Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #2 Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee): Causes & Treatment – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/genu-valgum-knock-knee/

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a normal phase of development in children 2-4 years old. […] The condition is rare. […] Pathologic valgus occurs in <1 per 1,000. [...] It occurs in young children, usually 3-11 years old. [...] Physiologic genu valgum is more common in females than in males. [...] Family history of genu valgum. [...] Many forms of rickets are transmitted genetically. [...] Idiopathic valgus may be transmitted in families. [...] Physiologic genu valgum resolves by age 7-10 years as long as it is mild (<15°) and no metabolic problems are present. [...] Children with idiopathic genu valgum may be followed every 12-24 months to determine whether the deformity is improving before a treatment decision is made. [...] Inform parents that most cases of physiologic genu valgum begin to resolve spontaneously by 7 years of age.

• #3 Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee): Causes & Treatment – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/genu-valgum-knock-knee/

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a normal phase of development in children 2-4 years old. […] The condition is rare. […] Pathologic valgus occurs in <1 per 1,000. [...] It occurs in young children, usually 3-11 years old. [...] Physiologic genu valgum is more common in females than in males. [...] Family history of genu valgum. [...] Many forms of rickets are transmitted genetically. [...] Idiopathic valgus may be transmitted in families. [...] Physiologic genu valgum resolves by age 7-10 years as long as it is mild (<15°) and no metabolic problems are present. [...] Children with idiopathic genu valgum may be followed every 12-24 months to determine whether the deformity is improving before a treatment decision is made. [...] Inform parents that most cases of physiologic genu valgum begin to resolve spontaneously by 7 years of age.

• #4

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737256/

  Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. […] The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age. […] Genu valgum presented no association with gender, however it was shown to related to nutritional status, meaning that the condition was more common in overweight or obese children and adolescents. […] The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight schoolchildren is 6.0 times higher than among thin or eutrophic children. Likewise, obese patients have a 75.7 times higher chance of developing this condition compared to thin or eutrophic subjects. […] The prevalence of valgus knee in this study (7.1%) was lower than that found by Souza et al., (56.6%), but higher than the results by Aparcio et al. (6.5%). […] The association between obesity and valgus knee is explained by a sum of factors. […] Knowing the prevalence of valgus knee can raise awareness of the problem and alert to the creation and implementation of strategies that can help avoid major disorders in the future.

• #5

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #6 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 years for the evaluation of genu valgum. The most common site of pathologic deformity is the distal femur, however, it can arise from the tibia as well. […] Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Genu valgum is often a clinical diagnosis. Patients with this condition are typically asymptomatic but may present with medial-sided knee and/or ankle pain. While a history and physical exam are sufficient for diagnosis, there are certain indications that warrant further evaluation for pathologic conditions. […] The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America recommends long-leg alignment imaging for evaluating pathologic genu valgum.

• #7 Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee): Causes & Treatment – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/genu-valgum-knock-knee/

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a normal phase of development in children 2-4 years old. […] The condition is rare. […] Pathologic valgus occurs in <1 per 1,000. [...] It occurs in young children, usually 3-11 years old. [...] Physiologic genu valgum is more common in females than in males. [...] Family history of genu valgum. [...] Many forms of rickets are transmitted genetically. [...] Idiopathic valgus may be transmitted in families. [...] Physiologic genu valgum resolves by age 7-10 years as long as it is mild (<15°) and no metabolic problems are present. [...] Children with idiopathic genu valgum may be followed every 12-24 months to determine whether the deformity is improving before a treatment decision is made. [...] Inform parents that most cases of physiologic genu valgum begin to resolve spontaneously by 7 years of age.

• #8 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #9 Bow Legs Knock Knees | Nurse – PMM

  https://www.pmmonline.org/nurse/normal-child/normal-variants/bow-legs-knock-knees/

  Normal development of the legs in young children involves the following changes: […] Knock knees are normal in young children and most resolve by 6 years of age. […] Referral is necessary if there is an ankle gap larger than 6-7 cm, pain, asymmetry or if problems persist beyond 5 years of age.

