pediatric epistaxis.

• #42 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #43 Nosebleed (Epistaxis). Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nosebleed-epistaxis-pro

  Epistaxis is extremely common. The majority of people will have had at least one nosebleed, usually as a result of trauma, in the course of their lifetime. The actual incidence of epistaxis in children is unknown, as only a small number will seek medical attention compared to nosebleeds in adults. […] It has peaks of incidence at age 2-10 and 50-80 years. Both sexes are equally affected. Children with migraines actually have a higher incidence of recurrent epistaxis than children without migraines.

• #44 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617084/all/Nosebleeds__Epistaxis_?q=neomycin

  At least 75% of children will experience at least one episode of epistaxis, commonly occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 years. […] Up to 9% of children may have recurrent epistaxis, but the majority grows out of it. […] Anterior epistaxis more common in children. […] Occurs more frequently in the cold winter months when there is low humidity and when upper respiratory tract infections are more frequent. […] Dry air from indoor heating likely increases the incidence during winter months. […] 90% of children with epistaxis do not have an underlying systemic cause.

• #45 SciELO Brazil – Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign? Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/SpF48ckFJyZWMJjTBWNVHgP/

  A total of 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. […] There is limited data regarding the prevalence of nosebleeds in children because most episodes are self-limited and, thus, not reported. […] The current cross-sectional study aims to measure the frequency and etiology of epistaxis as a presenting symptom among children who visited a tertiary pediatric outpatient clinic and to determine the frequency of secondary epistaxis due to bleeding tendency using the available simple assessment tools (bleeding score and epistaxis severity score [ESS]). […] A bleeding score 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis. […] The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency. […] The ROC curve analysis showed that a bleeding score of 2 or more was of a high statistical significance in the detection of an underlying systemic cause of bleeding.

• #46 SciELO Brazil – Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign? Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/SpF48ckFJyZWMJjTBWNVHgP/

  A total of 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. […] There is limited data regarding the prevalence of nosebleeds in children because most episodes are self-limited and, thus, not reported. […] The current cross-sectional study aims to measure the frequency and etiology of epistaxis as a presenting symptom among children who visited a tertiary pediatric outpatient clinic and to determine the frequency of secondary epistaxis due to bleeding tendency using the available simple assessment tools (bleeding score and epistaxis severity score [ESS]). […] A bleeding score 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis. […] The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency. […] The ROC curve analysis showed that a bleeding score of 2 or more was of a high statistical significance in the detection of an underlying systemic cause of bleeding.

• #47 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php

  Epistaxis is a common presenting problem among paediatric populations, affecting 30% of children aged 0-5 years, and more than 50% of children greater than 5 years. It also affects 60% of all people on at least one occasion during their lifetime. […] Although both conditions are commonly seen in clinical practice, there is a paucity of literature exploring epistaxis with a psychiatric aetiology. This paper aims to summarise the existing literature documenting the various causes and management of psychiatric epistaxis-an uncommon cause for a common condition. […] The management would initially be surgical management of the traumatic facial injury but with the addition of psychiatric referral and/or transfer of care to manage the underlying psychiatric condition. […] Most presentations of self-mutilation have a psychotic illness with up to 54% of self-mutilation occurring in first presentations of schizophrenia.

• #48 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php

  Both epistaxis and mental health disorders are common conditions encountered in medical practice and whilst there have been investigations into individual psychiatric conditions and epistaxis, to date no overview has been published of these conditions. This review aims to summarise the various aetiologies and their managements in the setting of epistaxis. […] A number of case reports as well as a small number of case series and an observational cohort studies were found. These were categorised as traumatic, foreign body, factitious, psychogenic purpura, hematohidrosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and iatrogenic. […] The reported aetiologies ranged from the very rare to common with management often requiring a multidisciplinary approach to achieve an appropriate outcome for the patient. More is needed to be done to further investigate how to manage patients who present with epistaxis and these aforementioned aetiologies.

• #49 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php

  Epistaxis is a common presenting problem among paediatric populations, affecting 30% of children aged 0-5 years, and more than 50% of children greater than 5 years. It also affects 60% of all people on at least one occasion during their lifetime. […] Although both conditions are commonly seen in clinical practice, there is a paucity of literature exploring epistaxis with a psychiatric aetiology. This paper aims to summarise the existing literature documenting the various causes and management of psychiatric epistaxis-an uncommon cause for a common condition. […] The management would initially be surgical management of the traumatic facial injury but with the addition of psychiatric referral and/or transfer of care to manage the underlying psychiatric condition. […] Most presentations of self-mutilation have a psychotic illness with up to 54% of self-mutilation occurring in first presentations of schizophrenia.

