Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Is Salmonella? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/salmonella/guide/

  Most people who get a salmonella infection fully recover without treatment, but in some cases, the illness can be severe enough to require hospitalization. […] Your treatment for salmonella will depend on factors like your symptoms, age, and general health. Most cases of salmonella get better within a week without any treatment. The main concern when you have food poisoning from salmonella or other infectious organisms is dehydration caused by vomiting and diarrhea. Below are some tips your doctor may recommend to treat your symptoms at home. […] If your doctor is concerned that you may be at risk for severe dehydration, or if you have a high fever or severe abdominal pain, they may recommend you go to the hospital for treatment with intravenous fluids and monitoring. […] If you have a weakened immune system or if your symptoms are severe and not getting better, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat your salmonella infection. Antibiotics may be recommended for: People with severe illness (such as high fever, severe diarrhea, or bacteria that has spread to their bloodstream).

• #2 Treatment of salmonellosis (Salmonella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/salmonellosis-salmonella/treatment.html

  Salmonellosis symptoms usually last 4 to 7 days, and most people recover on their own without any medical treatment. […] If you have salmonellosis, you may lose lots of fluid through diarrhea and vomiting. If you have these symptoms, contact your health care provider, who can: […] In severe cases, patients may need: […] treatment with prescription drugs […] to be given fluids intravenously (by inserting a needle into a vein).

• #3 Salmonella infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355335

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. Preventing dehydration with adequate fluid intake can help you recover. […] Because salmonella infection can cause dehydration, treatment focuses on replacing lost fluids and electrolytes minerals that balance the amount of water in the body. […] If dehydration is severe, emergency room care or hospitalization may be needed so that fluids can be delivered directly into a vein (intravenous). […] Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria. These are usually given if your provider suspects that salmonella bacteria have entered your bloodstream, your infection is severe or you have a weakened immune system. […] Antibiotics are not helpful in most cases of salmonella infection. In fact, antibiotics may extend the period in which you carry the bacteria and can infect others. They can also increase your risk of getting infected again (relapse).

• #4 Treatment of Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/treatment/index.html

  Some kinds of Salmonella can cause diarrhea. […] People with diarrhea should drink extra fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Call the doctor before using anti-diarrheal medication. […] Most people recover without using antibiotics. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before taking anti-diarrheal medication, such as Imodium. […] Taking anti-diarrheal medication might help with diarrhea and cramps, but it might make your illness last longer. […] Most people get better without using antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat severe intestinal illness. They also are sometimes used to treat people at risk for severe illness. But the good news is that most people with Salmonella infection recover without needing to take antibiotics.

• #5 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Most patients with Salmonella diarrheal illness require only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients. […] Most patients with salmonellosis require only supportive care. Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for patients with severe infections and patients at risk for invasive disease. […] Most patients need only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients, such as people with severe diarrhea, blood infection, or extra-intestinal infections (for example, urinary tract infection), and people at risk for invasive disease. […] The main risks of antibiotic treatment include adverse effects of the antibiotic, the possibility of prolonged asymptomatic Salmonella carriage, and disturbance of the microbiome. Antibiotic use also contributes to antimicrobial resistance.

• #6 Salmonella infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355335

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. Preventing dehydration with adequate fluid intake can help you recover. […] Because salmonella infection can cause dehydration, treatment focuses on replacing lost fluids and electrolytes minerals that balance the amount of water in the body. […] If dehydration is severe, emergency room care or hospitalization may be needed so that fluids can be delivered directly into a vein (intravenous). […] Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria. These are usually given if your provider suspects that salmonella bacteria have entered your bloodstream, your infection is severe or you have a weakened immune system. […] Antibiotics are not helpful in most cases of salmonella infection. In fact, antibiotics may extend the period in which you carry the bacteria and can infect others. They can also increase your risk of getting infected again (relapse).

• #7 Salmonella: Outbreaks, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella

  You usually don’t treat salmonella with medication. If you’re severely ill or at high risk for complications, your healthcare provider will treat you with antibiotics. If you have severe diarrhea, you may need to be hospitalized. […] If you need antibiotics for a Salmonella infection, your healthcare provider might prescribe: Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), Azithromycin. […] The most important way to manage the symptoms of salmonella is to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Fluids that help you stay hydrated include: Water, Sports drinks, 100% fruit juices with water added, Broth, Oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte). […] Salmonella usually goes away on its own, though you may have to go through a few days of symptoms first. Make sure to drink plenty of fluids so you don’t get dehydrated. […] If you’re living with a compromised immune system or sickle cell disease, or if you get severely ill with salmonella, your healthcare provider may treat you with antibiotics.

• #8 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-salmonella

  Treatment for salmonella poisoning usually focuses on rehydrating your body and restoring lost electrolytes, which are minerals that help balance the level of fluids in your body. […] If you have diarrhea, drink a lot of water and other fluids. Your doctor might suggest that you drink a rehydration liquid like Pedialyte. […] If your dehydration is severe, your doctor may want to get fluids directly into your system through an IV. […] Most people recover from salmonella without medication. But if your case is severe or long-lasting, your doctor might recommend: […] Anti-diarrheal medication, such as loperamide (Imodium). These medications help relieve cramping and slow down the speed that fluids and stool move through your bowels so you have less diarrhea and more formed stools. […] Antibiotics might be prescribed for severe illness.

• #9 How Salmonella Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-treatment-4164292

  Treatment for a salmonella infection usually starts with home remedies and over-the-counter medications. You may need prescriptions or medical care as well depending on a number of factors. This includes the severity of the condition, how long it’s lasted, and if you’re experiencing dehydration. […] Most people recover from salmonella infection with a combination of rest and maintaining adequate fluid intake. […] Since salmonella infections can cause vomiting and diarrhea, it’s important to stay hydrated as best you can. […] For children experiencing mild to moderate dehydration, an oral solution like Pedialyte can be useful for restoring fluid, nutrients, and electrolytes. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), certain foods can worsen salmonella symptoms such as diarrhea.

