Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nosebleeds: First aid

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-nosebleeds/basics/art-20056683

  Nosebleeds, also called epistaxis (ep-ih-STAK-sis), are common. […] Most often nosebleeds are only annoying and not a true medical problem. But they can be both. […] Don’t pick or blow the nose. And don’t drop the head below the heart or lift anything heavy for many hours. Gently put a saline gel (Ayr), antibiotic ointment (Neosporin) or petroleum jelly (Vaseline) on the inside of the nose. […] Think about using a humidifier. Adding more moisture in your home may help relieve nasal bleeding.

• #2 Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910111/

  Objective: Nosebleed, also known as epistaxis, is a common problem that occurs at some point in at least 60% of people in the United States. […] The primary purpose of this multidisciplinary guideline is to identify quality improvement opportunities in the management of nosebleeds and to create clear and actionable recommendations to implement these opportunities in clinical practice. […] This guideline addresses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nosebleed. […] The guideline development group made recommendations for the following key action statements: (1) At the time of initial contact, the clinician should distinguish the nosebleed patient who requires prompt management from the patient who does not. […] (13) The clinician should educate patients with nosebleeds and their caregivers about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care.

• #3 Nosebleed (Epistaxis) – Clinical Practice Guideline | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all-clinical-recommendations/nosebleed.html

  Individuals with nosebleeds and their caregivers should receive education about preventive measures for nosebleeds, home treatment for nosebleeds, and indications to seek additional medical care. […] Individuals with a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or family history of nosebleeds should be assessed for presence of nasal telangiectasias and/or oral mucosal telangiectasias in patients who have a history of recurrent bilateral nosebleeds or a family history of recurrent nosebleeds to diagnose hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia syndrome.

• #4 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13464-nosebleed-epistaxis

  What can I do to prevent nosebleeds? Here are some tips for preventing nosebleeds: Use a saline nasal spray or saline nose drops two to three times a day in each nostril to keep your nasal passages moist. You can purchase these products over the counter or you can make them at home. […] Add a humidifier to your furnace or run a humidifier in your bedroom at night to add moisture to the air. […] Spread a nasal gel or ointment in your nostrils with a cotton swab. Bacitracin, Vaseline or Ayr Gel are examples of over-the-counter ointments you can use. Be sure not to insert the swab more than 1/4 inch into your nose. You can purchase these gels and ointments in most pharmacies. […] Avoid blowing your nose too forcefully. […] Sneeze through an open mouth. Always sneeze into a tissue or your elbow.

• #5 Taking control of nosebleeds – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/taking-control-of-nosebleeds

  At some point in their lifetimes, most people will experience a nosebleed. It’s common for adults and children, especially during dry winter months. […] Nosebleeds are more likely to occur when the nasal mucosa is dry and irritated. When there is low moisture content in the air, such as in the winter when homes are warmed with furnaces or electric heat, the blood vessels are more prone to tearing. […] Follow these tips to avoid nosebleeds: Avoid vigorous nose-blowing and stuffing tissues or other objects into the nose. Discourage children from nose-picking and keep their fingernails trimmed. Use over-the-counter nasal saline sprays and topical moisturizing gels to moisten the nasal mucosa. Use a home humidifier to keep moisture in the air during winter. If you smoke, consider quitting. Tobacco smoke dries out the nasal mucosa and increases the risk of nosebleeds. […] Once the bleeding stops, avoid nose-blowing or strenuous activity for the rest of the day. Begin a daily nasal moisturizing regimen with nasal saline or gel two to three times daily for one to two weeks.

• #6 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Causes, Prevention and How to Treat | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/nosebleeds

  How to Help Prevent Nosebleeds: […] – Fingernails should be cut short to prevent scratching the inside of the nose. […] – Keep fingers and objects out of the nose. Avoid rubbing the nose. […] – Teach your child to blow their nose gently. […] – Use a cool vaporizer or a humidifier in your child’s bedroom at night, especially during the winter. Be sure to clean the machine once a week. […] – Smear a very thin coat of nasal ointment inside each nostril 2 to 3 times a day, especially at bedtime, for 2 weeks during the dry season. Petroleum jelly ointments, such as Vaseline or Aquaphor work best. This will keep the lining of the nose moist. […] – For colds or a stuffy nose, use a saline nose spray 2 sprays to each nostril, 2 or more times a day.