• #10 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #11 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #12

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737256/

  Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. […] The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age. […] Genu valgum presented no association with gender, however it was shown to related to nutritional status, meaning that the condition was more common in overweight or obese children and adolescents. […] The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight schoolchildren is 6.0 times higher than among thin or eutrophic children. Likewise, obese patients have a 75.7 times higher chance of developing this condition compared to thin or eutrophic subjects. […] The prevalence of valgus knee in this study (7.1%) was lower than that found by Souza et al., (56.6%), but higher than the results by Aparcio et al. (6.5%). […] The association between obesity and valgus knee is explained by a sum of factors. […] Knowing the prevalence of valgus knee can raise awareness of the problem and alert to the creation and implementation of strategies that can help avoid major disorders in the future.

• #13 Angular deformities of the lower extremities – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/angular-deformities-of-the-lower-extremities/

  Angular deformities of the lower extremities occur when the legs are in a nonneutral alignment. Types include genu valgum (knock-knees) and genu varum (bow legs). […] Genu valgum (knock-knees) […] Suspect pathologic causes of angular leg deformities in patients with either of the following: Persistent deformity […] Genu valgum 8 years of age […] Physiologic genu varum and genu valgum are diagnosed clinically. […] Individuals with obesity are at an increased risk for severe and/or progressive genu valgum.

• #14

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #15 X-legs and bow legs: Find information & a doctor

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/malformation/knock-knees

  Bowlegs and knock-knees are malalignments of the knees. The knees of those affected are either too close together or too far apart. This is not just a visual flaw. Those affected complain of painful knee joints and are more prone to osteoarthritis. […] Both knock knees and bow legs are rarely congenital. The deformities usually occur in childhood, often as a result of a vitamin D deficiency (rickets) in infancy. The body produces the vitamin D required for healthy bone growth itself. A deficiency can be caused by a congenital disorder or as a result of too little sunlight. […] X-legs and bow legs are generally regarded as a cosmetic defect. However, those affected also suffer from pain in the joints. The pain can intensify in cold, wet weather or when the weather changes. […] The doctor can take various measurements and confirm the diagnosis with an X-ray.

• #16

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #17

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #18 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? — Richard Lebert Registered Massage Therapy

  https://www.rmtedu.com/blog/knock-knee

  Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones. […] So pathological knock knees may be one of the early signs of an underlying disorder. […] Obesity during adolescence is also associated with more severe knock knees, and is more commonly seen in children with flat feet and those with hypermobile (overly flexible) joints. […] Children presenting with physiological knock knees do not require treatment or ongoing monitoring, as they will grow out of it with time. […] Children with severe or worsening pathological knock knees might need orthopaedic surgery to correct their knee alignment, particularly in the presence of persistent pain or disability, regardless of the underlying cause. […] Orthopaedic surgery is rarely needed. For most kids, knock knees are just a normal part of growing up.

• #19 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? — Richard Lebert Registered Massage Therapy

  https://www.rmtedu.com/blog/knock-knee

  Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones. […] So pathological knock knees may be one of the early signs of an underlying disorder. […] Obesity during adolescence is also associated with more severe knock knees, and is more commonly seen in children with flat feet and those with hypermobile (overly flexible) joints. […] Children presenting with physiological knock knees do not require treatment or ongoing monitoring, as they will grow out of it with time. […] Children with severe or worsening pathological knock knees might need orthopaedic surgery to correct their knee alignment, particularly in the presence of persistent pain or disability, regardless of the underlying cause. […] Orthopaedic surgery is rarely needed. For most kids, knock knees are just a normal part of growing up.

• #20 Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee): Causes & Treatment – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/genu-valgum-knock-knee/

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a normal phase of development in children 2-4 years old. […] The condition is rare. […] Pathologic valgus occurs in <1 per 1,000. [...] It occurs in young children, usually 3-11 years old. [...] Physiologic genu valgum is more common in females than in males. [...] Family history of genu valgum. [...] Many forms of rickets are transmitted genetically. [...] Idiopathic valgus may be transmitted in families. [...] Physiologic genu valgum resolves by age 7-10 years as long as it is mild (<15°) and no metabolic problems are present. [...] Children with idiopathic genu valgum may be followed every 12-24 months to determine whether the deformity is improving before a treatment decision is made. [...] Inform parents that most cases of physiologic genu valgum begin to resolve spontaneously by 7 years of age.

• #21 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? — Richard Lebert Registered Massage Therapy

  https://www.rmtedu.com/blog/knock-knee

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] Knock knees (and bow legs) are a normal part of a child’s growth and development. […] There might be some ethnic and gender variation to the timing and severity of knock knees. […] However knock knees can be a problem. […] While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp.