• #10 How Salmonella Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-treatment-4164292

  When you feel like your stomach is up to handling some food, a mild, bland diet might be your best bet. You might try the BRAT diet, which stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. […] Over-the-counter painkillers, like Advil (ibuprofen) or Tylenol (acetaminophen), may help reduce body aches and pains and lower a fever. […] In some cases, antidiarrheal medications, like Imodium (loperamide), might decrease the abdominal discomfort associated with salmonella. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe a course of antibiotics for you if your infection persists, you have a compromised immune system, or the infection has entered your bloodstream. […] Common oral antibiotics for salmonella for adults include fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin for children. […] If you’re dealing with severe dehydration or your symptoms are not improving (or are getting worse), you may require hospitalization. At the hospital, you may receive intravenous (IV) fluids or antibiotics.

• #11 How Salmonella Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-treatment-4164292

  When you feel like your stomach is up to handling some food, a mild, bland diet might be your best bet. You might try the BRAT diet, which stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. […] Over-the-counter painkillers, like Advil (ibuprofen) or Tylenol (acetaminophen), may help reduce body aches and pains and lower a fever. […] In some cases, antidiarrheal medications, like Imodium (loperamide), might decrease the abdominal discomfort associated with salmonella. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe a course of antibiotics for you if your infection persists, you have a compromised immune system, or the infection has entered your bloodstream. […] Common oral antibiotics for salmonella for adults include fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin for children. […] If you’re dealing with severe dehydration or your symptoms are not improving (or are getting worse), you may require hospitalization. At the hospital, you may receive intravenous (IV) fluids or antibiotics.

• #12 How Salmonella Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-treatment-4164292

  When you feel like your stomach is up to handling some food, a mild, bland diet might be your best bet. You might try the BRAT diet, which stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. […] Over-the-counter painkillers, like Advil (ibuprofen) or Tylenol (acetaminophen), may help reduce body aches and pains and lower a fever. […] In some cases, antidiarrheal medications, like Imodium (loperamide), might decrease the abdominal discomfort associated with salmonella. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe a course of antibiotics for you if your infection persists, you have a compromised immune system, or the infection has entered your bloodstream. […] Common oral antibiotics for salmonella for adults include fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin for children. […] If you’re dealing with severe dehydration or your symptoms are not improving (or are getting worse), you may require hospitalization. At the hospital, you may receive intravenous (IV) fluids or antibiotics.

• #13 Salmonella Diagnosis And Treatment – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/salmonella-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Before diagnosis, antipyretics like acetaminophen can be obtained over the counter to manage fever symptoms, although, in most cases of minor salmonellosis, the fever usually subsides by itself. […] Probiotics are live bacteria that are already present in our gut, usually known as good bacteria. During infection, the gut health is compromised – probiotics may help to restore the natural balance of bacteria thus, reducing the frequency of diarrhoea or speeding up the recovery in mild to moderate cases.

• #14 Treatment of Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/treatment/index.html

  Some kinds of Salmonella can cause diarrhea. […] People with diarrhea should drink extra fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Call the doctor before using anti-diarrheal medication. […] Most people recover without using antibiotics. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before taking anti-diarrheal medication, such as Imodium. […] Taking anti-diarrheal medication might help with diarrhea and cramps, but it might make your illness last longer. […] Most people get better without using antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat severe intestinal illness. They also are sometimes used to treat people at risk for severe illness. But the good news is that most people with Salmonella infection recover without needing to take antibiotics.

• #15 Salmonella: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-salmonella

  Treatment for salmonella poisoning usually focuses on rehydrating your body and restoring lost electrolytes, which are minerals that help balance the level of fluids in your body. […] If you have diarrhea, drink a lot of water and other fluids. Your doctor might suggest that you drink a rehydration liquid like Pedialyte. […] If your dehydration is severe, your doctor may want to get fluids directly into your system through an IV. […] Most people recover from salmonella without medication. But if your case is severe or long-lasting, your doctor might recommend: […] Anti-diarrheal medication, such as loperamide (Imodium). These medications help relieve cramping and slow down the speed that fluids and stool move through your bowels so you have less diarrhea and more formed stools. […] Antibiotics might be prescribed for severe illness.

• #16 Salmonella Gastroenteritis: Symptoms, Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/salmonella-gastroenteritis

  Salmonella gastroenteritis treatment […] The basis of management of salmonella enteritis is rehydration. Assess for features of rehydration or shock and, where present, consider hospital admission. This is not usually required. […] […] This can usually be achieved by the oral route but, in more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed. Age-specific information on advice regarding rehydration is covered in the separate Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children and Gastroenteritis in Children articles. […] […] These should not be used routinely but may be occasionally considered for adults: […] […] When used, loperamide is the antimotility agent of choice. It should not be used if features suggest a possible differential diagnosis of: […] […] Antibiotics are not recommended for healthy individuals with salmonella infection. A Cochrane review showed no benefit for otherwise healthy individuals. […]

• #17 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually a self-limiting disease. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may be indicated in severe cases. Because antibiotics do not appear to shorten the duration of symptoms and may actually prolong the duration of convalescent carriage, they are not routinely used to treat uncomplicated nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should be reserved for patients with severe disease or patients who are at a high risk for invasive disease. […] Historically, recommended regimens for the treatment of typhoid fever included ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or chloramphenicol. Emerging drug resistance over the past 20 years has limited the usefulness of these antibiotics. Presently, quinolone, macrolide, and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics are preferred for empiric therapy pending sensitivities. Unfortunately, sensitivity to quinolones has been steadily declining, and these are no longer fool-proof agents for typhoid fever. A growing rate of resistance of nontyphoidal salmonella to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone has been reported.