• #7 How To Stop & Prevent Nosebleeds

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/nosebleeds-causes-and-treatments

  You cant always prevent nosebleeds from happening, but there are certain things you can do to help lower your chances of getting them: […] Keep the inside of your nose moist. Dryness can cause nosebleeds. Use a cotton swab to gently smear a thin layer petroleum jelly in your nostrils three times a day, including before you go to sleep. You can also use an antibiotic ointment like Bacitracin or Polysporin. […] Use a saline nasal product. Spraying it in your nostrils helps keep the inside of your nose moist. […] Use a humidifier. Your nostrils might be dry because the air in your house is dry. […] Dont smoke. Smoking can irritate the inside of your nose and dry it out. […] Dont pick your nose. Also, dont blow or rub it too hard. If your child is getting nosebleeds, keep their fingernails short and discourage them from picking their nose. […] Dont use cold and allergy medications too often. These can dry out your nose. In some cases, certain medications can cause nosebleeds or make them worse. You may need to discuss your medications with your doctor. But keep taking them unless your doctor tells you to stop.

• #8 How to Stop a Nosebleed: Tips, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-stop-a-nosebleed

  Keep the lining of the nose moist. Dried-out mucus membranes from inhaling dry air or other causes can further irritate the nose and lead to nosebleeds. Keeping the membranes moist with a saline spray can help. You can use this spray about every two to three hours while you’re awake. […] Use a humidifier. Humidifiers add moisture to the air, helping to keep the mucus membranes from drying out. You can use one while sleeping to prevent nosebleeds. Just be sure to clean the humidifier according to the manufacturer’s instructions, as the moisture and heat in the machine can attract bacteria and mold. […] Wear protective equipment. If you have a history of nosebleeds and play a sport, such as basketball, where you’re more likely to experience injury, consider wearing protective equipment. Some people wear a transparent mask over their nose that helps to absorb any potential blows and reduce the likelihood for nosebleeds and nasal injuries.

• #9 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13464-nosebleed-epistaxis

  Avoid putting anything solid into your nose, including your fingers. […] Limit your use of medications that can increase bleeding, like aspirin and ibuprofen. Always check with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medications. This is especially important for prescribed medications like warfarin (Coumadin) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] See your provider if you cant easily control your nasal allergy symptoms with over-the-counter or prescription medications. Make sure you closely follow the directions when using over-the-counter products. Overusing them can cause nosebleeds. […] Quit smoking. Smoking dries out your nose and irritates it. […] Wear protective headgear if you do activities that could result in an injury to your face and nose.

• #10

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=sig56332spec&lang=en-ca

  Spraying the nose with a decongestant nasal spray like oxymetazoline (Drixoral) before applying pressure may help stop a nosebleed. […] The following tips may prevent a nosebleed from happening. […] Avoid forceful nose-blowing. […] Do not pick your nose. […] Avoid lifting or straining after a nosebleed. […] Keep your head elevated right after a nosebleed. […] Put a thin layer of nasal gel or cream inside your nose. […] Use a saline- or water-based nasal gel, such as NasoGel, or an antiseptic nasal cream. […] Do not smoke, and avoid second-hand smoke. […] Be careful with non-prescription antihistamines, decongestants, or medicated nasal sprays. […] Using medicines may relieve the symptoms, leading to less inflammation and irritation and fewer nosebleeds. […] But overuse of allergy medicines may lead to nosebleeds because of their overdrying side effects.

• #11 Discover the Causes of Nosebleeds & How to Prevent It

  https://www.elitecarehc.com/blog/9-ways-to-prevent-nosebleeds-in-seniors/

  Seniors should resist the urge to pick their noses, especially those with thinner nasal linings. […] This type of nasal gel or ointment can provide a protective barrier, preventing the nasal lining from drying out and minimizing the risk of bleeding. […] When sneezing, seniors should keep their mouths open to alleviate pressure within the nasal passages. It will reduce the risk of rupturing the blood vessels. Always use the elbow or a napkin while sneezing. […] Seniors taking multiple medications, especially blood thinners, should consult their primary care physician about the potential impacts of their medicines on clotting and discuss alternative options if required. […] Drinking enough water helps maintain general hydration levels, which can also prevent the nasal passages from drying out. […] Seniors who smoke should try quitting because smoking can exacerbate dry nose and trigger inflammation. […] Minimize exposure to chemical irritants by using masks and maintaining hygiene.

