Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypospadias – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a common malformation in fetal development of the penis in which the urethra does not open from its usual location on the head of the penis. It is the second-most common birth defect of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth, although when including milder cases, is found in up to 4% of newborn males. Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the urethral opening (the meatus) is on or near the head of the penis (glans). The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the penis, near or within the scrotum. […] In most cases, the foreskin is less developed and does not wrap completely around the penis, leaving the underside of the glans uncovered. Also, a downward bending of the penis, commonly referred to as chordee, may occur. Chordee is found in 10% of distal hypospadias and 50% of proximal hypospadias cases at the time of surgery.

• #2 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. […] Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. […] Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues.

• #3 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. […] Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. […] Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues.

• #4 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #5 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a condition that affects the penis. There are three common signs of hypospadias: The location of the opening through which a child urinates (urethral meatus) is located at a lower than normal position. A bend to the penis, typically a downward curve of the penis or forward tilt of the head of the penis. An incompletely formed foreskin. […] Despite these findings, children with hypospadias are typically able to empty their bladder at birth without any difficulty and do not experience any pain related to their hypospadias. Some may have a higher chance of developing a hernia or having a testicle which did not fully descend into the scrotum. Hypospadias is typically diagnosed at birth, but for some it can be noted later in life. […] The most common sign of hypospadias is when the location of the opening through which a child urinates (the urethral meatus) is not present at its typical location at the tip of the penis. In a child born with hypospadias, the urethral meatus can be located just below the tip of the penis (glanular or coronal), the shaft of the penis (penile), the scrotum (scrotal), and occasionally below the scrotum (perineal).

• #6 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #7 Hypospadias: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Metropolis Healthcare

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/hypospadias-types-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  The main symptom of hypospadias is an abnormally located urethral opening. […] However, other hypospadias symptoms can include: Downward curvature of the penis (Chordee), Incomplete or hooded foreskin, Abnormal spraying during urination. […] Although hypospadias is not life-threatening, it can cause problems with urination and sexual function later in life if untreated. Therefore, early identification and management is essential. The severity of hypospadias varies, with cases considered mild if the opening is near the tip of the penis and more severe if the opening is below the penis or on the scrotum. With successful surgical treatment, most men with hypospadias can achieve normal urination and sexual function. […] The primary hypospadias treatment involves surgery, which is often carried out within the child’s first year. The operation repositions the urethral opening and corrects penile curvature, if present. It has a high success rate but can sometimes lead to complications like infection, bleeding, or recurrence.

• #8 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #9 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #10 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #11 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a condition that affects the penis. There are three common signs of hypospadias: The location of the opening through which a child urinates (urethral meatus) is located at a lower than normal position. A bend to the penis, typically a downward curve of the penis or forward tilt of the head of the penis. An incompletely formed foreskin. […] Despite these findings, children with hypospadias are typically able to empty their bladder at birth without any difficulty and do not experience any pain related to their hypospadias. Some may have a higher chance of developing a hernia or having a testicle which did not fully descend into the scrotum. Hypospadias is typically diagnosed at birth, but for some it can be noted later in life. […] The most common sign of hypospadias is when the location of the opening through which a child urinates (the urethral meatus) is not present at its typical location at the tip of the penis. In a child born with hypospadias, the urethral meatus can be located just below the tip of the penis (glanular or coronal), the shaft of the penis (penile), the scrotum (scrotal), and occasionally below the scrotum (perineal).

• #12 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #13 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other symptoms include a curved penis and underdeveloped foreskin. It also may cause the pee stream to spray. A provider can diagnose it shortly after birth. Hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] The main symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other hypospadias symptoms may include: Problems peeing. Pee doesnt spray in a straight stream. It may spray to the sides or down. Peeing may also irritate tissue in the surrounding area and cause discomfort. Underdeveloped foreskin. The foreskin only covers part of the penis. Chordee (congenital curved penis). The penis curves downward. Undescended testicles. One or both testicles dont descend into the scrotum. […] Hypospadias can range from very mild to severe. A surgeon may not need to repair mild cases. But in most cases, hypospadias requires surgery. […] Hypospadias is a congenital condition, which means its present at birth. It can range from mild to severe. Without treatment, problems can develop later in life, including difficulty peeing and difficulties having sexual intercourse.

• #14 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #15 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a condition that affects the penis. There are three common signs of hypospadias: The location of the opening through which a child urinates (urethral meatus) is located at a lower than normal position. A bend to the penis, typically a downward curve of the penis or forward tilt of the head of the penis. An incompletely formed foreskin. […] Despite these findings, children with hypospadias are typically able to empty their bladder at birth without any difficulty and do not experience any pain related to their hypospadias. Some may have a higher chance of developing a hernia or having a testicle which did not fully descend into the scrotum. Hypospadias is typically diagnosed at birth, but for some it can be noted later in life. […] The most common sign of hypospadias is when the location of the opening through which a child urinates (the urethral meatus) is not present at its typical location at the tip of the penis. In a child born with hypospadias, the urethral meatus can be located just below the tip of the penis (glanular or coronal), the shaft of the penis (penile), the scrotum (scrotal), and occasionally below the scrotum (perineal).

• #16 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #17 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  The second thing that parents may notice is that the penis is not straight but instead has a curve to it. This curvature is sometimes referred to as chordee. The penis bends in a forward direction which can make it appear shorter than it really is. […] Another finding typically associated with hypospadias is an incompletely formed foreskin. The foreskin forms on the back of the head of the penis but does not completely join on the front side of the glans. This can make your child look partially circumcised. […] Hypospadias surgery is complex. The risk of having a complication or issue after the repair depends on the degree of hypospadias. Published complication rates (the need for an additional, unplanned procedure) for distal (mild) hypospadias range from 10% to 20% and up to 70% for proximal (severe) hypospadias. The most common complication after hypospadias repair surgery is a leak in the new urethral tube (a urethrocutaneous fistula). The newly created urethral opening can narrow with time, a condition called meatal stenosis. In more severe cases of hypospadias, an outpouching in the urethra (urethral diverticulum) and persistent penile curvature can occur after repair.

