Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella are bacteria (germs) that can make people sick. […] People can get infected with Salmonella after swallowing the bacteria. […] CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million infections in the United States every year. […] Contaminated food is the source for most of these illnesses. […] Salmonella live in the intestines of people and animals. People can get infected with Salmonella in many ways, including eating contaminated food, drinking or having contact with contaminated water, and touching animals, animal poop, and the places animals live and roam. […] Although scientists have identified more than 2,500 Salmonella serotypes (types), fewer than 100 types cause most human illness. […] Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States and worldwide.

• #2 Salmonella: Outbreaks, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella

  You can also get salmonella from animals and people who are infected with Salmonella bacteria. You can get Salmonella bacteria on your hands when you touch an animal, then transfer it to your mouth. Almost any animal can have a Salmonella infection or carry Salmonella bacteria on its fur, feathers, scales or skin. […] Salmonella is one of the most common forms of food poisoning. Over a million people in the U.S. alone get salmonella every year and 26,500 are hospitalized. There are about 420 deaths due to salmonella every year in the U.S.

• #3 Foodborne illnesses caused by Salmonella cost the U.S. an estimated $3.7 billion annually | Economic Research Service

  http://ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/chart-detail?chartId=77908

  Each year, roughly a million people in the United States become ill from a foodborne Salmonella infection according to 2011 estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Over 19,000 people a year are admitted to the hospital with a foodborne Salmonella infection, and roughly 380 of them die. […] Salmonella ranks first among 15 leading U.S. foodborne pathogens in terms of economic burden. Foodborne Salmonella infections impose an estimated $3.7 billion each year in the United States in medical costs, wages lost from time away from work, and societal willingness to pay to prevent deaths. Almost 90 percent of this burden $3.3 billion is due to premature deaths; 8 percent is due to hospitalization, and the remaining 3 percent are the costs associated with the non-hospitalized cases.

• #4 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  Salmonellae are motile gram-negative bacilli that infect or colonize humans, causing a number of clinical infections with different clinical features like gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, and a chronic carrier state. […] Salmonella is a group of gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The current taxonomy splits the Salmonella genus into 2 species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori) with approval pending for a third species (Salmonella subterranea). […] Each Salmonella subspecies contains multiple serovars. S. enterica subspecies. enterica holds the most serovars and possesses the serovars most significant to human pathology. Some of the most common serovars include Salmonella serovars enteritidis, typhimurium, newport, and javiana. […] Typhoidal Salmonella is limited to humans. Other Salmonella enterica serovars lead to nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), which can be found in a wide range of vertebrates, including humans, with some serovars restricted to nonhuman vertebrate species.

• #5 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella are bacteria (germs) that can make people sick. […] People can get infected with Salmonella after swallowing the bacteria. […] CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million infections in the United States every year. […] Contaminated food is the source for most of these illnesses. […] Salmonella live in the intestines of people and animals. People can get infected with Salmonella in many ways, including eating contaminated food, drinking or having contact with contaminated water, and touching animals, animal poop, and the places animals live and roam. […] Although scientists have identified more than 2,500 Salmonella serotypes (types), fewer than 100 types cause most human illness. […] Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States and worldwide.

• #6 What is Salmonella?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-salmonella/

  Salmonella is a group of bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. […] The bacterial group Salmonella causes infections and illnesses in both humans and animals. […] Most cases of Salmonella infection are mild, but sometimes they can be life-threatening. […] Salmonella enterica Typhimurium can cause infections in humans and animals. It can be transferred to humans through raw or undercooked infected food including meat and eggs. […] Salmonella enterica Typhi can only infect humans. It is common in countries where hygiene is poor, and the water can be contaminated with sewage. […] It causes typhoid fever, with symptoms such as fever, weakness, stomach pains, headache or loss of appetite. […] Without prompt treatment, Salmonella enterica Typhi infection can lead to liver damage, inflammation of the heart, holes in the gut, and internal bleeding. […] The frequent use of a limited range of antibiotics has led to strains of Salmonella that are resistant to antibiotics. […] Scientists believe that Salmonella enterica Typhi, the subtype that frequently needs treating with antibiotics, has been evolving resistance since at least the 1970s.

• #7 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  Salmonellae are motile gram-negative bacilli that infect or colonize humans, causing a number of clinical infections with different clinical features like gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, and a chronic carrier state. […] Salmonella is a group of gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The current taxonomy splits the Salmonella genus into 2 species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori) with approval pending for a third species (Salmonella subterranea). […] Each Salmonella subspecies contains multiple serovars. S. enterica subspecies. enterica holds the most serovars and possesses the serovars most significant to human pathology. Some of the most common serovars include Salmonella serovars enteritidis, typhimurium, newport, and javiana. […] Typhoidal Salmonella is limited to humans. Other Salmonella enterica serovars lead to nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), which can be found in a wide range of vertebrates, including humans, with some serovars restricted to nonhuman vertebrate species.

• #8 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Nontyphoidal salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria that primarily cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and focal infection. […] Most nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are caused by S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Heidelberg, and S. Javiana. […] Human disease occurs by direct and indirect contact with numerous species of infected animals, the foodstuffs derived from them, and their excreta. Contaminated meat, poultry, raw milk, eggs, egg products, and water are common sources of Salmonella. […] Subtotal gastrectomy, achlorhydria (or ingestion of antacids), hemolytic conditions (eg, sickle cell anemia, Oroya fever, malaria), bartonellosis, splenectomy, louse-borne relapsing fever, cirrhosis, leukemia, lymphoma, and HIV infection are all risk factors for Salmonella infection.

• #9 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Each Salmonella serotype can cause any or all of the clinical syndromes described below, although given serotypes tend to produce specific syndromes. […] An asymptomatic carrier state may also occur. However, carriers are rare and do not seem to play a major role in large outbreaks of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis. […] Diagnosis of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections is by isolating the organism from stool or another infected site. […] Antibiotic resistance has become a problem with both S. Typhi and nontyphoidal Salmonella, so antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important. […] Uncomplicated gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is treated symptomatically with oral or IV fluids. […] Antibiotics do not hasten resolution of gastroenteritis, may prolong excretion of the organism, and are unwarranted in uncomplicated cases.

• #10 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  Salmonellosis is caused by all nontyphoid serotypes of the Salmonella genus except for S typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. Salmonellosis-causing serotypes are isolated from humans and animals, including livestock. Serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella newport, and Salmonella heidelberg most often are responsible for food poisoning; Salmonella Cholerasuis and Salmonella Dublin also cause diarrheic diseases. […] Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. Large inocula are associated with higher rates of illness and shorter incubation periods. In general, about 106 bacterial cells are needed to cause infection. Low gastric acidity, which is common in elderly persons and among individuals who use antacids, can decrease the infective dose to 103 cells, while prior vaccination can increase the number to 109 cells.

• #11

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/typhoid-fever/causes/

  Typhoid fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhi. […] This isn’t the same bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning, but they are related. […] The Salmonella typhi bacteria will be in the poo of an infected person after they have been to the toilet. […] Less commonly, the Salmonella typhi bacteria can be passed out in an infected person’s pee. […] In parts of the world with poor sanitation, infected human waste can contaminate the water supply. […] People who drink contaminated water or eat food washed in contaminated water can develop typhoid fever. […] Other ways typhoid fever can be contracted include: using a toilet contaminated with bacteria and touching your mouth before washing your hands, eating seafood from a water source contaminated by infected poo or pee, eating raw vegetables that have been fertilised with human waste, contaminated milk products, having oral or anal sex with a person who’s a carrier of Salmonella typhi bacteria.

