Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Hypospadias | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_10

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormal opening of the urethra. […] We begin with a description about the prevalence of hypospadias, the clustering of hypospadias in families, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, and the estrogen hypothesis. […] We focused on the etiology of isolated hypospadias in humans. […] Hypospadias prevalence and trends in international birth defect surveillance systems, 1980-2010. […] Epidemiological assessment of hypospadias by degree of severity. […] Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology. […] The increasing incidence of congenital penile anomalies in the United States. […] Hypospadias: a contemporary epidemiologic assessment. […] Maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics as risk factors for hypospadias.

• #2

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/12567

  Hypospadias is a congenital malformation of the male external genitalia, which includes: anomalous location proximal to the urethral meatus, in any portion of the glans penis and perineum, hooded dorsal foreskin, and inverted penile curvature on the dorsal side of the foreskin. […] It represents the second most frequent congenital defect in male newborns. It has increasing prevalence rates of 0.25 new cases per 10,000 newborns per year. […] Risk factors that have been identified include infants small for gestational age with weight below the 10th percentile, head length and/or circumference, intrauterine growth restriction, and placental insufficiency. […] Regarding environmental risk factors, maternal exposure to pesticides has been linked. […] Prenatal diagnosis has been described, however proximal hypospadias is usually detected, making it difficult to diagnose distal hypospadias using this method. So usually the diagnosis is made after birth during the physical examination.

• #3 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #4 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #5 Epidemiology of Hypospadias | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_10

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormal opening of the urethra. […] We begin with a description about the prevalence of hypospadias, the clustering of hypospadias in families, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, and the estrogen hypothesis. […] We focused on the etiology of isolated hypospadias in humans. […] Hypospadias prevalence and trends in international birth defect surveillance systems, 1980-2010. […] Epidemiological assessment of hypospadias by degree of severity. […] Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology. […] The increasing incidence of congenital penile anomalies in the United States. […] Hypospadias: a contemporary epidemiologic assessment. […] Maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics as risk factors for hypospadias.

• #6 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #7 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88647

  Background Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. […] Objective To analyze the prevalence and trends of hypospadias for 27 international programs over a 31-yr period. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10 000 births. […] The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10 000 births per year (p < 0.001). [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries. [...] We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally.

• #8 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #9 4.8 Congenital Malformations of Genital Organs Hypospadias (Q54.0–Q54.9) | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/chapters/chapter-4/chapter4-8.html

  Hypospadias is often an isolated (80%), non-syndromic anomaly. […] The birth prevalence of hypospadias varies widely, between 2 and 39 per 10,000 births. […] Suggested non-genetic risk factors for hypospadias include advanced maternal age (35 years) and environmental exposure to certain chemicals (endocrine disruptors). […] The diagnosis of hypospadias might be missed, especially with the less severe forms. Observing the flow of urine can aid in the diagnosis and in establishing the degree/severity of the condition. Identifying severity is important because of the different disease associations and the clinical impact. The most severe forms of hypospadias (e.g. scrotal hypospadias) are more often associated with syndromes compared to the milder forms (e.g. balanic [glanular]) of hypospadias.

• #10 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #11 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #12 Birth Defects – Prevalence of Hypospadias per 10,000 Live Male Births

  https://nmtracking.doh.nm.gov/dataportal/indicator/summary/BirthDefectHypospadias.html

  Birth defects pose a significant public health problem. One in 33 babies is born with a structural birth defect in the United States. […] Prevalence of hypospadias is the number of live-born infants with hypospadias per 10,000 live-born male infants. […] It is estimated that each year about 5 baby boys out of every 1,000 born in the United States (or 50 per 10,000 male births) are born with hypospadias. Due to variability in the methods used by state birth defects surveillance systems and differences in populations and risk factors, state prevalence estimates may not be directly comparable with national estimates or those of other states.

• #13 Retrospective study between duration of postoperative urinary diversion and incidence of complications in the repair of hypospadias in children – Wiesner – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/9747/html

  Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation. The prevalence of hypospadias has a large geographical variation. In Europe, it is 18.61 per 10,000 births (1). […] Regardless of the surgical repair technique, the use of postoperative urinary drainage is controversial, and even though most pediatric urologists prefer urethral catheterization after the intervention, there are no guidelines about urinary diversion type and duration. […] The objective of the surgical repair is to achieve an adequate voiding and sexual function (good urethra caliber, distal meatus in the glans, no curvature in erection), with a good aesthetic appearance. […] Currently, although there are more than 250 repair techniques described, none is considered a gold standard, which partly explains why postoperative complications are frequent, more than 50% in some series (9,10).

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/abstract/2003/09001/geographical_epidemiology_of_hypospadias__isee_168.65.aspx

  Hypospadias is a urogenital congenital anomaly affecting boys. It appears to have a birth prevalence of between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 250 male births based on register data which is of limited quality. […] This study established a high quality, population based register of hypospadias cases in the North Thames, South Thames and Anglia health districts in the United Kingdom for boys born between 1.1.97 and 30.9.98. […] The study describes the geographical epidemiology of hypospadias in the study area, within the study period. […] A register of 732 cases was ascertained from clinical sources in surgical units giving an estimated birth prevalence of hypospadias 38.2 per 10,000 male births. […] We found evidence (p 0.001) of spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of hypospadias risk at district level (N = 120 districts).

• #15 Risk Factors for hypospadias in Northwest Russia: A Murmansk County Birth Registry Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214213

  Hypospadias is the most common congenital anomaly of the penis, but its causes are mainly unknown. Of the risk factors identified, the most plausible are hormonal and genetic. […] The overall prevalence rate was 54.2 (95% CI 53.6-54.8) per 10,000 male infants. […] Maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, folic acid intake during pregnancy or hepatitis B surface antigen positivity did not associate with increased risk of hypospadias. […] Combining data from a birth registry with those from a congenital defects registry provided optimal information about the prevalence of hypospadias and its association with low infant birthweight and preeclampsia. […] The prevalence rate of hypospadias in Murmansk County has remained unusually high at 25.7 per 10,000 newborns during 2006-2011, compared with those for Arkhangelsk County (4.1 per 10,000 newborns) and Norway (13.0 per 10,000 newborns) during the same period.

• #16 Hypospadias – FL Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health

  https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalIndNoGrpBD.DataViewer&cid=37

  Hypospadias is a genitourinary condition with displacement of the opening of the urethra. […] Identifying babies born with birth defects and collecting information about them is a first step in preventing birth defects. Florida is among the many states with a birth defects tracking system. This data, as part of the national picture, helps us find out where and when birth defects occur and who they affect. […] In 2016-20, the rate per 10,000 live births with Hypospadias in Alachua County was 57.9 compared to Florida at 70.9. […] Alachua County is in the second quartile for this measure. This means that relative to other counties in Florida, this occurs more often in about half of the counties, and it occurs less often in about one quarter of the counties. […] *Rate = Number of cases per 10,000 live births. Rates are calculated if there are 5 or more cases.