• #18 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  Hypospadias is an abnormality of anterior urethral and penile development. The urethral opening is ectopically located on the ventral aspect of the penis proximal to the tip of the glans penis, which, in this condition, may be splayed open. In more severe forms, the urethral opening may be located as proximal as in the scrotum or perineum. The penis may present with associated ventral shortening and curvature, called chordee, with more proximal urethral defects. […] Ventral curvature of the penis, termed chordee, is often associated with hypospadias, especially in more severe forms. This is thought to result from a growth disparity between the normal dorsal tissue of the corporal bodies and the attenuated ventral urethra and associated tissues. The abortive spongiosal tissue and fascia distal to the urethral meatus may form a tethering fibrous band that contributes to the ventral curvature. This can range from mild to very severe (90 angle).

• #19 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #20 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  The second thing that parents may notice is that the penis is not straight but instead has a curve to it. This curvature is sometimes referred to as chordee. The penis bends in a forward direction which can make it appear shorter than it really is. […] Another finding typically associated with hypospadias is an incompletely formed foreskin. The foreskin forms on the back of the head of the penis but does not completely join on the front side of the glans. This can make your child look partially circumcised. […] Hypospadias surgery is complex. The risk of having a complication or issue after the repair depends on the degree of hypospadias. Published complication rates (the need for an additional, unplanned procedure) for distal (mild) hypospadias range from 10% to 20% and up to 70% for proximal (severe) hypospadias. The most common complication after hypospadias repair surgery is a leak in the new urethral tube (a urethrocutaneous fistula). The newly created urethral opening can narrow with time, a condition called meatal stenosis. In more severe cases of hypospadias, an outpouching in the urethra (urethral diverticulum) and persistent penile curvature can occur after repair.

• #21 Hypospadias – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias

  Hypospadias can be a symptom or indication of a difference in sex development, but some consider that the presence of hypospadias alone is not enough to classify someone as a person with a difference/variation in sex development or as intersex. In most cases, hypospadias is not associated with any other condition. […] A penis with hypospadias usually has a characteristic appearance. Not only is the meatus (urinary opening) lower than usual, but the foreskin is also often only partially developed, lacking the usual amount that would cover the glans on the underside, causing the glans to have a hooded appearance. […] There is noted to be an increase in erectile problems in people with hypospadias, particularly when associated with a chordee (down curving of the shaft). There is usually minimal interaction with ability to ejaculate in hypospadias providing the meatus remains distal.

• #22 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #23 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other symptoms include a curved penis and underdeveloped foreskin. It also may cause the pee stream to spray. A provider can diagnose it shortly after birth. Hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] The main symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other hypospadias symptoms may include: Problems peeing. Pee doesnt spray in a straight stream. It may spray to the sides or down. Peeing may also irritate tissue in the surrounding area and cause discomfort. Underdeveloped foreskin. The foreskin only covers part of the penis. Chordee (congenital curved penis). The penis curves downward. Undescended testicles. One or both testicles dont descend into the scrotum. […] Hypospadias can range from very mild to severe. A surgeon may not need to repair mild cases. But in most cases, hypospadias requires surgery. […] Hypospadias is a congenital condition, which means its present at birth. It can range from mild to severe. Without treatment, problems can develop later in life, including difficulty peeing and difficulties having sexual intercourse.

• #24 Hypospadias: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/urology/hypospadias

  Some symptoms of hypospadias in children can include: […] Abnormal placement of the urethral opening. The opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis, but somewhere on the underside of the shaft […] Chordee. The shape of the penis curves downward […] Abnormal urination spray. Since the urethral opening is misplaced, urine may not spray in a straight stream. Left untreated, boys and male adults will have difficulty peeing while standing […] Underdeveloped foreskin. In cases of hypospadias, the foreskin can be unformed, leaving the tip of the penis exposed and with a hooded appearance […] Undescended testicle. Some males born with hypospadias can have a testicle that remains inside the body, instead of moving down to the scrotum […] As the symptoms of hypospadias are easily identified, a pediatric specialist can provide a prompt diagnosis and treatment options.

• #25 Hypospadias | Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hypospadias/

  Hypospadias may be associated with other findings such as: […] Abnormal stream of urine: Urine may spray or the urinary stream may not be straight. […] If the hypospadias is mild, moderate or severe, the child may have problems with toilet training due to urinary spraying and deviated stream. During adulthood, untreated hypospadias can cause difficulty in achieving a normal erection and can contribute to infertility. […] In some cases, a hole (fistula) may develop between the skin and the new urethral channel. This can result in urine leakage and require an additional surgery for repair. Sometimes the opening scars and becomes small (meatal stenosis) after repair resulting in urinary spraying. This requires a minor procedure for repair.

• #26 Hypospadias: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a birth abnormality that causes the urethra to develop in the wrong place while a baby is in the womb. The main symptom of hypospadias is an incorrectly placed urethra. Hypospadias can also produce several symptoms, such as: […] trouble with urination, as urine can spray downward or to the sides. A person with hypospadias may experience certain complications alongside their condition. Other complications that can occur due to hypospadias include: […] being unable to urinate standing up.