• #50 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php

  A patient that presents with an inanimate nasal foreign body typically reports painless, unilateral mucopurulent discharge. Epistaxis is rare but has been reported in the literature. […] A factitious disorder is a psychiatric condition in which the patient intentionally fabricates physical and/or psychological symptoms solely to assume the role of a patient. […] To date there is no strong evidence for a single modality of management for factitious disorders. Current recommendations include psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to treat additional underlying psychiatric conditions. […] Psychogenic purpura, also known as Gardner-Diamond Syndrome, is a rare condition that presents as spontaneous painful ecchymosis following severe stress and/or emotional trauma. […] Hematohidrosis is another rare disorder, where spontaneous and painless bleeding occurs through unbroken skin and is preceded by extreme physical and/or mental stress.

• #51 The Psychiatric Aetiologies of Epistaxis

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-5-056.php

  Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, and is increasing in prevalence. […] The management of ADHD involves a combination of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed for the management of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, anxiety, bulimia, and phobia disorders. […] To date, the literature addressing SSRIs and epistaxis is limited to case reports and case series, with the largest series reporting four cases of presumed SSRI induced epistaxis within one to five weeks of commencing SSRI medications in children and adolescents aged 10 to 15. […] Epistaxis with a psychiatric aetiology represent a complex problem for medical practitioners, and often require multidisciplinary input to ensure effective management.

• #52 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] „Ninety percent of patients with HHT don’t know they have HHT,” says Vladimir Sheynzon, MD, associate professor of radiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and co-director of Columbia’s HHT Center For Excellence, „so for many patients, the entry point to our center is when they reach their forties, and they have some sort of bad event.” […] Early diagnosis and monitoring prevent bad outcomes, says Sheynzon, but the challenge is that many primary care physicians simply aren’t aware of the disease. […] The most common sign of HHTfrequent and sometimes heavy nosebleeds related to telangiectasis in the noseoften shows up when patients are young, at around age 12.

• #53 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] „Ninety percent of patients with HHT don’t know they have HHT,” says Vladimir Sheynzon, MD, associate professor of radiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and co-director of Columbia’s HHT Center For Excellence, „so for many patients, the entry point to our center is when they reach their forties, and they have some sort of bad event.” […] Early diagnosis and monitoring prevent bad outcomes, says Sheynzon, but the challenge is that many primary care physicians simply aren’t aware of the disease. […] The most common sign of HHTfrequent and sometimes heavy nosebleeds related to telangiectasis in the noseoften shows up when patients are young, at around age 12.

• #54 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] „Ninety percent of patients with HHT don’t know they have HHT,” says Vladimir Sheynzon, MD, associate professor of radiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and co-director of Columbia’s HHT Center For Excellence, „so for many patients, the entry point to our center is when they reach their forties, and they have some sort of bad event.” […] Early diagnosis and monitoring prevent bad outcomes, says Sheynzon, but the challenge is that many primary care physicians simply aren’t aware of the disease. […] The most common sign of HHTfrequent and sometimes heavy nosebleeds related to telangiectasis in the noseoften shows up when patients are young, at around age 12.

• #55 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  „I make sure that they do their regular screening for AVMs, that they’re doing basic nosebleed prevention, and that they’re linked in with all the specialists that they need.” […] Outreach and education are central to the HHT Center’s mission, says Sheynzon, so that more patients get diagnosed before serious complications occur. […] The registry will also serve as a centralized resource for future clinical trials and research.

• #56 Epistaxis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epistaxis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Epistaxis is a prevalent symptom worldwide. About 60 percent of people experience epistaxis at least once in their lifetime, and about 6 percent of these people seek medical attention. It is more common in children and elderly patients. […] The incidence of patients with epistaxis, who required inpatient treatment to control bleeding was estimated to be 42 cases per 100,000 for men, 28 cases per 100,000 for women. For men over 85 years, the incidence is 222 per 100,000 in Thuringia, Germany. […] Only 6-10% of the patients who experience epistaxis seek medical help. […] About 1 in 200 visits to emergency departments, is for epistaxis in the United States. […] About 60 percent of Americans experienced epistaxis at least once, and about 6 percent of people seek medical attention. […] Although epistaxis is the most common emergency in ENT, mortality from epistaxis is rare. […] Patients of all age groups may experience epistaxis, but it is more prevalent in children and elderly patients. […] Based on some studies epistaxis is more common in Caucasian compared with African-Americans. […] Epistaxis is more common in males than in females.

