Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html

  CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million infections in the United States every year. […] Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne illness, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States and worldwide. […] Salmonella cause more infections than you might suspect. […] Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infections are becoming more common. […] Salmonella bacteria (germs) are a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States.

• #2 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1.35 million people are infected with Salmonella, with about 420 deaths annually. The economic burden caused by Salmonella comes at the third position among a list of the annual cost of illness caused by 14 foodborne pathogens, with an annual cost of about $3.3 billion. Annually, around 200 million to 1 billion cases of Salmonella infections are recorded worldwide, with 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths; among them, approximately 85% of the cases are associated with the consumption of contaminated food.

• #3 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785774-overview

  Salmonella infection may result from direct contact with infected animals or indirect contact via their environment. […] Transmission of salmonellae to a susceptible host usually occurs via consumption of contaminated foods. The most common sources of salmonellae include beef, poultry, and eggs. By one estimate, consumption of eggshell fragments contaminated with S enteritidis was responsible for approximately 182,060 cases of enteritis in the United States in 2000. Improperly prepared fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and shellfish have also been implicated as sources of Salmonella. […] The incidence of Salmonella infections in the United States has been stable since 2004 but has decreased approximately 8% from 1996-1998 levels. […] The true annual burden of NTS infection in the United States is calculated to be 520 cases per 100,000 population, compared with 13.4 laboratory-confirmed cases per 100,000 population per year.

• #4 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812683/

  Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogens epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. Annually, around 200 million to 1 billion cases of Salmonella infections are recorded worldwide, with 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths; among them, approximately 85% of the cases are associated with the consumption of contaminated food. Salmonella outbreaks in 2022 alone in the US caused about 884 cases across 48 states between February and July, which were mainly attributed to poultry and poultry products. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1.35 million people are infected with Salmonella, with about 420 deaths annually. The economic burden caused by Salmonella comes at the third position among a list of the annual cost of illness caused by 14 foodborne pathogens, with an annual cost of about $3.3 billion.

• #5 Salmonellosis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/salmonellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2020

  Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection, and an important cause of food-borne outbreaks in the EU/EEA. In 2020, 53 169 laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis were reported, out of which 61 were fatal. The EU/EEA notification rate was 14.2 cases per 100 000 population. Salmonellosis notification rates in the last five years, preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, have been stable. The number of cases in 2020 were significantly lower than previously reported numbers, primarily as a consequence of the pandemic. The reported case rate was highest in young children (04 years) with 76.3 cases per 100 000 population, ten times higher than in adults (2564 years). […] The Annual Epidemiological Reports (AERs) are a key ECDC publication on the epidemiology of communicable diseases of public health significance in Europe.

• #6

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/salmonella-national-laboratory-and-outbreak-data/non-typhoidal-salmonella-data-2013-to-2022

  The main points of the 2022 report are: the number of reported Salmonella cases in England returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels, increasing from 5,033 cases in 2021 to 8,125 cases in 2022 […] in 2022 Salmonella Enteritidis returned to being the most frequently reported serovar with laboratory reports increasing from 747 in 2021 to 2,044 in 2022 reports of Salmonella Typhimurium also increased from 1,219 to 1,731, with Salmonella Typhimurium the second most commonly reported serovar in 2022 […] the region that reported the highest number of Salmonella laboratory reports was London with 1,631 reports and was the region with the highest reporting rate with 18.4 reports per 100,000 population […] the age group with the highest number of laboratory reports was children below the age of 10

• #7 Surveillance of salmonellosis (Salmonella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/salmonellosis-salmonella/surveillance.html

  Between 2009 and 2013, an average of 6,500 cases of salmonellosis were reported annually in Canada. […] Salmonellosis is a nationally notifiable disease in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), FoodNet Canada, and the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System.

• #8 Salmonellosis

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/salmonellosis

  Salmonellosis is a routine notifiable condition and must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis. […] Laboratories are required to notify Salmonella spp. isolated from food or detected in drinking water. […] Salmonella infection occurs worldwide, and only a small proportion of cases are detected and reported. The incidence of infection is highest in infants and young children. Mortality is low, but may be greater in the elderly and immunocompromised people. […] Approximately 2,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in Victoria each year. The most common serovar is S. typhimurium. The majority of cases are sporadic, but outbreaks in institutions and childcare centres, and associated with retail food premises are not uncommon. The emergence of strains resistant to single or multiple antibiotics is of increasing concern worldwide.