• #22 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #23 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #24 Knock knee deformity and body mass index among the male…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhk-2023-0022

  Study aim: To study knock knee deformity and the body mass index among male school students of Chandigarh, India. The study also intended to evaluate the association of knock knee deformity with BMI. […] Results: The highest percentages of obese (11.3%) and overweight (15.3%) students were found in the private schools. The highest percentages of severe knock knee deformity (10.7%) were found in the students of the private schools, whereas 16.7% of students in the government model schools had moderate knock knee deformity. Height, weight and BMI were significantly correlated with knock knee deformity. […] Conclusion: Body weight among the school students might be associated with the school type, as the problem of obesity and underweight was pervasive in private and government schools. Knock knee deformity was related to the school type and body weight status.

• #25 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 years for the evaluation of genu valgum. The most common site of pathologic deformity is the distal femur, however, it can arise from the tibia as well. […] Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Genu valgum is often a clinical diagnosis. Patients with this condition are typically asymptomatic but may present with medial-sided knee and/or ankle pain. While a history and physical exam are sufficient for diagnosis, there are certain indications that warrant further evaluation for pathologic conditions. […] The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America recommends long-leg alignment imaging for evaluating pathologic genu valgum.

• #26 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/17/what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-.html

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #27 Explainer: what causes knock knees and do they have to be treated?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-60366

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #28 Knock knees | Clinical Prioritisation Criteria

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cpc/orthopaedics/knock-knees

  Assure parents physiological knocked knees will self-resolve with normal development by the age of 8 years; no specific treatment is required […] Persistence of significant knock knees beyond age eight […] Intermalleollar separation 8 cm […] Asymmetrical deformity […] Progressive deformity or lack of spontaneous resolution […] Other associated skeletal deformity such as height below 5th centile for age.

• #29 Knock Knees | We treat kids with this condition | Call Us

  https://medicalcitykidsortho.com/knock-knees/

  Childrens knock knees often dont require any attention and should grow better as they age. […] The angle of the lower legs when standing compared to the upper legs is significantly different, with the space between the ankles being larger than 8 cm. […] The following reasons provide sound advice to parents who seek care for their children.

• #30 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Genu valgum that causes a mechanical axis to pass lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) is considered pathologic. […] Correction of pathologic genu valgum will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but also will generally improve pain in the symptomatic patient. […] Since pathologic genu valgum does not self-correct and may cause significant morbidity, surgical treatment is indicated. […] Surgical correction of a pathologic genu valgum with a mechanical axis lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) or through the lateral fourth of the tibial plateau (Zone +2) with associated knee pain will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but may also delay the potential development of early-onset arthritis. […] The threshold severity of genu valgum sufficient to cause degenerative changes is unknown.

• #31 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #32 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #33 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 years for the evaluation of genu valgum. The most common site of pathologic deformity is the distal femur, however, it can arise from the tibia as well. […] Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Genu valgum is often a clinical diagnosis. Patients with this condition are typically asymptomatic but may present with medial-sided knee and/or ankle pain. While a history and physical exam are sufficient for diagnosis, there are certain indications that warrant further evaluation for pathologic conditions. […] The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America recommends long-leg alignment imaging for evaluating pathologic genu valgum.

• #34 Knock Knee Deformity New York | Knee Specialist Bayside NY

  https://www.cortho.org/knee/knock-knee-deformity/

  Knock knee is an angular deformity of the knees with the knees pointing inwards on standing straight. […] Knock knees in adults may be a result of the residual knock knee deformity, trauma to the knee joint, and arthritis. […] The deformity may point to an underlying bone disease if it doesnt correct by itself or appears later in life. […] Most commonly in the majority of cases, it is a physiological part of normal bone growth. […] Persistent knock knee deformity after the normal age may be a result of underlying bone disease. […] Knock knees deformity in adults may result from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. […] Knock knee deformity could lead to significant laxity on the inner side of the knee joint. […] Blood tests may be required to rule out any deficiency of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate.