• #57 Approach to the adult with epistaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-adult-with-epistaxis/print

  Epistaxis is a common problem, occurring in up to 60 percent of the general population. […] Survey data suggest that although 60 percent of adults experience an epistaxis episode, only 10 percent or fewer seek medical attention. […] Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic cause for hospital admission, although surgical intervention is rarely needed. […] Epistaxis appears to have a bimodal age distribution, with most cases occurring before age 10 or between 45 and 65 years of age. […] Hospital admission for epistaxis increases progressively with age, but these data often do not control for aspirin or anticoagulant use. […] Among hospitalized patients, there is male predominance prior to age 49, after which the sex distribution equalizes. […] This phenomenon has been attributed to a protective effect of estrogen in women, whether in fostering a healthy nasal mucosa or in preventing vascular disease more generally. […] Seasonal variation, with predominance in winter months, has been found in most studies. […] Seasonal factors affecting epistaxis include the incidence of upper respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, and mucosal changes associated with fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

• #58 Reliability of estimating blood loss in epistaxis – Grigg – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4276/html

  Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a common presentation to Emergency Departments and General Practitioners. […] We sought to determine the accuracy of clinical staff and students in estimating blood loss in hypothetical epistaxis from visual aids and whether the accuracy changes based on type of profession, duration of profession and blood spilled. […] Over-estimation of blood loss is common and has implications for excessive resuscitation of patients. […] This study has demonstrated a significant increase in accuracy in blood loss estimation with years in profession. […] This implies that experience improves reliability. […] We hypothesised that certain populations will estimate blood loss poorly and that those with a longer period of clinical practice would be more reliable. […] Based on this study’s findings that with experience, estimation reliability improves and that smaller volumes are better quantified we would postulate that a visual aid could be validated and used as a measurement and education tool for primary care physicians and first responders to guide epistaxis management.

• #59 Reliability of estimating blood loss in epistaxis – Grigg – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4276/html

  Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a common presentation to Emergency Departments and General Practitioners. […] We sought to determine the accuracy of clinical staff and students in estimating blood loss in hypothetical epistaxis from visual aids and whether the accuracy changes based on type of profession, duration of profession and blood spilled. […] Over-estimation of blood loss is common and has implications for excessive resuscitation of patients. […] This study has demonstrated a significant increase in accuracy in blood loss estimation with years in profession. […] This implies that experience improves reliability. […] We hypothesised that certain populations will estimate blood loss poorly and that those with a longer period of clinical practice would be more reliable. […] Based on this study’s findings that with experience, estimation reliability improves and that smaller volumes are better quantified we would postulate that a visual aid could be validated and used as a measurement and education tool for primary care physicians and first responders to guide epistaxis management.

• #60 SciELO Brazil – Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign? Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/SpF48ckFJyZWMJjTBWNVHgP/

  A total of 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. […] There is limited data regarding the prevalence of nosebleeds in children because most episodes are self-limited and, thus, not reported. […] The current cross-sectional study aims to measure the frequency and etiology of epistaxis as a presenting symptom among children who visited a tertiary pediatric outpatient clinic and to determine the frequency of secondary epistaxis due to bleeding tendency using the available simple assessment tools (bleeding score and epistaxis severity score [ESS]). […] A bleeding score 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis. […] The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency. […] The ROC curve analysis showed that a bleeding score of 2 or more was of a high statistical significance in the detection of an underlying systemic cause of bleeding.

• #61 SciELO Brazil – Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign? Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/SpF48ckFJyZWMJjTBWNVHgP/

  A total of 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. […] There is limited data regarding the prevalence of nosebleeds in children because most episodes are self-limited and, thus, not reported. […] The current cross-sectional study aims to measure the frequency and etiology of epistaxis as a presenting symptom among children who visited a tertiary pediatric outpatient clinic and to determine the frequency of secondary epistaxis due to bleeding tendency using the available simple assessment tools (bleeding score and epistaxis severity score [ESS]). […] A bleeding score 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis. […] The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency. […] The ROC curve analysis showed that a bleeding score of 2 or more was of a high statistical significance in the detection of an underlying systemic cause of bleeding.