• #27 Hypospadias | Abnormality of the Urethra & Penis | Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a common abnormality of the urethra and penis that is present at birth; a type of birth defect. This can cause problems with passing urine and also with erections. It can range in severity. Surgical correction is usually very successful. […] Problems are likely to occur if hypospadias is left untreated. The further back the opening of the urethra is, the more severe the problems are likely to be. […] Passing urine is different to normal. Babies with hypospadias will have no symptoms of hypospadias, because they use a nappy. However, when older, the urine stream may not be able to be directed forward into a urinal. When going to the toilet the urine is likely to 'spray’ backwards. Sitting on a toilet may be needed to pass urine without mess. […] Chordee which causes bending of the penis. This is more noticeable when the penis is erect. Sexual intercourse may be difficult or impossible in severe cases. […] Mild erection difficulties and premature ejaculation have been reported in adulthood in patients who have had surgery for hypospadias in childhood. […] The success of the operation and the 'normality’ that can be achieved, depend on the severity of the hypospadias.

• #28 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other symptoms include a curved penis and underdeveloped foreskin. It also may cause the pee stream to spray. A provider can diagnose it shortly after birth. Hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] The main symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other hypospadias symptoms may include: Problems peeing. Pee doesnt spray in a straight stream. It may spray to the sides or down. Peeing may also irritate tissue in the surrounding area and cause discomfort. Underdeveloped foreskin. The foreskin only covers part of the penis. Chordee (congenital curved penis). The penis curves downward. Undescended testicles. One or both testicles dont descend into the scrotum. […] Hypospadias can range from very mild to severe. A surgeon may not need to repair mild cases. But in most cases, hypospadias requires surgery. […] Hypospadias is a congenital condition, which means its present at birth. It can range from mild to severe. Without treatment, problems can develop later in life, including difficulty peeing and difficulties having sexual intercourse.

• #29 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other symptoms include a curved penis and underdeveloped foreskin. It also may cause the pee stream to spray. A provider can diagnose it shortly after birth. Hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] The main symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other hypospadias symptoms may include: Problems peeing. Pee doesnt spray in a straight stream. It may spray to the sides or down. Peeing may also irritate tissue in the surrounding area and cause discomfort. Underdeveloped foreskin. The foreskin only covers part of the penis. Chordee (congenital curved penis). The penis curves downward. Undescended testicles. One or both testicles dont descend into the scrotum. […] Hypospadias can range from very mild to severe. A surgeon may not need to repair mild cases. But in most cases, hypospadias requires surgery. […] Hypospadias is a congenital condition, which means its present at birth. It can range from mild to severe. Without treatment, problems can develop later in life, including difficulty peeing and difficulties having sexual intercourse.

• #30 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a condition that affects the penis. There are three common signs of hypospadias: The location of the opening through which a child urinates (urethral meatus) is located at a lower than normal position. A bend to the penis, typically a downward curve of the penis or forward tilt of the head of the penis. An incompletely formed foreskin. […] Despite these findings, children with hypospadias are typically able to empty their bladder at birth without any difficulty and do not experience any pain related to their hypospadias. Some may have a higher chance of developing a hernia or having a testicle which did not fully descend into the scrotum. Hypospadias is typically diagnosed at birth, but for some it can be noted later in life. […] The most common sign of hypospadias is when the location of the opening through which a child urinates (the urethral meatus) is not present at its typical location at the tip of the penis. In a child born with hypospadias, the urethral meatus can be located just below the tip of the penis (glanular or coronal), the shaft of the penis (penile), the scrotum (scrotal), and occasionally below the scrotum (perineal).

• #31 Hypospadias: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15060-hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other symptoms include a curved penis and underdeveloped foreskin. It also may cause the pee stream to spray. A provider can diagnose it shortly after birth. Hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] The main symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus isnt at the tip of the penis. Other hypospadias symptoms may include: Problems peeing. Pee doesnt spray in a straight stream. It may spray to the sides or down. Peeing may also irritate tissue in the surrounding area and cause discomfort. Underdeveloped foreskin. The foreskin only covers part of the penis. Chordee (congenital curved penis). The penis curves downward. Undescended testicles. One or both testicles dont descend into the scrotum. […] Hypospadias can range from very mild to severe. A surgeon may not need to repair mild cases. But in most cases, hypospadias requires surgery. […] Hypospadias is a congenital condition, which means its present at birth. It can range from mild to severe. Without treatment, problems can develop later in life, including difficulty peeing and difficulties having sexual intercourse.

• #32 Hypospadias: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/urology/hypospadias

  Some symptoms of hypospadias in children can include: […] Abnormal placement of the urethral opening. The opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis, but somewhere on the underside of the shaft […] Chordee. The shape of the penis curves downward […] Abnormal urination spray. Since the urethral opening is misplaced, urine may not spray in a straight stream. Left untreated, boys and male adults will have difficulty peeing while standing […] Underdeveloped foreskin. In cases of hypospadias, the foreskin can be unformed, leaving the tip of the penis exposed and with a hooded appearance […] Undescended testicle. Some males born with hypospadias can have a testicle that remains inside the body, instead of moving down to the scrotum […] As the symptoms of hypospadias are easily identified, a pediatric specialist can provide a prompt diagnosis and treatment options.

• #33 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #34 Hypospadias Repair: Purpose, Procedure, Risks & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/15991-hypospadias-repair

  Hypospadias is a congenital condition (you’re born with it) in which your urethra (the tube where pee and sperm leave your body) doesn’t properly develop in your penis. Another name for the opening of the urethra is the meatus (me-ate-us). The meatus is typically at the end of your penis. […] If your child has hypospadias, they may also have congenital penile curvature (chordee) and penoscrotal transposition (a condition in which their scrotum forms above their penis). Your child’s healthcare provider may need to correct these conditions as well. […] A hypospadias repair isn’t always necessary. One of the main objectives of hypospadias repair is to make urinating (peeing) and achieving orgasm (ejaculating) easier and more comfortable. […] If your child has minor hypospadias, they may not need a hypospadias repair.