• #17 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #18 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during the entire study period, with significant increases from 2000 to 2010. […] The increasing trends were also consistent for most of the study period across all degrees of clinical severity of hypospadias. […] Our results suggest that the international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during 1980-2010 and that these trends were probably not entirely artifactual. Considering these trends, it seems clear that further surveillance around hypospadias is critical.

• #19 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #20 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #21 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #22 Hypospadias is a birth defect of the penis | Incidence of Hypospadia

  http://circumcision-care.com/what-is-hypospadias/3/

  The incidence of hypospadias which was reported to be about 1:250 male births has increased over the last years to around 1:150 male births. […] The prevalence increased from 0.24% in 1977 to 0.52% in 2005, corresponding with an annual increase in prevalence of 2.40% (95% confidence interval: 1.94-2.86). […] The hypospadias prevalence was increasing in Denmark from 1977 to 2005. Increased maternal age did not explain this trend.

• #23 Epidemiology of Hypospadias | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_10

  Increasing prevalence of hypospadias in Western Australia, 1980-2000. […] Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. […] Hypospadias and maternal exposures to cigarette smoke. […] Hypospadias and maternal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. […] Hypospadias is related to birth weight in discordant monozygotic twins. […] Maternal age as a risk factor for hypospadias. […] Hypospadias and maternal intake of phytoestrogens. […] Maternal obesity and morbid obesity: the risk for birth defects in the offspring. […] Hypospadias and maternal exposures to cigarette smoke. […] Hypospadias risk is increased with maternal residential exposure to hormonally active hazardous air pollutants.

• #24 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. Many countries have reported increasing trends over recent decades. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10,000 births. The prevalence for each program ranged from 2.1 to 39.1 per 10,000 births. The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10,000 births per year (p < 0.05). [...] The majority of programs (61.9%) had a significantly increasing trend during many of the years evaluated. [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries.

• #25 Hypospadias | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14150/all/Hypospadias

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male external genitalia. […] 1/200 to 1/300 live male births. […] Incidence is likely not increasing over time. Although there have been some data suggesting an increasing incidence over time, the majority of published studies in the U.S. population indicate a stable incidence.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  The underlying causes of hypospadias are believed to be multifactorial with non-genetic factors interacting with epigenetic and genetic susceptibilities during the critical window of development between 8-14 weeks gestation. […] This brief review provides an update on variations in estimates of the birth prevalence of hypospadias, recent studies of genetic and epigenetic factors potentially involved in the etiology of the defect, and maternal and pregnancy risk factors for hypospadias, with a focus on the potential contributions of maternal medication use during pregnancy and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). […] Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects in males, and differences in the criteria used to diagnose/treat mild hypospadias as well as variability in reporting standards have likely contributed to temporal variations in the estimates of hypospadias birth prevalence.

• #27 Hypospadias in Three Generations: Is There a Dominant Responsible Gene for Hypospadias? | Demir | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1670/1030

  This report also showed us that the heritability of hypospadias was estimated to be 57-77%. This means that 57-77% of the phenotypic variability may be attributed to genetics. […] Several genetic variants carry an increased risk of hypospadias. […] As a result, hypospadias is a complex congenital anomaly that could be affected by genetic and environmental factors. Herein, we presented three generations cases in a father, possibly grandfather and three sons with hypospadias at the same localization. It was a very different and interesting experience for our clinic to meet such a medical situation. In the light of these cases, we have thought that there should be a dominant gene responsible for formation of hypospadias.

• #28 Hypospadias in Three Generations: Is There a Dominant Responsible Gene for Hypospadias? | Demir | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1670/1030

  This report also showed us that the heritability of hypospadias was estimated to be 57-77%. This means that 57-77% of the phenotypic variability may be attributed to genetics. […] Several genetic variants carry an increased risk of hypospadias. […] As a result, hypospadias is a complex congenital anomaly that could be affected by genetic and environmental factors. Herein, we presented three generations cases in a father, possibly grandfather and three sons with hypospadias at the same localization. It was a very different and interesting experience for our clinic to meet such a medical situation. In the light of these cases, we have thought that there should be a dominant gene responsible for formation of hypospadias.

• #29 Hypospadias in Three Generations: Is There a Dominant Responsible Gene for Hypospadias? | Demir | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1670/1030

  Hypospadias can be defined as a defect in the development of the ventral side of the penis along with and ectopic of the urethral meatus. Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation in males, and its incidence is 1/1,000 to 1/100 and changes according to the literature due to differences of ethnic origin and countries. […] The prevalence of hypospadias varies considerably across countries, ranging from 4 to 43 cases per 10,000 births. Blacks, Asians and Hispanics are less affected from hypospadias than whites. […] Most hypospadias cases show spontaneous occurrence and have no clear cause because the genetic pathways of external genitalia formation are poorly understood. Familial tendency is associated with hypospadias, 7% of cases having first, second or third degree affected relatives.

• #30 4.8 Congenital Malformations of Genital Organs Hypospadias (Q54.0–Q54.9) | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/chapters/chapter-4/chapter4-8.html

  Hypospadias is often an isolated (80%), non-syndromic anomaly. […] The birth prevalence of hypospadias varies widely, between 2 and 39 per 10,000 births. […] Suggested non-genetic risk factors for hypospadias include advanced maternal age (35 years) and environmental exposure to certain chemicals (endocrine disruptors). […] The diagnosis of hypospadias might be missed, especially with the less severe forms. Observing the flow of urine can aid in the diagnosis and in establishing the degree/severity of the condition. Identifying severity is important because of the different disease associations and the clinical impact. The most severe forms of hypospadias (e.g. scrotal hypospadias) are more often associated with syndromes compared to the milder forms (e.g. balanic [glanular]) of hypospadias.

• #31 Age of the Mother as a Risk Factor and Timing of Hypospadias Repair According to Severity

  https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/urology-nephrology/urology-nephrology09.php

  Hypospadias is characterized by a displacement of the urethral opening in males that can change from the typical position within the glans penis to a subcoronal position (Type I), to anywhere along the ventral shaft (Type II), to penoscrotal, scrotal, or perineal positions (Type III). […] We and others have previously reported that age of the mother (≥ 40years old) is a risk factor for having a child with hypospadias, but there is a scarcity of reports on whether such risk is higher for having a child with the mild (Type I) or the more severe forms (Types II and III). […] Women ≥ 40 years of age are 3.89 times (95% CI: 1.20-12.64) at a higher risk for having a child with the more severe forms of the condition than younger women. […] Increased maternal age is associated with the most severe forms of hypospadias. […] There is cumulating evidence that older mothers are more likely to have a child with the most severe forms of hypospadias than younger mothers.