• #11 Discover the Causes of Nosebleeds & How to Prevent It

  https://www.elitecarehc.com/blog/9-ways-to-prevent-nosebleeds-in-seniors/

  Nosebleeds or epistaxis occur when blood vessels within the delicate lining of the nose rupture and bleed. The prevalence of nosebleeds is fairly common, with about 60% of people reporting at least one nosebleed in their lifetime. […] In this blog post, we will share detailed insights into nosebleed causes, prevention, and how to stop nosebleeds quickly at home. Read on for more. […] In order to find out the definite causes of nosebleeds in seniors, it is crucial to visit a healthcare center and consult a primary care physician. […] How to Prevent Nosebleeds in Seniors […] Using a humidifier in indoor spaces can help maintain optimal humidity levels, preventing the nasal passages from drying too much. […] If a senior suffers from a dry nose, using saline nasal sprays can help keep the nasal passages moisturized and soothe irritation.

• #12 Nosebleeds (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nose-bleed.html

  Most anterior nosebleeds are due to dry air. A dry climate or heated indoor air irritates and dries out nasal membranes. This causes crusts that may itch, then bleed when scratched or picked. Common colds also can irritate the lining of the nose, with bleeding following repeated nose-blowing. Having a cold during dry winter weather is the perfect formula for nosebleeds. […] Since most nosebleeds in kids are caused by nose-picking or irritation from hot dry air, using a few simple tips may help your kids avoid them: Keep your child’s nails short to prevent injuries from nose-picking. Keep the inside of your child’s nose moist with saline (saltwater) nasal spray or gel, or dab petroleum jelly or antibiotic ointment gently around the opening of the nostrils. Run a cool-mist humidifier (or vaporizer) in bedrooms if the air in your home is dry. Keep the machine clean to prevent mildew buildup. Make sure your kids wear protective athletic equipment during sports or other activities that could cause a nose injury.

• #13 How to Stop a Nosebleed: 4 Home Remedies + Prevention – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/how-to-stop-a-nosebleed/

  4. Dont pick: Keep your fingers away from your nostrils in general. Not only are your fingers possibly not clean, they can easily irritate your nostrils when you put them inside. […] 5. Better sneezing: Sneeze through an open covered mouth. When you sneeze, its natural for part of the sneeze to go out of your nose and part of it to go out of your mouth. If you try to keep your mouth shut, then this creates an overload of pressure in the nasal cavity. […] 6. Nasal sprays: You can use a natural saline nasal spray to keep nostrils cleansed and moisturized. […] 7. Be careful with certain meds: Avoiding/decreasing the use of blood thinners like NSAIDs when possible can help to ward off a nosebleed. […] 8. Finger nail length: Children are known to pick their noses and this can be hard to stop. Keep finger nails short to discourage picking and reduce the potential for interior nostril damage if they do pick.

• #14 Nosebleeds: When to Seek Medical Help | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2023/02/nosebleeds-when-to-seek-medical-help

  To reduce the frequency of nosebleeds that are not caused by a medical problem or condition, follow a good nasal hydration regimen that includes: […] Use nasal saline spray every two hours while awake. […] Run a cool mist humidifier in the bedroom when sleeping. […] Use a water-based saline gel, sprayed into the nose before bed. […] Avoid nose-picking and try to sneeze through your mouth to minimize pressure on nasal blood vessels. […] If you have high blood pressure, talk to your provider about medications and other strategies to keep it under control. […] In addition, talk to your provider about any prescription or non-prescription medications and supplements you take. In people with chronic nosebleeds, some medication dosages may need to be adjusted or some supplements discontinued. Examples include: […] Blood thinning medications such as aspirin, NSAIDs, Plavix, warfarin/coumadin, Eliquis and Xarelto […] Inhaled nasal steroids like Flonase, Nasacort and Nasonex […] Herbal supplements like ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginsing and fish oil, all of which can have mild blood-thinning effects.

• #15 Nosebleeds – epistaxis, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nosebleed

  Nosebleeds are very common, especially in children and older people. […] Most nosebleeds get better with first-aid measures. […] Can nosebleeds be prevented? […] In some cases, nosebleeds can be prevented. It depends on the cause. […] You can help prevent some nosebleeds by: not picking your nose, blowing your nose gently, using a humidifier and putting a small amount of lubricant, such as petroleum jelly (Vaseline), inside your nostrils to prevent them drying out. […] Treating underlying conditions such as hay fever may also help prevent a nosebleed.

• #16 Nosebleeds | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ear-nose-throat/nosebleeds

  Fortunately, there are some easy steps you can take to prevent and treat most nosebleeds on your own at home. […] If your nosebleeds occur more than three to four times per week, or six or more times in a month despite following these tips, please contact your health care provider. […] Once bleeding has stopped, do not blow your nose for 2 days. […] High blood pressure can cause nosebleeds. […] If you take anticoagulation medication and experience frequent/more severe nosebleeds, call us for an urgent appointment.

