Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Knock knees

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knock-knees/

  Knock knees is when there’s a gap between your ankles when you stand with your knees together. It’s common in children aged 3 to 6 and usually gets better on its own as they grow without causing any problems. Sometimes older children or adults can have it. […] If you have knock knees, there is a gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. […] You do not have knock knees if there is no gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. […] But sometimes, if your knock knees are severe or caused by another condition, you may have knee or leg pain, or difficulty walking. […] You think you or your child have knock knees and: the gap between the ankles is more than 8cm when standing with the knees together, 1 or both knees are painful, swollen, stiff or feel warm to touch, only 1 leg is affected or the legs are different lengths, the problem is getting worse, your child is very short or underweight for their age, you or they are limping or having difficulty walking, your child is under the age of 2 or over the age of 5, it started when you were an adult.

• #2 Knock Knees | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/knock-knees

  Knock knees is a normal condition where a child’s knees are closer together than her ankles. This can start around age 2 to 3, is at its worst around age 4 and should correct itself by age 6. […] A doctor may recommend a physical exam and x-rays. […] Observation by a health care provider is the best treatment for knock knees. Your primary care provider can help you understand if something is out of the ordinary.

• #3 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Doctors typically look at the following factors to determine if a child younger than 7 has knock knees: Weight and body mass index (BMI), Height and length, Position of the knees as the child extends and rotates their legs, Leg lengths and symmetry, Walking pattern. […] If your child is older than 7, or if their legs aren’t the same size and shape on both sides, an X-ray of their legs may help determine if an underlying condition is causing their knock knees. […] In most cases, children with knock knees do not need medical treatment. The most common treatment for children between 2 and 5 years old is close observation. Up to 99 percent of children with knock knees grow out of the condition by the time they turn 7. […] If your child has severe, unresolved knock knees, their doctor will first determine if this is part of another underlying condition. If so, treatment will focus on treating the underlying condition.

• #4 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #5 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #6 Knock Knees Portland | Genu Valgum Bangor | Angular Knee Deformity Ellsworth

  https://www.petercopithornemd.com/knock-knees-orthopedic-surgeon-ellsworth-bangor-portland-me/

  Knock knees, also called genu valgum, is a type of angular knee deformity in which the legs curve inwards at the knees. The diagnosis of knock knees is made through a thorough a physical examination. […] Sometimes, an X-ray examination may also be ordered if your child is older than 2 years and has symmetrical legs. […] Your doctor may also review your family’s medical history to ascertain if this is hereditary.

• #7 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #8 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #9 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart. The condition is slightly more common in girls, though boys can develop it too. […] In rare cases, knock knees could be a sign of an underlying bone disease, particularly when the condition appears for the first time when a child is 6 or older. […] If your child has knock knees along with any of the following symptoms, they may have a more serious condition: Knock knees that become apparent before age 2 or after age 7, Knock knees that become worse after age 7, Asymmetric appearance of the legs, Limp when walking, Knee or hip pain, Short stature (below the fifth percentile). […] Your child’s doctor will look at the position of your child’s legs, knees, and ankles to determine the severity of knock knees. They may also measure the distance between your child’s ankle bones. The condition is considered more severe in children with more distance between their ankles.

• #10 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Genu valgum (knocked knees) is part of the coronal plane deformities of the lower extremity. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and have no functional limitations. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of genu valgum and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Genu valgum or „knocked knees” are part of the coronal plane deformities of the lower extremity. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and have no functional limitations. […] Intermalleolar distance has been used to assess the degree of genu valgum. It is the distance between the medial malleoli in a standing patient with touching medial femoral condyles. Intermalleolar distances greater than 8 cm is considered pathologic. […] Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 years for the evaluation of genu valgum.

• #11 Knock knees

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knock-knees/

  Knock knees is when there’s a gap between your ankles when you stand with your knees together. It’s common in children aged 3 to 6 and usually gets better on its own as they grow without causing any problems. Sometimes older children or adults can have it. […] If you have knock knees, there is a gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. […] You do not have knock knees if there is no gap between the ankles when you stand with your knees together. […] But sometimes, if your knock knees are severe or caused by another condition, you may have knee or leg pain, or difficulty walking. […] You think you or your child have knock knees and: the gap between the ankles is more than 8cm when standing with the knees together, 1 or both knees are painful, swollen, stiff or feel warm to touch, only 1 leg is affected or the legs are different lengths, the problem is getting worse, your child is very short or underweight for their age, you or they are limping or having difficulty walking, your child is under the age of 2 or over the age of 5, it started when you were an adult.