• #35 Hypospadias

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/hypospadias/

  There is not a straight stream of urine. […] While hypospadias is usually detected at birth, in some instances it is not picked up for several years. […] Unless very mild, hypospadias is usually corrected by surgery to: move the hole (urethral opening) to the tip of the penis, and close over the hole that was previously there this will enable your child to urinate standing up and with a straight stream of urine. […] Surgery to correct hypospadias should be only done by an experienced paediatric urologist. […] Hypospadias will not correct itself over time. Mild hypospadias may need no correction, but other types will require a surgical repair. […] Every effort is made by your child’s surgeon to make the penis look and function normally. Intercourse is usually not affected in the long term, but each outcome is different.

• #36 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #37 Hypospadias in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hypospadias-in-children-90-P02373

  Hypospadias can prevent normal urine flow. Later in life it can cause problems with semen flow. This can lead to not being able to have children (infertility). […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Abnormal look of foreskin and penis, Abnormal direction of urine stream, End of penis curves downward. […] If a hypospadias is not repaired, your child may have problems such as: Abnormal urine stream. The urine stream may point in the direction of the opening, such as downward. Or it may spray in many directions. Curving penis. As your child grows, his penis may curve. This can cause sexual problems later in life. Infertility. If the urethral opening is closer to the scrotum or perineum, your child may have problems with fertility later in life. […] If the condition is not repaired, your child may have problems such as abnormal urine flow, a curving penis, and infertility.

• #38 Hypospadias – symptoms and treatment

  https://asiamd.com/2022/07/19/hypospadias-symptoms-and-treatment/

  For boys with this condition, known as hypospadias, the urethra is too short, and the urethra opening is not at the tip of the penis. It is on the shaft or base of the penis, or even between the testicles. […] Boys with hypospadias could have a deviated urine stream, spraying of urine, and sometimes have to sit on the toilet bowl to void to avoid wetting their underwear. As they grow older, they could also have difficulties during sexual intercourse.

• #39 Hypospadias in boys – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/hypospadias

  As they grow, boys with this condition may not be able to urinate standing up. When the condition is not treated, hypospadias will likely cause problems with sexual function, such as difficulty having an erection or ejaculating. […] If the condition is left uncorrected, boys will have complications urinating and potentially with fertility, as the delivery of sperm will be altered. In some cases, a boy will have problems maintaining an erection. […] Treatment will address three issues: Moving the opening of the urethra to its normal place, Removing any curve of the penis, Improving the appearance of the penis.

• #40 Hypospadias and Increased Risk for Psychiatric Symptoms in Both Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8904899/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations in boys. Due to abnormal appearance in the penis with abnormal urination and erection, patients with hypospadias were vulnerable to suffering from stress and psychiatric difficulties. […] Eight out of seventeen (8/17, 47%) included studies explicitly showed that patients with hypospadias had a significantly higher risk of psychosocial disorders (all P 0.05). Specific types of psychiatric disorders included depression, anxiety, shyness, timidness, isolation, fear of ridicule, attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum, behavioral/emotional disorders, temper tantrums, emotionality, affective, psychosexual problems, and suicidal tendencies. […] Based on this review, psychiatric illnesses are frequently detected in hypospadiac patients’ childhood, thus proper psychiatric guidance and early interventions from physicians, nurses, and parents may help these children to grow into less affected men.

• #41 Hypospadias | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/hypospadias.html

  Hypospadias can lead to problems later in life if untreated. Examples are difficulty performing sexual intercourse or difficulty urinating while standing. […] Most cases of hypospadias will need surgery to correct the defect. […] Boys usually have surgery between the ages of 3-18 months old if needed. In some cases, their surgeries are in stages. Some of the repairs done during the surgery may be placing the opening of the urethra in the right place, correcting the curve in the penis, and repairing the skin around the opening of the urethra.

• #42 Hypospadias & Chordee | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/h/hypospadias-chordee

  Hypospadias is a common structural difference of the penis where the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body) is on the underside rather than the tip of the penis. The opening can be located anywhere on the undersurface of the penis to the scrotum. […] A condition called chordee is often seen with hypospadias. Chordee is a downward curve of the penis. This can occur with or without a hypospadias. […] Some boys with mild forms of hypospadias can have no symptoms from their hypospadias. […] If the hypospadias and/or chordee is not repaired, your child may have these issues as he grows: His urine stream may be hard to direct and control. The penis may curve as he grows, causing sexual dysfunction later in life. If the urethral opening is near or behind the scrotum, he may have fertility problems later in life.

• #43 Hypospadias | Abnormality of the Urethra & Penis | Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a common abnormality of the urethra and penis that is present at birth; a type of birth defect. This can cause problems with passing urine and also with erections. It can range in severity. Surgical correction is usually very successful. […] Problems are likely to occur if hypospadias is left untreated. The further back the opening of the urethra is, the more severe the problems are likely to be. […] Passing urine is different to normal. Babies with hypospadias will have no symptoms of hypospadias, because they use a nappy. However, when older, the urine stream may not be able to be directed forward into a urinal. When going to the toilet the urine is likely to 'spray’ backwards. Sitting on a toilet may be needed to pass urine without mess. […] Chordee which causes bending of the penis. This is more noticeable when the penis is erect. Sexual intercourse may be difficult or impossible in severe cases. […] Mild erection difficulties and premature ejaculation have been reported in adulthood in patients who have had surgery for hypospadias in childhood. […] The success of the operation and the 'normality’ that can be achieved, depend on the severity of the hypospadias.

• #44 Hypospadias | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/hypospadias

  Mild hypospadias usually does not cause symptoms, especially in newborns and young children. […] If it’s more severe, a person may have problems such as spraying urine, having difficulty directing the urine stream, and having erections that are not straight. In some cases, this defect may make it impossible to urinate while standing. […] Complications are more likely to occur in older children and adults. They can include bleeding, infection, narrowing of the urethra (stricture), and curvature of the penis. […] Most people are able to urinate successfully from a standing position after surgical treatment of this condition.