• #35 Knock Knees | We treat kids with this condition | Call Us

  https://medicalcitykidsortho.com/knock-knees/

  Parents are encouraged to consult a healthcare provider if they have concerns about their childs knock knees, especially if the condition is causing pain or functional limitations. […] The doctors and surgeons at the Medical City Childrens Orthopedics and Spine Specialists treat children with knock knees. […] Genu valgum can result from an individuals high body weight. […] Surgery is not the first option for knock-knee patients. […] Medical professionals perform guided growth surgery on kids by inserting a tiny metal component into the knee. […] A doctor could recommend a knee replacement under unusual circumstances. […] Genu valgum risk factors include the following: […] Distinctly visible separation of the ankles, while the knees are together is one sign of genu valgum. […] A doctor may also examine a patients shoe bottoms for signs of uneven wear.

• #36 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/17/what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-.html

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #37 Explainer: what causes knock knees and do they have to be treated?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-60366

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #38 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/17/what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-.html

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #39 Explainer: what causes knock knees and do they have to be treated?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-60366

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #40 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/17/what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-.html

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #41 Knock Knees in Children: When to Seek Medical Advice

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/knock-knees-in-children

  Knock knees, medically known as genu valgum, is a common condition in young children where the knees angle inward and touch one another when the legs are straightened. […] Understanding when to seek medical advice is crucial for ensuring the proper development and health of the child. […] If the condition persists beyond this age, it may warrant medical evaluation. […] Severe cases may require medical intervention. […] If Knock knees in children do not show signs of improvement by age 7 or if they worsen, a medical evaluation is recommended. […] Significant inward angling of the knees can lead to discomfort, pain, or difficulty in walking. […] If one leg is more affected than the other, it could indicate an underlying issue that needs medical attention. […] If the child experiences pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. […] If knock knees interfere with the child’s ability to engage in normal activities, seek medical advice. […] Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment at the best orthopedic hospital in Noida can ensure the proper development and well-being of the child.

• #42 Knock knees | Clinical Prioritisation Criteria

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cpc/orthopaedics/knock-knees

  Assure parents physiological knocked knees will self-resolve with normal development by the age of 8 years; no specific treatment is required […] Persistence of significant knock knees beyond age eight […] Intermalleollar separation 8 cm […] Asymmetrical deformity […] Progressive deformity or lack of spontaneous resolution […] Other associated skeletal deformity such as height below 5th centile for age.

• #43 What causes knock knees and do they have to be treated? – The University of Sydney

  https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/17/what-causes-knock-knees-and-do-they-have-to-be-treated-.html

  Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a type of knee alignment seen when a child (or adult) stands up straight with their knees together, but their feet and ankles stay apart. […] Knock knees are usually assessed by directly measuring the angle of the shin bone to the thigh bone (tibiofemoral angle) or by measuring the distance between the ankles (intermalleolar distance). […] However knock knees can be a problem. While most cases are a normal variant of growth (physiological knock knees), further investigation is needed (pathological knee knocks) if the knock knee angle is large, if they appear late or worsen after eight years of age, occur on only one leg, are painful or cause a limp. […] Pathological knock knees can occur in some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida, as a result of the altered muscle pull on the bones.

• #44 Knock Knees in Children: When to Seek Medical Advice

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/knock-knees-in-children

  Knock knees, medically known as genu valgum, is a common condition in young children where the knees angle inward and touch one another when the legs are straightened. […] Understanding when to seek medical advice is crucial for ensuring the proper development and health of the child. […] If the condition persists beyond this age, it may warrant medical evaluation. […] Severe cases may require medical intervention. […] If Knock knees in children do not show signs of improvement by age 7 or if they worsen, a medical evaluation is recommended. […] Significant inward angling of the knees can lead to discomfort, pain, or difficulty in walking. […] If one leg is more affected than the other, it could indicate an underlying issue that needs medical attention. […] If the child experiences pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. […] If knock knees interfere with the child’s ability to engage in normal activities, seek medical advice. […] Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment at the best orthopedic hospital in Noida can ensure the proper development and well-being of the child.

• #45 Knock knees | Clinical Prioritisation Criteria

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cpc/orthopaedics/knock-knees

  Assure parents physiological knocked knees will self-resolve with normal development by the age of 8 years; no specific treatment is required […] Persistence of significant knock knees beyond age eight […] Intermalleollar separation 8 cm […] Asymmetrical deformity […] Progressive deformity or lack of spontaneous resolution […] Other associated skeletal deformity such as height below 5th centile for age.

• #46 Knock knees | Clinical Prioritisation Criteria

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cpc/orthopaedics/knock-knees

  Assure parents physiological knocked knees will self-resolve with normal development by the age of 8 years; no specific treatment is required […] Persistence of significant knock knees beyond age eight […] Intermalleollar separation 8 cm […] Asymmetrical deformity […] Progressive deformity or lack of spontaneous resolution […] Other associated skeletal deformity such as height below 5th centile for age.