• #32 Age of the Mother as a Risk Factor and Timing of Hypospadias Repair According to Severity

  https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/urology-nephrology/urology-nephrology09.php

  Hypospadias is characterized by a displacement of the urethral opening in males that can change from the typical position within the glans penis to a subcoronal position (Type I), to anywhere along the ventral shaft (Type II), to penoscrotal, scrotal, or perineal positions (Type III). […] We and others have previously reported that age of the mother (≥ 40years old) is a risk factor for having a child with hypospadias, but there is a scarcity of reports on whether such risk is higher for having a child with the mild (Type I) or the more severe forms (Types II and III). […] Women ≥ 40 years of age are 3.89 times (95% CI: 1.20-12.64) at a higher risk for having a child with the more severe forms of the condition than younger women. […] Increased maternal age is associated with the most severe forms of hypospadias. […] There is cumulating evidence that older mothers are more likely to have a child with the most severe forms of hypospadias than younger mothers.

• #33 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  Risk factors for hypospadias include family history, older maternal age, nulliparity, high prepregnancy body mass index, hypertension or preeclampsia, multiple gestations, low birth weight, and small for gestational age. […] The impact of ART on hypospadias remains unclear, and epidemiologic studies have as yet been unable to establish conclusive links between specific endocrine disruptors and dietary factors and hypospadias.

• #35 Association between perinatal factors and hypospadias in newborns: a retrospective case–control study of 42,244 male infants | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04906-6

  Hypospadias is one of the most common male congenital malformations worldwide. […] The overall incidence of hypospadias in male infants was 0.23% (97/42,244). […] Perinatal factors, such as HDP, multiple births and hyperthyroidism may be associated with hypospadias in male infants. […] The prevalence of hypospadias varies between countries and is estimated to be about 550 per 10,000 births, although there is an increasing trend in prevalence. […] The result of this study showed that there was a significant increase in the incidence of hypospadias in male newborns from mothers with HDP; the incidence was 0.86%, which was about 3.7 times higher than the overall incidence of hypospadias. […] Our findings suggested that some perinatal factors of the mother, such as, HDP, multiple births and hyperthyroidism, were independent risk factors for hypospadias in newborns.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/abstract/1999/07000/risk_factor_patterns_for_cryptorchidism_and.5.aspx

  To evaluate the hypothesis of a common etiology for cryptorchidism and hypospadias, we conducted two case-control studies nested in a nationwide cohort in Sweden, using record linkage between the Inpatient and Birth Registries. […] Cases were 2,782 and 1,220 boys operated for cryptorchidism or hypospadias, respectively. […] Both cryptorchidism (odds ratio (OR) = 2.22) and hypospadias (OR = 2.75) were positively associated with other congenital malformations and inversely with maternal parity (OR = 0.77 and 0.52, respectively, for parity 4+ compared with primiparae). […] Hypospadias was positively associated with severe preeclampsia (OR = 2.11). […] We conclude that the etiologies of the two conditions are partly shared.

• #37 Association between perinatal factors and hypospadias in newborns: a retrospective case–control study of 42,244 male infants | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04906-6

  Hypospadias is one of the most common male congenital malformations worldwide. […] The overall incidence of hypospadias in male infants was 0.23% (97/42,244). […] Perinatal factors, such as HDP, multiple births and hyperthyroidism may be associated with hypospadias in male infants. […] The prevalence of hypospadias varies between countries and is estimated to be about 550 per 10,000 births, although there is an increasing trend in prevalence. […] The result of this study showed that there was a significant increase in the incidence of hypospadias in male newborns from mothers with HDP; the incidence was 0.86%, which was about 3.7 times higher than the overall incidence of hypospadias. […] Our findings suggested that some perinatal factors of the mother, such as, HDP, multiple births and hyperthyroidism, were independent risk factors for hypospadias in newborns.

• #38 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #39 Hypospadias Risk from Maternal Residential Exposure to Heavy Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/930

  Using data from one of the world’s largest active surveillance birth defects registries, we identified significant associations between hypospadias and HMHAP exposures. […] This report examined the risk of hypospadias based on residential exposure to HMHAPs in Texas. Significant associations between HMHAPs and hypospadias were demonstrated with maximal risk of 1.2-fold. […] To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association of individual and cumulative HMHAP residential maternal exposure with risk for hypospadias.

• #40 Risk Factors for hypospadias in Northwest Russia: A Murmansk County Birth Registry Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214213

  We found that low infant birthweight and preeclampsia were risk factors for hypospadias in Murmansk County, which suggest a linkage to changes in maternal hormone levels during early pregnancy. […] Our Russian registry-based data showed that hypospadias was associated with low infant birthweight and preeclampsia in Murmansk County, Northwest Russia. The consistent association between hypospadias and low infant birthweight and preeclampsia suggests placental insufficiency.

• #41 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #42 Hypospadias in Three Generations: Is There a Dominant Responsible Gene for Hypospadias? | Demir | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1670/1030

  Hypospadias can be defined as a defect in the development of the ventral side of the penis along with and ectopic of the urethral meatus. Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation in males, and its incidence is 1/1,000 to 1/100 and changes according to the literature due to differences of ethnic origin and countries. […] The prevalence of hypospadias varies considerably across countries, ranging from 4 to 43 cases per 10,000 births. Blacks, Asians and Hispanics are less affected from hypospadias than whites. […] Most hypospadias cases show spontaneous occurrence and have no clear cause because the genetic pathways of external genitalia formation are poorly understood. Familial tendency is associated with hypospadias, 7% of cases having first, second or third degree affected relatives.

• #43 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #44 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias occurs in approximately 1 in every 250 male births in the United States. The incidence doubled from 1970 to 1993. […] However, some reports linked the increased rate of hypospadias in boys born prematurely and small for gestational age and boys with low birth weight. […] In several countries, the incidence of hypospadias may be rising. […] The frequency seems rather constant, at 0.26 per 1000 live births in Mexico and Scandinavia and 2.11 per 1000 live births in Hungary. […] Historically, the incidence of hypospadias was reported to be higher in Whites than in Blacks, and more common in those of Jewish and Italian descent. Subsequent assessment revealed a more balanced incidence among different race groups.