• #12 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  Salmonellae are motile gram-negative bacilli that infect or colonize humans, causing a number of clinical infections with different clinical features like gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, and a chronic carrier state. […] Salmonella is a group of gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The current taxonomy splits the Salmonella genus into 2 species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori) with approval pending for a third species (Salmonella subterranea). […] Each Salmonella subspecies contains multiple serovars. S. enterica subspecies. enterica holds the most serovars and possesses the serovars most significant to human pathology. Some of the most common serovars include Salmonella serovars enteritidis, typhimurium, newport, and javiana. […] Typhoidal Salmonella is limited to humans. Other Salmonella enterica serovars lead to nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), which can be found in a wide range of vertebrates, including humans, with some serovars restricted to nonhuman vertebrate species.

• #13 Salmonella – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/

  Salmonellosis ranges clinically from the common Salmonella gastroenteritis (diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever) to enteric fevers (including typhoid fever) which are life-threatening febrile systemic illness requiring prompt antibiotic therapy. […] Pathogenic salmonellae ingested in food survive passage through the gastric acid barrier and invade the mucosa of the small and large intestine and produce toxins. […] Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a worldwide disease of humans and animals. Animals are the main reservoir, and the disease is usually food borne, although it can be spread from person to person. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the organisms from clinical specimens (stool or blood). […] Effective vaccines exist for typhoid fever but not for non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Those diseases are controlled by hygienic slaughtering practices and thorough cooking and refrigeration of food.

• #14 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. […] Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs or egg products or by drinking unpasteurized milk. […] Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people, animals and birds. Most people are infected with salmonella by consuming food or water that has been contaminated by feces. […] Commonly infected foods include raw meat, poultry and seafood. Feces may get onto raw meat and poultry during the butchering process. Seafood may be contaminated if harvested from contaminated water.

• #15 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella are bacteria (germs) that can make people sick. […] People can get infected with Salmonella after swallowing the bacteria. […] CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million infections in the United States every year. […] Contaminated food is the source for most of these illnesses. […] Salmonella live in the intestines of people and animals. People can get infected with Salmonella in many ways, including eating contaminated food, drinking or having contact with contaminated water, and touching animals, animal poop, and the places animals live and roam. […] Although scientists have identified more than 2,500 Salmonella serotypes (types), fewer than 100 types cause most human illness. […] Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States and worldwide.

• #16 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella also are the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths linked to foodborne illness. […] Chicken is a major source of Salmonella infection. […] CDC estimates that only 1 in every 30 Salmonella infections is diagnosed. […] Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella happens when the bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

• #17 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. […] Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs or egg products or by drinking unpasteurized milk. […] Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people, animals and birds. Most people are infected with salmonella by consuming food or water that has been contaminated by feces. […] Commonly infected foods include raw meat, poultry and seafood. Feces may get onto raw meat and poultry during the butchering process. Seafood may be contaminated if harvested from contaminated water.

• #18 Salmonella: Outbreaks, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella

  Salmonella poisoning is caused by the bacteria Salmonella. When more Salmonella bacteria get into your body than it can destroy, you get an infection that causes fever, diarrhea and other stomach (gastrointestinal) issues. […] Salmonella bacteria live in the guts of people and animals, but the things we eat, drink and touch can also be contaminated, including: Raw eggs and eggshells. Raw red meat, seafood and poultry. Fruits and vegetables. Unpasteurized milk or cheese. Untreated water. The fur, feathers, scales, skin and poop (feces) of animals and the places they live. Surfaces around someone whos infected with Salmonella bacteria. […] The most common way to get salmonella is from undercooked food or improper food prep, for instance: Eating uncooked or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood or eggs. Eating contaminated fruits and vegetables. Drinking contaminated water or unpasteurized milk. Not washing your hands while preparing food and eating.

• #19 Salmonella: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942

  Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of birds, animals, and humans. Most infections in humans develop after eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by feces. […] Uncooked meat, seafood, and poultry. Contamination can occur during processing. For example, harvesting seafood in contaminated waters is a common cause of Salmonella infection. […] Also, the infection can spread if a person handles contaminated raw meat, then touches other food without washing their hands. […] Uncooked eggs. Eggs from a bird with a Salmonella infection can contain the bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimate that every year, 79,000 cases of foodborne illness occur in the U.S. due to eggs containing Salmonella. Cooking the eggs can reduce the risk. However, some popular sauces, such as mayonnaise, can contain raw eggs.

• #20 Salmonellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis

  Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. […] Most commonly, salmonellosis cases arise from salmonella bacteria from animals, and chicken is a major source for these infections. […] Infection is usually spread by consuming contaminated meat, eggs, water or milk. […] A number of pets including cats, dogs, and reptiles can also carry and spread the infection. […] An estimated 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonella Enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die. […] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with Salmonella by feces or environment, or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation. […] The growing trend of keeping exotic animals as household pets has significantly increased the risk of direct Salmonella transmission to humans.

• #21 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-salmonella

  Salmonella is a bacteria that can make you sick when you eat food contaminated with it. The illness is called salmonellosis or salmonella infection, and it’s very common. There are over a million cases of salmonella infection in the United States each year, according to the CDC. Symptoms include an upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, and pain and cramping in your belly. Most people get better on their own at home within 3 to 7 days. […] People and animals can carry salmonella in their intestines and their feces. The bacteria often spread through contaminated foods. Common food sources of salmonella infection include: Raw and undercooked meat, including chicken, turkey, duck, beef, veal, and pork; Raw fruits or vegetables; Unpasteurized milk and other dairy products, including soft cheese, ice cream, and yogurt; Raw or undercooked eggs; Processed foods like chicken nuggets and nut butters.

• #22 Salmonella: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942

  Fruits and vegetables. Watering fruit or vegetable plants with contaminated water, or washing the produce in this water, can lead to Salmonella infection. […] Lack of hygiene. Contamination and infection can occur if people do not keep kitchen surfaces clean and do not wash their hands during food preparation, after using the bathroom, and after changing a baby’s diapers. When a person has the bacteria on their hands, they can spread it by touching other people or by touching frequently used objects and surfaces. […] Pet reptiles or amphibians. Most reptiles and amphibians carry Salmonella in their guts without becoming ill. They shed the bacteria in their droppings. The bacteria can then quickly spread to their skin and anything that they come into contact with, including cages, toys, clothes, furniture, and household surfaces. […] Since 1975, the FDA have banned the sale and distribution of small turtles because of the risk of Salmonella infection.

• #23 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-salmonella

  Salmonella is a bacteria that can make you sick when you eat food contaminated with it. The illness is called salmonellosis or salmonella infection, and it’s very common. There are over a million cases of salmonella infection in the United States each year, according to the CDC. Symptoms include an upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, and pain and cramping in your belly. Most people get better on their own at home within 3 to 7 days. […] People and animals can carry salmonella in their intestines and their feces. The bacteria often spread through contaminated foods. Common food sources of salmonella infection include: Raw and undercooked meat, including chicken, turkey, duck, beef, veal, and pork; Raw fruits or vegetables; Unpasteurized milk and other dairy products, including soft cheese, ice cream, and yogurt; Raw or undercooked eggs; Processed foods like chicken nuggets and nut butters.

• #24 Salmonella Infection and Prevention – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/index.cfm/14,25738,436,html

  You can be exposed to salmonella from a variety of foods: eggs, meats, vegetables and sprouts, fruit, and even processed foods such as nut butters, frozen pot pies, and chicken nuggets. […] Pets can carry salmonella and other germs that make people sick. You can even be infected by healthy animals, including those at petting zoos, farms, fairs, schools and daycares.