• #47 Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee): Causes & Treatment – Singapore Sports And Orthopaedic Clinic

  https://www.orthopaedicclinic.com.sg/dictionary/genu-valgum-knock-knee/

  Genu valgum, or knock-knee, is a normal phase of development in children 2-4 years old. […] The condition is rare. […] Pathologic valgus occurs in <1 per 1,000. [...] It occurs in young children, usually 3-11 years old. [...] Physiologic genu valgum is more common in females than in males. [...] Family history of genu valgum. [...] Many forms of rickets are transmitted genetically. [...] Idiopathic valgus may be transmitted in families. [...] Physiologic genu valgum resolves by age 7-10 years as long as it is mild (<15°) and no metabolic problems are present. [...] Children with idiopathic genu valgum may be followed every 12-24 months to determine whether the deformity is improving before a treatment decision is made. [...] Inform parents that most cases of physiologic genu valgum begin to resolve spontaneously by 7 years of age.

• #48 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #49 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Hemiepiphysiodesis and osteotomy are the operative treatments of choice. […] Close follow-up every 3-4 months after hemiepiphysiodesis fixation placement is important to monitor for abnormal angular or rotational correction as well as overcorrection. […] Osteotomy can be performed when immediate correction of the valgus deformity is desired or if the patient is skeletally mature.

• #50 Knock knees | Clinical Prioritisation Criteria

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cpc/orthopaedics/knock-knees

  Assure parents physiological knocked knees will self-resolve with normal development by the age of 8 years; no specific treatment is required […] Persistence of significant knock knees beyond age eight […] Intermalleollar separation 8 cm […] Asymmetrical deformity […] Progressive deformity or lack of spontaneous resolution […] Other associated skeletal deformity such as height below 5th centile for age.

• #51 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Genu valgum, more commonly known as knock knees, is a condition where knees tilt inward and “knock” into one another while the ankles remain apart. When the growth plate on the outside of the knee slows down or stops making new bone, the growth plate on the inside continues to grow normally, driving the knees toward each other. […] There are many causes of genu valgum. It is commonly seen in young children and often resolves by the age of six years. However, underlying conditions, including rickets and the effects of trauma and infection, can cause severe knock knees that warrant surgical intervention. […] Older children with genu valgum can develop a severe disability, preventing them from walking normally. Left untreated, pain and early arthritis can develop in early adulthood. […] Genu valgum causes pain in the knee, hips, and ankle joints.

• #52 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Genu valgum, more commonly known as knock knees, is a condition where knees tilt inward and “knock” into one another while the ankles remain apart. When the growth plate on the outside of the knee slows down or stops making new bone, the growth plate on the inside continues to grow normally, driving the knees toward each other. […] There are many causes of genu valgum. It is commonly seen in young children and often resolves by the age of six years. However, underlying conditions, including rickets and the effects of trauma and infection, can cause severe knock knees that warrant surgical intervention. […] Older children with genu valgum can develop a severe disability, preventing them from walking normally. Left untreated, pain and early arthritis can develop in early adulthood. […] Genu valgum causes pain in the knee, hips, and ankle joints.

• #53 Knock Knee Deformity New York | Knee Specialist Bayside NY

  https://www.cortho.org/knee/knock-knee-deformity/

  Knock knee deformity in adults secondary to osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis usually require total knee replacement. […] Total knee replacement offers an excellent treatment for knock knee deformity secondary to arthritis. […] Knock knee deformity can affect daily activities such as standing or sitting, as it may cause discomfort, instability, or difficulty maintaining proper posture. […] Untreated knock knee deformity can lead to long-term consequences such as osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain, and decreased mobility. […] Knock knee deformity is relatively common in the general population, especially among children during periods of rapid growth and development.

• #54 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Lack of mobility makes it hard for children to participate in community life, play with friends, or even consistently attend school. […] Children often experience discrimination because of the way their legs look, leading to poor self-confidence and isolation. […] There are two main approaches to treating genu valgum depending on the deformity’s severity. […] Treatment for genu valgum (knock knees) is available at these CURE hospitals: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Philippines, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

• #55 X-legs and bow legs: Find information & a doctor

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/malformation/knock-knees

  If these measures are not sufficient, surgery may be considered – but only towards the end of the growth phase. […] Without therapy, the joints will be permanently subjected to incorrect loads. This increases the risk of developing severe osteoarthritis at an early age – from the age of 30. […] Orthoses can significantly reduce the negative effects of knee malalignment in adults.