• #45 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CFH/DGDS/Pages/cbdmp/Hypospadias.aspx

  Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. In boys with hypospadias, the urethra forms abnormally during weeks 814 of pregnancy. The abnormal opening can form anywhere from just below the end of the penis to the scrotum. There are different degrees of hypospadias; some can be minor and some more severe. […] Rates of Hypospadias Prevalence Rate* All Deliveries 45.2 […] Mothers Age (Years) Prevalence Rate* 24 and under 38.6 2529 41.6 3034 45.3 3539 56.3 40 and over 54.4 […] Mothers Race and Ethnicity Prevalence Rate* American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Other/Non-Hispanic 29.8 Asian/Non-Hispanic 42.9 Black/Non-Hispanic 49.4 Hispanic 31.8 White/Non-Hispanic 69.2 […] Data Source: California Birth Defects Monitoring Program Registry, 20182020, California 10-County Catchment Area (Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Orange, San Diego, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tulare)

• #46

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/abstract/2003/09001/geographical_epidemiology_of_hypospadias__isee_168.65.aspx

  Regression analysis suggested an association between hypospadias risk and districts with surface (v ground) water supply (indicating water reuse), and an inverse association with districts with 10% and 30% of population of non-white ethnic origin. […] No association was found with socioeconomic deprivation (Carstairs score) and after adjustment for ethnicity, there was a suggestion that hypospadias birth prevalence was lower in more rural districts, possibly reflecting a strong inverse association between rurality and ethnicity. […] This study laid the groundwork for further investigation including an ongoing case-control study of hypospadias.

• #47 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during the entire study period, with significant increases from 2000 to 2010. […] The increasing trends were also consistent for most of the study period across all degrees of clinical severity of hypospadias. […] Our results suggest that the international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during 1980-2010 and that these trends were probably not entirely artifactual. Considering these trends, it seems clear that further surveillance around hypospadias is critical.

• #48 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88647

  Background Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. […] Objective To analyze the prevalence and trends of hypospadias for 27 international programs over a 31-yr period. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10 000 births. […] The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10 000 births per year (p < 0.001). [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries. [...] We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally.

• #49 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online

  https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/14907/

  Concern about apparent increases in the prevalence of hypospadias–a congenital male reproductive-tract abnormality–in the 1960s to 1980s and the possible connection to increasing exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have underlined the importance of effective surveillance of hypospadias prevalence in the population. […] We report here the prevalence of hypospadias from 1980 to 1999 in 20 regions of Europe with EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) population-based congenital anomaly registers, 14 of which implemented a guideline to exclude glanular hypospadias. […] Our results do not suggest a continuation of rising trends of hypospadias prevalence in Europe. […] We recommend that all hypospadias be included in surveillance, but that information from surgeons be obtained to verify location of the meatus, and whether surgery was performed, in order to interpret trends. […] We conclude that it is doubtful whether we have had the systems in place worldwide for the effective surveillance of hypospadias in relation to exposure to potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

• #50 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88647

  Background Hypospadias is a common male birth defect that has shown widespread variation in reported prevalence estimates. […] Objective To analyze the prevalence and trends of hypospadias for 27 international programs over a 31-yr period. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias for all years was 20.9 (95% confidence interval: 19.2-22.6) per 10 000 births. […] The international total prevalence increased 1.6 times during the study period, by 0.25 cases per 10 000 births per year (p < 0.001). [...] Although there have been changes in clinical practice and registry ascertainment over time in some countries, the consistency in the observed increasing trends across many programs and by degrees of severity suggests that the total prevalence of hypospadias may be increasing in many countries. [...] We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males. Although the birth prevalence of hypospadias has been reported as increasing in some geographic regions, inconsistencies in ascertainment of mild cases and variability in reporting standards are likely contributing to these apparent trends. […] Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males, although there are geographic and temporal variations in the reported prevalence. […] The proportion of cases that undergo surgery varies by geographic region, suggesting that parental preference and/or local practices may play a role in the decision to repair cases that are on the milder end of the spectrum. […] The incidence of surgical complications among those that are repaired is highest for severe cases; reoperation occurs in approximately 20-40 % of surgically treated severe cases.

• #52 Hypospadias – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias

  Hypospadias is among the most common birth defects in the world and is said to be the second-most common birth defect in the male reproductive system, occurring once in every 250 males. At birth, it may affect as many as 1% of males, although prevalence may vary by country. When including milder cases, as many as 4% of males are affected. […] Due to variations in the reporting requirements of different national databases, data from such registries cannot be used to accurately determine either incidence of hypospadias or geographical variations in its occurrences.

• #53 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online

  https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/14907/

  Concern about apparent increases in the prevalence of hypospadias–a congenital male reproductive-tract abnormality–in the 1960s to 1980s and the possible connection to increasing exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have underlined the importance of effective surveillance of hypospadias prevalence in the population. […] We report here the prevalence of hypospadias from 1980 to 1999 in 20 regions of Europe with EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) population-based congenital anomaly registers, 14 of which implemented a guideline to exclude glanular hypospadias. […] Our results do not suggest a continuation of rising trends of hypospadias prevalence in Europe. […] We recommend that all hypospadias be included in surveillance, but that information from surgeons be obtained to verify location of the meatus, and whether surgery was performed, in order to interpret trends. […] We conclude that it is doubtful whether we have had the systems in place worldwide for the effective surveillance of hypospadias in relation to exposure to potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

• #54 Hypospadias – FL Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health

  https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalIndNoGrpBD.DataViewer&cid=37

  Hypospadias is a genitourinary condition with displacement of the opening of the urethra. […] Identifying babies born with birth defects and collecting information about them is a first step in preventing birth defects. Florida is among the many states with a birth defects tracking system. This data, as part of the national picture, helps us find out where and when birth defects occur and who they affect. […] In 2016-20, the rate per 10,000 live births with Hypospadias in Alachua County was 57.9 compared to Florida at 70.9. […] Alachua County is in the second quartile for this measure. This means that relative to other counties in Florida, this occurs more often in about half of the counties, and it occurs less often in about one quarter of the counties. […] *Rate = Number of cases per 10,000 live births. Rates are calculated if there are 5 or more cases.

• #55 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CFH/DGDS/Pages/cbdmp/Hypospadias.aspx

  Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. In boys with hypospadias, the urethra forms abnormally during weeks 814 of pregnancy. The abnormal opening can form anywhere from just below the end of the penis to the scrotum. There are different degrees of hypospadias; some can be minor and some more severe. […] Rates of Hypospadias Prevalence Rate* All Deliveries 45.2 […] Mothers Age (Years) Prevalence Rate* 24 and under 38.6 2529 41.6 3034 45.3 3539 56.3 40 and over 54.4 […] Mothers Race and Ethnicity Prevalence Rate* American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Other/Non-Hispanic 29.8 Asian/Non-Hispanic 42.9 Black/Non-Hispanic 49.4 Hispanic 31.8 White/Non-Hispanic 69.2 […] Data Source: California Birth Defects Monitoring Program Registry, 20182020, California 10-County Catchment Area (Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Orange, San Diego, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tulare)

• #56 SPU – Inconsistency among surgeons on classification of hypospadias – a survey using the CDC hypospadias atlas

  https://fallcongress.spuonline.org/program/2023/MP10.cgi

  Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation where the male urethral meatus opens ventral to the tip of the penis and can be found anywhere from the glans to the perineum. The estimated rate of hypospadias is 1/200 male births in the United States. […] Prior to the survey, 88.6% were not aware of the CDC hypospadias atlas. […] Our result shows there is great variability in classification of hypospadias amongst members of pediatric urology societies, and thus a need for a standardized approach to hypospadias classification.