• #12 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Doctors typically look at the following factors to determine if a child younger than 7 has knock knees: Weight and body mass index (BMI), Height and length, Position of the knees as the child extends and rotates their legs, Leg lengths and symmetry, Walking pattern. […] If your child is older than 7, or if their legs aren’t the same size and shape on both sides, an X-ray of their legs may help determine if an underlying condition is causing their knock knees. […] In most cases, children with knock knees do not need medical treatment. The most common treatment for children between 2 and 5 years old is close observation. Up to 99 percent of children with knock knees grow out of the condition by the time they turn 7. […] If your child has severe, unresolved knock knees, their doctor will first determine if this is part of another underlying condition. If so, treatment will focus on treating the underlying condition.

• #13 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Gait and rotational profile analysis are important aspects in the workup of angular deformities and help providers to identify the etiology of angular deformities, especially in the pediatric population. […] Radiographs are not indicated in children in the physiologic valgus phase. However, they are indicated in the setting of asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically, age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, patients whose height falls below the tenth percentile for their age, and a history of trauma or infection. […] Observation is indicated for physiologic genu valgum or if the tibiofemoral angle is 15 degrees in a child 6 years of age.

• #14 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #15 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #16

• #17 Treating Idiopathic Genu Valgum (Knock Knees)

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/treating-idiopathic-genu-valgum-knock-knees

  Genu valgum (knock knees) represents one of the most common angular deformities encountered by pediatric orthopaedic specialists. […] Genu valgum is diagnosed based on standing full-length radiographs of the bilateral lower extremities. The mechanical axis is drawn from the center of the femoral head to the center of the tibiotalar joint. Genu valgum is diagnosed when the mechanical axis falls lateral to the center of the knee. […] The magnitude of the deformity can be assessed by tibiofemoral angle (the angle of the anatomical axes of the femur and tibia) as well as intermalleolar distance (the distance between the medial malleoli when medial femoral condyles are touching). […] The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) the angles formed by the mechanical axes and articular surfaces of the femur and tibia, respectively can help assess an underlying femoral or tibial cause of the deformity.

• #18 What Are Knock Knees?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/orthopedic-health/knock-knees

  Knock knees, or genu valgum is a condition in which the knees are bent inward and touch each other while the ankles remain apart. […] Patients typically seek evaluation for genu valgum during the age range of three to five years. […] The diagnosis of knock knees, or genu valgum, typically involves a detailed medical history and physical examination. During the physical examination, the healthcare professional will observe the alignment of the legs while the individual stands and walks. […] Sometimes, additional diagnostic tests may be done to determine the underlying cause of knock knees or to rule out other conditions. Various imaging techniques can aid in the diagnosis of knock knees, including the following: X-rays can provide a detailed view of bones and joints to assess the alignment and degree of curvature of the knees.

• #19 What Are Knock Knees?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/orthopedic-health/knock-knees

  CT (Computed Tomography) Scans: This scan can provide more detailed images of the bones to identify any structural abnormalities or underlying conditions responsible for knock knees. […] MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scans: This imaging test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the soft tissues around the knee joint, helping to identify muscular imbalances or other underlying conditions causing knock knees.

• #20 Knock Knees (Genu Valgum): Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/knock-knees

  Knock knee, also called Genu Valgum, is a condition where a person has a large gap between their feet when standing with their knees together. […] However, knock knees can very occasionally be a sign of an underlying condition that needs treatment, especially if the condition develops in older children or adults, or doesn’t improve with age. […] Diagnosing knock knees typically involves a comprehensive assessment encompassing medical history, physical examination, and sometimes, specialised imaging studies. […] The initial step in the diagnosis is a thorough discussion of the patient’s medical history. […] A crucial aspect of the diagnosis is a physical examination to assess the alignment of the lower limbs. […] In certain cases, healthcare professionals may order imaging studies to obtain a more precise evaluation of bone alignment. […] If there is a suspicion of an underlying medical condition contributing to knock knees, such as rickets, healthcare providers may perform blood tests to measure vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate levels.

• #21 Knock Knees | International Center for Limb Lengthening

  https://www.limblength.org/conditions/knock-knees/

  Knock knees are legs that curve inward at the knee, often preventing the ankles from coming together without shifting one knee in front of the other. […] The best way to diagnose knock knees is by taking a standing X-ray, and drawing the straight line on the image from the hip to the ankle. If that line passes to the outside of the knee, there is genu valgum present. […] When looking at children’s X-rays, we also pay attention to the quality of the bone and the width of the growth plates. […] In children where vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D-resistant rickets, or kidney failure are suspected as the cause of knock knees, additional blood tests (i.e., complete blood count, phosphorus, vitamin D level, creatinine, calcium) can be done to specifically look for those issues. […] The aim of treatment will be to correct limb alignment, stop disease progression, and reduce the risk of joint degeneration.