• #9 Causes and Symptoms of Salmonellosis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/salmonellosis/basics.html

  Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. […] Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. […] Approximately 700 to 925 cases of salmonellosis are reported each year in Minnesota. […] Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days.

• #10 Sero-epidemiology as a tool to study the incidence of Salmonella infections in humans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2870874/

  Although most foodborne infections are undiagnosed, the incidence of these infections is usually calculated from reported cases. We present a novel population-based method to estimate the incidence of non-typhoid Salmonella infections. […] Infections with non-typhoid Salmonella enterica continue to be an important cause of morbidity in industrialized countries. […] The true incidence and disease burden of Salmonella exposures as well as other foodborne bacteria cannot be estimated from the numbers of reported cases because of underreporting and underdiagnosis. […] The sensitivity of laboratory-based Salmonella surveillance depends on the health-care-seeking behaviour of patients with gastroenteritis and the likelihood that the consulting physician will request a stool culture. […] The figures from the official reporting systems do not measure the burden of illness.

• #11 Sero-epidemiology as a tool to study the incidence of Salmonella infections in humans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2870874/

  The present study indicates that during 1999 as many as one in five Danes may have been exposed to a sufficient level to give rise to a measurable seroresponse. […] The trend in Salmonella surveillance that we have witnessed over the past 20 years was reproducible, but the number of exposures in the community as measured by a seroresponse may be between 160 and 570 times higher than the reported culture-confirmed cases. […] The purpose of the present study was to explore a similar use of serology to measure the incidence of S. Enteritidis seroresponses in human populations. […] The present study was a first attempt to explore a novel approach in the surveillance of Salmonella and potentially measure its contribution to foodborne infections in human populations.

• #12 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Salmonella outbreaks in 2022 alone in the US caused about 884 cases across 48 states between February and July, which were mainly attributed to poultry and poultry products. […] The transmission of Salmonella infections can occur through direct or indirect contact at home, hospital, or farm settings; however, most of the Salmonella-related illnesses that occur globally each year are foodborne. The transmission of Salmonella may occur by direct contact through direct consumption of fecal-contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for a particular pathogen vary depending on the environmental stress the host and the pathogen endure. According to the CDC, infections with Salmonella are more prevalent during the summer (June, July, and August) than in the winter. Moreover, poorly breastfed infants, young children normally under the age of five years, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most vulnerable to severe Salmonella infections. […] The transmission of Salmonella serotypes often varies significantly between human and animal populations in the same geographical region. Various Salmonella serotypes exhibit differing potentials for causing human disease. […] The transmission cycle of Salmonella is shown in Figure 1.

• #13 Salmonellosis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/salmonellosis.shtml

  Salmonellosis is an illness caused by Salmonella bacteria. People typically get salmonellosis from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Salmonellosis can also be transmitted from animals to humans by touching infected animals, their feces, or their environment. […] A health care provider diagnoses salmonellosis through a laboratory test for Salmonella bacteria in a person’s stool, body tissue, or fluids. […] You can get a Salmonella infection from a variety of foods. Salmonella bacteria can be found in many foods, including sprouts and other vegetables, eggs, chicken, pork, fruits, and processed foods. […] Salmonella can spread from animals to people and from people to people. Always wash your hands after contact with animals, after using the bathroom, or helping someone with diarrhea. […] Salmonella illness is more common in the summer. Warmer weather and unrefrigerated foods create ideal conditions for bacteria to grow. […] Salmonella Estimates, Incidence, Trends, Risk Factors.