• #57 Accuracy of the hypospadias diagnoses and surgical treatment registrat | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/accuracy-of-the-hypospadias-diagnoses-and-surgical-treatment-registrat-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  The Danish National Health registers provide a valuable data source that offers unique opportunities for observational research, including studies on the congenital anomaly hypospadias. The accuracy of the diagnosis and surgical treatment registration of hypospadias in the Danish National Patient Register (DNPR) remains unknown. […] Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the male genitalia with an estimated prevalence of 0.5%0.8% in Denmark. […] Although the overall validity of the DNPR is considered high, not all diagnoses have been shown to be accurate. The accuracy of the hypospadias diagnosis and surgical treatment in the DNPR remains unknown. […] This nationwide, population-based validation study showed that the ICD-10 hypospadias diagnoses and surgical treatments in the DNPR have an overall high PPV. […] We found a very high overall PPV of hypospadias diagnosis and surgical treatment registrations. Thus, the DNPR is a valid tool for observational research on hypospadias. However, in future studies on specific subtypes of hypospadias, there should be awareness of the low PPVs.

• #58 UTHealth researchers discover boys born with hypospadias were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect – UTHealth Houston School of Public Health

  https://sph.uth.edu/news/story/uthealth-researchers-discover-boys-born-with-hypospadias-were-58-times-more-likely-to-have-a-congenital-heart-defect

  UTHealth School of Public Health researchers and their collaborators published a new study finding that boys born with hypospadias, a penile birth defect of the urethral opening, were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect (CHD) than boys born without hypospadias. […] An estimated 7.0% of boys with hypospadias in Texas and 5.5% of boys with hypospadias in Arkansas had a co-occurring CHD. […] This collaboration between researchers from UTHealth School of Public Health, along with the UAMS, BCM, and Texas Department of State Health Services, determined that hypospadias, which affects 1 out of 200 boys born in the U.S., co-occurs with CHDs. […] The data collected from the registries in Texas and Arkansas showed that boys born with the defect had a higher prevalence of critical CHDs. […] This study suggests that some boys diagnosed with hypospadias may benefit from additional screening for CHDs.

• #59 UTHealth researchers discover boys born with hypospadias were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect – UTHealth Houston

  https://www.uth.edu/news/story/uthealth-researchers-discover-boys-born-with-hypospadias-were-58-times-more-likely-to-have-a-congenital-heart-defect

  UTHealth School of Public Health researchers and their collaborators published a new study finding that boys born with hypospadias, a penile birth defect of the urethral opening, were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect (CHD) than boys born without hypospadias. […] An estimated 7.0% of boys with hypospadias in Texas and 5.5% of boys with hypospadias in Arkansas had a co-occurring CHD. […] This collaboration between researchers from UTHealth School of Public Health, along with the UAMS, BCM, and Texas Department of State Health Services, determined that hypospadias, which affects 1 out of 200 boys born in the U.S., co-occurs with CHDs. […] This study also found that boys with hypospadias born to Hispanic mothers in Texas were 1.5 times more likely to have a co-occurring CHD than boys with hypospadias born to non-Hispanic white mothers. […] The data collected from the registries in Texas and Arkansas showed that boys born with the defect had a higher prevalence of critical CHDs. […] This study suggests that that some boys diagnosed with hypospadias may benefit from additional screening for CHDs.

• #60 Distal hypospadias

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/distal-hypospadias

  Your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). […] At Sick Kids, your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). The goal is to help your child understand their developing feelings about the look and function of their penis. […] Active Surveillance for hypospadias will follow your child through 18 years of age and beyond.

• #61 Distal hypospadias

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/distal-hypospadias

  Your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). […] At Sick Kids, your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). The goal is to help your child understand their developing feelings about the look and function of their penis. […] Active Surveillance for hypospadias will follow your child through 18 years of age and beyond.

• #62 Distal hypospadias

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/distal-hypospadias

  Your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). […] At Sick Kids, your child will be actively and regularly monitored by the hypospadias clinic (Active Surveillance). The goal is to help your child understand their developing feelings about the look and function of their penis. […] Active Surveillance for hypospadias will follow your child through 18 years of age and beyond.

• #63 SPU – Aligning Long-Term Care Priorities In Hypospadias Repair Follow-Up: A Delphi Study Of Patient And Provider Perspectives

  https://spuonline.org/fallcongress/program/2024/110.cgi

  Long-term care guidelines and condition-specific measures for annual surveillance following hypospadias repair are lacking. […] Additionally, there is limited data on the differences between patient and provider (physicians, psychologists, advance practice providers [APPs]) priorities for long-term follow-up care. […] A total of 14 providers (3 pediatric urology physicians, 3 pediatric urology APPs, 3 psychologists, 4 endocrinologists, 1 pediatric APP) and 7 families (5 youth, 5 parents, 2 adults) completed the First-Round Survey. […] Of 65 potential items presented, 13 statements met high agreement among all patient and parent experts, and 48 statements met high agreement among healthcare experts. […] When considering high priority areas for annual screening after hypospadias repair, patients and parents emphasize close monitoring of urinary function impacts, potential need for future surgeries, and ensuring available support for families undergoing treatment.

• #64 SPU – Aligning Long-Term Care Priorities In Hypospadias Repair Follow-Up: A Delphi Study Of Patient And Provider Perspectives

  https://spuonline.org/fallcongress/program/2024/110.cgi

  Long-term care guidelines and condition-specific measures for annual surveillance following hypospadias repair are lacking. […] Additionally, there is limited data on the differences between patient and provider (physicians, psychologists, advance practice providers [APPs]) priorities for long-term follow-up care. […] A total of 14 providers (3 pediatric urology physicians, 3 pediatric urology APPs, 3 psychologists, 4 endocrinologists, 1 pediatric APP) and 7 families (5 youth, 5 parents, 2 adults) completed the First-Round Survey. […] Of 65 potential items presented, 13 statements met high agreement among all patient and parent experts, and 48 statements met high agreement among healthcare experts. […] When considering high priority areas for annual screening after hypospadias repair, patients and parents emphasize close monitoring of urinary function impacts, potential need for future surgeries, and ensuring available support for families undergoing treatment.

• #65 Top Published Expert Doctors for Hypospadias

  https://www.findexpertmd.com/d/Hypospadias

  460 top medical experts on Hypospadias across 48 countries and 38 U.S. states, including 370 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov : at least 77 including 6 Active, 41 Completed, 11 Recruiting.