• #56 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Genu valgum that causes a mechanical axis to pass lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) is considered pathologic. […] Correction of pathologic genu valgum will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but also will generally improve pain in the symptomatic patient. […] Since pathologic genu valgum does not self-correct and may cause significant morbidity, surgical treatment is indicated. […] Surgical correction of a pathologic genu valgum with a mechanical axis lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) or through the lateral fourth of the tibial plateau (Zone +2) with associated knee pain will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but may also delay the potential development of early-onset arthritis. […] The threshold severity of genu valgum sufficient to cause degenerative changes is unknown.

• #57 Knock Knee Deformity New York | Knee Specialist Bayside NY

  https://www.cortho.org/knee/knock-knee-deformity/

  Knock knee deformity in adults secondary to osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis usually require total knee replacement. […] Total knee replacement offers an excellent treatment for knock knee deformity secondary to arthritis. […] Knock knee deformity can affect daily activities such as standing or sitting, as it may cause discomfort, instability, or difficulty maintaining proper posture. […] Untreated knock knee deformity can lead to long-term consequences such as osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain, and decreased mobility. […] Knock knee deformity is relatively common in the general population, especially among children during periods of rapid growth and development.

• #58 Knock Knee Deformity New York | Knee Specialist Bayside NY

  https://www.cortho.org/knee/knock-knee-deformity/

  Knock knee deformity in adults secondary to osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis usually require total knee replacement. […] Total knee replacement offers an excellent treatment for knock knee deformity secondary to arthritis. […] Knock knee deformity can affect daily activities such as standing or sitting, as it may cause discomfort, instability, or difficulty maintaining proper posture. […] Untreated knock knee deformity can lead to long-term consequences such as osteoarthritis, chronic knee pain, and decreased mobility. […] Knock knee deformity is relatively common in the general population, especially among children during periods of rapid growth and development.

• #59 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Genu valgum, more commonly known as knock knees, is a condition where knees tilt inward and “knock” into one another while the ankles remain apart. When the growth plate on the outside of the knee slows down or stops making new bone, the growth plate on the inside continues to grow normally, driving the knees toward each other. […] There are many causes of genu valgum. It is commonly seen in young children and often resolves by the age of six years. However, underlying conditions, including rickets and the effects of trauma and infection, can cause severe knock knees that warrant surgical intervention. […] Older children with genu valgum can develop a severe disability, preventing them from walking normally. Left untreated, pain and early arthritis can develop in early adulthood. […] Genu valgum causes pain in the knee, hips, and ankle joints.

• #60 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Genu valgum that causes a mechanical axis to pass lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) is considered pathologic. […] Correction of pathologic genu valgum will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but also will generally improve pain in the symptomatic patient. […] Since pathologic genu valgum does not self-correct and may cause significant morbidity, surgical treatment is indicated. […] Surgical correction of a pathologic genu valgum with a mechanical axis lateral to the tibial plateau (Zone +3) or through the lateral fourth of the tibial plateau (Zone +2) with associated knee pain will not only improve appearance and mechanical axis, but may also delay the potential development of early-onset arthritis. […] The threshold severity of genu valgum sufficient to cause degenerative changes is unknown.

• #61

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4052/genu-valgum-knocked-knees

  Genu Valgum is a normal physiologic process in children which may also be pathologic if associated with skeletal dysplasia, physeal injury, tumors or rickets. […] Diagnosis is made clinically with presence of progressive genu valgum after the age of 7. […] Treatment is observation for genu valgum 15 degrees in a child 7 years of age. Surgical management is indicated for severe and progressive genu valum in a child 7 years of age. […] Epidemiology: Incidence: common but true incidence unknown. […] Demographics: most common age of presentation 3-5 years, range 2-8 yrs. […] Anatomic location: distal femur is the more common location of pathological deformity. […] Risk factors: prior infection or trauma, vitamin D deficiency/rickets, obesity, skeletal dysplasia, lysosomal storage diseases. […] Physiologic genu valgum resolves spontaneous in vast majority by age of 7. […] Threshold of deformity that leads to future degenerative changes is unknown.