• #18 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Most patients with Salmonella diarrheal illness require only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients. […] Most patients with salmonellosis require only supportive care. Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for patients with severe infections and patients at risk for invasive disease. […] Most patients need only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients, such as people with severe diarrhea, blood infection, or extra-intestinal infections (for example, urinary tract infection), and people at risk for invasive disease. […] The main risks of antibiotic treatment include adverse effects of the antibiotic, the possibility of prolonged asymptomatic Salmonella carriage, and disturbance of the microbiome. Antibiotic use also contributes to antimicrobial resistance.

• #19 Salmonella infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355335

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. Preventing dehydration with adequate fluid intake can help you recover. […] Because salmonella infection can cause dehydration, treatment focuses on replacing lost fluids and electrolytes minerals that balance the amount of water in the body. […] If dehydration is severe, emergency room care or hospitalization may be needed so that fluids can be delivered directly into a vein (intravenous). […] Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria. These are usually given if your provider suspects that salmonella bacteria have entered your bloodstream, your infection is severe or you have a weakened immune system. […] Antibiotics are not helpful in most cases of salmonella infection. In fact, antibiotics may extend the period in which you carry the bacteria and can infect others. They can also increase your risk of getting infected again (relapse).

• #20 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually a self-limiting disease. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may be indicated in severe cases. Because antibiotics do not appear to shorten the duration of symptoms and may actually prolong the duration of convalescent carriage, they are not routinely used to treat uncomplicated nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should be reserved for patients with severe disease or patients who are at a high risk for invasive disease. […] Historically, recommended regimens for the treatment of typhoid fever included ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or chloramphenicol. Emerging drug resistance over the past 20 years has limited the usefulness of these antibiotics. Presently, quinolone, macrolide, and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics are preferred for empiric therapy pending sensitivities. Unfortunately, sensitivity to quinolones has been steadily declining, and these are no longer fool-proof agents for typhoid fever. A growing rate of resistance of nontyphoidal salmonella to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone has been reported.

• #21 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  In most cases, treatment focus should be on the correction of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Supportive care is necessary for acute diarrhea and dehydration symptoms. Antipyretic therapy may also be provided if needed. Uncomplicated NTS localized to gastroenteritis without sepsis symptoms is not treated with antibiotics except patients less than 3 months of age and patients with immunocompromised states. Once NTS gastroenteritis is identified, blood cultures should be obtained. In the setting of NTS bacteremia or disseminated disease, initial therapy should be with third-generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone for at least 7 to 10 days. Once bacterial susceptibilities are known, antibiotic treatment can be transitioned to azithromycin or a fluoroquinolone. Duration of treatment may be extended in certain focal infections such as meningitis (4 weeks) or osteomyelitis (4 to 6 weeks).

• #22 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Most patients with Salmonella diarrheal illness require only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients. […] Most patients with salmonellosis require only supportive care. Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for patients with severe infections and patients at risk for invasive disease. […] Most patients need only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients, such as people with severe diarrhea, blood infection, or extra-intestinal infections (for example, urinary tract infection), and people at risk for invasive disease. […] The main risks of antibiotic treatment include adverse effects of the antibiotic, the possibility of prolonged asymptomatic Salmonella carriage, and disturbance of the microbiome. Antibiotic use also contributes to antimicrobial resistance.

• #23 Salmonella: Outbreaks, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella

  You usually don’t treat salmonella with medication. If you’re severely ill or at high risk for complications, your healthcare provider will treat you with antibiotics. If you have severe diarrhea, you may need to be hospitalized. […] If you need antibiotics for a Salmonella infection, your healthcare provider might prescribe: Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), Azithromycin. […] The most important way to manage the symptoms of salmonella is to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Fluids that help you stay hydrated include: Water, Sports drinks, 100% fruit juices with water added, Broth, Oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte). […] Salmonella usually goes away on its own, though you may have to go through a few days of symptoms first. Make sure to drink plenty of fluids so you don’t get dehydrated. […] If you’re living with a compromised immune system or sickle cell disease, or if you get severely ill with salmonella, your healthcare provider may treat you with antibiotics.

• #24 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Nontyphoidal salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria that primarily cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and focal infection. […] Treatment, when indicated, is with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone with surgery for abscesses, vascular lesions, and bone and joint infections. […] Uncomplicated gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is treated symptomatically with oral or IV fluids. […] Antibiotics do not hasten resolution of gastroenteritis, may prolong excretion of the organism, and are unwarranted in uncomplicated cases. […] However, in older nursing home residents, infants, and patients with hemoglobinopathies, HIV infection, or other immunocompromising conditions, increased mortality dictates treatment with antibiotics. […] Acceptable antibiotics include the following: TMP/SMX orally for children, Ciprofloxacin orally for adults, Azithromycin orally for adults, Ceftriaxone IV for adults.

• #25 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Recommended first-line antibiotics include fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and third-generation cephalosporins. […] CDC has observed an increase in multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport infections among travelers to and from Mexico. Guidance for diagnosing and treating patients known or suspected to have an infection with this strain of Salmonella is available. […] Some Salmonella are becoming less susceptible to essential antibiotics, jeopardizing options to treat severe infections.