• #14 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812683/

  Risk factors for a particular pathogen vary depending on the environmental stress the host and the pathogen endure. According to the CDC, infections with Salmonella are more prevalent during the summer (June, July, and August) than in the winter. Moreover, poorly breastfed infants, young children normally under the age of five years, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most vulnerable to severe Salmonella infections. The development of clinical symptoms between animals can vary depending on various factors, including animal species, age groups, and geographical area. The risk factors for animal infections include stress, co-infection with another pathogen, and contaminated food. […] Salmonella infections are prevalent among various animals, encompassing both domesticated and wild species. This bacterium typically affects the host gastrointestinal tracts, often without readily apparent symptoms of illness. Salmonella can present itself at both clinical (symptomatic) and sub-clinical (asymptomatic) levels. Non-typhoidal Salmonella affects approximately 93.8 million people and causes 160,000 fatalities globally each year. According to the current surveillance report in the US on NTS infections in humans, most of the isolated serovars are S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Newport, while S. enteritidis are the most common serotype recovered from clinical samples in Asia, Europe, and Latin America.

• #15 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/76

  Salmonella outbreaks in 2022 alone in the US caused about 884 cases across 48 states between February and July, which were mainly attributed to poultry and poultry products. […] The transmission of Salmonella infections can occur through direct or indirect contact at home, hospital, or farm settings; however, most of the Salmonella-related illnesses that occur globally each year are foodborne. The transmission of Salmonella may occur by direct contact through direct consumption of fecal-contaminated food or water. […] Risk factors for a particular pathogen vary depending on the environmental stress the host and the pathogen endure. According to the CDC, infections with Salmonella are more prevalent during the summer (June, July, and August) than in the winter. Moreover, poorly breastfed infants, young children normally under the age of five years, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most vulnerable to severe Salmonella infections. […] The transmission of Salmonella serotypes often varies significantly between human and animal populations in the same geographical region. Various Salmonella serotypes exhibit differing potentials for causing human disease. […] The transmission cycle of Salmonella is shown in Figure 1.

• #16 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785774-overview

  In 2007, 364 Salmonella infections (5.4% of the overall reported cases) were associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, similar to the proportion in previous years. […] Although the prevalence of Salmonella infections is highest in children, salmonellosis outbreaks are common among individuals who are institutionalized and residents of nursing homes. […] The incidence of salmonellosis has markedly increased in many countries; however, a paucity of good surveillance data exists. […] In 2000, approximately 21.6 million worldwide cases of typhoid fever caused 216,500 deaths. […] In developed countries, the disease mainly affects people who travel to endemic areas located in low- and middle-income destinations. Low- and middle-income countries mainly are affected owing to a lack of clean water and proper sanitation.

• #17 Salmonella By the Numbers | Food Safety and Inspection Service

  http://www.fsis.usda.gov/inspection/inspection-programs/inspection-poultry-products/reducing-salmonella-poultry/salmonella

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that Salmonella is responsible for 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. Food is the source of most of these illnesses, and the Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration estimates that over 23% of foodborne Salmonella illnesses are due to eating chicken and turkey. […] FSIS testing data show that Salmonella contamination on poultry has been going down, but this has not translated into a reduction in human illnesses. Rates of human illness have remained stagnant over the last two decades, and we have not moved any closer to the national goal of a 25% reduction in Salmonella illnesses. […] All of this data points toward the need for a new approach to controlling Salmonella in poultry in a way that reduces human Salmonella illnesses.

• #18

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/salmonella-guidance-data-and-analysis

  There are more than 2,500 strains of salmonella bacteria. These live in the guts of domestic and wild animals including, chicken, cattle, pigs, hedgehogs, snakes and lizards. […] Salmonella causes food poisoning. Foods such as eggs, chicken, pork and dairy produce can carry salmonellas. […] Foodborne outbreaks are reported on the Public Health England electronic foodborne and non-foodborne gastrointestinal outbreak surveillance system (eFOSS). […] Salmonella: national laboratory and outbreak data […] Salmonella: national laboratory data […] Amended the epidemiology section.