• #25 Salmonella and Food | FoodSafety.gov

  https://www.foodsafety.gov/blog/salmonella-and-food

  Salmonella are bacteria that can make you sick. […] Salmonella can be found in a variety of foods, including chicken, beef, pork, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and even processed foods. […] Salmonella cause far more illnesses than you might suspect. […] CDC estimates that Salmonella cause more than 1 million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. […] You can get a Salmonella infection from a variety of foods, including chicken, turkey, beef, pork, eggs, fruits, sprouts, other vegetables, and even processed foods, such as nut butters, frozen pot pies, and stuffed chicken entrees. […] Food isn’t the only way Salmonella spread to people. […] Certain people are more likely to get a serious Salmonella infection. […] CDC estimates that Salmonella causes more foodborne illnesses than any other bacteria. […] It is possible to reduce Salmonella contamination of chicken and the resulting illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. […] Follow the Clean, Separate, Cook, and Chill guidelines when you prepare food at home.

• #26 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-salmonella

  Chicken is one of the biggest sources of salmonella infection. According to the CDC, one in 25 packages of chicken at the grocery store have salmonella in them. You can get salmonella from chicken if its not cooked properly, or if juice from raw chicken gets on a surface and food you eat touches it.

• #27 Salmonella Cucumber Outbreak: What to Know about Symptoms and Prevention – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/article/salmonella-causes-food-poisoning.html

  One out of every 25 packages of chicken sold at grocery stores contains salmonella, according to the C.D.C. […] Because the bacteria thrive in animal intestines, they also wind up in animal feces — and then, sometimes, on animal feet and fur. […] That can allow salmonella to spread to other locations, including crop fields and food processing plants, where the bacteria can contaminate produce and packaged foods. […] Individuals who are exposed to salmonella usually start to feel sick six hours to six days later, Dr. Francois Watkins said. […] Most infections are mild and last between four and seven days. […] Although salmonella can afflict people of all ages, infections most often occur in children under 5 years old, in part because their immune systems aren’t fully developed. […] Some people develop reactive arthritis after salmonella infections and experience joint pain, eye irritation or painful urination that can persist after the infection has cleared.

• #28 How Salmonella Infections Happen | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/spread/index.html

  Salmonella most often spread to people through contaminated food. CDC estimates that most Salmonella infections are linked to chicken, fruits, pork, seeded vegetables (such as tomatoes), other produce (such as nuts), beef, and turkey. […] Salmonella can contaminate drinking, irrigation water (water used to grow food), and recreational water. People can get infected if they drink water that has not been made safe, including by drinking water from streams, ponds, and lakes when swimming or camping. […] Pets and other healthy animals can carry Salmonella and other germs that make people sick. These animals include ones at petting zoos, farms, and fairs and even schools and daycares. […] Sometimes germs can spread from a person with diarrhea to another person through unwashed hands or sexual contact. […] Salmonella bacteria (germs) are a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States.

• #29 Causes of salmonellosis (Salmonella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/salmonellosis-salmonella/causes.html

  Salmonellosis is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. […] Both animals and people can be carriers of salmonellosis. This means they are infected with Salmonella and can spread the illness to others without showing signs of sickness. […] Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals and birds. […] Water can become contaminated with the bacteria when feces from infected people or animals, including carriers, enter the water supply. […] Food can become contaminated with Salmonella: if it is handled by a person who: did not properly wash their hands after touching: contaminated foods, animals or animal environments, including food and treats.

• #30 How Salmonella Infections Happen | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/spread/index.html

  Salmonella most often spread to people through contaminated food. CDC estimates that most Salmonella infections are linked to chicken, fruits, pork, seeded vegetables (such as tomatoes), other produce (such as nuts), beef, and turkey. […] Salmonella can contaminate drinking, irrigation water (water used to grow food), and recreational water. People can get infected if they drink water that has not been made safe, including by drinking water from streams, ponds, and lakes when swimming or camping. […] Pets and other healthy animals can carry Salmonella and other germs that make people sick. These animals include ones at petting zoos, farms, and fairs and even schools and daycares. […] Sometimes germs can spread from a person with diarrhea to another person through unwashed hands or sexual contact. […] Salmonella bacteria (germs) are a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States.

• #31 Salmonella: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942

  Fruits and vegetables. Watering fruit or vegetable plants with contaminated water, or washing the produce in this water, can lead to Salmonella infection. […] Lack of hygiene. Contamination and infection can occur if people do not keep kitchen surfaces clean and do not wash their hands during food preparation, after using the bathroom, and after changing a baby’s diapers. When a person has the bacteria on their hands, they can spread it by touching other people or by touching frequently used objects and surfaces. […] Pet reptiles or amphibians. Most reptiles and amphibians carry Salmonella in their guts without becoming ill. They shed the bacteria in their droppings. The bacteria can then quickly spread to their skin and anything that they come into contact with, including cages, toys, clothes, furniture, and household surfaces. […] Since 1975, the FDA have banned the sale and distribution of small turtles because of the risk of Salmonella infection.

• #32 Salmonella Meningitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/salmonella-meningitis

  One rare type of bacterial meningitis is salmonella meningitis, which is caused by Salmonella bacteria. […] Salmonella meningitis is an uncommon but serious complication of salmonella infection. […] Exposure to Salmonella bacteria can occur in a wide variety of ways. Eating or handling contaminated food is a common cause of Salmonella infection. […] Some animals, such as cattle, chickens, rodents, reptiles, and amphibians can carry Salmonella bacteria in their bodies without becoming sick. […] According to medical experts, baby formula can become contaminated with bacteria as its being produced. […] Adults may come by salmonella meningitis in all the ways previously mentioned, but they may also get a Salmonella infection from their diet. […] The best way to avoid salmonella meningitis is to avoid contact with the bacteria. […] Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in animals feces, particularly reptiles and amphibians. […] Salmonella is fairly common, but developing meningitis from it is rare.

• #33 Salmonellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/salmonellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella, which generally affects the intestines (bowels/gut) and occasionally the bloodstream. […] The infection is spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water or by contact with people or animals infected with Salmonella. […] Previous outbreaks of Salmonella in New York State have been associated with peanut butter, frozen potpies, eggs, pet foods, and turtles. […] Salmonellosis is diagnosed when Salmonella bacteria are found in a stool, urine, blood, abscess or wound sample. […] People can be reinfected with salmonellosis if they come into contact with the bacteria again. […] Salmonella carried in the intestines of chicks and ducklings contaminates their environment and the entire surface of the animal.

• #34 Get the Facts about Salmonella | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-salmonella

  Salmonella bacteria cause the foodborne illness salmonellosis. Named after Daniel E. Salmon, a veterinarian who spent his career studying animal diseases for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Salmonella bacteria have been known to make people sick since 1885. […] Contaminated food is the source for most of these cases. […] People commonly get infected with Salmonella by eating contaminated food, such as: Raw or undercooked meat and poultry products; Raw or undercooked eggs and egg products; Raw or unpasteurized milk and other dairy products; and Raw fruits and vegetables. […] Pet food can sometimes be the source of Salmonella infection. […] Many animals, especially cattle, chickens, rodents, reptiles, and amphibians, can naturally carry Salmonella in their intestines and show no signs of illness.

• #35 Salmonellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis

  Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. […] Most commonly, salmonellosis cases arise from salmonella bacteria from animals, and chicken is a major source for these infections. […] Infection is usually spread by consuming contaminated meat, eggs, water or milk. […] A number of pets including cats, dogs, and reptiles can also carry and spread the infection. […] An estimated 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonella Enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die. […] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with Salmonella by feces or environment, or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation. […] The growing trend of keeping exotic animals as household pets has significantly increased the risk of direct Salmonella transmission to humans.