• #26 Salmonella: Outbreaks, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella

  You usually don’t treat salmonella with medication. If you’re severely ill or at high risk for complications, your healthcare provider will treat you with antibiotics. If you have severe diarrhea, you may need to be hospitalized. […] If you need antibiotics for a Salmonella infection, your healthcare provider might prescribe: Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), Azithromycin. […] The most important way to manage the symptoms of salmonella is to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Fluids that help you stay hydrated include: Water, Sports drinks, 100% fruit juices with water added, Broth, Oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte). […] Salmonella usually goes away on its own, though you may have to go through a few days of symptoms first. Make sure to drink plenty of fluids so you don’t get dehydrated. […] If you’re living with a compromised immune system or sickle cell disease, or if you get severely ill with salmonella, your healthcare provider may treat you with antibiotics.

• #27 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  In most cases, treatment focus should be on the correction of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Supportive care is necessary for acute diarrhea and dehydration symptoms. Antipyretic therapy may also be provided if needed. Uncomplicated NTS localized to gastroenteritis without sepsis symptoms is not treated with antibiotics except patients less than 3 months of age and patients with immunocompromised states. Once NTS gastroenteritis is identified, blood cultures should be obtained. In the setting of NTS bacteremia or disseminated disease, initial therapy should be with third-generation cephalosporins like ceftriaxone for at least 7 to 10 days. Once bacterial susceptibilities are known, antibiotic treatment can be transitioned to azithromycin or a fluoroquinolone. Duration of treatment may be extended in certain focal infections such as meningitis (4 weeks) or osteomyelitis (4 to 6 weeks).

• #28 For health professionals: Salmonellosis (Salmonella) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/salmonellosis-salmonella/health-professionals.html

  Treatment depends on the clinical symptoms presented by the patient. Consultation may be required with an infectious disease specialist to determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The usual treatments for gastroenteritis symptoms are: control of nausea and vomiting, fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antibiotic treatment is not usually used. However, it may be necessary for: neonates, children, the elderly, the immunosuppressed. […] Bacteremia occurs when Salmonella enters the bloodstream. Antibiotics are needed to treat bacteremia. […] Treatment of asymptomatic carriers using antibiotics is generally not recommended. […] If antibiotic treatment is considered necessary, tailor the choice of antibiotic to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Consider consulting an infectious disease specialist for the management of patients with antibiotic-resistant or complicated Salmonella infections.

• #29 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually a self-limiting disease. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may be indicated in severe cases. Because antibiotics do not appear to shorten the duration of symptoms and may actually prolong the duration of convalescent carriage, they are not routinely used to treat uncomplicated nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should be reserved for patients with severe disease or patients who are at a high risk for invasive disease. […] Historically, recommended regimens for the treatment of typhoid fever included ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or chloramphenicol. Emerging drug resistance over the past 20 years has limited the usefulness of these antibiotics. Presently, quinolone, macrolide, and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics are preferred for empiric therapy pending sensitivities. Unfortunately, sensitivity to quinolones has been steadily declining, and these are no longer fool-proof agents for typhoid fever. A growing rate of resistance of nontyphoidal salmonella to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone has been reported.

• #30 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Clinical data suggested reduced effectiveness of quinolone therapy in patients with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains. […] Salmonella bacteremia is generally treated with a single bactericidal drug for 10-14 days. Given the resistance trends, life-threatening infections should be treated with both a third-generation cephalosporin and a fluoroquinolone until the susceptibilities of antimicrobial agents are known. […] Treatment of salmonella infection in pregnancy is controversial, and antibiotic therapy should be reserved for cases of invasive disease, using amoxicillin or cephalosporin. […] If endocarditis or infectious arteritis is documented, urgent surgical treatment is usually necessary. Antimicrobial therapy for endovascular infections should be continued for a minimum of 6 weeks after successful surgery. […] Years of therapy might be needed when surgery is not possible (eg, retained prosthetic devices, chronic bone and joint infections). […] For proven or possible CNS involvement, high-dose ceftriaxone would be the best choice for optimal penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

• #31 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  For enteric fever, the antibiotic treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone. However, multidrug-resistant enteric fever is becoming more common globally, leading to a greater focus on susceptibility testing and the use of alternative antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin. Fluoroquinolones are not used in children as often compared to adults, and alternatives like azithromycin are often preferred. Treatment duration is typically 10 to 14 days. In cases of severe enteric fever with symptoms of delirium, obtundation, stupor, or shock, additional treatment with corticosteroids may be considered. Dexamethasone at 3 mg/kg, followed by 1 mg/kg every 6 hours for 48 hours, has been shown to decrease mortality. Chronic carriers of the bacteria require four weeks of fluoroquinolone therapy for resolution of carrier status. In adults, if antimicrobial therapy fails, cholecystectomy may be considered due to the persistence of the bacteria in the gallbladder.

• #32 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Systemic or focal disease should be treated with antibiotic doses as for typhoid fever. […] Sustained bacteremia is generally treated for 4 to 6 weeks. […] Abscesses should be drained surgically. At least 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy should follow surgery. […] Infected aneurysms and heart valves and bone or joint infections usually require surgical intervention and prolonged courses of antibiotics. […] Patients who are not immunocompromised should be treated for 3 to 5 days; patients who have HIV/AIDS or other severely immunocompromising conditions may require prolonged suppression to prevent relapses. […] Asymptomatic carriage is usually self-limited, and antibiotic treatment is rarely required. In unusual cases (eg, in food handlers or health care workers), eradication may be attempted with oral ciprofloxacin for 1 month.