• #19 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812683/

  The transmission of Salmonella serotypes often varies significantly between human and animal populations in the same geographical region. Various Salmonella serotypes exhibit differing potentials for causing human disease. However, the transmission of Salmonella infections can occur through direct or indirect contact at home, hospital, or farm settings; however, most of the Salmonella-related illnesses that occur globally each year are foodborne. The transmission of Salmonella may occur by direct contact through direct consumption of fecal-contaminated food or water. The introduction of the pathogen relies upon the thickness and permeability of an eggshell, where the reptiles eggshell is more thinner and permeable than avians, whereas indirect transmission occurs when the bacteria are transmitted through intermediate objects such as contaminated utensils and live or inanimate vectors.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)

  Salmonella is 1 of 4 key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases. […] Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern and Salmonella is one of the microorganisms in which some resistant serotypes have emerged, affecting the food chain. […] National and regional surveillance systems on foodborne diseases are important means to know and follow the situation of these diseases and also to detect and respond to salmonellosis and other enteric infections in early stages, and thus to prevent them from further spreading. […] WHO is strengthening the capacities of national and regional laboratories in the surveillance of foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. […] WHO is also promoting the integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of pathogens in the food chain, collecting samples from humans, food and animals and analysing data across the sectors.

• #21 Salmonella Surveillance | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC collects national Salmonella surveillance data through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human Salmonella isolates in the United States. […] CDC has several other surveillance systems for obtaining information about Salmonella. The systems serve different purposes and provide information on various features of the organism’s epidemiology. […] Bacteria, Enterics, Amoeba, and Mycotics (BEAM) Dashboard includes national surveillance data on Salmonella illnesses and outbreaks reported to multiple surveillance systems. […] FoodNet Fast provides data on rates of Salmonella infection and diagnostic testing practices in FoodNet’s surveillance area. […] NARMS Now shows how antimicrobial resistance has changed since 1999 for Salmonella.

• #22 Reduce infections caused by Salmonella — Data Methodology and Measurement – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/foodborne-illness/reduce-infections-caused-salmonella-fs-04/data-methodology

  Data Source: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), CDC/NCEZID. […] Baseline: 15.3 laboratory-diagnosed, domestically-acquired Salmonella infections per 100,000 population occurred on average annually in 2016-18. […] Target: 11.5 per 100,000. […] FoodNet conducts active population-based surveillance in 10 U.S. states for all laboratory-diagnosed infections with select enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food. […] This objective differs from Healthy People 2020 objective FS-1.4 in that objective FS-1.4 tracked the number of culture-confirmed cases of Salmonella infections, while this objective tracks domestically acquired Salmonella infections, both culture-confirmed and those identified through culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs).

• #23 Salmonella Surveillance Systems in Swine and Humans in Spain: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/6/1/20

  Analysis of spatio-temporal trends in livestock and humans could help to identify likely sources of infection and to target surveillance efforts in areas with higher prevalence or where specific strains are found. […] The Spanish National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE) is responsible for the surveillance and control of infectious diseases in Spain. […] The Notifiable Diseases regional data is merged at ISCIII where the National Database is maintained. […] AECOSAN compiles and publishes the analysis results of Salmonella alerts in food through SCIRI, and then disseminates the results with an annual report available online. […] The outbreaks dataset maintained by ISCIII contains further information about the outbreak including food item/s investigated. […] In 2014, 13 of the 19 Spanish regions (55.5% of the overall population in the country) reported salmonellosis cases (7,295 in total).

• #24 Publications – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/gastroenteric/salmonellosis/publications/

  Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak in Ireland, January to April 2022 – Epi Insight, Volume 23, Issue 5, July 2022 […] Outbreak of Salmonellosis in North Dublin – Epi-Insight, Volume 18, Issue 6, June 2017 […] Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium U323 Outbreak – Epi-Insight, Volume 13, Issue 11, November 2012 […] Four Irish cases associated with international outbreak of Salmonella Newport – Epi-Insight, Volume 13, Issue 3, March 2012 […] Two human cases of Salmonella typhimurium DT104 linked with raw milk consumption – Epi-Insight, Volume 12, Issue 5, May 2011 […] Two new cases linked with nationwide 'duck egg’ outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 – Epi-Insight, Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2011 […] Salmonella rates high in infants – Epi-Insight, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2011

• #25 Salmonella Surveillance Systems in Swine and Humans in Spain: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/6/1/20

  Non-typhoid salmonellosis is a common and problematic foodborne zoonotic disease in which pork and pork products can be an important potential source of infection. […] In the European Union, European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) compile information at the member-state level, even though important differences in production systems and surveillance systems exist. […] Despite the extensive information generated through the surveillance activities, source attribution can be only routinely performed through ad-hoc outbreak investigations, and national reports on human outbreaks do not provide sufficiently detailed information to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of the pathogen. […] Human and animal monitoring of Salmonella would benefit from a better exchange of information and collaboration.