• #62 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Lack of mobility makes it hard for children to participate in community life, play with friends, or even consistently attend school. […] Children often experience discrimination because of the way their legs look, leading to poor self-confidence and isolation. […] There are two main approaches to treating genu valgum depending on the deformity’s severity. […] Treatment for genu valgum (knock knees) is available at these CURE hospitals: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Philippines, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

• #63 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #64 Genu Valgum (Knock Knees) – CURE

  https://cure.org/surgery/genu-valgum-knock-knees/

  Lack of mobility makes it hard for children to participate in community life, play with friends, or even consistently attend school. […] Children often experience discrimination because of the way their legs look, leading to poor self-confidence and isolation. […] There are two main approaches to treating genu valgum depending on the deformity’s severity. […] Treatment for genu valgum (knock knees) is available at these CURE hospitals: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Philippines, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

• #65 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #66 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #67 Pediatric Genu Valgum: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1259772-overview

  Genu valgum is a frequent trigger for referral to the orthopedist, whose charge is to know whether, when, and how best to intervene. […] Adolescent idiopathic genu valgum may be familial or may occur sporadically. The true incidence is unknown. Certainly, it is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain in teenagers and is a frequent reason for orthopedic consultation. Predisposing syndromes, such as those previously mentioned, are more apt to manifest in patients aged 3-10 years, and valgus may become severe if untreated. […] Regardless of the etiology, surgical correction of significant and symptomatic malalignment is warranted; when required in younger children, the process may have to be repeated as they continue to grow. […] In countries where malnutrition is common and access to medical care is limited, the overall incidence of genu valgum is undoubtedly higher. Although polio has been largely eradicated, other infectious diseases may result in growth disturbances. Mistreated (or untreated) traumatic injuries cause physeal damage or overgrowth (for example), resulting in progressive and disabling clinical deformity. Likewise, untreated congenital anomalies, skeletal dysplasias, genetic disorders, nutritional deficiency, metabolic conditions, and rheumatologic diseases may cause genu valgum.

• #68

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737256/

  Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. […] The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age. […] Genu valgum presented no association with gender, however it was shown to related to nutritional status, meaning that the condition was more common in overweight or obese children and adolescents. […] The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight schoolchildren is 6.0 times higher than among thin or eutrophic children. Likewise, obese patients have a 75.7 times higher chance of developing this condition compared to thin or eutrophic subjects. […] The prevalence of valgus knee in this study (7.1%) was lower than that found by Souza et al., (56.6%), but higher than the results by Aparcio et al. (6.5%). […] The association between obesity and valgus knee is explained by a sum of factors. […] Knowing the prevalence of valgus knee can raise awareness of the problem and alert to the creation and implementation of strategies that can help avoid major disorders in the future.

• #69 Knock Knees in Children: When to Seek Medical Advice

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/knock-knees-in-children

  Knock knees, medically known as genu valgum, is a common condition in young children where the knees angle inward and touch one another when the legs are straightened. […] Understanding when to seek medical advice is crucial for ensuring the proper development and health of the child. […] If the condition persists beyond this age, it may warrant medical evaluation. […] Severe cases may require medical intervention. […] If Knock knees in children do not show signs of improvement by age 7 or if they worsen, a medical evaluation is recommended. […] Significant inward angling of the knees can lead to discomfort, pain, or difficulty in walking. […] If one leg is more affected than the other, it could indicate an underlying issue that needs medical attention. […] If the child experiences pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. […] If knock knees interfere with the child’s ability to engage in normal activities, seek medical advice. […] Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment at the best orthopedic hospital in Noida can ensure the proper development and well-being of the child.

• #70 Knock Knees | We treat kids with this condition | Call Us

  https://medicalcitykidsortho.com/knock-knees/

  Parents are encouraged to consult a healthcare provider if they have concerns about their childs knock knees, especially if the condition is causing pain or functional limitations. […] The doctors and surgeons at the Medical City Childrens Orthopedics and Spine Specialists treat children with knock knees. […] Genu valgum can result from an individuals high body weight. […] Surgery is not the first option for knock-knee patients. […] Medical professionals perform guided growth surgery on kids by inserting a tiny metal component into the knee. […] A doctor could recommend a knee replacement under unusual circumstances. […] Genu valgum risk factors include the following: […] Distinctly visible separation of the ankles, while the knees are together is one sign of genu valgum. […] A doctor may also examine a patients shoe bottoms for signs of uneven wear.