• #33 Treatment for Salmonella Infection | Marler Clark

  https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/salmonella/salmonella-treatment

  Salmonella infections usually resolve in three to seven days and, many times, require no treatment. Persons with severe diarrhea may require rehydration, often with intravenous fluids. Antimicrobial therapy (or treatment with antibiotics) is not recommended for uncomplicated gastroenteritis. However, antibiotics are recommended for persons at increased risk of invasive disease, including infants younger than three months of age. […] In situations in which antibiotics are needed, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, or amoxicillin are considered by many physicians to be the best choices. Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or fluoroquinolones are effective options for antimicrobial-resistant strains, although fluoroquinolones are not approved for persons less than 18 years of age. For persons with an infection in a specific organ or tissue (invasive disease), treatment with an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin is commonly employed. Ideally, the choice of antibiotic is driven by antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the specific bacterium isolated in the lab. Treatment with antibiotics may vary from two to four weeks, depending on the severity and length of infection. For enteric fever, including S. Typhi infections, treatment for 14 days is often advised.

• #34 Salmonella Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/salmonellosis.html

  Kids with a Salmonella infection should drink lots of fluids so that they don’t get dehydrated. They should also rest as needed. Don’t give anti-diarrhea medicines as some can make diarrhea worse. […] Doctors may prescribe antibiotics for young children or babies, children with a weak immune system, or kids who have severe or long-lasting diarrhea.

• #35

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Salmonella-Infections.aspx

  If your child only has Salmonella-associated diarrhea, the treatment is supportive (fluids and rest). Antibiotics are not prescribed as they do not make your child get better faster and actually may increase the length of time your child has Salmonella in the stool. An exception is infants under 3 months of age, because they have an increased risk of the infection spreading from the intestine to the blood and other organs in the body. However, when the infection is found in the blood, brain, bone or other organs, antibiotics are needed. […] A child with severe diarrhea may get very dehydrated and need intravenous (IV) fluids or extra fluids given by mouth.

• #36

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Salmonella-Infections.aspx

  If your child only has Salmonella-associated diarrhea, the treatment is supportive (fluids and rest). Antibiotics are not prescribed as they do not make your child get better faster and actually may increase the length of time your child has Salmonella in the stool. An exception is infants under 3 months of age, because they have an increased risk of the infection spreading from the intestine to the blood and other organs in the body. However, when the infection is found in the blood, brain, bone or other organs, antibiotics are needed. […] A child with severe diarrhea may get very dehydrated and need intravenous (IV) fluids or extra fluids given by mouth.

• #37 Salmonella Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/salmonellosis.html

  Kids with a Salmonella infection should drink lots of fluids so that they don’t get dehydrated. They should also rest as needed. Don’t give anti-diarrhea medicines as some can make diarrhea worse. […] Doctors may prescribe antibiotics for young children or babies, children with a weak immune system, or kids who have severe or long-lasting diarrhea.

• #38 Salmonella – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555892/

  For enteric fever, the antibiotic treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone. However, multidrug-resistant enteric fever is becoming more common globally, leading to a greater focus on susceptibility testing and the use of alternative antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin. Fluoroquinolones are not used in children as often compared to adults, and alternatives like azithromycin are often preferred. Treatment duration is typically 10 to 14 days. In cases of severe enteric fever with symptoms of delirium, obtundation, stupor, or shock, additional treatment with corticosteroids may be considered. Dexamethasone at 3 mg/kg, followed by 1 mg/kg every 6 hours for 48 hours, has been shown to decrease mortality. Chronic carriers of the bacteria require four weeks of fluoroquinolone therapy for resolution of carrier status. In adults, if antimicrobial therapy fails, cholecystectomy may be considered due to the persistence of the bacteria in the gallbladder.

• #39 Salmonella Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/salmonella-infections

  Lost fluids are replaced. […] Antibiotics are usually not helpful for people who have inflammation of the stomach and intestines that results in diarrhea (gastroenteritis), but antibiotics are helpful for people who are at risk of or have bacteremia, certain other infections, or an abscess. […] For gastroenteritis, fluids […] For people who are at risk of serious infection or who have bacteremia or another infection, antibiotics […] For abscesses, surgical drainage and antibiotics. […] People with gastroenteritis are treated with fluids given by mouth (orally) or, for severe symptoms, by vein (intravenously). Antibiotics do not shorten recovery time for people with gastroenteritis and may result in bacteria being excreted in the stool longer. Therefore, antibiotics are usually not given. However, people at risk of bacteremia (such as older residents of a nursing home, infants, people with HIV infection) and people with implanted devices or materials (such as an artificial joint or heart valve or a blood vessel graft) are given antibiotics. They may be given ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone for several days. Children are given trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

• #40 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Clinical data suggested reduced effectiveness of quinolone therapy in patients with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains. […] Salmonella bacteremia is generally treated with a single bactericidal drug for 10-14 days. Given the resistance trends, life-threatening infections should be treated with both a third-generation cephalosporin and a fluoroquinolone until the susceptibilities of antimicrobial agents are known. […] Treatment of salmonella infection in pregnancy is controversial, and antibiotic therapy should be reserved for cases of invasive disease, using amoxicillin or cephalosporin. […] If endocarditis or infectious arteritis is documented, urgent surgical treatment is usually necessary. Antimicrobial therapy for endovascular infections should be continued for a minimum of 6 weeks after successful surgery. […] Years of therapy might be needed when surgery is not possible (eg, retained prosthetic devices, chronic bone and joint infections). […] For proven or possible CNS involvement, high-dose ceftriaxone would be the best choice for optimal penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

• #41 Salmonella Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/salmonella-infections

  People with bacteremia are given an antibiotic such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone, sometimes for several weeks. […] Abscesses are drained surgically, and antibiotics are given for several weeks. […] If the aorta, a heart valve, or other areas (such as joints) are infected, surgery is usually required, and antibiotics are given for weeks or months.