• #36 Salmonella Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/salmonellosis.html

  Salmonella is a bacteria (type of germ). Someone with a Salmonella infection (or salmonellosis) might have diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and cramps. With rest and plenty of fluids, most people feel better within a week. […] Salmonella infections usually happen because someone ate or drank something contaminated with the feces (poop) from an infected animal. This can happen when they: Eat raw or undercooked poultry beef, poultry (chicken or turkey), or eggs. Eat food that touched knives or cutting boards that had raw poultry or meat on them. Drink unpasteurized (raw) milk. Eat vegetables that haven’t been washed well. […] A person also can get infected if they touch poop with the bacteria in it and then get it in their mouth. This can happen from: swimming in or drinking water with the bacteria in it, touching an infected animal (especially a chicken, duck, or reptile like an iguana or turtle). […] It is not common for someone to get a Salmonella infection from another person, but it can happen.

• #37 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Many foods become contaminated when prepared by people who don’t wash their hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing a diaper or after handling contaminated food. […] Infection can also occur if people touch something that is contaminated and then put their fingers in their mouths. […] Animals and pets, especially birds and reptiles, may carry salmonella bacteria on their feathers, fur or skin or in their feces. Some pet foods may be contaminated with salmonella and can infect animals.

• #38 How Salmonella Infections Happen | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/spread/index.html

  Salmonella most often spread to people through contaminated food. CDC estimates that most Salmonella infections are linked to chicken, fruits, pork, seeded vegetables (such as tomatoes), other produce (such as nuts), beef, and turkey. […] Salmonella can contaminate drinking, irrigation water (water used to grow food), and recreational water. People can get infected if they drink water that has not been made safe, including by drinking water from streams, ponds, and lakes when swimming or camping. […] Pets and other healthy animals can carry Salmonella and other germs that make people sick. These animals include ones at petting zoos, farms, and fairs and even schools and daycares. […] Sometimes germs can spread from a person with diarrhea to another person through unwashed hands or sexual contact. […] Salmonella bacteria (germs) are a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States.

• #39 Symptoms of Salmonella Food Poisoning, Signs, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/salmonella_food_poisoning_salmonellosis/article.htm

  Small rodents such as hamsters, as well as baby chicks and ducklings, may also carry the bacteria, and contamination of food after handling these animals may also result in salmonellosis. […] Since foods contaminated with Salmonella are not obvious, anyone may consume contaminated foods. […] People who are exposed to many people, such as those living in group housing, may have an increased risk. […] Young children (under 5 years of age) have the highest reported incidence of infection. […] Many of the members of the bacterial genus Salmonella are contagious. […] Salmonella food poisoning is usually acquired from eating contaminated foods. […] Symptoms usually begin 12-72 hours after infection with salmonella. […] Those with Salmonella infection can be contagious for days to weeks, even after symptoms have disappeared.

• #40 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-8630260

  Reptiles like turtles, lizards, and snakes are particularly likely to harbor salmonella because they often carry the bacteria in their digestive tracts. […] Certain people are at increased risk of getting salmonella, including those with weakened immune systems, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, organ transplants, cancer, HIV, pregnancy, children younger than 5 and adults 65 and older. […] Salmonella occurs more frequently in the summer (June, July, and August). […] The most common way to contract salmonella is by eating or drinking food or water that contains it. […] Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can be found in many different types of foods. The most common way to contract salmonella is by consuming contaminated food of animal origin (eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and milk). However, proper storage, preparation, and cooking techniques can prevent infections.

• #41

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Salmonella-Infections.aspx

  Salmonella bacteria cause more than a million infections each year in the United States. Most often, people get sick after eating food contaminated with Salmonella. Their symptoms usually include diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps. Salmonella illness can sometimes be severe enough to require a hospital stay. […] Infections occur most often in infants and children younger than 4 years because their immune systems are still developing. Babies who are not breastfed are also more likely to get sick from Salmonella. […] Salmonella bacteria usually spread to humans by animal products such as poultry, beef, fish, eggs and dairy products. At times, though, other foods such as fruits, vegetables and bakery products have caused outbreaks. […] Salmonella bacteria are best known for being a cause of diarrhea. This type of illness, called gastroenteritis, typically happens after eating food that has been contaminated with Salmonella.

• #42 Salmonella Infection and Prevention – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/index.cfm/14,25738,436,html

  Salmonella (Salmonellosis) is a common bacterial infection that causes intestinal illness, and can affect the blood, joints, or nervous system. The CDC estimates that salmonella causes about 1.35 million illnesses, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. […] Poultry can carry Salmonella germs that cause illness even if they look clean and healthy. […] Salmonella bacteria can be found in almost any type of food that has been contaminated or improperly cooked or stored. Bacteria can also be passed from person to person, or from animals to people. […] Anyone can become infected with salmonella. Infants younger than 12 months who are not breast fed and children under 5 years of age are more likely to get a salmonella infection. […] Very young children and older adults are more likely to become seriously ill from salmonella infection.

• #43 Get the Facts about Salmonella | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/get-facts-about-salmonella

  Salmonella infection most often causes gastroenteritis, which can range from mild to severe. […] Most people recover from salmonellosis in 4 to 7 days without treatment. […] In some cases, the diarrhea may be so severe that the person needs to be hospitalized. […] Children under 5, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems (such as those with cancer or other diseases) have a higher risk of getting salmonellosis and are more likely to have severe symptoms. […] Salmonellosis is a common cause of diarrhea in adult horses. […] Horses can become infected with Salmonella by coming into contact with the bacteria in a contaminated environment, eating contaminated feed, or drinking contaminated water. […] There are three forms of salmonellosis in adult horses: Carrier horses appear healthy but intermittently shed Salmonella in small numbers in their stool. […] Salmonellosis can occur in newborn foals, causing a blood infection followed by diarrhea.

• #44 Salmonella Cucumber Outbreak: What to Know about Symptoms and Prevention – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/article/salmonella-causes-food-poisoning.html

  In rare instances, salmonella can spread through the blood and cause blood infections, meningitis and other infections, Dr. Wiedmann said. […] Salmonella infections are responsible for 26,500 hospitalizations and 420 deaths in the United States each year. […] Adults over 65, young children and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of severe illness from salmonella.

• #45 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-8630260

  Reptiles like turtles, lizards, and snakes are particularly likely to harbor salmonella because they often carry the bacteria in their digestive tracts. […] Certain people are at increased risk of getting salmonella, including those with weakened immune systems, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, organ transplants, cancer, HIV, pregnancy, children younger than 5 and adults 65 and older. […] Salmonella occurs more frequently in the summer (June, July, and August). […] The most common way to contract salmonella is by eating or drinking food or water that contains it. […] Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can be found in many different types of foods. The most common way to contract salmonella is by consuming contaminated food of animal origin (eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and milk). However, proper storage, preparation, and cooking techniques can prevent infections.

• #46 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  However, in older nursing home residents, infants, and patients with hemoglobinopathies, HIV infection, or other immunocompromising conditions, increased mortality dictates treatment with antibiotics. […] An asymptomatic carrier state may occur, but carriers do not play a major role in outbreaks, and treatment with antibiotics is rarely indicated.

• #47 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  Salmonellosis is caused by all nontyphoid serotypes of the Salmonella genus except for S typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. Salmonellosis-causing serotypes are isolated from humans and animals, including livestock. Serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella newport, and Salmonella heidelberg most often are responsible for food poisoning; Salmonella Cholerasuis and Salmonella Dublin also cause diarrheic diseases. […] Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. Large inocula are associated with higher rates of illness and shorter incubation periods. In general, about 106 bacterial cells are needed to cause infection. Low gastric acidity, which is common in elderly persons and among individuals who use antacids, can decrease the infective dose to 103 cells, while prior vaccination can increase the number to 109 cells.