• #17 Navigating Nosebleeds: Prevention, Treatment, and Causes

  https://texanent.com/nosebleeds-prevention-treatment-causes/

  If youre dealing with frequent nosebleeds, it might be more than just a reaction to dry air or high altitudes. Particular medical issues can cause your nose to bleed, frequently due to an effect on the minuscule blood vessels in your nasal passages. […] A common culprit is Von Willebrand Disease, a bleeding disorder that hinders clot formation and thus prolongs bleeding time. […] Saline drops, available over-the-counter, can help moisten dry air passages that may cause frequent nosebleeds. Using them as part of your routine can also promote healing after a nose bleed episode. […] Nose bleeds that occur higher up in the nasal cavity (posterior nosebleed) often require medical intervention too. […] Prevention is key. Staying hydrated and managing dry air are simple steps that can make a big difference. […] Understanding underlying conditions like bleeding disorders or deviated septum is crucial in handling frequent nosebleeds effectively.

• #18 When a Nosebleed Isn’t Just a Nosebleed | Columbia Department of Radiology

  https://www.columbiaradiology.org/news/when-nosebleed-isnt-just-nosebleed

  Most of the time, nosebleeds are harmless, but when they run in the family, recur frequently, or are accompanied by tiny red spots on the skin, they may indicate a rare, genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). […] Early diagnosis and monitoring prevent bad outcomes, says Sheynzon, but the challenge is that many primary care physicians simply aren’t aware of the disease. […] „I make sure that they do their regular screening for AVMs, that they’re doing basic nosebleed prevention, and that they’re linked in with all the specialists that they need.” […] A HHT specialized ENT physician monitors and treats the nosebleeds.

• #19 Caring for a Nosebleed | Health Tips

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/education/health-information/health-lifestyle-tips/caring-for-a-nosebleed

  Once a nosebleed has been stopped, it may take a week for the blood vessels in the nose to heal completely. Follow these important steps to prevent and treat a nosebleed. […] Avoid blowing your nose for at least two days. Once two days have passed, blow very gently. […] Avoid rubbing or picking your nose. […] Keep your mouth open if you sneeze. This way, the force of sneeze goes through your mouth, not your nose. […] Sleep with your head elevated on at least two pillows. […] Avoid lifting heavy objects, bending over or straining when having a bowel movement. […] Avoid medications containing aspirin or ibuprofen. Common examples include Advil and Motrin. Read labels to make sure the combination doesn’t contain aspirin. Use Tylenol for pain.

• #20 Nosebleeds While Pregnant: Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22342-nosebleeds-while-pregnant

  Generally, nosebleeds aren’t an emergency. However, you should contact your healthcare provider immediately if any of the following apply to you: You have frequent and repeated nosebleeds. The flow is very heavy. The bleeding persists after 30 minutes of applying pressure. […] Getting nosebleeds during pregnancy is common and usually harmless. They can be treated at home by pinching your nose closed for 10 minutes. Call your healthcare provider if your bleeding is heavy and lasts longer than 30 minutes or is accompanied by dizziness or trouble breathing.

• #21 Nosebleeds: Causes, Treatment and Prevention | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/nosebleeds-causes-treatment-and-prevention

  Nosebleeds, also known as epistaxis, are very common, especially in children. […] There are several things that can be done to prevent nosebleeds or reduce the frequency of nosebleeds. These include: Use of a cool mist humidifier in the home, especially nearby when sleeping. This is particularly helpful when the air is dry, such as in the winter […] Reduce allergen exposure, or treat allergies with appropriate medication if recommended by your doctor […] Keep the inside of your nose moisturized by using nasal saline sprays or gels twice daily […] Avoid picking your nose […] Avoid smoke exposure.

• #22 Pediatric Nosebleeds – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/nosebleeds

  If your child has nosebleeds often, you can help prevent them in these ways: […] Run a cool mist humidifier in your child’s room at night, if the air in your home is dry. Clean the humidifier regularly so germs and mold dont grow in it. […] Teach your child not to pick his or her nose or blow it too hard. […] Put petroleum jelly inside your childs nostrils several times a day. This is to help protect the mucus membranes. […] Use saltwater (saline) nose drops or spray as directed by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Talk with your child’s healthcare provider if your child has allergies that may lead to nosebleeds. […] Dont smoke in the home or around your child.