• #42 Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/nontyphoidal-salmonella-infections

  Systemic or focal disease should be treated with antibiotic doses as for typhoid fever. […] Sustained bacteremia is generally treated for 4 to 6 weeks. […] Abscesses should be drained surgically. At least 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy should follow surgery. […] Infected aneurysms and heart valves and bone or joint infections usually require surgical intervention and prolonged courses of antibiotics. […] Patients who are not immunocompromised should be treated for 3 to 5 days; patients who have HIV/AIDS or other severely immunocompromising conditions may require prolonged suppression to prevent relapses. […] Asymptomatic carriage is usually self-limited, and antibiotic treatment is rarely required. In unusual cases (eg, in food handlers or health care workers), eradication may be attempted with oral ciprofloxacin for 1 month.

• #43 Salmonella Infections – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/salmonella-infections

  People with bacteremia are given an antibiotic such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone, sometimes for several weeks. […] Abscesses are drained surgically, and antibiotics are given for several weeks. […] If the aorta, a heart valve, or other areas (such as joints) are infected, surgery is usually required, and antibiotics are given for weeks or months.

• #44 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Clinical data suggested reduced effectiveness of quinolone therapy in patients with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains. […] Salmonella bacteremia is generally treated with a single bactericidal drug for 10-14 days. Given the resistance trends, life-threatening infections should be treated with both a third-generation cephalosporin and a fluoroquinolone until the susceptibilities of antimicrobial agents are known. […] Treatment of salmonella infection in pregnancy is controversial, and antibiotic therapy should be reserved for cases of invasive disease, using amoxicillin or cephalosporin. […] If endocarditis or infectious arteritis is documented, urgent surgical treatment is usually necessary. Antimicrobial therapy for endovascular infections should be continued for a minimum of 6 weeks after successful surgery. […] Years of therapy might be needed when surgery is not possible (eg, retained prosthetic devices, chronic bone and joint infections). […] For proven or possible CNS involvement, high-dose ceftriaxone would be the best choice for optimal penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

• #45 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Clinical data suggested reduced effectiveness of quinolone therapy in patients with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains. […] Salmonella bacteremia is generally treated with a single bactericidal drug for 10-14 days. Given the resistance trends, life-threatening infections should be treated with both a third-generation cephalosporin and a fluoroquinolone until the susceptibilities of antimicrobial agents are known. […] Treatment of salmonella infection in pregnancy is controversial, and antibiotic therapy should be reserved for cases of invasive disease, using amoxicillin or cephalosporin. […] If endocarditis or infectious arteritis is documented, urgent surgical treatment is usually necessary. Antimicrobial therapy for endovascular infections should be continued for a minimum of 6 weeks after successful surgery. […] Years of therapy might be needed when surgery is not possible (eg, retained prosthetic devices, chronic bone and joint infections). […] For proven or possible CNS involvement, high-dose ceftriaxone would be the best choice for optimal penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

• #46

  https://consensus.app/questions/salmonella-infection-treated/

  The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella is a significant challenge. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, making infections harder to treat. This resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. […] Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. They have shown promise in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings against Salmonella infections. Probiotics can stabilize the gut mucosal barrier, compete for adhesion sites, and secrete antimicrobial substances, among other mechanisms. However, there are concerns about their potential to act as opportunistic pathogens and carriers of antibiotic resistance. […] Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, offer a targeted approach to treating Salmonella infections. Phage therapy is considered environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Studies have shown that phage cocktails can effectively reduce Salmonella colonization in poultry and swine, which are common vectors for human infection. Despite promising results, challenges such as phage stability and regulatory hurdles need to be addressed for widespread application.

• #47 What Is Salmonella? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/salmonella/guide/

  Doctors may prescribe antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), azithromycin (Zithromax), and ceftriaxone, to treat patients with severe salmonella infections. […] Probiotics are one potential complementary or alternative treatment thats being explored for salmonella. These are live microbes, usually bacteria, that may be similar to the kind we normally have in our gut. Studies have suggested that some probiotics may help shorten a bout of diarrhea.

• #48 Salmonella Diagnosis And Treatment – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/salmonella-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Before diagnosis, antipyretics like acetaminophen can be obtained over the counter to manage fever symptoms, although, in most cases of minor salmonellosis, the fever usually subsides by itself. […] Probiotics are live bacteria that are already present in our gut, usually known as good bacteria. During infection, the gut health is compromised – probiotics may help to restore the natural balance of bacteria thus, reducing the frequency of diarrhoea or speeding up the recovery in mild to moderate cases.

• #49 Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review | Microbiology Society

  https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000709?crawler=true

  Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less effective due to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, the effects of antibiotics on normal gut microflora and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, all of which bring a growing need for alternative treatments, including the use of probiotic micro-organisms. […] Clinical trials, animal trials and in vitro investigations into the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of probiotics have demonstrated antagonistic properties against Salmonella and other enteropathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a need for further studies into the potential mechanisms, efficacy and mode of delivery of yeast probiotics in Salmonella infections. This review discusses Salmonella infections and treatment using antibiotics and probiotics.

• #50

  https://consensus.app/questions/salmonella-infection-treated/

  The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella is a significant challenge. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, making infections harder to treat. This resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. […] Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. They have shown promise in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings against Salmonella infections. Probiotics can stabilize the gut mucosal barrier, compete for adhesion sites, and secrete antimicrobial substances, among other mechanisms. However, there are concerns about their potential to act as opportunistic pathogens and carriers of antibiotic resistance. […] Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, offer a targeted approach to treating Salmonella infections. Phage therapy is considered environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Studies have shown that phage cocktails can effectively reduce Salmonella colonization in poultry and swine, which are common vectors for human infection. Despite promising results, challenges such as phage stability and regulatory hurdles need to be addressed for widespread application.