• #48 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Nontyphoidal salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria that primarily cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and focal infection. […] Most nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are caused by S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Heidelberg, and S. Javiana. […] Human disease occurs by direct and indirect contact with numerous species of infected animals, the foodstuffs derived from them, and their excreta. Contaminated meat, poultry, raw milk, eggs, egg products, and water are common sources of Salmonella. […] Subtotal gastrectomy, achlorhydria (or ingestion of antacids), hemolytic conditions (eg, sickle cell anemia, Oroya fever, malaria), bartonellosis, splenectomy, louse-borne relapsing fever, cirrhosis, leukemia, lymphoma, and HIV infection are all risk factors for Salmonella infection.

• #49 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Risk factors for a particular pathogen vary depending on the environmental stress the host and the pathogen endure. According to the CDC, infections with Salmonella are more prevalent during the summer than in the winter. Moreover, poorly breastfed infants, young children normally under the age of five years, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most vulnerable to severe Salmonella infections. […] The development of clinical symptoms between animals can vary depending on various factors, including animal species, age groups, and geographical area. The risk factors for animal infections include stress, co-infection with another pathogen, and contaminated food. […] In summary, small molecules possess the ability to inhibit the growth and virulence of Salmonella without the inherent risk of developing antibiotic resistance, thus positioning them as important candidates for the development of antibiotic-alternative therapeutics.

• #50 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-8630260

  Reptiles like turtles, lizards, and snakes are particularly likely to harbor salmonella because they often carry the bacteria in their digestive tracts. […] Certain people are at increased risk of getting salmonella, including those with weakened immune systems, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, organ transplants, cancer, HIV, pregnancy, children younger than 5 and adults 65 and older. […] Salmonella occurs more frequently in the summer (June, July, and August). […] The most common way to contract salmonella is by eating or drinking food or water that contains it. […] Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can be found in many different types of foods. The most common way to contract salmonella is by consuming contaminated food of animal origin (eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and milk). However, proper storage, preparation, and cooking techniques can prevent infections.

• #51 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Risk factors for a particular pathogen vary depending on the environmental stress the host and the pathogen endure. According to the CDC, infections with Salmonella are more prevalent during the summer than in the winter. Moreover, poorly breastfed infants, young children normally under the age of five years, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most vulnerable to severe Salmonella infections. […] The development of clinical symptoms between animals can vary depending on various factors, including animal species, age groups, and geographical area. The risk factors for animal infections include stress, co-infection with another pathogen, and contaminated food. […] In summary, small molecules possess the ability to inhibit the growth and virulence of Salmonella without the inherent risk of developing antibiotic resistance, thus positioning them as important candidates for the development of antibiotic-alternative therapeutics.

• #52 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. Through the stomach, the bacteria reach the small intestine. Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. Salmonellae selectively attach to specialized epithelial cells (M cells) of the Peyer patches. The bacteria then are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and transported within phagosomes to the lamina propria, where they are released. Once there, salmonellae induce an influx of macrophages (typhoidal strains) or neutrophils (nontyphoidal strains). […] Specific anatomical sites, such as an altered urinary or biliary tract, atherosclerotic aorta, or endovascular devices may facilitate persistent focal Salmonella infection.

• #53 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. Through the stomach, the bacteria reach the small intestine. Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. Salmonellae selectively attach to specialized epithelial cells (M cells) of the Peyer patches. The bacteria then are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and transported within phagosomes to the lamina propria, where they are released. Once there, salmonellae induce an influx of macrophages (typhoidal strains) or neutrophils (nontyphoidal strains). […] Specific anatomical sites, such as an altered urinary or biliary tract, atherosclerotic aorta, or endovascular devices may facilitate persistent focal Salmonella infection.

• #54 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  Salmonellosis is caused by all nontyphoid serotypes of the Salmonella genus except for S typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. Salmonellosis-causing serotypes are isolated from humans and animals, including livestock. Serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella newport, and Salmonella heidelberg most often are responsible for food poisoning; Salmonella Cholerasuis and Salmonella Dublin also cause diarrheic diseases. […] Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. Large inocula are associated with higher rates of illness and shorter incubation periods. In general, about 106 bacterial cells are needed to cause infection. Low gastric acidity, which is common in elderly persons and among individuals who use antacids, can decrease the infective dose to 103 cells, while prior vaccination can increase the number to 109 cells.

• #55 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. Through the stomach, the bacteria reach the small intestine. Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. Salmonellae selectively attach to specialized epithelial cells (M cells) of the Peyer patches. The bacteria then are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and transported within phagosomes to the lamina propria, where they are released. Once there, salmonellae induce an influx of macrophages (typhoidal strains) or neutrophils (nontyphoidal strains). […] Specific anatomical sites, such as an altered urinary or biliary tract, atherosclerotic aorta, or endovascular devices may facilitate persistent focal Salmonella infection.

• #56 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview

  The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. Through the stomach, the bacteria reach the small intestine. Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. Salmonellae selectively attach to specialized epithelial cells (M cells) of the Peyer patches. The bacteria then are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and transported within phagosomes to the lamina propria, where they are released. Once there, salmonellae induce an influx of macrophages (typhoidal strains) or neutrophils (nontyphoidal strains). […] Specific anatomical sites, such as an altered urinary or biliary tract, atherosclerotic aorta, or endovascular devices may facilitate persistent focal Salmonella infection.

• #57 Foodborne Illness Part 3: How Does Salmonella Make Us Sick?

  https://asm.org/articles/2019/april/foodborne-illness-part-3-how-does-salmonella-make

  Typhoid Salmonella infections are more likely to be life-threatening, causing high fevers, headaches, constipation or diarrhea, and rose spotspatches of red discoloration on the skin where bacterial emboli are present. […] The primary serotypes associated with non-typhoid, foodborne gastroenteritis are S. enterica serovar typhimurium and S. enterica serovar enteridis, which are also the most prevalent S. enterica serotypes found in poultry products. […] Salmonella prefers to replicate and infect host cells intracellularly. Once Salmonella is ingested, it invades the epithelial cells of the intestine, as well as nearby phagocytic immune cells. […] Salmonella undermines non-phagocytic immune cells too, by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from human neutrophils. […] Once inside the host cell, Salmonella divides rapidly, and can either enclose itself within membrane-bound vacuoles, or as was recently discovered, replicate within the cytosol of cells.

• #58 Foodborne Illness Part 3: How Does Salmonella Make Us Sick?

  https://asm.org/articles/2019/april/foodborne-illness-part-3-how-does-salmonella-make

  Cytosolic Salmonella also divide very quickly and have the ability to hyper-replicate in intestinal epithelial cells, gallbladder epithelial cells, and polarized epithelial cells that mimic the internal environment of the intestine. […] While the immune system is always hard at work, the best ways to prevent Salmonella infection are through careful handwashing, sanitary food preparation, and proper handling of pets and livestock.

• #59 Salmonella Infection in Horses: Risk Factors, Symptoms & Prevention | Mad Barn

  https://madbarn.com/salmonella-infection-in-horses/?srsltid=AfmBOooG6InQuUY2xB2TaQNbDRS0iIIb-k-XzaMEvmt8jCHKe1v6OU8U

  Salmonellosis refers to infection with Salmonella, a bacterium that primarily causes intestinal infections and diarrhea in mammals. Salmonella can affect numerous species, including horses and humans. Horses typically acquire the bacteria by ingesting contaminated feed or water. […] Most horses acquire Salmonella from their environment. Possible exposure routes include: Ingestion of contaminated feed, Ingestion of feces from mice or birds, Consuming contaminated water, Contact with contaminated surfaces, including the hands of handlers, Contact with livestock species shedding Salmonella. […] Infection of intestinal cells also triggers inflammation of the intestine, resulting in cell damage. This inflammation triggers fluid secretion into the intestines, causing the increased fecal fluidity associated with diarrhea.