• #26 Regional foodborne disease findings prompt calls for action | Food Safety NewsLexBlog Logo

  https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/05/regional-foodborne-disease-findings-prompt-calls-for-action/

  Salmonella has been detected in various foods in Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Dominican Republic. […] Efforts to enhance foodborne disease surveillance have included initiatives such as PulseNet Latin America and the Caribbean (PNLAC), established to strengthen lab-based surveillance and enable the early detection of outbreaks. […] There are national differences in the maturity and complexity of lab surveillance networks, funding, human resources, and the importance of foodborne infections compared to other infectious diseases.

• #27 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Salmonellosis.aspx

  About 5,000 salmonellosis cases are reported each year in California. However, it is estimated that only 1 of every 29 people who are infected with Salmonella seek medical care and are diagnosed with salmonellosis. So in California, there may be as many as 145,000 people getting salmonellosis every year! […] When two or more people get sick with the same strain of Salmonella after eating the same food, this is called a foodborne outbreak of salmonellosis. Foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis have been linked to foods that are widely distributed in the U.S., such as chicken, eggs, ground beef, tomatoes, peanut butter, and cantaloupes. […] The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments monitor salmonellosis in California because it is a disease that can be easily spread to other people. Food that is contaminated with Salmonella can be widely distributed and cause illness throughout California and nationwide. CDPH and local health departments monitor for outbreaks and investigate them to find a common source and take measures to prevent ongoing infections.

• #28 Regional foodborne disease findings prompt calls for action | Food Safety NewsLexBlog Logo

  https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/05/regional-foodborne-disease-findings-prompt-calls-for-action/

  Researchers have highlighted the significant burden of foodborne infections in Central America and the Caribbean and called for more attention on the issue in the region. […] According to the study published in the journal Microbiology Research, key challenges include inadequate surveillance systems, limited resources and inconsistent reporting practices. […] Researchers said knowledge of the incidence and strategies for the surveillance and detection of bacterial foodborne diseases in the region is crucial for managing and preventing outbreaks. […] Main problem pathogens Salmonella stood out as the most prevalent agent, primarily linked to consumption of undercooked poultry and raw eggs, followed by enteropathogenic E. coli, frequently detected in vegetables irrigated with contaminated water and unpasteurized dairy products.

• #29 40 Years Later, Revisiting the Worst Salmonella Outbreak in U.S. History | Food Manufacturing

  https://www.foodmanufacturing.com/safety/news/22940573/40-years-later-revisiting-the-worst-salmonella-outbreak-in-us-history

  In 1985, contaminated milk in Illinois led to a Salmonella outbreak that infected hundreds of thousands of people across the United States and caused at least 12 deaths. At the time, it was the largest single outbreak of foodborne illness in the U.S. and remains the worst outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning in American history. […] Overall, labs and hospitals in Illinois and five other Midwest states Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin reported over 16,100 cases of suspected Salmonella poisoning to health officials. […] For one, disease surveillance is indispensable to preventing outbreaks, both then and now. People remain vulnerable to ubiquitous microorganisms such as Salmonella and E. coli, and early detection of an outbreak could stop it from spreading and getting worse.

• #30

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/salmonella-national-laboratory-and-outbreak-data/non-typhoidal-salmonella-data-2013-to-2022

  August was the peak month for Salmonella reporting in 2022 […] Overall in 2022 the number of Salmonella laboratory reports were similar to that seen in previous years (excluding 2020 and 2021 data from these years should be interpreted with caution given the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on national surveillance) […] Similar to 2019, the highest number of laboratory-confirmed cases were in London. In 2022, August was the peak month for reported cases of Salmonella, whereas the peak reporting month based upon the 5-year median from 2015 to 2019 was September […] Eleven outbreaks of Salmonella were reported to national surveillance in 2022, comprising 591 cases (574 of whom were laboratory-confirmed) […] These outbreaks were associated with the consumption of multiple different food vehicles, including: fresh coriander leaves, kebab meat, chicken, cucumbers, raw drinking milk, chocolate products, meat products.