• #22 Knock Knees (Genu Valgum) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/knock-knees.html

  Knock knees or genu valgum (GEE-noo VAL-gum) is when a child stands up straight and the knees touch but the ankles are apart. […] Health care providers do an exam and ask about the child’s medical history. They probably won’t do any tests if the child is 2-4 years old, feels well, and both legs tilt inward to the same degree. Instead, they’ll watch to make sure the knock knees gets better as the child grows. […] Some kids might need to see an orthopedic doctor (bone specialist) if: The legs don’t get straighter on their own. One knee turns in more than the other, or only one side turns in. The child also has pain, limping, weakness, or trouble running. […] Kids might get an X-ray to look for healed fractures or rickets. If rickets is suspected, blood tests can help make that diagnosis.

• #23 Knock Knee Deformity New York | Knee Specialist Bayside NY

  https://www.cortho.org/knee/knock-knee-deformity/

  If knee discomfort escalates to the point where it interferes with daily life or is accompanied by swelling, tenderness, or redness, seeking medical help is crucial. […] We assess symptoms, diagnose issues, and recommend appropriate treatment plans, including surgery if needed. […] Knock knee deformity could lead to significant laxity on the inner side of the knee joint. […] Blood tests may be required to rule out any deficiency of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate. […] The doctor may further request imaging studies in the form of X-rays to assess the degrees of deformity. […] Surgical management is usually required for only a small percent of children. […] Total knee replacement promises correction of deformity, pain-free mobility, and faster rehabilitation. […] Surgical intervention for knock knee deformity carries risks such as infection, blood clots, nerve damage, and incomplete correction of the deformity.

• #24 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Physiologic genu valgum must be differentiated from its pathologic counterpart. Further evaluation is indicated when patients present with asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically, in an age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, patients whose height falls below the tenth percentile for their age, and a history of trauma or infection. […] Physiologic genu valgum and Cozen’s phenomenon almost always correct spontaneously. Pathologic genu valgum associated with metabolic bone diseases may improve when the underlying disorder is treated.

• #25

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Indications for nonoperative treatment include tibiofemoral angle 15 degrees in children 7 years of age. […] Eight-plate hemiepiphysiodesis has a 95% complete correction rate for idiopathic cases and 80% for pathological cases. […] Idiopathic genu valgum has a better prognosis than pathological etiology with hemiepiphysiodesis. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneously in the vast majority by age of 7.

• #26 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Physiologic genu valgum must be differentiated from its pathologic counterpart. Further evaluation is indicated when patients present with asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically, in an age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, patients whose height falls below the tenth percentile for their age, and a history of trauma or infection. […] Physiologic genu valgum and Cozen’s phenomenon almost always correct spontaneously. Pathologic genu valgum associated with metabolic bone diseases may improve when the underlying disorder is treated.

• #27

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Physiologic genu valgum must be differentiated from pathologic causes. […] medical and family history can help differentiate between physiological and pathological etiology. […] asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, short stature, history of trauma or infection, limb length discrepancy are indications for imaging.

• #28 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart. The condition is slightly more common in girls, though boys can develop it too. […] In rare cases, knock knees could be a sign of an underlying bone disease, particularly when the condition appears for the first time when a child is 6 or older. […] If your child has knock knees along with any of the following symptoms, they may have a more serious condition: Knock knees that become apparent before age 2 or after age 7, Knock knees that become worse after age 7, Asymmetric appearance of the legs, Limp when walking, Knee or hip pain, Short stature (below the fifth percentile). […] Your child’s doctor will look at the position of your child’s legs, knees, and ankles to determine the severity of knock knees. They may also measure the distance between your child’s ankle bones. The condition is considered more severe in children with more distance between their ankles.

• #29

  https://www.shrinerschildrens.org/en/pediatric-care/genu-valgum

  A condition that causes the knees to tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart, knock knees (genu valgum), are a common part of the growth and development process. […] To determine why your child has knock knees, a physician will perform a comprehensive physical exam. Radiographs may also be obtained to determine why your child has knock knees, and whether they will grow out of them normally, or if they will be a problem later in life and should be corrected. […] From your child’s height and length, to knee positions and walking patterns, we’ll look at a range of factors before making a diagnosis. […] More often than not, knock knees are simply part of growing up. But, if your child shows signs of knock knees with any of the following symptoms, our physicians will likely want to explore further to rule out other underlying conditions.