• #60 Foodborne Illness Part 3: How Does Salmonella Make Us Sick?

  https://asm.org/articles/2019/april/foodborne-illness-part-3-how-does-salmonella-make

  Typhoid Salmonella infections are more likely to be life-threatening, causing high fevers, headaches, constipation or diarrhea, and rose spotspatches of red discoloration on the skin where bacterial emboli are present. […] The primary serotypes associated with non-typhoid, foodborne gastroenteritis are S. enterica serovar typhimurium and S. enterica serovar enteridis, which are also the most prevalent S. enterica serotypes found in poultry products. […] Salmonella prefers to replicate and infect host cells intracellularly. Once Salmonella is ingested, it invades the epithelial cells of the intestine, as well as nearby phagocytic immune cells. […] Salmonella undermines non-phagocytic immune cells too, by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from human neutrophils. […] Once inside the host cell, Salmonella divides rapidly, and can either enclose itself within membrane-bound vacuoles, or as was recently discovered, replicate within the cytosol of cells.

• #61 Salmonella Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/salmonella-infections

  Because stomach acid tends to destroy Salmonella, a large number of these bacteria must be consumed for infection to develop, unless people have a deficiency of stomach acid. […] Salmonella bacteria cause inflammation of the intestine (gastroenteritis) and thus are a common cause of diarrhea. […] Sometimes the bacteria enter the bloodstream (causing bacteremia) and spread, causing infections or collections of pus (abscesses) at distant sites, such as the bones, joints, urinary tract, and lungs. […] The infection is more likely to spread through the bloodstream in the following people: Infants, Older adults, especially those living in a nursing home, People with disorders that affect red blood cells, such as sickle cell anemia or malaria, People with a disorder that weakens the immune system, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or cancer, People who take medications that suppress the immune system, such as those used to treat cancer or prevent rejection of an organ transplant.

• #62 Causes of salmonellosis (Salmonella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/salmonellosis-salmonella/causes.html

  Salmonellosis is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. […] Both animals and people can be carriers of salmonellosis. This means they are infected with Salmonella and can spread the illness to others without showing signs of sickness. […] Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals and birds. […] Water can become contaminated with the bacteria when feces from infected people or animals, including carriers, enter the water supply. […] Food can become contaminated with Salmonella: if it is handled by a person who: did not properly wash their hands after touching: contaminated foods, animals or animal environments, including food and treats.

• #63 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Each Salmonella serotype can cause any or all of the clinical syndromes described below, although given serotypes tend to produce specific syndromes. […] An asymptomatic carrier state may also occur. However, carriers are rare and do not seem to play a major role in large outbreaks of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis. […] Diagnosis of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections is by isolating the organism from stool or another infected site. […] Antibiotic resistance has become a problem with both S. Typhi and nontyphoidal Salmonella, so antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important. […] Uncomplicated gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is treated symptomatically with oral or IV fluids. […] Antibiotics do not hasten resolution of gastroenteritis, may prolong excretion of the organism, and are unwarranted in uncomplicated cases.

• #64 Salmonellosis | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/salmonella.htm

  Salmonella is a common cause of diarrheal illness in Wisconsin. […] Salmonella is spread by eating or drinking food or water with Salmonella bacteria in it, by touching objects with Salmonella germs on them, or by touching poop from infected people or animals. […] People can get infected with salmonellosis by eating or drinking food or water with Salmonella bacteria in it. […] People can also get infected by contact with poop from people or animals that have salmonellosis. […] Salmonella can be found anywhere in the environment and commonly lives in the intestines of many types of animals. […] Certain strains of Salmonella can be more harmful than others. […] About 1% of infected adults, and 5% of children under the age of 5 can carry Salmonella in their poop for over one year.

• #65 Symptoms of Salmonella Food Poisoning, Signs, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/salmonella_food_poisoning_salmonellosis/article.htm

  Small rodents such as hamsters, as well as baby chicks and ducklings, may also carry the bacteria, and contamination of food after handling these animals may also result in salmonellosis. […] Since foods contaminated with Salmonella are not obvious, anyone may consume contaminated foods. […] People who are exposed to many people, such as those living in group housing, may have an increased risk. […] Young children (under 5 years of age) have the highest reported incidence of infection. […] Many of the members of the bacterial genus Salmonella are contagious. […] Salmonella food poisoning is usually acquired from eating contaminated foods. […] Symptoms usually begin 12-72 hours after infection with salmonella. […] Those with Salmonella infection can be contagious for days to weeks, even after symptoms have disappeared.

• #66 Salmonellosis in Animals – Digestive System – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/salmonellosis/salmonellosis-in-animals

  The clinically normal carrier animal is a serious problem in all host species. […] The prevalence of infection varies among host species and countries and is much higher than the incidence of disease with clinical signs, which in food animals is commonly precipitated by stressful situations, such as sudden feed deprivation, transportation, drought, crowding, parturition, surgery, and administration of certain drugs, including oral antimicrobials. […] Infections with exotic S enterica serotypes are frequently related to the purchase of contaminated feed. […] The clinical presentation of salmonellosis in each species is usually characteristic but must be differentiated from other similar diseases. […] Salmonellosis in food-producing animals presents a serious public health concern, because food products of animal origin are a substantial source of infection in humans.

• #67 Salmonellosis in Cattle

  https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/salmonellosis-in-cattle/

  There are many Salmonella species that are able to infect cattle; some species are also able to infect man (referred to as zoonoses or zoonotic infections), and other farm animals such as dogs and cats. […] Infection can be acquired from contact with faeces, contaminated clothing, aborted material, and un-pasteurised milk. […] S.Dublin is the commonest salmonella serotype associated with abortion in the UK (80% of salmonella-induced abortions) followed by S.typhimurium. Disease is most commonly associated with the introduction of carrier animals or access to faecal contaminated feed/water supplies. […] Recent evidence suggests that some adult cattle may remain symptomless carriers of S.typhimurium for many months after infection which makes herd control very difficult. A chronic long-term carrier/excretor state is common with S.Dublin infection.

• #68 Salmonellosis: Background, Management and Control | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/programs/nyschap/modules-documents/salmonellosis-background-management-and-control

  Salmonella infection in a dairy herd can lead to losses from: milk production decline, death in any age group of livestock, abortions, treatment costs, losses from antibiotic contaminated milk, increased culling, increased cost due to delayed culling while antibiotic residues clear, increased labor for management of sick animals, reduced feed efficiency, the inability to sell animals originating from an infected herd. […] Salmonella is a highly contagious bacteria that spreads primarily when animals consume contaminated feed or water. […] Large numbers of Salmonella are shed by clinically infected animals. […] Some animals, upon recovery, become carriers and continue to shed organisms for many months. […] Outbreaks of this disease are often seen after episodes of flooding or runoff, when cattle feed or equipment is contaminated with flood waters carrying the organism.

• #69 Salmonellosis in Animals – Digestive System – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/salmonellosis/salmonellosis-in-animals

  Salmonellosis is infection with Salmonella spp bacteria. It affects most animal species, as well as humans, and is a major public health concern. […] Salmonellosis occurs in all parts of the world but is most prevalent in regions with intensive animal husbandry. […] Although many other S enterica serotypes may lead to enteric disease, the more common ones (to some extent varying according to geographical location) in each species are listed in the table Salmonella enterica Serotypes Associated with Clinical Signs in Animals. […] The usual route of infection in cases of salmonellosis with enteritis is fecal-oral, although infection via the upper respiratory tract and the conjunctiva can occur. […] Some serotypes also become localized to the reproductive tract. […] As infection progresses, true septicemia may follow, with subsequent localization of bacteria to the brain and meninges, pregnant uterus, joints and distal aspects of limbs, and tips of the ears and tail, which can result, respectively, in meningoencephalitis, abortion, osteitis, and dry gangrene of the feet, tail, or ears.