• #31 Salmonellosis (Salmonella Infection) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/salmonellosis-salmonella-infection

  Salmonellosis is an illness caused by Salmonella bacteria. There are many different species of Salmonella bacteria which can infect both humans and animals. […] Salmonellosis is spread by eating contaminated foods, drinking contaminated water, or having hand-to-mouth contact with the stool (feces) of an infected person or animal. […] Over the last five years, 2015-2019, the average number of cases of salmonellosis reported in Texas has been 5,640 cases per year (ranging from 5,113 to 5,901). Recent foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis, involving cases in Texas, have been associated with alfalfa sprouts, cucumbers, mangoes, cantaloupes, nut butters, raw scraped ground tuna product, and ground turkey. Recent outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with animal contact include small turtles, pet bearded dragons, and live poultry (chicks, chickens, ducks, ducklings).

• #32 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812683/

  Currently, the advancement of science and technology and globalization have made international trade and travel easily accessible to the general population. However, it has increased the risk of the rapid spread of infectious diseases throughout the world. Controlling an outbreak of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella can be challenging due to several factors, such as environmental factors and the high risk of indirect transmission through the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated food and water, which may originate from any source. Salmonella infection presents significant public health concerns due to its propensity for endemicity, high rates of morbidity and mortality, and the challenge of implementing effective and timely control measures. […] Salmonella is classified as one of the category B pathogens with moderate morbidity and low death rates. The severity of the infection in humans varies depending on the serotype of the bacteria and the immune status of the host, with the infection classified into typhoidal and non-typhoidal types. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are often associated with acute onset of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. It is usually self-limiting, resolving between 1 and 7 days without treatment, depending on the host status. However, about 5% of people, including immune-compromised patients, infants, and older adults, may develop bacteremia or invasive infections such as meningitis, osteomyelitis, endovascular infections, and septic arthritis.

• #33 Surveillance data show multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections rising in US | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/surveillance-data-show-multidrug-resistant-salmonella-infections-rising

  Researchers with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Minnesota Department of Health late last week reported an increase in infections caused by a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of Salmonella linked to pigs. […] In a study published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, the researchers looked at data from five national surveillance systems to describe the epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular genetics of infections caused by Salmonella enterica I serotype 4, [5], 12:i:-, which is the fifth most commonly reported illness-causing Salmonella serotype in the country. […] Infections caused by this strain have been rising since the 1990s, and recent years have seen the emergence of isolates in this strain with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ASSuT).

• #34 Surveillance data show multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections rising in US | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/surveillance-data-show-multidrug-resistant-salmonella-infections-rising

  Among Salmonella isolates reported to the Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance System from 2009 to 2018, 19,212 (4.3%) from 37 states were 4, [5], 12:i:-. […] Forty-nine percent of the 4, [5], 12:i:- isolates included in National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems surveillance had a resistance pattern that included ASSuT, and 35% had only ASSuT resistance. […] From 2009-2013 to 2014-2018, the frequency of 4, [5], 12:i:- infections rose from 3.7% to 4.9% of reported Salmonella infections, and the percentage of 4, [5], 12:i:- with ASSuT resistance rose from 1.1% to 2.6%. […] Among isolates sequenced by PulseNet from 2015 to 2018, 69% were in the same MDR phylogenetic clade, and 77% of the isolates within that clade had genetic determinants of ASSuT resistance, while 16% had genetic determinants of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin.

• #35 Surveillance data show multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections rising in US | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/surveillance-data-show-multidrug-resistant-salmonella-infections-rising

  Among MDR 4, [5], 12:i:- outbreaks reported from 2009 to 2018, 63% were associated with pork consumption or contact with swine. […] „Our findings indicate that 4,[5],12:i:- infections have increased in the United States because of an MDR clade that has expanded since 2010,” the study authors wrote. […] „Illness is likely to have resulted from transmission from swine that carry it.”