• #66 Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.11910

  Hundreds of papers are written about hypospadias every year referring to all aspects of the pathology, being one of the most common congenital malformations. […] A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals. The most accessed was the Journal of Paediatric Urology with 54 articles. […] The present study aims to present this pathology’s current perspectives and the most important achievements in hypospadias research during 2021. […] The present study included all the articles which were published in 2021 in the research field of hypospadias with valuable information relating to surgical techniques, postoperative care, complications, anesthesia, anatomical factors, genetics, environmental factors, endocrinology, associated malformations, questionnaires and recommendations, management, biological materials, animal models, retrospective studies of centers, social media, bibliometrics, small gestational age, neoplasm, or fertility.

• #67 Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.11910

  Hundreds of papers are written about hypospadias every year referring to all aspects of the pathology, being one of the most common congenital malformations. […] A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals. The most accessed was the Journal of Paediatric Urology with 54 articles. […] The present study aims to present this pathology’s current perspectives and the most important achievements in hypospadias research during 2021. […] The present study included all the articles which were published in 2021 in the research field of hypospadias with valuable information relating to surgical techniques, postoperative care, complications, anesthesia, anatomical factors, genetics, environmental factors, endocrinology, associated malformations, questionnaires and recommendations, management, biological materials, animal models, retrospective studies of centers, social media, bibliometrics, small gestational age, neoplasm, or fertility.

• #68 Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.11910

  A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals in 2021. […] The studies were classified in the described manner and 71 referring to surgical techniques […] The most common complications after hypospadias repair remain fistula or stenosis. […] The reoperation rate after distal hypospadias repair ranges from 3.3-6.7%. […] The conclusions from the included articles relating to hypospadias research were categorized into 18 chapters: Surgical techniques, Postoperative care, Complications, Anesthesia, Anatomical factors, Genetics, Environmental factors, Endocrinology, Associated malformations, Questionnaires and recommendations, Management, Biological materials, Animal models, Retrospective studies of centers, Social media, Bibliometrics, Small gestational age, Neoplasm, and fertility.

• #69 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias occurs fairly frequently and is present in approximately 1 out of every 150 to 300 newborn boys. It is a congenital anomaly, meaning it is present at birth. […] Each year, the Division of Urology at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) evaluates and treats patients with hypospadias at more than 1,200 clinic visits. […] We have an active research team in place focused on a few core values and goals: Improving surgical outcomes: We are active in national meetings and committees designed to identify risk factors and methods to decrease them. Our efforts include identifying the ideal approach to correct penile curvature and how best to approach proximal or more severe hypospadias. […] We also perform hypospadias surgery around the world, teaching our techniques to surgeons in other countries. In October 2019, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia will be hosting an international meeting for the Hypospadias International Society. This event is specifically designed to improve the care of patients with hypospadias throughout the world.

• #70 Top Published Expert Doctors for Hypospadias

  https://www.findexpertmd.com/d/Hypospadias

  460 top medical experts on Hypospadias across 48 countries and 38 U.S. states, including 370 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov : at least 77 including 6 Active, 41 Completed, 11 Recruiting.

• #71 Center for the Study & Treatment of Hypospadias | UCSF Department of Urology

  https://urology.ucsf.edu/research/children/center-study-treatment-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in approximately one in 250 to one in 300 live births. […] In the United States, data from two birth defects surveillance systems has shown an unexplained doubling in the incidence of hypospadias. […] A U.S. study from the Centers for Disease Control is particularly intriguing because it shows that the incidence of severe hypospadias, not just mild forms, is increasing. […] This implies that the increase in hypospadias is not due to an increase in surveillance or reporting. […] A number of epidemiologic studies throughout the world, and specifically in industrialized countries, suggest that environmental exposures increase the incidence of hypospadias and other birth defects. […] Hypospadias was twice as common in the progeny of the vegetarian mothers who were exposed to higher levels of estrogenic substances in their diet. […] Based on epidemiologic human and experimental animal data we conclude that a number of genes are elevated in hypospadias.

• #72 Center for the Study & Treatment of Hypospadias | UCSF Department of Urology

  https://urology.ucsf.edu/research/children/center-study-treatment-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in approximately one in 250 to one in 300 live births. […] In the United States, data from two birth defects surveillance systems has shown an unexplained doubling in the incidence of hypospadias. […] A U.S. study from the Centers for Disease Control is particularly intriguing because it shows that the incidence of severe hypospadias, not just mild forms, is increasing. […] This implies that the increase in hypospadias is not due to an increase in surveillance or reporting. […] A number of epidemiologic studies throughout the world, and specifically in industrialized countries, suggest that environmental exposures increase the incidence of hypospadias and other birth defects. […] Hypospadias was twice as common in the progeny of the vegetarian mothers who were exposed to higher levels of estrogenic substances in their diet. […] Based on epidemiologic human and experimental animal data we conclude that a number of genes are elevated in hypospadias.

• #73 Birth Defects – Prevalence of Hypospadias per 10,000 Live Male Births

  https://nmtracking.doh.nm.gov/dataportal/indicator/summary/BirthDefectHypospadias.html

  Birth defects pose a significant public health problem. One in 33 babies is born with a structural birth defect in the United States. […] Prevalence of hypospadias is the number of live-born infants with hypospadias per 10,000 live-born male infants. […] It is estimated that each year about 5 baby boys out of every 1,000 born in the United States (or 50 per 10,000 male births) are born with hypospadias. Due to variability in the methods used by state birth defects surveillance systems and differences in populations and risk factors, state prevalence estimates may not be directly comparable with national estimates or those of other states.

• #74 Hypospadias – FL Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health

  https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalIndNoGrpBD.DataViewer&cid=37

  Hypospadias is a genitourinary condition with displacement of the opening of the urethra. […] Identifying babies born with birth defects and collecting information about them is a first step in preventing birth defects. Florida is among the many states with a birth defects tracking system. This data, as part of the national picture, helps us find out where and when birth defects occur and who they affect. […] In 2016-20, the rate per 10,000 live births with Hypospadias in Alachua County was 57.9 compared to Florida at 70.9. […] Alachua County is in the second quartile for this measure. This means that relative to other counties in Florida, this occurs more often in about half of the counties, and it occurs less often in about one quarter of the counties. […] *Rate = Number of cases per 10,000 live births. Rates are calculated if there are 5 or more cases.

• #75 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #76 Hypospadias | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects in boys. It affects about 1 in 200 boys, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Recent research by the CDC and the National Institutes of Health shows these may increase risk of hypospadias: Family history: The risk is higher if the boys father had hypospadias. […] Hypospadias is typically diagnosed shortly after birth, usually during a physical exam in the hospital. […] Fewer than 1 in 10 boys have complications from hypospadias surgery, the American Urological Association reports.

• #77 Hypospadias | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2070

  Hypospadias is the most common congenital defect of the penis, and occurs in approximately one in 250 infant boys in Europe. […] As soon as a baby with hypospadias is identified, he should be referred to secondary care.