• #45 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #46 Hypospadias | Abnormality of the Urethra & Penis | Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a common abnormality of the urethra and penis that is present at birth; a type of birth defect. This can cause problems with passing urine and also with erections. It can range in severity. Surgical correction is usually very successful. […] Problems are likely to occur if hypospadias is left untreated. The further back the opening of the urethra is, the more severe the problems are likely to be. […] Passing urine is different to normal. Babies with hypospadias will have no symptoms of hypospadias, because they use a nappy. However, when older, the urine stream may not be able to be directed forward into a urinal. When going to the toilet the urine is likely to 'spray’ backwards. Sitting on a toilet may be needed to pass urine without mess. […] Chordee which causes bending of the penis. This is more noticeable when the penis is erect. Sexual intercourse may be difficult or impossible in severe cases. […] Mild erection difficulties and premature ejaculation have been reported in adulthood in patients who have had surgery for hypospadias in childhood. […] The success of the operation and the 'normality’ that can be achieved, depend on the severity of the hypospadias.

• #47 Hypospadias: Adult Sexual Function and Fertility Concerns After Pediatric Repair – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/april-extra-2023/hypospadias-adult-sexual-function-and-fertility-concerns-after-pediatric-repair

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in boys, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 150-300 live births. It consists of the classic triad of a dorsally hooded foreskin, an ectopic urethral meatus, and ventral penile curvature. Hypospadias can present in a wide clinical spectrum. With mild presentation, consisting of a meatus located on the glans penis and no chordee present, surgical intervention can be potentially avoided with minimal functional impairment. On the severe end, patients can have debilitating sexual and voiding function that is significantly impaired and, if left uncorrected, can suffer from shorter penile length, painful erections, inability to direct urine stream, and poor body image through adulthood. […] The prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) is difficult to interpret due to the commonly multifactorial nature of ED predisposition. When considering all hypospadias repairs, multiple studies have shown no difference between patients and controls—though these are limited by small study cohorts.

• #48 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #49 Hypospadias: Adult Sexual Function and Fertility Concerns After Pediatric Repair – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2023/april-extra-2023/hypospadias-adult-sexual-function-and-fertility-concerns-after-pediatric-repair

  Those with a history of proximal hypospadias repair may have a 2-4 times increased risk of mild to moderate ED compared to distal repairs, and an estimated one-third of patients with a history of multiple failed repairs suffer from ED. […] Ejaculatory dysfunction can also occur with hypospadias repairs, with an estimated incidence of 12.3% in one study. […] In regard to fertility, these patients may have underlying testicular dysfunction with abnormalities in hormone production and/or semen parameters. […] In general, adult men following hypospadias repair as a child do not have impaired semen parameters compared to the general population. […] Several studies have suggested that patients with hypospadias had a lower probability of having a biological child, which was demonstrated in a population-based cohort study of 1.2 million Swedish men with both distal and proximal hypospadias. […] Overall, it is still uncertain whether the decreased paternity rate is a direct result of subfertility and testicular dysgenesis in this population, or related to the concurrent psychosocial factors or body image perception leading to sexual dysfunction.

• #50 Hypospadias in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hypospadias-in-children-90-P02373

  Hypospadias can prevent normal urine flow. Later in life it can cause problems with semen flow. This can lead to not being able to have children (infertility). […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Abnormal look of foreskin and penis, Abnormal direction of urine stream, End of penis curves downward. […] If a hypospadias is not repaired, your child may have problems such as: Abnormal urine stream. The urine stream may point in the direction of the opening, such as downward. Or it may spray in many directions. Curving penis. As your child grows, his penis may curve. This can cause sexual problems later in life. Infertility. If the urethral opening is closer to the scrotum or perineum, your child may have problems with fertility later in life. […] If the condition is not repaired, your child may have problems such as abnormal urine flow, a curving penis, and infertility.

• #51 Hypospadias in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/hypospadias-children

  Hypospadias is a problem where the opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. With hypospadias, the end of the tube is lower down on the underside of the penis. Or it may be in the scrotum. The fold of skin on top of the penis (the foreskin) also forms abnormally. Hypospadias can prevent normal urine flow. Later in life it can cause problems with semen flow. This can lead to not being able to have children (infertility). […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Abnormal look of foreskin and penis, Abnormal direction of urine stream, End of penis curves downward. […] If a hypospadias is not repaired, your child may have problems, such as: Abnormal urine stream. The urine stream may point in the direction of the opening, such as downward. Or it may spray in many directions. Curving penis. As your child grows, his penis may curve. This can cause sexual problems later in life. Infertility. If the urethral opening is closer to the scrotum or perineum, your child may have problems with fertility later in life. […] If the condition is not repaired, your child may have problems, such as abnormal urine flow, a curving penis, and infertility.

• #52

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/hypospadias-chordee

  When hypospadias is severe and chordee is present, the surgery required may be more extensive than the standard hypospadias corrective surgery. […] Hypospadias does not directly cause infertility. However, men with severe hypospadias may be infertile due to accompanying problems with the testes. […] Hypospadias does not inhibit sexual sensation or orgasm. Some parents ask whether plastic surgery to correct hypospadias and/or chordee will damage erotic sensation. Fortunately, corrective plastic surgery of the penis or testicles will not normally inhibit erotic sensation or the ability to reach orgasm.

• #53 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. […] Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. […] Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues.