• #51

  https://consensus.app/questions/salmonella-infection-treated/

  The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella is a significant challenge. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, making infections harder to treat. This resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. […] Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. They have shown promise in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings against Salmonella infections. Probiotics can stabilize the gut mucosal barrier, compete for adhesion sites, and secrete antimicrobial substances, among other mechanisms. However, there are concerns about their potential to act as opportunistic pathogens and carriers of antibiotic resistance. […] Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, offer a targeted approach to treating Salmonella infections. Phage therapy is considered environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Studies have shown that phage cocktails can effectively reduce Salmonella colonization in poultry and swine, which are common vectors for human infection. Despite promising results, challenges such as phage stability and regulatory hurdles need to be addressed for widespread application.

• #52 Pathogen-targeting glycovesicles as a therapy for salmonellosis | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12066-z

  To overcome the inherent defects of antimicrobial therapy in patients with salmonellosis, here we introduce a versatile vesicle-based system for delivering antibiotics to target the illness-causative agent, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium selectively. […] This study might open up an avenue to develop pathogen-targeting antimicrobial glycovesicles to resolve enteric infections with a minimal risk of adverse outcomes. […] Unlike poorly absorbed oral antibiotics, absorbable antibiotics such as the fluoroquinolone family cannot retain therapeutic concentrations at the site of enteric infection. […] This drug-delivery system retrieves absorbable antibiotics above as a drug reservoir to treat enteric infections caused by H2S-producing pathogens, which might be extremely important in case of experiencing highly virulent antibiotic-resistant infections in the gastrointestinal tract.

• #53 Pathogen-targeting glycovesicles as a therapy for salmonellosis | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12066-z

  In summary, we develop an H2S-responsive antibiotic delivery system for selective targeting of Salmonella, the salmonellosis-causative pathogen. This system includes the following features: (1) prevent quick absorption of oral antibiotics into the bloodstream; (2) allow antibiotics to target enteric pathogens locally and thereby alleviates disease symptoms; (3) ameliorate antibiotic-induced damage to gut microbiota greatly; and (4) increase beneficial microbiota Lactobacillaceae by the releasable prebiotic xylooligosaccharide analogs.

• #54 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. […] In some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and requires prompt medical attention. […] Most people don’t need to seek medical attention for salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days. […] However, if the affected person is an infant, young child, older adult or someone with a weakened immune system, call a health care provider if illness: […] If you can’t drink enough to replace the fluid you’re losing from diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. […] You can avoid getting salmonella and spreading bacteria to others in several ways, including safely preparing food, hand-washing, avoiding contamination, and not eating raw meat, dairy or egg products. […] Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. […] Washing your hands thoroughly can help prevent the transfer of salmonella bacteria to your mouth or to any food you’re preparing. […] Be sure to cook food thoroughly and refrigerate or freeze food promptly.

• #55 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. […] In some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and requires prompt medical attention. […] Most people don’t need to seek medical attention for salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days. […] However, if the affected person is an infant, young child, older adult or someone with a weakened immune system, call a health care provider if illness: […] If you can’t drink enough to replace the fluid you’re losing from diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. […] You can avoid getting salmonella and spreading bacteria to others in several ways, including safely preparing food, hand-washing, avoiding contamination, and not eating raw meat, dairy or egg products. […] Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. […] Washing your hands thoroughly can help prevent the transfer of salmonella bacteria to your mouth or to any food you’re preparing. […] Be sure to cook food thoroughly and refrigerate or freeze food promptly.

• #56 Salmonella Gastroenteritis: Symptoms, Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/salmonella-gastroenteritis

  Where an antibiotic is indicated, use ciprofloxacin 500 mg bd for one day only (assuming the stool result confirms sensitivity). Cefotaxime is an alternative. […] […] For work or school the exclusion period should be 48 hours from the last episode of vomiting or diarrhoea. […] […] Advise about other hygiene methods to help prevent spread, such as: […]

• #57 Salmonella infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/salmonella+infection/salmonella+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Salmonella infection is one of many possible causes of gastroenteritis (also known as gastro). […] Recovery from Salmonella infection usually occurs within a week and antibiotic treatment is not normally required. However, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics for young infants, the elderly and in some other situations. […] The following are general recommendations for the treatment of gastroenteritis: Give plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration solution is highly recommended for children with mild to moderate dehydration. It is available at pharmacies and should be administered following the instructions on the packaging. […] Seek medical advice if any of the following symptoms occur: Signs of dehydration, such as thirst and decreased urination, lethargy, dry mouth, feeling faint on standing, fever, severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea.

• #58 Salmonella: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Contagious, Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/salmonella/article_em.htm

  When Should Someone Seek Medical Care for a Salmonella Infection? […] Most cases of salmonellosis are self-limited and require no medical intervention. […] If the fever lasts longer than three days, if the diarrhea is bloody, if the person becomes weak and dizzy, or if abdominal pain is intense, medical help is probably needed. […] Patients who are compromised in any way (cancer, AIDS, the elderly, infants, people with weakened immune systems) should seek medical care soon after symptoms arise, especially if they have had any recent travel to a developing country. […] Anyone with initial symptoms of typhoid or paratyphoid fever (fever over four to seven days, diarrhea, weakness, abdominal pain), especially if they had recent travel to developing countries, should seek medical care immediately.

• #59 Salmonella infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/salmonella/symptoms-causes/syc-20355329

  Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment. […] In some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and requires prompt medical attention. […] Most people don’t need to seek medical attention for salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days. […] However, if the affected person is an infant, young child, older adult or someone with a weakened immune system, call a health care provider if illness: […] If you can’t drink enough to replace the fluid you’re losing from diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. […] You can avoid getting salmonella and spreading bacteria to others in several ways, including safely preparing food, hand-washing, avoiding contamination, and not eating raw meat, dairy or egg products. […] Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. […] Washing your hands thoroughly can help prevent the transfer of salmonella bacteria to your mouth or to any food you’re preparing. […] Be sure to cook food thoroughly and refrigerate or freeze food promptly.