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00160-x

  South Asia is at high risk in terms of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Despite the increasing knowledge of the prevalence of Salmonella and its AMR profile which is mostly reported by individual and local surveillance study(s), comprehensive and robust study of the prevalence and AMR pattern in South Asia is poorly characterized. […] The pooled prevalence of Salmonella was 14.47% (95% CI: 10.1720.19) in South Asia. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella among human samples was 5.81% (95% CI: 3.1710.40). The prevalence of Salmonella in humans was lower than in animals (22.66%, 95% CI: 15.4132.03) and in the environment (27.81%, 95% CI: 12.0152.07). The prevalence of overall antimicrobial resistance Salmonella was increased from 20102013 to 20182021 as 5377%. Resistance to quinolones, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and amoxicillin was comparatively higher. This study indicates that the prevalence of AMR Salmonella is increasing with time in South Asia, and there are multiple potential reasons for this. Therefore, proper use of antimicrobials, regular surveillance of AMR, implementing antibiotic stewardship, and policy making, and implementation is necessary for controlling the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

• #37 Invasive Salmonella infections: epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management – Take on Typhoid

  https://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/publications/invasive-salmonella-infections-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-laboratory-diagnosis-antimicrobial-resistance-and-antimicrobial-management/

  Salmonella enterica infections are common causes of bloodstream infection in low-resource areas, where they may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses and may be associated with a high case fatality ratio. […] Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in Salmonella enterica, initially to the traditional first-line drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] In 2013, CLSI lowered the ciprofloxacin susceptibility breakpoints to account for accumulating clinical, microbiologic, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data suggesting that revision was needed for contemporary invasive Salmonella infections. […] Newly established CLSI guidelines for azithromycin and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were published in CLSI document M100 in 2015.

• #38 Pg 1 March 2023

  https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Epidemiology-and-Emerging-Infections/CTEPI/Volumes/43/No-2-2023/Pg-1-March-2023

  Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in CT Decreasing antibiotic susceptibility and increasing antibiotic use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has designated drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella as a serious public health threat in their Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 report based on data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS). Since 1995, Connecticut has participated in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), a collaborative effort between CDC, 10 Emerging Infections Program (EIP) sites, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to monitor the burden of enteric diseases, including salmonellosis. This has provided an opportunity to better understand severity of illness, potential exposures before infection, and history of antibiotic use. Treatment of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection with antibiotics is generally not recommended but may be recommended for case-patients who experience severe illness, are at least 65 years of age, or are immunocompromised. Using both Connecticut NARMS and FoodNet case interview data, we evaluated trends in ciprofloxacin susceptibility among nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates and antibiotic use among salmonellosis case-patients. Between 1996-2020, the proportion of isolates with DSC increased significantly from zero to 26.3%. Infections caused by Salmonella with DSC were found to be significantly associated with international travel. Connecticut FoodNet data from 2018-2021 were used to identify the proportion of salmonellosis case-patients that reported using antibiotics to treat their infection. Across all four years, the proportion treated with antibiotics was 50.4%, increasing from 47.2% in 2018 to 56.0% in 2021. Connecticut has seen a rise in levels of DSC among nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, increasing beyond the 2017 national level of 8%. Healthcare providers should evaluate the need for antibiotics when caring for patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, as treatment may not be recommended for all patients. […] Further recommendations can be found in the 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea.

• #39

  https://scite.ai/reports/10.1017/s0950268802006842

  Data shows that an estimated 70% of cases of diarrheal diseases are associated with the consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. […] Therefore, there needs health education, frequent monitory and evaluation system of microbiological and antimicrobial surveillance so as to plan intervention strategies for at risk population in the area of water sanitation and hygienic food handling practice to minimize the burden posed by the diseases Salmonellosis and Shigellosis. […] Poultry and egg products have long been recognized as an important Salmonella source in fact, contaminated poultry, eggs and dairy products are probably the most common cause of human Salmonellosis worldwide. […] In this preliminary study the prevalence of Salmonella spp. contamination of broiler carcasses, were determined. […] The presence of Salmonella spp in collected samples was assessed by performing the pre-enrichment and enrichment culture, followed by PCR assay.

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2017/10000/current_perspectives_on_invasive_nontyphoidal.9.aspx

  Improvement in water and sanitation, a reduction in malaria incidences and malnutrition and improved management of HIV infections should additionally prevent iNTS disease from becoming an even bigger global health threat. […] Now is also a prime time to invest in enhanced iNTS disease surveillance. This enhanced surveillance is particularly important in Asia and Latin America, and is required to assess the actual extent of disease in these locations.