• #54 Hypospadias and Increased Risk for Psychiatric Symptoms in Both Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8904899/

  The mean age of the hypospadiac patients ranged from 20.4 months to 34.2 years. The standard surgical age for hypospadias ranged from 20.4 months to 21.5 years. Types of psychiatric disorders reported in the 17 eligible studies included depression, anxiety, shyness, timidness, isolation, fear of ridicule, attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum, behavioral/emotional disorders, temper tantrums, emotionality, lack of vitality, esteem troubles, affective disorder, gender identity, psychosexual problem, gender-role behavior, and suicidal tendencies. […] The evidence of psychological disorders in hypospadiac patients reported in the 17 included studies was illustrated in the Discussion Section. […] Based on this review, hypospadiac patients’ mental illnesses could be commonly detected in their childhood. Boys with hypospadias are recommended to be evaluated on their psychiatric status, which has crucial importance. Besides, proper psychiatric guidance and early interventions from physicians, nurses, and patients may help these children to grow into less affected men.

• #55 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Overall, cosmetic outcome is considered satisfactory in more than 70% of all patients after hypospadias repair. The worst results (from self-reported questionnaires) are in those patients treated for proximal and complex hypospadias; in this group, more than 50% were dissatisfied with the appearance of their penis. […] Lower urinary tract symptoms were twice as common in patients who had undergone hypospadias repair than in controls. An obstructive urinary flow pattern is frequently seen after tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, which might be caused by abnormal elastic qualities of the created tube. After proximal hypospadias repair, almost 39% of the patients reported voiding dysfunction, mainly hesitancy and spraying. […] Urinary complications (e.g., meatal stenosis, fistula, or urethral stenosis) can still occur years after initial repair, and long-term follow-up is therefore advised.

• #56 Hypospadias – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias

  Problems that can arise include a small hole in the urinary channel below the meatus, called a fistula. The head of the penis, which is open at birth in children with hypospadias and is closed around the urinary channel at surgery, sometimes reopens, known as glans dehiscence. The new urinary opening can scar, resulting in meatal stenosis, or internal scarring can create a stricture, either of which cause partial blockage to urinating. […] Most complications are discovered within six months after surgery, although they occasionally are not found for many years. In general, when no problems are apparent after repair in childhood, new complications arising after puberty are uncommon. However, some problems that were not adequately repaired in childhood may become more pronounced when the penis grows at puberty, such as residual penile curvature or urine spraying due to rupture of the repair at the head of the penis.

• #57 Hypospadias | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/hypospadias

  Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus (urine hole) closer to the scrotum than its its normal position on the head of the penis. There are varying degrees of severity of the hypospadias defect. […] Anterior hypospadias (50% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located on the head or just below the coronal rim of the penis. These are less severe defects. […] Middle hypospadias (30% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is located along the shaft of the penis. […] Posterior hypospadias (20% of cases): This occurs when the urine hole is close to the scrotum. These cases represent a more severe defect. […] There are varying degrees of severity of each of these defects. Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. […] The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. This occurs in about 5% of cases and is most often recognized by the parent seeing 2 separate urinary streams.

• #58 Hypospadias

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20228088

  In hypospadias, the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation. […] For most men, surgery is highly successful. Most of the time the penis looks typical after surgery. Most men can pass urine properly. And with successful hypospadias treatment, the condition won’t block sperm from fertilizing an egg. […] Occasionally, a hole called a fistula develops along the underside of the penis where the new urinary channel was created. This results in urine leaking. Rarely, there is a problem with wound healing or scarring. These complications may need another surgery for repair.

• #59 Pediatric Hypospadias Program – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/urology/hypospadias-program/

  Although rare, strictures or fistulas can develop after the hypospadias repair has been made. These are either “leaks” where a second hole develops along the site repaired (fistula) or an area within the urethra that scars and tightens causing a stricture. Signs that a stricture has developed include urinary tract infections, straining to urinate or feeling like one has to push or grunt to urinate.

• #60 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  The second thing that parents may notice is that the penis is not straight but instead has a curve to it. This curvature is sometimes referred to as chordee. The penis bends in a forward direction which can make it appear shorter than it really is. […] Another finding typically associated with hypospadias is an incompletely formed foreskin. The foreskin forms on the back of the head of the penis but does not completely join on the front side of the glans. This can make your child look partially circumcised. […] Hypospadias surgery is complex. The risk of having a complication or issue after the repair depends on the degree of hypospadias. Published complication rates (the need for an additional, unplanned procedure) for distal (mild) hypospadias range from 10% to 20% and up to 70% for proximal (severe) hypospadias. The most common complication after hypospadias repair surgery is a leak in the new urethral tube (a urethrocutaneous fistula). The newly created urethral opening can narrow with time, a condition called meatal stenosis. In more severe cases of hypospadias, an outpouching in the urethra (urethral diverticulum) and persistent penile curvature can occur after repair.

• #61 Hypospadias | Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hypospadias/

  Hypospadias may be associated with other findings such as: […] Abnormal stream of urine: Urine may spray or the urinary stream may not be straight. […] If the hypospadias is mild, moderate or severe, the child may have problems with toilet training due to urinary spraying and deviated stream. During adulthood, untreated hypospadias can cause difficulty in achieving a normal erection and can contribute to infertility. […] In some cases, a hole (fistula) may develop between the skin and the new urethral channel. This can result in urine leakage and require an additional surgery for repair. Sometimes the opening scars and becomes small (meatal stenosis) after repair resulting in urinary spraying. This requires a minor procedure for repair.

• #62 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  The second thing that parents may notice is that the penis is not straight but instead has a curve to it. This curvature is sometimes referred to as chordee. The penis bends in a forward direction which can make it appear shorter than it really is. […] Another finding typically associated with hypospadias is an incompletely formed foreskin. The foreskin forms on the back of the head of the penis but does not completely join on the front side of the glans. This can make your child look partially circumcised. […] Hypospadias surgery is complex. The risk of having a complication or issue after the repair depends on the degree of hypospadias. Published complication rates (the need for an additional, unplanned procedure) for distal (mild) hypospadias range from 10% to 20% and up to 70% for proximal (severe) hypospadias. The most common complication after hypospadias repair surgery is a leak in the new urethral tube (a urethrocutaneous fistula). The newly created urethral opening can narrow with time, a condition called meatal stenosis. In more severe cases of hypospadias, an outpouching in the urethra (urethral diverticulum) and persistent penile curvature can occur after repair.