• #30 Knock knees

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knock-knees/

  Knock knees usually gets better as children grow and their legs straighten. […] Most children do not need any treatment, but sometimes physiotherapy or treatment from a foot specialist (podiatrist) may be recommended. […] Sometimes, if knock knees cause problems such as pain or difficulty walking, you may be referred to a specialist for tests to see what might be causing it. […] Rarely, surgery to straighten the knees and legs may be recommended. […] Knock knees in children is a normal part of growth and development, and it usually gets better as they get older. […] But in some children and adults it may be caused by something else, such as: an injury to the knees or legs, osteomyelitis (a bone infection), arthritis, vitamin D deficiency, some genetic conditions which affect the joints such as joint hypermobility syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #31 Approach to the child with knock-knees – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-child-with-knock-knees

  Approach to the child with knock-knees […] Knock-knees (genu valgum) is an angular deformity at the knee where the apex of the deformity points toward the midline. […] Bow-legs and knock-knees are among the most common musculoskeletal anatomic variations encountered by pediatric primary care providers and a common reason for referral to a pediatric orthopedic surgeon. […] An understanding of the normal physiologic development of the lower extremity is essential in differentiating physiologic from pathologic alignment. […] Pathologic causes of knock-knees include posttraumatic (eg, Cozen fracture), rickets (eg, renal osteodystrophy), skeletal dysplasias, mucopolysaccharidosis, and neoplasms. […] Unlike physiologic knock-knees, these conditions generally do not improve over time and may require treatment with bracing or surgery.

• #32 Approach to the child with knock-knees – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-the-child-with-knock-knees

  Approach to the child with knock-knees […] Knock-knees (genu valgum) is an angular deformity at the knee where the apex of the deformity points toward the midline. […] Bow-legs and knock-knees are among the most common musculoskeletal anatomic variations encountered by pediatric primary care providers and a common reason for referral to a pediatric orthopedic surgeon. […] An understanding of the normal physiologic development of the lower extremity is essential in differentiating physiologic from pathologic alignment. […] Pathologic causes of knock-knees include posttraumatic (eg, Cozen fracture), rickets (eg, renal osteodystrophy), skeletal dysplasias, mucopolysaccharidosis, and neoplasms. […] Unlike physiologic knock-knees, these conditions generally do not improve over time and may require treatment with bracing or surgery.

• #33 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Gait and rotational profile analysis are important aspects in the workup of angular deformities and help providers to identify the etiology of angular deformities, especially in the pediatric population. […] Radiographs are not indicated in children in the physiologic valgus phase. However, they are indicated in the setting of asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically, age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, patients whose height falls below the tenth percentile for their age, and a history of trauma or infection. […] Observation is indicated for physiologic genu valgum or if the tibiofemoral angle is 15 degrees in a child 6 years of age.

• #34 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Doctors typically look at the following factors to determine if a child younger than 7 has knock knees: Weight and body mass index (BMI), Height and length, Position of the knees as the child extends and rotates their legs, Leg lengths and symmetry, Walking pattern. […] If your child is older than 7, or if their legs aren’t the same size and shape on both sides, an X-ray of their legs may help determine if an underlying condition is causing their knock knees. […] In most cases, children with knock knees do not need medical treatment. The most common treatment for children between 2 and 5 years old is close observation. Up to 99 percent of children with knock knees grow out of the condition by the time they turn 7. […] If your child has severe, unresolved knock knees, their doctor will first determine if this is part of another underlying condition. If so, treatment will focus on treating the underlying condition.

• #35

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Physiologic genu valgum must be differentiated from pathologic causes. […] medical and family history can help differentiate between physiological and pathological etiology. […] asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, short stature, history of trauma or infection, limb length discrepancy are indications for imaging.

• #36 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Gait and rotational profile analysis are important aspects in the workup of angular deformities and help providers to identify the etiology of angular deformities, especially in the pediatric population. […] Radiographs are not indicated in children in the physiologic valgus phase. However, they are indicated in the setting of asymmetrical findings, excessive genu valgum clinically, age group beyond which is expected of physiologic changes, patients whose height falls below the tenth percentile for their age, and a history of trauma or infection. […] Observation is indicated for physiologic genu valgum or if the tibiofemoral angle is 15 degrees in a child 6 years of age.