• #62 SciELO Brazil – Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign? Epistaxis in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: Could It be an Alarming Sign?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/SpF48ckFJyZWMJjTBWNVHgP/

  A total of 30,043 patients who presented to the outpatient clinic over a year, 100 children had epistaxis, with an estimated annual frequency of 1 in 300. […] There is limited data regarding the prevalence of nosebleeds in children because most episodes are self-limited and, thus, not reported. […] The current cross-sectional study aims to measure the frequency and etiology of epistaxis as a presenting symptom among children who visited a tertiary pediatric outpatient clinic and to determine the frequency of secondary epistaxis due to bleeding tendency using the available simple assessment tools (bleeding score and epistaxis severity score [ESS]). […] A bleeding score 2 showed significant value in suspecting an underlying systemic pathology as a cause of epistaxis. […] The pediatric bleeding questionnaire is a useful and simple tool in the identification of pediatric patients who need further diagnostic testing to detect any underlying bleeding tendency. […] The ROC curve analysis showed that a bleeding score of 2 or more was of a high statistical significance in the detection of an underlying systemic cause of bleeding.

• #63 Risk Factors and Management for Epistaxis in a Hospitalized Adult Sample | Published in Spartan Medical Research Journal

  https://smrj.scholasticahq.com/article/37760-risk-factors-and-management-for-epistaxis-in-a-hospitalized-adult-sample

  Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic problem that affects most of the general population. Common risk factors for epistaxis include nasal irritants, nasal/facial oxygen use, certain systemic conditions (e.g., hypertension and coagulopathies) and medication use (e.g., anticoagulants and intranasal medications). […] Identifying at-risk patients for epistaxis at hospital admission can help to initiate measures to prevent epistaxis episodes. Future studies are needed to study epistaxis risk factors and identify effective preventative measures for epistaxis among hospital populations. […] A significant portion of the patients, 106 (74.1%), had been using an anticoagulant medication and were diagnosed with hypertension 95 (66.4%). […] Our study results showed that 71 (49.7%) patients were on supplemental oxygen at time of their epistaxis episode. However, patients on oxygen were at a decreased risk for intervention compared to those not on oxygen. […] Based on these results, more systematically identifying at-risk patients who are admitted to the hospital can help to initiate preventative epistaxis measures.

• #64 Risk Factors and Management for Epistaxis in a Hospitalized Adult Sample | Published in Spartan Medical Research Journal

  https://smrj.scholasticahq.com/article/37760-risk-factors-and-management-for-epistaxis-in-a-hospitalized-adult-sample

  Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic problem that affects most of the general population. Common risk factors for epistaxis include nasal irritants, nasal/facial oxygen use, certain systemic conditions (e.g., hypertension and coagulopathies) and medication use (e.g., anticoagulants and intranasal medications). […] Identifying at-risk patients for epistaxis at hospital admission can help to initiate measures to prevent epistaxis episodes. Future studies are needed to study epistaxis risk factors and identify effective preventative measures for epistaxis among hospital populations. […] A significant portion of the patients, 106 (74.1%), had been using an anticoagulant medication and were diagnosed with hypertension 95 (66.4%). […] Our study results showed that 71 (49.7%) patients were on supplemental oxygen at time of their epistaxis episode. However, patients on oxygen were at a decreased risk for intervention compared to those not on oxygen. […] Based on these results, more systematically identifying at-risk patients who are admitted to the hospital can help to initiate preventative epistaxis measures.

• #65 Risk Factors and Management for Epistaxis in a Hospitalized Adult Sample | Published in Spartan Medical Research Journal

  https://smrj.scholasticahq.com/article/37760-risk-factors-and-management-for-epistaxis-in-a-hospitalized-adult-sample

  Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic problem that affects most of the general population. Common risk factors for epistaxis include nasal irritants, nasal/facial oxygen use, certain systemic conditions (e.g., hypertension and coagulopathies) and medication use (e.g., anticoagulants and intranasal medications). […] Identifying at-risk patients for epistaxis at hospital admission can help to initiate measures to prevent epistaxis episodes. Future studies are needed to study epistaxis risk factors and identify effective preventative measures for epistaxis among hospital populations. […] A significant portion of the patients, 106 (74.1%), had been using an anticoagulant medication and were diagnosed with hypertension 95 (66.4%). […] Our study results showed that 71 (49.7%) patients were on supplemental oxygen at time of their epistaxis episode. However, patients on oxygen were at a decreased risk for intervention compared to those not on oxygen. […] Based on these results, more systematically identifying at-risk patients who are admitted to the hospital can help to initiate preventative epistaxis measures.