• #63 Hypospadias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1015227-overview

  More severe forms of hypospadias may require long-term follow-up and multiple surgical procedures. Hypospadias surgical complication rates have been described in the single digits for distal repair; however, longer follow-up, greater standardization in assessment and outcome parameters, and possibly more honest reporting have revealed complication rates approaching 50% for more proximal defects. This has given rise to renewed enthusiasm for a staged approach to these more complex forms of hypospadias, given the higher rates of success despite a second operation. […] A more recent focus has been the recurrence of penile curvature after initial correction. One study found that more than 80% of those undergoing reoperation for hypospadias complications had some component of residual or recurrent curvature. These recurrences were more common after chordee excision or plication repairs than after corporal lengthening procedures.

• #64 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Overall, cosmetic outcome is considered satisfactory in more than 70% of all patients after hypospadias repair. The worst results (from self-reported questionnaires) are in those patients treated for proximal and complex hypospadias; in this group, more than 50% were dissatisfied with the appearance of their penis. […] Lower urinary tract symptoms were twice as common in patients who had undergone hypospadias repair than in controls. An obstructive urinary flow pattern is frequently seen after tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, which might be caused by abnormal elastic qualities of the created tube. After proximal hypospadias repair, almost 39% of the patients reported voiding dysfunction, mainly hesitancy and spraying. […] Urinary complications (e.g., meatal stenosis, fistula, or urethral stenosis) can still occur years after initial repair, and long-term follow-up is therefore advised.

• #65 Hypospadias | Abnormality of the Urethra & Penis | Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a common abnormality of the urethra and penis that is present at birth; a type of birth defect. This can cause problems with passing urine and also with erections. It can range in severity. Surgical correction is usually very successful. […] Problems are likely to occur if hypospadias is left untreated. The further back the opening of the urethra is, the more severe the problems are likely to be. […] Passing urine is different to normal. Babies with hypospadias will have no symptoms of hypospadias, because they use a nappy. However, when older, the urine stream may not be able to be directed forward into a urinal. When going to the toilet the urine is likely to 'spray’ backwards. Sitting on a toilet may be needed to pass urine without mess. […] Chordee which causes bending of the penis. This is more noticeable when the penis is erect. Sexual intercourse may be difficult or impossible in severe cases. […] Mild erection difficulties and premature ejaculation have been reported in adulthood in patients who have had surgery for hypospadias in childhood. […] The success of the operation and the 'normality’ that can be achieved, depend on the severity of the hypospadias.

• #66 Hypospadias and Increased Risk for Psychiatric Symptoms in Both Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8904899/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations in boys. Due to abnormal appearance in the penis with abnormal urination and erection, patients with hypospadias were vulnerable to suffering from stress and psychiatric difficulties. […] Eight out of seventeen (8/17, 47%) included studies explicitly showed that patients with hypospadias had a significantly higher risk of psychosocial disorders (all P 0.05). Specific types of psychiatric disorders included depression, anxiety, shyness, timidness, isolation, fear of ridicule, attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum, behavioral/emotional disorders, temper tantrums, emotionality, affective, psychosexual problems, and suicidal tendencies. […] Based on this review, psychiatric illnesses are frequently detected in hypospadiac patients’ childhood, thus proper psychiatric guidance and early interventions from physicians, nurses, and parents may help these children to grow into less affected men.

• #67 Hypospadias – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/symptoms-causes/syc-20355148

  Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The location of the opening can vary and can be anywhere from underneath the tip of the penis (more common) to the base of the penis (less common). […] Symptoms of hypospadias may include: Opening of the urethra at a place other than the tip of the penis. Downward curve of the penis. This condition is called chordee. Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin. Differences in spraying when passing urine. […] Most babies with hypospadias are diagnosed soon after birth while still in the hospital. But it may be harder to identify hypospadias if there’s only a slight change in where the urethral opening is. Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have concerns about the look of your child’s penis or if your child has problems passing urine. […] If hypospadias is not treated, it can result in: Differences in how the penis looks. Problems learning to use a toilet. Unusual curve of the penis with an erection. Problems releasing sperm from the penis. This release is called an ejaculation.

• #68 Hypospadias In Infants | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/hypospadias/

  Hypospadias is a congenital (present at birth) condition in males. It affects the urethra (tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis) and the foreskin of the penis. […] With hypospadias, the urethral opening (where urine comes out) is on the underside of the penis instead of on the tip. The different types of hypospadias are named according to where on the penis the urethral opening is located. A child with hypospadias may also have a bend to his penis, called chordee or a curvature. The lower portion of the foreskin may also be missing. Children with hypospadias should not be circumcised at birth until they see a pediatric urologist. […] Signs and symptoms include: Unusual appearance of the foreskin and penis (may not be symmetrical or appear disfigured), Abnormal direction of urine stream (may come from underside of penis, or wherever the urethra exits the penis), A downward curve to the penis.

• #69 Hypospadias

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/hypospadias/

  Hypospadias is an abnormality of the penis. It affects about one in 150 male babies, and is usually detected at birth. […] The urethra is a tube connecting the bladder to the tip of the penis, carrying urine (wee) outside of the body. When hypospadias occurs, the end of this tube does not form properly and the urine can come out in the wrong place. […] In most cases, the foreskin is also underdeveloped and an abnormal curvature of the penis can occur. This can affect self-esteem and sexual function in the future. […] Unless it is very mild, hypospadias usually requires surgery. […] Signs that your child has hypospadias include: The opening of the urethra (where the urine comes from) is not at the end of the penis but is somewhere else along the penis. […] The penis may not be straight (it has a bend in it) this is called a chordee.