• #37 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  Doctors typically look at the following factors to determine if a child younger than 7 has knock knees: Weight and body mass index (BMI), Height and length, Position of the knees as the child extends and rotates their legs, Leg lengths and symmetry, Walking pattern. […] If your child is older than 7, or if their legs aren’t the same size and shape on both sides, an X-ray of their legs may help determine if an underlying condition is causing their knock knees. […] In most cases, children with knock knees do not need medical treatment. The most common treatment for children between 2 and 5 years old is close observation. Up to 99 percent of children with knock knees grow out of the condition by the time they turn 7. […] If your child has severe, unresolved knock knees, their doctor will first determine if this is part of another underlying condition. If so, treatment will focus on treating the underlying condition.

• #38 Knock Knees (Genu Valgum) | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/knock-knees

  Knock knees or genu valgum (GEE-noo VAL-gum) is when a child stands up straight and the knees touch but the ankles are apart. […] Knock knees often happen as a normal part of growth and development. […] It’s rarely serious and the condition usually goes away on its own by the time a child is 7 or 8 years old. […] Health care providers do an exam and ask about the child’s medical history. […] They probably won’t do any tests if the child is 2-4 years old, feels well, and both legs tilt inward to the same degree. […] Instead, they’ll watch to make sure the knock knees gets better as the child grows. […] Some kids might need to see an orthopedic doctor (bone specialist) if: The legs don’t get straighter on their own. […] Kids might get an X-ray to look for healed fractures or rickets. If rickets is suspected, blood tests can help make that diagnosis.

• #39 Genu Valgum: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/genu-valgum

  Genu valgum, known as knock-knees, is a knee misalignment that turns your knees inward. […] Genu valgum is common in young children and usually corrects itself as they grow. […] When genu valgum is present in an older child or adult, its important to find out if theres an underlying cause. […] Your doctor will ask questions about family medical history, as well as whether youre in any pain. […] During a physical exam, your doctor will observe how you stand and walk. […] In some cases, your doctor may order an X-ray or MRI scan to look at your bone structure. […] For older children and adults with genu valgum, a course of physical therapy and exercises can help realign their knees. […] If these efforts arent successful, surgery may be performed to realign your knees. […] One 2013 study found that adults with genu valgum are at greater risk of developing osteoarthritis.

• #40 Genu Valgum: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/genu-valgum

  Genu valgum, known as knock-knees, is a knee misalignment that turns your knees inward. […] Genu valgum is common in young children and usually corrects itself as they grow. […] When genu valgum is present in an older child or adult, its important to find out if theres an underlying cause. […] Your doctor will ask questions about family medical history, as well as whether youre in any pain. […] During a physical exam, your doctor will observe how you stand and walk. […] In some cases, your doctor may order an X-ray or MRI scan to look at your bone structure. […] For older children and adults with genu valgum, a course of physical therapy and exercises can help realign their knees. […] If these efforts arent successful, surgery may be performed to realign your knees. […] One 2013 study found that adults with genu valgum are at greater risk of developing osteoarthritis.

• #41 The Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Knock Knees

  https://www.firstcurehealth.com/Treatment-of-Knock-Knees.php

  The diagnosis of knock knees typically involves a thorough examination that includes medical history, physical examination, and other checkups. Medical professionals, including orthopedic specialists and pediatricians, play a crucial role in identifying and assessing knock knee conditions to determine the appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and intervention can help prevent further complications and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition. […] Diagnosis of knock knees begins with a thorough physical examination by a healthcare professional. They will assess the alignment of the legs and observe the standing posture. A detailed medical history will be collected to identify underlying conditions or contributing factors. […] The intercondylar distance is often assessed to measure the severity of knock knees. It involves measuring the distance between the inner sides of the knees when the person’s ankles touch.

• #42 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #43 Knock Knee Condition Overview – Limb Lengthening

  https://limblengthening.com/knock-knee-condition-overview/

  A condition in which the knees bend inward, touching (or knocking) even when a person is standing with their ankles apart, knock knee can affect people of all ages. Knock knee, also known as genu valgum, is a mal-alignment of the knee with various causes, often leading to pain and degeneration of the knee if left untreated. Knock-knees can be congenital, developmental, or post-traumatic. […] The common theme that pervades all age groups is that the knee is abnormally loaded which can lead to pain, increasing deformity, instability, and progressive degeneration. Correction of the deformity leads to improved knee mechanics, better walking, less pain, and prevents the rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] Adult patients who have had knock-knee for many years overload the outside (lateral compartment) and stretch the inside (medial collateral ligament) leading to pain, instability, and arthritis. To prevent and delay the need for joint replacement, knee realignment should be done with osteotomy.