• #70 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diarrhoea/salmonella

  Salmonella are bacteria (germs) that can cause different types of infection. Usually, Salmonella causes gastroenteritis, or food poisoning. […] Salmonella germs (bacteria) may be found in the gut of many animals, including wild animals, farm animals and pets. Most causes of Salmonella are caused by consuming food or water that has been contaminated by faeces. Commonly infected foods include: Raw and undercooked meat (especially poultry). Raw eggs from chickens. Unpasteurised milk and dairy products. Contaminated fruit. Contaminated seafood. Contact with infected animals (dogs, cats, terrapins, and tortoises). […] Typhoidal Salmonella infection is rare in the UK. Most people in the UK with typhoid or paratyphoid fever have picked up the infection whilst in another country. Typhoidal Salmonella infection is more common in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

• #71 Salmonella – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/

  Salmonellae are ubiquitous human and animal pathogens, and salmonellosis, a disease that affects an estimated 2 million Americans each year, is common throughout the world. […] The epidemiology of typhoid fever and other enteric fevers primarily involves person-to-person spread because these organisms lack a significant animal reservoir. […] Salmonellosis is a major public health problem because of its large and varied animal reservoir, the existence of human and animal carrier states, and the lack of a concerted nationwide program to control salmonellae.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)

  Salmonellosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella. […] Salmonella can pass through the entire food chain from animal feed, primary production, and all the way to households or food-service establishments and institutions. […] Salmonellosis in humans is generally contracted through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin (mainly eggs, meat, poultry, and milk), although other foods, including green vegetables contaminated by manure, have been implicated in its transmission. […] Human cases also occur where individuals have contact with infected animals, including pets. These infected animals often do not show signs of disease. […] The onset of disease symptoms occurs 672 hours (usually 1236 hours) after ingestion of Salmonella, and illness lasts 27 days. […] Although large Salmonella outbreaks usually attract media attention, 6080% of all salmonellosis cases are not recognized as part of a known outbreak and are classified as sporadic cases, or are not diagnosed as such at all.

• #73 Salmonellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/salmonellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella, which generally affects the intestines (bowels/gut) and occasionally the bloodstream. […] The infection is spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water or by contact with people or animals infected with Salmonella. […] Previous outbreaks of Salmonella in New York State have been associated with peanut butter, frozen potpies, eggs, pet foods, and turtles. […] Salmonellosis is diagnosed when Salmonella bacteria are found in a stool, urine, blood, abscess or wound sample. […] People can be reinfected with salmonellosis if they come into contact with the bacteria again. […] Salmonella carried in the intestines of chicks and ducklings contaminates their environment and the entire surface of the animal.

• #74 Salmonella Cucumber Outbreak: What to Know about Symptoms and Prevention – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/article/salmonella-causes-food-poisoning.html

  Cucumbers, cantaloupe, diced onions, basil, granola bars, charcuterie — what do these very different foods have in common? […] They all have been contaminated by salmonella, which sickens an estimated 1.35 million people in the United States each year. Infections from the bacteria — the most frequently reported cause of food-borne illness, according to the Department of Agriculture — can lead to symptoms such as fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain that may last for days. […] One reason so many people are infected each year is that the bacteria naturally grow in the intestines of several animals, including chickens, birds and cows, said Martin Wiedmann, a veterinarian and food scientist at the Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. […] When livestock are butchered, the bacteria in their intestines can contaminate the meat.

• #75 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Each Salmonella serotype can cause any or all of the clinical syndromes described below, although given serotypes tend to produce specific syndromes. […] An asymptomatic carrier state may also occur. However, carriers are rare and do not seem to play a major role in large outbreaks of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis. […] Diagnosis of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections is by isolating the organism from stool or another infected site. […] Antibiotic resistance has become a problem with both S. Typhi and nontyphoidal Salmonella, so antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important. […] Uncomplicated gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is treated symptomatically with oral or IV fluids. […] Antibiotics do not hasten resolution of gastroenteritis, may prolong excretion of the organism, and are unwarranted in uncomplicated cases.

• #76 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella also are the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths linked to foodborne illness. […] Chicken is a major source of Salmonella infection. […] CDC estimates that only 1 in every 30 Salmonella infections is diagnosed. […] Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella happens when the bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

• #77 What is Salmonella?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-salmonella/

  Salmonella is a group of bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. […] The bacterial group Salmonella causes infections and illnesses in both humans and animals. […] Most cases of Salmonella infection are mild, but sometimes they can be life-threatening. […] Salmonella enterica Typhimurium can cause infections in humans and animals. It can be transferred to humans through raw or undercooked infected food including meat and eggs. […] Salmonella enterica Typhi can only infect humans. It is common in countries where hygiene is poor, and the water can be contaminated with sewage. […] It causes typhoid fever, with symptoms such as fever, weakness, stomach pains, headache or loss of appetite. […] Without prompt treatment, Salmonella enterica Typhi infection can lead to liver damage, inflammation of the heart, holes in the gut, and internal bleeding. […] The frequent use of a limited range of antibiotics has led to strains of Salmonella that are resistant to antibiotics. […] Scientists believe that Salmonella enterica Typhi, the subtype that frequently needs treating with antibiotics, has been evolving resistance since at least the 1970s.

• #78 What is Salmonella?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-salmonella/

  Salmonella is a group of bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. […] The bacterial group Salmonella causes infections and illnesses in both humans and animals. […] Most cases of Salmonella infection are mild, but sometimes they can be life-threatening. […] Salmonella enterica Typhimurium can cause infections in humans and animals. It can be transferred to humans through raw or undercooked infected food including meat and eggs. […] Salmonella enterica Typhi can only infect humans. It is common in countries where hygiene is poor, and the water can be contaminated with sewage. […] It causes typhoid fever, with symptoms such as fever, weakness, stomach pains, headache or loss of appetite. […] Without prompt treatment, Salmonella enterica Typhi infection can lead to liver damage, inflammation of the heart, holes in the gut, and internal bleeding. […] The frequent use of a limited range of antibiotics has led to strains of Salmonella that are resistant to antibiotics. […] Scientists believe that Salmonella enterica Typhi, the subtype that frequently needs treating with antibiotics, has been evolving resistance since at least the 1970s.

• #79 Salmonella: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-symptoms-2634330

  Salmonella is a bacteria that can cause salmonellosis (non-typhoidal Salmonella enteritis), a common foodborne infection that causes watery diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. […] Most types of Salmonella bacteria cause gastrointestinal disease, but Salmonella typhi is a type that causes typhoid fever, a severe flu-like illness that’s endemic to certain parts of South Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. […] The bacteria can enter the bloodstream, where they can then spread to various tissues throughout the body. […] Invasive salmonella infection affects about 8% of people who have confirmed salmonellosis. […] Invasive infection is more common among high-risk groups of young children, the elderly, and people who are immunocompromised. […] Antibiotic resistance has been seen for Salmonella species, and this can complicate treatment for invasive infections.

• #80 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Treating salmonellosis in humans and animals typically relies on antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are normally used to treat highly susceptible individuals with clinical complications. […] Currently, third-generation quinolones such as fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, are the drug of choice for treating Salmonella infection in immunocompromised patients. Due to the increasing bacterial resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins like ceftriaxone and macrolides like azithromycin are being used as empiric treatment to control Salmonella infections. Like antibiotics, vaccines are also used to prevent and control Salmonella infections in humans and animals. There are two vaccines for Salmonella approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the live attenuated Ty21a oral vaccine and intra-muscular Vi polysaccharide capsular vaccine, whereas several other vaccines such as the GMMA-based vaccine, glycoconjugate vaccine, O-antigen glycoconjugate vaccines, and new attenuated vaccines are still in development.