• #60 Salmonella infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/salmonella+infection/salmonella+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Salmonella infection is one of many possible causes of gastroenteritis (also known as gastro). […] Recovery from Salmonella infection usually occurs within a week and antibiotic treatment is not normally required. However, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics for young infants, the elderly and in some other situations. […] The following are general recommendations for the treatment of gastroenteritis: Give plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration solution is highly recommended for children with mild to moderate dehydration. It is available at pharmacies and should be administered following the instructions on the packaging. […] Seek medical advice if any of the following symptoms occur: Signs of dehydration, such as thirst and decreased urination, lethargy, dry mouth, feeling faint on standing, fever, severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea.

• #61 How Salmonella Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/salmonella-treatment-4164292

  Most salmonella infections get better on their own with home remedies. […] Your healthcare provider might prescribe antibiotics if you have a persistent infection, a compromised immune system, or an infection that entered your bloodstream. […] Most people who get salmonella recover without specific treatment. In severe cases, antibiotics may be needed to clear the infection. […] Because salmonella can be severely dehydrating, typical treatment is focused on replacing fluids and electrolytes lost to diarrhea. If dehydration is severe, fluids may be delivered intravenously (into a vein) in a hospital.

• #62 Treatment of Salmonella Infection | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/treatment/index.html

  Some kinds of Salmonella can cause diarrhea. […] People with diarrhea should drink extra fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Call the doctor before using anti-diarrheal medication. […] Most people recover without using antibiotics. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before taking anti-diarrheal medication, such as Imodium. […] Taking anti-diarrheal medication might help with diarrhea and cramps, but it might make your illness last longer. […] Most people get better without using antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat severe intestinal illness. They also are sometimes used to treat people at risk for severe illness. But the good news is that most people with Salmonella infection recover without needing to take antibiotics.

• #63 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually a self-limiting disease. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may be indicated in severe cases. Because antibiotics do not appear to shorten the duration of symptoms and may actually prolong the duration of convalescent carriage, they are not routinely used to treat uncomplicated nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should be reserved for patients with severe disease or patients who are at a high risk for invasive disease. […] Historically, recommended regimens for the treatment of typhoid fever included ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or chloramphenicol. Emerging drug resistance over the past 20 years has limited the usefulness of these antibiotics. Presently, quinolone, macrolide, and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics are preferred for empiric therapy pending sensitivities. Unfortunately, sensitivity to quinolones has been steadily declining, and these are no longer fool-proof agents for typhoid fever. A growing rate of resistance of nontyphoidal salmonella to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone has been reported.

• #64 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Most patients with Salmonella diarrheal illness require only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients. […] Most patients with salmonellosis require only supportive care. Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for patients with severe infections and patients at risk for invasive disease. […] Most patients need only supportive care. […] Antibiotic treatment should be considered only for certain patients, such as people with severe diarrhea, blood infection, or extra-intestinal infections (for example, urinary tract infection), and people at risk for invasive disease. […] The main risks of antibiotic treatment include adverse effects of the antibiotic, the possibility of prolonged asymptomatic Salmonella carriage, and disturbance of the microbiome. Antibiotic use also contributes to antimicrobial resistance.

• #65 Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-treatment

  Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually a self-limiting disease. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may be indicated in severe cases. Because antibiotics do not appear to shorten the duration of symptoms and may actually prolong the duration of convalescent carriage, they are not routinely used to treat uncomplicated nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should be reserved for patients with severe disease or patients who are at a high risk for invasive disease. […] Historically, recommended regimens for the treatment of typhoid fever included ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or chloramphenicol. Emerging drug resistance over the past 20 years has limited the usefulness of these antibiotics. Presently, quinolone, macrolide, and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics are preferred for empiric therapy pending sensitivities. Unfortunately, sensitivity to quinolones has been steadily declining, and these are no longer fool-proof agents for typhoid fever. A growing rate of resistance of nontyphoidal salmonella to nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone has been reported.

• #66 Clinical Overview of Salmonellosis | Salmonella Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Recommended first-line antibiotics include fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and third-generation cephalosporins. […] CDC has observed an increase in multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport infections among travelers to and from Mexico. Guidance for diagnosing and treating patients known or suspected to have an infection with this strain of Salmonella is available. […] Some Salmonella are becoming less susceptible to essential antibiotics, jeopardizing options to treat severe infections.

• #67

  https://consensus.app/questions/salmonella-infection-treated/

  Combining antimicrobial agents with probiotics or bacteriophages has shown enhanced efficacy in some studies. For example, a combination of oxytetracycline and neomycin followed by probiotic treatment was effective in reducing Salmonella infection in chickens. Such combined therapies could offer a balanced approach, leveraging the strengths of both antibiotics and alternative treatments. […] The treatment of Salmonella infections is evolving due to the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects of conventional antibiotics. While advanced antibiotics like third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones offer higher cure rates, the rise of MDR strains necessitates alternative strategies. Probiotics and bacteriophage therapy present promising options, either alone or in combination with antibiotics. Further research and clinical trials are essential to validate these alternative treatments and optimize their application in both human and veterinary medicine.

• #68 Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review | Microbiology Society

  https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000709?crawler=true

  Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less effective due to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, the effects of antibiotics on normal gut microflora and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, all of which bring a growing need for alternative treatments, including the use of probiotic micro-organisms. […] Clinical trials, animal trials and in vitro investigations into the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of probiotics have demonstrated antagonistic properties against Salmonella and other enteropathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a need for further studies into the potential mechanisms, efficacy and mode of delivery of yeast probiotics in Salmonella infections. This review discusses Salmonella infections and treatment using antibiotics and probiotics.

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