• #44 Knock-knees (genu valgum): Treatment, causes, and exercises

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319894

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a condition where the knees touch but the ankles do not. […] In instances where it does not resolve on its own, or where genu valgum develops later in life, a person may need formal treatment. […] It may be possible to prevent knock-knee that develops due to an underlying condition if a doctor can identify and treat the cause. […] Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination in which a doctor examines the person and takes a detailed medical history. […] If the person with symptoms is a child, the doctor will look at the growth trajectory of their legs. […] The doctor also needs to determine whether there is an underlying cause. If there is none, the doctor will usually recommend waiting to see if the condition resolves on its own.

• #45 Knock Knee: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_knock-knee.asp

  Knock knee (also called „knock-knee deformity,” „knock-knee syndrome,” „knocked knee” or „genu valgum”) is an incorrect alignment around the knee that can affect can people of all ages. […] Correction of the deformity will improve knee mechanics and walking capability, reduce pain and prevent a rapid progression of damage to the knee. […] How is knock knee diagnosed? […] An orthopedic specialist will review the patients medical and family history, any pre-existing conditions and current health. They will also do a physical examination of the legs and gait. Standing-alignment X-ray or EOS images will help confirm the diagnosis. These are radiological images of the leg from hip down to the ankle, which help the doctor locate the exact location and mechanical axis of the deformity. […] How is knock knee treated?

• #46 Knock Knees | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/knock-knees

  In the rare event that natural growth doesn’t correct your child’s knock knees, their doctor may recommend surgery. […] Guided growth surgery corrects knock knees by slowing the growth on the bent side of the bone so the other side can catch up. […] The vast majority of children with knock knees get better without treatment and have a very positive long-term outlook. For children who have surgery for severe forms of the condition, the outlook is also excellent. […] As a national and international orthopedics referral center, our Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Department has vast experience managing all aspects of knock knees. Our Lower Extremity Program offers comprehensive assessment, diagnosis, and treatment for children and young adults with conditions affecting their lower limbs.

• #47 Knock Knee Condition Overview – Limb Lengthening

  https://limblengthening.com/knock-knee-condition-overview/

  Knock knee is diagnosed through a thorough review of an individuals medical history, pre-existing conditions, family history, and current health. It also includes a physical examination of the patients legs and observations of their gait. Diagnosis also includes a standing alignment X-ray. A standing alignment X-ray or EOS image produces an image of the leg from hip to ankle which helps the orthopedist locate the mechanical axis of the deformity as well as its location. On the x-rays, the magnitude and location of the deformity is identified. […] Treatment for mild cases of knock knee in children or adolescents may include braces to help bones grow in the correct position. If a gradual correction does not occur, surgery may be recommended. […] In the growing child, guided growth minimal incision surgery may be used to encourage the limb to gradually grow straight. Osteotomy, in which the femur is cut, and then realigned may be needed. In some cases, the surgeon also places an external fixator.

• #48

  https://www.shrinerschildrens.org/en/pediatric-care/genu-valgum

  Our physicians treat children with knock knees through close observation. However, if your child never grows out of knock knees, their physician might recommend a different treatment sometimes involving surgery. […] Guided growth surgery helps correct knock knees by slowing bone growth on the bent side of the leg so the other side can catch up. […] To correct more severe knock knees, our physicians might suggest an osteotomy to straighten the legs by changing the angle of the bones.

• #49 Knocking down the diagnosis in knock knees | Pediatric Oncall Journal

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/pediatric-journal/view/fulltext-articles/1316/T/159/0/0/new

  An 8-year-old girl, born of 2nd degree consanguineous marriage presented with bilateral lower limb deformity and not gaining height. […] On examination, bilateral genu valgum (inter-malleolar distance was 20 cm) and post-axial hexadactyly and brachydactyly of all four limbs were seen. […] Bilateral genu valgum in the child was attributed to the nutritional cause of Vitamin deficiency more than a renal cause which is chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to highly elevated alkaline phosphatase levels (2000 IU/L). […] The diagnosis of BBS is based on the diagnostic criteria which depends predominantly on the clinical features. […] For the diagnosis of this syndrome, at least four major or three major and two minor features must be found in a patient. […] These cases require a multi-disciplinary approach of management. […] This index case warrants every pediatrician to track such doubtful cases on a long term basis.

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