• #81 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Treating salmonellosis in humans and animals typically relies on antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are normally used to treat highly susceptible individuals with clinical complications. […] Currently, third-generation quinolones such as fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, are the drug of choice for treating Salmonella infection in immunocompromised patients. Due to the increasing bacterial resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins like ceftriaxone and macrolides like azithromycin are being used as empiric treatment to control Salmonella infections. Like antibiotics, vaccines are also used to prevent and control Salmonella infections in humans and animals. There are two vaccines for Salmonella approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the live attenuated Ty21a oral vaccine and intra-muscular Vi polysaccharide capsular vaccine, whereas several other vaccines such as the GMMA-based vaccine, glycoconjugate vaccine, O-antigen glycoconjugate vaccines, and new attenuated vaccines are still in development.

• #82 Salmonella – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/

  Salmonellae are ubiquitous human and animal pathogens, and salmonellosis, a disease that affects an estimated 2 million Americans each year, is common throughout the world. […] The epidemiology of typhoid fever and other enteric fevers primarily involves person-to-person spread because these organisms lack a significant animal reservoir. […] Salmonellosis is a major public health problem because of its large and varied animal reservoir, the existence of human and animal carrier states, and the lack of a concerted nationwide program to control salmonellae.

• #83 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella are bacteria (germs) that can make people sick. […] People can get infected with Salmonella after swallowing the bacteria. […] CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million infections in the United States every year. […] Contaminated food is the source for most of these illnesses. […] Salmonella live in the intestines of people and animals. People can get infected with Salmonella in many ways, including eating contaminated food, drinking or having contact with contaminated water, and touching animals, animal poop, and the places animals live and roam. […] Although scientists have identified more than 2,500 Salmonella serotypes (types), fewer than 100 types cause most human illness. […] Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States and worldwide.

• #84 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  Salmonella also are the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths linked to foodborne illness. […] Chicken is a major source of Salmonella infection. […] CDC estimates that only 1 in every 30 Salmonella infections is diagnosed. […] Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella happens when the bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

• #85 Foodborne illnesses caused by Salmonella cost the U.S. an estimated $3.7 billion annually | Economic Research Service

  http://ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/chart-detail?chartId=77908

  Each year, roughly a million people in the United States become ill from a foodborne Salmonella infection according to 2011 estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Over 19,000 people a year are admitted to the hospital with a foodborne Salmonella infection, and roughly 380 of them die. […] Salmonella ranks first among 15 leading U.S. foodborne pathogens in terms of economic burden. Foodborne Salmonella infections impose an estimated $3.7 billion each year in the United States in medical costs, wages lost from time away from work, and societal willingness to pay to prevent deaths. Almost 90 percent of this burden $3.3 billion is due to premature deaths; 8 percent is due to hospitalization, and the remaining 3 percent are the costs associated with the non-hospitalized cases.

• #86 Salmonella infection (salmonellosis): symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/salmonella-infection-salmonellosis

  The French National Reference Center (CNR) for Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella at the Institut Pasteur, which is responsible for microbiological surveillance of human Salmonella infection, isolates between 8,000 and 13,000 cases of Salmonella in humans each year. […] Salmonella are bacteria that live in the digestive tract of animals, from reptiles to elephants. Their presence in the digestive tract of farm animals can have repercussions for human food and health. […] There are more than 2,700 types of Salmonella. Some have evolved to certain animals and are only found in poultry, sheep or humans, for example. […] Most Salmonella are zoonotic bacteria. In 90% of cases, they are spread through contaminated food. […] Some Salmonella, like Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi (A, B and C), responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, are only carried by humans and can spread between people through dirty hands.

• #87 Salmonellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis

  Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. […] Most commonly, salmonellosis cases arise from salmonella bacteria from animals, and chicken is a major source for these infections. […] Infection is usually spread by consuming contaminated meat, eggs, water or milk. […] A number of pets including cats, dogs, and reptiles can also carry and spread the infection. […] An estimated 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonella Enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die. […] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with Salmonella by feces or environment, or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation. […] The growing trend of keeping exotic animals as household pets has significantly increased the risk of direct Salmonella transmission to humans.

• #88 Salmonellosis in Animals – Digestive System – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/salmonellosis/salmonellosis-in-animals

  The clinically normal carrier animal is a serious problem in all host species. […] The prevalence of infection varies among host species and countries and is much higher than the incidence of disease with clinical signs, which in food animals is commonly precipitated by stressful situations, such as sudden feed deprivation, transportation, drought, crowding, parturition, surgery, and administration of certain drugs, including oral antimicrobials. […] Infections with exotic S enterica serotypes are frequently related to the purchase of contaminated feed. […] The clinical presentation of salmonellosis in each species is usually characteristic but must be differentiated from other similar diseases. […] Salmonellosis in food-producing animals presents a serious public health concern, because food products of animal origin are a substantial source of infection in humans.

• #89 Salmonella Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/salmonella-infections

  To diagnose a Salmonella infection, doctors take a sample of stool, pus, or blood or use a swab to obtain a sample from the rectum. […] People with gastroenteritis are treated with fluids given by mouth (orally) or, for severe symptoms, by vein (intravenously). […] Ways to prevent Salmonella infections include thoroughly cooking poultry, eggs, and ground beef, not eating or drinking foods that contain raw eggs or raw (unpasteurized) milk, such as cookie dough, Hollandaise sauce, or certain homemade salad dressings, thoroughly washing produce, washing hands after going to the toilet or changing a diaper, washing hands, kitchen work surfaces, and utensils with soap and water immediately after they have touched raw meat or poultry, washing hands with soap after touching amphibians, reptiles, birds, or baby chicks and after contact with feces of a pet.

• #90 Food Poisoning – Salmonella | Food Standards Scotland | Food Standards Scotland

  https://www.foodstandards.gov.scot/consumers/food-safety/foodborne-illness/salmonella

  Another way it is spread is from another person infected with salmonella an infected person can pass the infection on to others fairly easily when hand hygiene is poor. […] During the late 1990s, when vaccination against salmonella enteritidis was introduced in the poultry industry, there was a 37% decrease in the number of cases of salmonella poisoning in Scotland. However it remains an important pathogen and is responsible for a large number of outbreaks each year, especially from eggs originating from unvaccinated flocks.

• #91 Salmonella – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/

  Salmonellosis ranges clinically from the common Salmonella gastroenteritis (diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever) to enteric fevers (including typhoid fever) which are life-threatening febrile systemic illness requiring prompt antibiotic therapy. […] Pathogenic salmonellae ingested in food survive passage through the gastric acid barrier and invade the mucosa of the small and large intestine and produce toxins. […] Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a worldwide disease of humans and animals. Animals are the main reservoir, and the disease is usually food borne, although it can be spread from person to person. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the organisms from clinical specimens (stool or blood). […] Effective vaccines exist for typhoid fever but not for non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Those diseases are controlled by hygienic slaughtering practices and thorough cooking and refrigeration of food.

• #92 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Treating salmonellosis in humans and animals typically relies on antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are normally used to treat highly susceptible individuals with clinical complications. […] Currently, third-generation quinolones such as fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, are the drug of choice for treating Salmonella infection in immunocompromised patients. Due to the increasing bacterial resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins like ceftriaxone and macrolides like azithromycin are being used as empiric treatment to control Salmonella infections. Like antibiotics, vaccines are also used to prevent and control Salmonella infections in humans and animals. There are two vaccines for Salmonella approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the live attenuated Ty21a oral vaccine and intra-muscular Vi polysaccharide capsular vaccine, whereas several other vaccines such as the GMMA-based vaccine, glycoconjugate vaccine, O-antigen glycoconjugate vaccines, and new attenuated vaccines are still in development.

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