• #71

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737256/

  Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. […] The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age. […] Genu valgum presented no association with gender, however it was shown to related to nutritional status, meaning that the condition was more common in overweight or obese children and adolescents. […] The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight schoolchildren is 6.0 times higher than among thin or eutrophic children. Likewise, obese patients have a 75.7 times higher chance of developing this condition compared to thin or eutrophic subjects. […] The prevalence of valgus knee in this study (7.1%) was lower than that found by Souza et al., (56.6%), but higher than the results by Aparcio et al. (6.5%). […] The association between obesity and valgus knee is explained by a sum of factors. […] Knowing the prevalence of valgus knee can raise awareness of the problem and alert to the creation and implementation of strategies that can help avoid major disorders in the future.

• #72 Knock knee deformity and body mass index among the male…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bhk-2023-0022

  Study aim: To study knock knee deformity and the body mass index among male school students of Chandigarh, India. The study also intended to evaluate the association of knock knee deformity with BMI. […] Results: The highest percentages of obese (11.3%) and overweight (15.3%) students were found in the private schools. The highest percentages of severe knock knee deformity (10.7%) were found in the students of the private schools, whereas 16.7% of students in the government model schools had moderate knock knee deformity. Height, weight and BMI were significantly correlated with knock knee deformity. […] Conclusion: Body weight among the school students might be associated with the school type, as the problem of obesity and underweight was pervasive in private and government schools. Knock knee deformity was related to the school type and body weight status.

• #73 X-legs and bow legs: Find information & a doctor

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/malformation/knock-knees

  Bowlegs and knock-knees are malalignments of the knees. The knees of those affected are either too close together or too far apart. This is not just a visual flaw. Those affected complain of painful knee joints and are more prone to osteoarthritis. […] Both knock knees and bow legs are rarely congenital. The deformities usually occur in childhood, often as a result of a vitamin D deficiency (rickets) in infancy. The body produces the vitamin D required for healthy bone growth itself. A deficiency can be caused by a congenital disorder or as a result of too little sunlight. […] X-legs and bow legs are generally regarded as a cosmetic defect. However, those affected also suffer from pain in the joints. The pain can intensify in cold, wet weather or when the weather changes. […] The doctor can take various measurements and confirm the diagnosis with an X-ray.

• #74

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5737256/

  Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. […] The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age. […] Genu valgum presented no association with gender, however it was shown to related to nutritional status, meaning that the condition was more common in overweight or obese children and adolescents. […] The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight schoolchildren is 6.0 times higher than among thin or eutrophic children. Likewise, obese patients have a 75.7 times higher chance of developing this condition compared to thin or eutrophic subjects. […] The prevalence of valgus knee in this study (7.1%) was lower than that found by Souza et al., (56.6%), but higher than the results by Aparcio et al. (6.5%). […] The association between obesity and valgus knee is explained by a sum of factors. […] Knowing the prevalence of valgus knee can raise awareness of the problem and alert to the creation and implementation of strategies that can help avoid major disorders in the future.

• #75 Genu Valgum | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/genu-valgum

  Pathologic genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition of persistent or worsening genu valgum in a patient older than 7 years of age. […] Primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons should encourage evaluation for genu valgum, especially in the growing child or adolescent. […] While physiologic knock-knee normally occurs during early childhood and spontaneously resolves by age 7, genu valgum refers to the pathologic condition that tends to develop in early adolescence and does not spontaneously resolve after age 7. […] Asymmetric genu valgum is more likely to be pathologic than physiologic. […] Most children younger than 6 years of age who are being evaluated for genu valgum actually have physiologic knock-knee and are considered normal. […] Genu valgum may appear worse clinically than radiographically.

• #76 Genu Valgum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559244/

  Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 years for the evaluation of genu valgum. The most common site of pathologic deformity is the distal femur, however, it can arise from the tibia as well. […] Most patients present to the clinic between ages 3 to 5 when parents generally become concerned about knocked kneed appearance. […] Genu valgum is often a clinical diagnosis. Patients with this condition are typically asymptomatic but may present with medial-sided knee and/or ankle pain. While a history and physical exam are sufficient for diagnosis, there are certain indications that warrant further evaluation for pathologic conditions. […] The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America recommends long-leg alignment imaging for evaluating pathologic genu valgum.

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