• #66 Adult Epistaxis, Epidemiology and Management at the University Hospital of The West Indies | West Indian Medical Journal

  https://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/wimj/article/2380

  Epistaxis is one of the most common otolaryngology emergencies. There is no published data in the West Indian literature regarding its management. This study was conducted to describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) with epistaxis and to determine the prevalence of hypertension in patients presenting with epistaxis. […] The prevalence of hypertension among patients with epistaxis was 72.5%. […] There is a high prevalence of elevated blood pressure readings and hypertension among this group of patients with epistaxis.

• #67 Nosebleeds Market – Global Market Size, Share, and Trends Analysis Report – Industry Overview and Forecast to 2032 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-nosebleeds-market?srsltid=AfmBOorw3SZVOkhFCOEz9a91-R1Qls-8ABeu-gMtW0f0bXXsj0uZXIeO

  Nosebleeds (epistaxis) is a disorder that causes sporadic nose bleeding in one or both nostrils. This clinical condition is commonly characterized as posterior epistaxis or anterior epistaxis based on where the bleeding begins. According to The New England Journal of Medicine, around 60% of people worldwide have had epistaxis at least once in their lives, with only 6% requiring medical treatment. Epistaxis is extremely common in children under the age of ten and in persons over the age of 35. […] Global nosebleeds market size was valued at USD 214.14 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 321.24 million by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.20% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032. […] Nosebleeds market also provides you with detailed market analysis for patient analysis, prognosis and cures. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, adherence rates are some of the data variables that are available in the report. Direct or indirect impact analyses of epidemiology to market growth are analysed to create a more robust and cohort multivariate statistical model for forecasting the market in the growth period.

• #68 Nosebleeds Market – Global Market Size, Share, and Trends Analysis Report – Industry Overview and Forecast to 2032 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-nosebleeds-market?srsltid=AfmBOorw3SZVOkhFCOEz9a91-R1Qls-8ABeu-gMtW0f0bXXsj0uZXIeO

  Nosebleeds (epistaxis) is a disorder that causes sporadic nose bleeding in one or both nostrils. This clinical condition is commonly characterized as posterior epistaxis or anterior epistaxis based on where the bleeding begins. According to The New England Journal of Medicine, around 60% of people worldwide have had epistaxis at least once in their lives, with only 6% requiring medical treatment. Epistaxis is extremely common in children under the age of ten and in persons over the age of 35. […] Global nosebleeds market size was valued at USD 214.14 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 321.24 million by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.20% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032. […] Nosebleeds market also provides you with detailed market analysis for patient analysis, prognosis and cures. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, adherence rates are some of the data variables that are available in the report. Direct or indirect impact analyses of epidemiology to market growth are analysed to create a more robust and cohort multivariate statistical model for forecasting the market in the growth period.

• #69 Epistaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/

  Nosebleeds are rarely fatal, accounting for only 4 of the 2.4 million deaths in the United States. About 60% of people have experienced a nosebleed, and only 10% are severe enough to warrant treatment or medical intervention. They occur most commonly in children aged 2 to 10 years old and older people between 50 and 80. […] Differentiating an anterior or posterior nosebleed is critical in management. […] An interprofessional team best performs the care of nose bleeding. Most patients initially present to the emergency room; the triage nurse should fully know the importance of admitting patients with significant bleeding.

• #70 Epistaxis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epistaxis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Epistaxis is a prevalent symptom worldwide. About 60 percent of people experience epistaxis at least once in their lifetime, and about 6 percent of these people seek medical attention. It is more common in children and elderly patients. […] The incidence of patients with epistaxis, who required inpatient treatment to control bleeding was estimated to be 42 cases per 100,000 for men, 28 cases per 100,000 for women. For men over 85 years, the incidence is 222 per 100,000 in Thuringia, Germany. […] Only 6-10% of the patients who experience epistaxis seek medical help. […] About 1 in 200 visits to emergency departments, is for epistaxis in the United States. […] About 60 percent of Americans experienced epistaxis at least once, and about 6 percent of people seek medical attention. […] Although epistaxis is the most common emergency in ENT, mortality from epistaxis is rare. […] Patients of all age groups may experience epistaxis, but it is more prevalent in children and elderly patients. […] Based on some studies epistaxis is more common in Caucasian compared with African-Americans. […] Epistaxis is more common in males than in females.