• #23 Nosebleeds While Pregnant: Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22342-nosebleeds-while-pregnant

  Nosebleeds during pregnancy are normal and usually not a cause for worry. Most nosebleeds are caused by an increase in blood volume and hormonal changes. The medical term for nosebleeds is called epistaxis. Nosebleeds are treatable and rarely cause pregnancy complications. […] The changes in your body that happen during pregnancy can cause a nosebleed. There are a few reasons this happens: Increase in blood volume: When you become pregnant, the amount of blood in your body increases dramatically. This increase in blood volume causes the delicate blood vessels in the lining of your nose to burst more easily under the pressure. Hormonal changes: Hormonal changes can cause a lot of symptoms in pregnancy. Your nose might be more congested or stuffy. The same hormones that thicken the lining of your uterus can impact the mucus membranes in your nose, making them more prone to bleeding.

• #24 Nosebleeds While Pregnant: Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22342-nosebleeds-while-pregnant

  You can take the following steps to stop the flow of a nosebleed: Keep your head upright. Tilting your head backward or lying on your back increases the pressure in your blood vessels. Lightly squeeze your nostrils closed (the soft part just beneath the bridge of your nose). Do this for about 10 minutes. If the bleeding hasn’t stopped, try again. […] Sometimes nosebleeds are unavoidable, despite your best efforts. However, there are some steps you can take to help prevent getting a nosebleed. Stay hydrated by drinking lots of water. Use a humidifier to moisten the air when you sleep. Use a nasal gel, spray or water-based nasal lubricant to moisturize your nose. […] It might feel scary to have nosebleeds during pregnancy, but it’s usually not a cause for worry. If your bleeding continues to a point where it’s unmanageable or you begin to feel lightheaded, call your healthcare provider.

• #25 Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/epistaxis

  Nosebleeds may be a side effect of using nasal sprays, or cold and allergy medicines. […] A common cause of nosebleeds is dry indoor air, especially problematic in the winter. You can head off this kind of a nosebleed by regularly using a humidifier or by applying over-the-counter saline nose drops in each nostril a few times a day. You can also prevent dryness by rubbing a water-based lubricant on the inside of the nose. […] Treatment of a serious nosebleed or chronic ones is highly individualized. Your doctor will consider such factors as how severe the bleeding is, other medical conditions and treatments that may be causing the bleeds, and whether you use blood thinners. […] Most nosebleeds can be treated without surgery and without going to the hospital, using one of the following approaches: Nasal sprays, Topical therapies, Cautery, which is a procedure that involves applying heat to seal a bleeding vessel shut, Nasal packing, placing a gauze-like material or an inflatable balloon in the nose to put pressure on the bleeding vessel.

• #26 How to Treat Chronic Nosebleeds

  https://mountainent.com/how-to-treat-chronic-nosebleeds/

  Not all nosebleeds require you to have a surgical procedure, so dont panic. […] Your ear, nose and throat doctor will have nonsurgical options to help you to manage the bleeding and these can include: […] Cauterization: A nasal cautery seals the vessels to stop them from leaking down your throat. This can then promote scar tissue to form and stop any more nosebleeds.

• #27 Severe Nosebleed Epistaxis – Causes & Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/cerebrovascular-center/conditions/vascular-malformations/severe-nosebleed

  Severe episodes of nosebleeds can be caused by: […] The first step in managing a severe nosebleed involves „packing” the nose, which should be performed by an appropriately trained physician. […] If you experience severe blood loss from a nosebleed, it can cause serious anemia or cardiac dysfunction and reduced quality of life. […] At Mount Sinai, we can use embolization to treat severe, recurring nosebleeds that cannot be controlled by traditional means. […] We may investigate the source of the bleeding via angiography. After we identify the vessels responsible for the bleeding, we can go back in through a catheter and block the vessels to stop the bleeding (embolization). In some cases, this technique can be lifesaving.

• #28 Epistaxis – Nose Bleed Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.tegbirsidhu.com/epistaxis-nosebleed.php

  Most nosebleeds can be self-treated by directly applying manual pressure to the nostrils, squeezing them between the fingers for 5 to 30 minutes. […] Where bleeding is severe and recurring, medications are available to control the pain and to treat conditions causing the bleeds, such as vitamin K deficiency and high blood pressure. […] Where severe nosebleeds keep occurring, surgery may be an option, such as arterial ligation. […] For those patients, embolisation, a minimally invasive procedure that requires local anaesthesia only, may be an alternative.

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