• #78 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #79 4.8 Congenital Malformations of Genital Organs Hypospadias (Q54.0–Q54.9) | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/chapters/chapter-4/chapter4-8.html

  Hypospadias is often an isolated (80%), non-syndromic anomaly. […] The birth prevalence of hypospadias varies widely, between 2 and 39 per 10,000 births. […] Suggested non-genetic risk factors for hypospadias include advanced maternal age (35 years) and environmental exposure to certain chemicals (endocrine disruptors). […] The diagnosis of hypospadias might be missed, especially with the less severe forms. Observing the flow of urine can aid in the diagnosis and in establishing the degree/severity of the condition. Identifying severity is important because of the different disease associations and the clinical impact. The most severe forms of hypospadias (e.g. scrotal hypospadias) are more often associated with syndromes compared to the milder forms (e.g. balanic [glanular]) of hypospadias.

• #80 4.8 Congenital Malformations of Genital Organs Hypospadias (Q54.0–Q54.9) | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/chapters/chapter-4/chapter4-8.html

  Hypospadias is often an isolated (80%), non-syndromic anomaly. […] The birth prevalence of hypospadias varies widely, between 2 and 39 per 10,000 births. […] Suggested non-genetic risk factors for hypospadias include advanced maternal age (35 years) and environmental exposure to certain chemicals (endocrine disruptors). […] The diagnosis of hypospadias might be missed, especially with the less severe forms. Observing the flow of urine can aid in the diagnosis and in establishing the degree/severity of the condition. Identifying severity is important because of the different disease associations and the clinical impact. The most severe forms of hypospadias (e.g. scrotal hypospadias) are more often associated with syndromes compared to the milder forms (e.g. balanic [glanular]) of hypospadias.

• #81

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males. Although the birth prevalence of hypospadias has been reported as increasing in some geographic regions, inconsistencies in ascertainment of mild cases and variability in reporting standards are likely contributing to these apparent trends. […] Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males, although there are geographic and temporal variations in the reported prevalence. […] The proportion of cases that undergo surgery varies by geographic region, suggesting that parental preference and/or local practices may play a role in the decision to repair cases that are on the milder end of the spectrum. […] The incidence of surgical complications among those that are repaired is highest for severe cases; reoperation occurs in approximately 20-40 % of surgically treated severe cases.

• #82 Retrospective study between duration of postoperative urinary diversion and incidence of complications in the repair of hypospadias in children – Wiesner – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/9747/html

  Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation. The prevalence of hypospadias has a large geographical variation. In Europe, it is 18.61 per 10,000 births (1). […] Regardless of the surgical repair technique, the use of postoperative urinary drainage is controversial, and even though most pediatric urologists prefer urethral catheterization after the intervention, there are no guidelines about urinary diversion type and duration. […] The objective of the surgical repair is to achieve an adequate voiding and sexual function (good urethra caliber, distal meatus in the glans, no curvature in erection), with a good aesthetic appearance. […] Currently, although there are more than 250 repair techniques described, none is considered a gold standard, which partly explains why postoperative complications are frequent, more than 50% in some series (9,10).

• #83

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males. Although the birth prevalence of hypospadias has been reported as increasing in some geographic regions, inconsistencies in ascertainment of mild cases and variability in reporting standards are likely contributing to these apparent trends. […] Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects among males, although there are geographic and temporal variations in the reported prevalence. […] The proportion of cases that undergo surgery varies by geographic region, suggesting that parental preference and/or local practices may play a role in the decision to repair cases that are on the milder end of the spectrum. […] The incidence of surgical complications among those that are repaired is highest for severe cases; reoperation occurs in approximately 20-40 % of surgically treated severe cases.

• #84 Hypospadias | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is one of the most common birth defects in boys. It affects about 1 in 200 boys, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Recent research by the CDC and the National Institutes of Health shows these may increase risk of hypospadias: Family history: The risk is higher if the boys father had hypospadias. […] Hypospadias is typically diagnosed shortly after birth, usually during a physical exam in the hospital. […] Fewer than 1 in 10 boys have complications from hypospadias surgery, the American Urological Association reports.

• #85 Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.11910

  A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals in 2021. […] The studies were classified in the described manner and 71 referring to surgical techniques […] The most common complications after hypospadias repair remain fistula or stenosis. […] The reoperation rate after distal hypospadias repair ranges from 3.3-6.7%. […] The conclusions from the included articles relating to hypospadias research were categorized into 18 chapters: Surgical techniques, Postoperative care, Complications, Anesthesia, Anatomical factors, Genetics, Environmental factors, Endocrinology, Associated malformations, Questionnaires and recommendations, Management, Biological materials, Animal models, Retrospective studies of centers, Social media, Bibliometrics, Small gestational age, Neoplasm, and fertility.

• #86 Retrospective study between duration of postoperative urinary diversion and incidence of complications in the repair of hypospadias in children – Wiesner – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/9747/html

  Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation. The prevalence of hypospadias has a large geographical variation. In Europe, it is 18.61 per 10,000 births (1). […] Regardless of the surgical repair technique, the use of postoperative urinary drainage is controversial, and even though most pediatric urologists prefer urethral catheterization after the intervention, there are no guidelines about urinary diversion type and duration. […] The objective of the surgical repair is to achieve an adequate voiding and sexual function (good urethra caliber, distal meatus in the glans, no curvature in erection), with a good aesthetic appearance. […] Currently, although there are more than 250 repair techniques described, none is considered a gold standard, which partly explains why postoperative complications are frequent, more than 50% in some series (9,10).

• #87 Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.11910

  A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals in 2021. […] The studies were classified in the described manner and 71 referring to surgical techniques […] The most common complications after hypospadias repair remain fistula or stenosis. […] The reoperation rate after distal hypospadias repair ranges from 3.3-6.7%. […] The conclusions from the included articles relating to hypospadias research were categorized into 18 chapters: Surgical techniques, Postoperative care, Complications, Anesthesia, Anatomical factors, Genetics, Environmental factors, Endocrinology, Associated malformations, Questionnaires and recommendations, Management, Biological materials, Animal models, Retrospective studies of centers, Social media, Bibliometrics, Small gestational age, Neoplasm, and fertility.

• #88 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during the entire study period, with significant increases from 2000 to 2010. […] The increasing trends were also consistent for most of the study period across all degrees of clinical severity of hypospadias. […] Our results suggest that the international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during 1980-2010 and that these trends were probably not entirely artifactual. Considering these trends, it seems clear that further surveillance around hypospadias is critical.

• #89 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is common. It occurs in approximately 1 of every 150 to 300 male infants. Only undescended testicles is more common. The milder forms happen more often than the severe forms. […] The rate of hypospadias seems to be increasing in Western cultures. Researchers suspect there may be a link between rising rates of hypospadias and the increased use of certain chemicals, pollutants and pesticides. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose hypospadias shortly after birth. Checking for hypospadias is part of the routine newborn physical examination that a pediatrician performs. […] If a pediatrician detects hypospadias, theyll refer you to a pediatric urologist. A pediatric urologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the urinary and reproductive systems in children.