• #71 Severe epistaxis during adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: not your average nosebleed – Mazzeffi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/5642/html

  Severe epistaxis was defined as bleeding that required a surgical intervention or prolonged packing (48 h). […] Severe epistaxis occurred in 7 patients (5.3%). […] The etiology of bleeding during ECMO is multifactorial, but is in part due to qualitative platelet dysfunction, destruction of large von Willebrand multimers, and systemic anticoagulation. […] Our data are limited by their retrospective nature, but suggest that severe epistaxis is not uncommon during ECMO and can be managed with temporary packing while continuing systemic anticoagulation.

• #72 For Patients: KidsENT Health Month: Epistaxis | AAO-HNS Bulletin

  https://bulletin.entnet.org/home/article/21247789/for-patients-kidsent-health-month-epistaxis

  If your childs nosebleed does not stop after 20-30 minutes despite attempts at direct pressure and over the counter oxymetazoline, then you should strongly consider taking them to the emergency department (ED). Very rarely do children have to be admitted to the hospital or taken to the operating room due to epistaxis, as this usually happens only with the most severe bleeding episodes. […] For more information about nosebleeds, such as causes, treatments, and tips to prevent them, go to ENThealth.org.

• #73 EM@3AM: Pediatric Epistaxis – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-pediatric-epistaxis/

  Epidemiology: […] Epistaxis affects up to 30% of all children between ages 0-5 and accounts for 1 in every 200 ED visits. […] Over 50% of children age <10 years have at least one nosebleed. [...] Incidence is bimodal, affecting children under 10 years and geriatric patients most frequently. [...] Occurs more commonly during winter and allergy seasons. [...] Increased epistaxis when weather is either warm or cold, or when there is low humidity. [...] [...] [...] Evaluation: [...] Majority of epistaxis does not involve acute airway compromise or hemodynamic instability. [...] Exam should include assessment of airway stability, general appearance, vital signs, and mental status. [...] Provide hemodynamic resuscitation or acute airway interventions, if needed. [...] Inquire about previous episodes of epistaxis and what methods have been attempted to control bleeding.

• #74 EM@3AM: Epistaxis – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-epistaxis/

  Epistaxis affects up to 60% of the population. It has a bimodal distribution, most commonly in those < 10 years and those between 45 and 65 years. [...] Pallin DJ, Chng YM, McKay MP, et al. Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46:77.

• #75 Risk Factors and Management for Epistaxis in a Hospitalized Adult Sample | Published in Spartan Medical Research Journal

  https://smrj.scholasticahq.com/article/37760-risk-factors-and-management-for-epistaxis-in-a-hospitalized-adult-sample

  Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic problem that affects most of the general population. Common risk factors for epistaxis include nasal irritants, nasal/facial oxygen use, certain systemic conditions (e.g., hypertension and coagulopathies) and medication use (e.g., anticoagulants and intranasal medications). […] Identifying at-risk patients for epistaxis at hospital admission can help to initiate measures to prevent epistaxis episodes. Future studies are needed to study epistaxis risk factors and identify effective preventative measures for epistaxis among hospital populations. […] A significant portion of the patients, 106 (74.1%), had been using an anticoagulant medication and were diagnosed with hypertension 95 (66.4%). […] Our study results showed that 71 (49.7%) patients were on supplemental oxygen at time of their epistaxis episode. However, patients on oxygen were at a decreased risk for intervention compared to those not on oxygen. […] Based on these results, more systematically identifying at-risk patients who are admitted to the hospital can help to initiate preventative epistaxis measures.

• #76 Risk Factors and Management for Epistaxis in a Hospitalized Adult Sample | Published in Spartan Medical Research Journal

  https://smrj.scholasticahq.com/article/37760-risk-factors-and-management-for-epistaxis-in-a-hospitalized-adult-sample

  Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic problem that affects most of the general population. Common risk factors for epistaxis include nasal irritants, nasal/facial oxygen use, certain systemic conditions (e.g., hypertension and coagulopathies) and medication use (e.g., anticoagulants and intranasal medications). […] Identifying at-risk patients for epistaxis at hospital admission can help to initiate measures to prevent epistaxis episodes. Future studies are needed to study epistaxis risk factors and identify effective preventative measures for epistaxis among hospital populations. […] A significant portion of the patients, 106 (74.1%), had been using an anticoagulant medication and were diagnosed with hypertension 95 (66.4%). […] Our study results showed that 71 (49.7%) patients were on supplemental oxygen at time of their epistaxis episode. However, patients on oxygen were at a decreased risk for intervention compared to those not on oxygen. […] Based on these results, more systematically identifying at-risk patients who are admitted to the hospital can help to initiate preventative epistaxis measures.

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