• #41 Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812683/

  Therefore, there is a critical need for developing novel antibiotic alternative approaches to control Salmonella infections in animals and humans, including probiotics, prebiotics and bacteriophage, antimicrobial peptides, essential oils, and vaccines. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of salmonellosis with emphasis on transmission dynamics, host spectrum, clinical signs, the most recent outbreaks, and pathogenesis. We also provide insights on the current antibiotic treatment and emphasize the novel antibiotic alternatives developed/under development to control AMR-Salmonella infections in animals and humans.

• #42 40 Years Later, Revisiting the Worst Salmonella Outbreak in U.S. History | Food Manufacturing

  https://www.foodmanufacturing.com/safety/news/22940573/40-years-later-revisiting-the-worst-salmonella-outbreak-in-us-history

  Additionally, food production facilities can maintain a safe food supply with careful design and monitoring. Revisiting consumer protections can help regulators keep pace with new threats from new or unfamiliar pathogens. […] Finally, there is no substitute for professional public health leadership with the competence and expertise to respond effectively to an emergency.

• #43 Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012373

  Blood culture-based surveillance for typhoid fever has limited sensitivity, and operational challenges are encountered in resource-limited settings. Environmental surveillance targeting Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) shed in wastewater (WW), coupled with cross-sectional serosurveys of S. Typhi-specific antibodies estimating exposure to infection, emerges as a promising alternative. […] We assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of wastewater (WW) and sero-surveillance for S. Typhi in Vellore, India, from May 2022 to April 2023. […] Estimated seroincidence was 10.4/100 person-years (py) (95% CI: 9.61 – 11.5/100 py). […] These findings underscore the utility and effectiveness of alternate surveillance approaches to estimating the incidence of S. Typhi infection in resource-limited settings, offering valuable insights for public health interventions and disease monitoring strategies where conventional methods are challenging to implement.

• #44 Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012373

  Our study explores the potential of detecting Salmonella Typhi in wastewater, informing public health strategies, guiding vaccination campaigns, and monitoring the effectiveness of interventions, contributing to better disease control and prevention policies. […] The study reveals significant associations between wastewater S. Typhi positivity and typhoid seroincidence, seasonal variations, and population dynamics, providing deeper insights into the epidemiology of typhoid fever. […] This study originally aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of ES of WW as an alternative to blood culture-based surveillance for quantifying typhoid burden in resource-limited settings. […] The positivity of Moore swabs (15.28%) was two-fold higher than that of grab samples (7.50%). […] The present study revealed a notable increase in WW positivity trends before the wetter months for both grab and Moore swabs. […] This study is among the first to estimate the association between ES positivity for S. Typhi and seroincidence rates.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2017/10000/current_perspectives_on_invasive_nontyphoidal.9.aspx

  Estimates of the global invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease burden have been recently updated; additional data from Africa, Asia, and Latin America are now available. […] The mobilization of surveillance networks, especially in Asia and Latin America, may provide missing data regarding the invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease burden and their corresponding antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. […] The emergence of iNTS organisms in Africa exhibiting resistance to various commonly used antimicrobials, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, has been reported. […] In contrast to Africa, the epidemiology of iNTS disease and corresponding antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are poorly described in Asia and South America, suggesting either a lower disease burden or a lack of epidemiological reporting.

• #46 The optimisation of Salmonella surveillance programmes for pullet and layer farms using local farm density as a risk factor | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291896

  Human salmonellosis cases are often caused by Salmonella serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium and associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products. Many countries therefore implemented general surveillance programmes on pullet and layer farms. The identification of risk factors for Salmonella infection may be used to improve the performance of these surveillance programmes. […] The results of our study therefore indicate that local farm density is an important risk factor for infection of pullet and layer farms by Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium and can be used to improve the performance of surveillance programmes. […] The local farm density may therefore be a risk factor for Salmonella infection. The hazard of infection was 4.5 times higher when a susceptible farm was located near a farm that was infectious for SE and 6.2 times higher near a farm that was infectious for ST.

Zobacz więcej