• #90 Hypospadias Prevalence and Trends in International Birth Defect Surveillance Systems, 1980–2010

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7265200/

  We report on the prevalence and trends of hypospadias among 27 birth defect surveillance systems, which indicate that the prevalence of hypospadias continues to increase internationally. […] The international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during the entire study period, with significant increases from 2000 to 2010. […] The increasing trends were also consistent for most of the study period across all degrees of clinical severity of hypospadias. […] Our results suggest that the international total prevalence of hypospadias increased during 1980-2010 and that these trends were probably not entirely artifactual. Considering these trends, it seems clear that further surveillance around hypospadias is critical.

• #91 Hypospadias – FL Health CHARTS – Florida Department of Health

  https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=NonVitalIndNoGrpBD.DataViewer&cid=37

  Hypospadias is a genitourinary condition with displacement of the opening of the urethra. […] Identifying babies born with birth defects and collecting information about them is a first step in preventing birth defects. Florida is among the many states with a birth defects tracking system. This data, as part of the national picture, helps us find out where and when birth defects occur and who they affect. […] In 2016-20, the rate per 10,000 live births with Hypospadias in Alachua County was 57.9 compared to Florida at 70.9. […] Alachua County is in the second quartile for this measure. This means that relative to other counties in Florida, this occurs more often in about half of the counties, and it occurs less often in about one quarter of the counties. […] *Rate = Number of cases per 10,000 live births. Rates are calculated if there are 5 or more cases.

• #92 UTHealth researchers discover boys born with hypospadias were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect – UTHealth Houston School of Public Health

  https://sph.uth.edu/news/story/uthealth-researchers-discover-boys-born-with-hypospadias-were-58-times-more-likely-to-have-a-congenital-heart-defect

  UTHealth School of Public Health researchers and their collaborators published a new study finding that boys born with hypospadias, a penile birth defect of the urethral opening, were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect (CHD) than boys born without hypospadias. […] An estimated 7.0% of boys with hypospadias in Texas and 5.5% of boys with hypospadias in Arkansas had a co-occurring CHD. […] This collaboration between researchers from UTHealth School of Public Health, along with the UAMS, BCM, and Texas Department of State Health Services, determined that hypospadias, which affects 1 out of 200 boys born in the U.S., co-occurs with CHDs. […] The data collected from the registries in Texas and Arkansas showed that boys born with the defect had a higher prevalence of critical CHDs. […] This study suggests that some boys diagnosed with hypospadias may benefit from additional screening for CHDs.

• #93 UTHealth researchers discover boys born with hypospadias were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect – UTHealth Houston

  https://www.uth.edu/news/story/uthealth-researchers-discover-boys-born-with-hypospadias-were-58-times-more-likely-to-have-a-congenital-heart-defect

  UTHealth School of Public Health researchers and their collaborators published a new study finding that boys born with hypospadias, a penile birth defect of the urethral opening, were 5.8 times more likely to have a congenital heart defect (CHD) than boys born without hypospadias. […] An estimated 7.0% of boys with hypospadias in Texas and 5.5% of boys with hypospadias in Arkansas had a co-occurring CHD. […] This collaboration between researchers from UTHealth School of Public Health, along with the UAMS, BCM, and Texas Department of State Health Services, determined that hypospadias, which affects 1 out of 200 boys born in the U.S., co-occurs with CHDs. […] This study also found that boys with hypospadias born to Hispanic mothers in Texas were 1.5 times more likely to have a co-occurring CHD than boys with hypospadias born to non-Hispanic white mothers. […] The data collected from the registries in Texas and Arkansas showed that boys born with the defect had a higher prevalence of critical CHDs. […] This study suggests that that some boys diagnosed with hypospadias may benefit from additional screening for CHDs.

• #94 Repair of Distal Hypospadias: Cosmetic or Reconstructive? | EMJ Reviews

  https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/repair-of-distal-hypospadias-cosmetic-or-reconstructive/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital abnormalities of male external genitalia with an incidence of 1 in 200-300 live male births, and its correction represents a common surgical procedure performed by paediatric urologists. […] The authors aimed to review the children referred to their department with hypospadias, focussing on late referral of children with untreated distal hypospadias. […] In the analysed period, the authors identified 17 patients who presented with symptoms secondary to an untreated distal hypospadias. […] Repair of distal hypospadias, despite being a commonly performed procedure by paediatric urologists, is still a controversial matter. […] A penis affected by hypospadias is not developed normally and if the condition is left untreated, it can be associated with multiple symptoms.

• #95 Repair of Distal Hypospadias: Cosmetic or Reconstructive? | EMJ Reviews

  https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/repair-of-distal-hypospadias-cosmetic-or-reconstructive/

  Similar to some of the authors patients, in a series published in 2009, an obstructive urinary flow pattern was observed preoperatively in 25% (16 out of 63) of patients with hypospadias who were aged 5-11 years. […] Only a few reports are available about patients with uncorrected hypospadias. […] The authors believe that correction of distal hypospadias is not a cosmetic surgery and would recommend that all children with hypospadias, regardless of the severity, should be referred to a specialist paediatric urologist. […] Distal hypospadias can be associated with both functional and cosmetic problems that may be underestimated at birth and generate symptoms at an older age.

• #96 Repair of Distal Hypospadias: Cosmetic or Reconstructive? | EMJ Reviews

  https://www.emjreviews.com/urology/article/repair-of-distal-hypospadias-cosmetic-or-reconstructive/

  Similar to some of the authors patients, in a series published in 2009, an obstructive urinary flow pattern was observed preoperatively in 25% (16 out of 63) of patients with hypospadias who were aged 5-11 years. […] Only a few reports are available about patients with uncorrected hypospadias. […] The authors believe that correction of distal hypospadias is not a cosmetic surgery and would recommend that all children with hypospadias, regardless of the severity, should be referred to a specialist paediatric urologist. […] Distal hypospadias can be associated with both functional and cosmetic problems that may be underestimated at birth and generate symptoms at an older age.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-014-0034-0

  Risk factors for hypospadias include family history, older maternal age, nulliparity, high prepregnancy body mass index, hypertension or preeclampsia, multiple gestations, low birth weight, and small for gestational age. […] The impact of ART on hypospadias remains unclear, and epidemiologic studies have as yet been unable to establish conclusive links between specific endocrine disruptors and dietary factors and hypospadias.

• #98 Hypospadias Risk from Maternal Residential Exposure to Heavy Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/930

  Using data from one of the world’s largest active surveillance birth defects registries, we identified significant associations between hypospadias and HMHAP exposures. […] This report examined the risk of hypospadias based on residential exposure to HMHAPs in Texas. Significant associations between HMHAPs and hypospadias were demonstrated with maximal risk of 1.2-fold. […] To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association of individual and cumulative HMHAP residential maternal exposure with risk for hypospadias.

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