• #70 Hypospadias | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/hypospadias

  OHSU Doernbecher Childrens Hospital offers expert care for hypospadias, a birth defect involving the opening in the penis. […] In hypospadias, the opening in the penis is on the underside, not at the tip. […] Some boys with hypospadias may also have these conditions: The penis is curved downward (chordee). […] If its untreated: Depending on the severity, untreated hypospadias can lead to embarrassment, needing to sit to urinate, or problems with intercourse. […] Hypospadias is usually apparent but not always. Other than a misplaced opening, you may notice: Your childs penis is curved downward. […] Hypospadias is typically diagnosed shortly after birth, usually during a physical exam in the hospital. […] Most often, though, surgery is recommended to: Move the opening to the tip of the penis. […] Most boys have a normal-looking, fully functional penis in about six months. […] Fewer than 1 in 10 boys have complications from hypospadias surgery, the American Urological Association reports. Problems can include a hole forming elsewhere on the penis and scars that restrict urine.

• #71 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a condition that affects the penis. There are three common signs of hypospadias: The location of the opening through which a child urinates (urethral meatus) is located at a lower than normal position. A bend to the penis, typically a downward curve of the penis or forward tilt of the head of the penis. An incompletely formed foreskin. […] Despite these findings, children with hypospadias are typically able to empty their bladder at birth without any difficulty and do not experience any pain related to their hypospadias. Some may have a higher chance of developing a hernia or having a testicle which did not fully descend into the scrotum. Hypospadias is typically diagnosed at birth, but for some it can be noted later in life. […] The most common sign of hypospadias is when the location of the opening through which a child urinates (the urethral meatus) is not present at its typical location at the tip of the penis. In a child born with hypospadias, the urethral meatus can be located just below the tip of the penis (glanular or coronal), the shaft of the penis (penile), the scrotum (scrotal), and occasionally below the scrotum (perineal).

• #72 Hypospadias: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/urology/hypospadias/treatment

  Hypospadias is typically diagnosed soon after birth, during a newborns first physical exam. […] In cases of severe hypospadias, an excretory program test may be performed. […] Hypospadias treatments typically involve surgery, usually performed at 6 to 12 months. […] Minor cases of hypospadias do not require surgery. […] Most hypospadias surgeries can be done in a single outpatient procedure. […] Some forms may require more than one surgery to correct the condition completely. […] After surgery, a small tube (catheter) will be placed in the urethra, and the area will be wrapped with bandages. […] You may notice some swelling and bruising at the site. […] Full recovery from hypospadias surgery can take a few months. […] The success rate of surgeries for hypospadias is high.

• #73 Hypospadias factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/hypospadias-factsheet

  Hypospadias is a condition where the urethra comes out the underside of the penis shaft rather than through the tip. […] In hypospadias, the end of the urethra comes out of the underside of the penis. […] Children with hypospadias will have the opening of their urethra on the underside of the penis, anywhere from underneath the tip, down the shaft and back towards the anus. […] If your child has hypospadias, they may also have chordee when the penis bends or curves, more noticeable when the penis is erect or hard. […] Sometimes, the hypospadias is mild and may not be noticeable until your child is older. […] Hypospadias is usually diagnosed when your baby is born based on the appearance of the penis. […] If the hypospadias is severe, your child may need other tests like an ultrasound or blood test to figure out whether there are any other conditions.

• #74 Female Hypospadias and Urinary Incontinence: Surgical Solution of a Little-Known Entity

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iauc/international-archives-of-urology-and-complications-iauc-4-049.php?jid=iauc

  Female hypospadias is a rare genito-urinary anomaly, often associated with other congenital malformations of the urinary tract. […] Even though commons symptoms related to female hypospadias include urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections and dyspareunia, patients are often diagnosed accidentally during catheterization for other reasons. […] Its detection is simple but often late in childhood or even in adulthood. […] At the end of the work-up, this patient’s incontinence was both a real incontinence determined by a short urethra on which the perineal muscular complex could not act at best and a pseudo-incontinence determined by ureteral ectopy but also by the hypospadias itself because of vaginal micturition. […] The catheter was removed after a month. After the procedure the patient herself reported a substantial improvement in the quantity of involuntary urinary loss, thus proving an important role of female hypospadias regarding incontinence and pseudo-incontinence.

• #75 Female Hypospadias and Urinary Incontinence: Surgical Solution of a Little-Known Entity

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iauc/international-archives-of-urology-and-complications-iauc-4-049.php?jid=iauc

  The severity of the hypospadias is variable. A urethra of normal caliber without meatal stenosis may be asymptomatic, coming to light only when an attempt to catheterize the patient is made. It can cause true incontinence, determined by a short urethra on which the pelvic muscular complex could not act at best, but also postmicturition incontinence and imperfect control caused by vaginal voiding (pseudo-incontinence), the urethral syndrome (frequency, dysuria, urgency) and dyspareunia presenting when a sexual active life has started or recurrent UTIs. […] Treatment can be difficult due to the lack of consistent literature on the topic and also because it requires management of the other associated anomalies.

• #76 Female Hypospadias and Urinary Incontinence: Surgical Solution of a Little-Known Entity

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iauc/international-archives-of-urology-and-complications-iauc-4-049.php?jid=iauc

  The severity of the hypospadias is variable. A urethra of normal caliber without meatal stenosis may be asymptomatic, coming to light only when an attempt to catheterize the patient is made. It can cause true incontinence, determined by a short urethra on which the pelvic muscular complex could not act at best, but also postmicturition incontinence and imperfect control caused by vaginal voiding (pseudo-incontinence), the urethral syndrome (frequency, dysuria, urgency) and dyspareunia presenting when a sexual active life has started or recurrent UTIs. […] Treatment can be difficult due to the lack of consistent literature on the topic and also because it requires management of the other associated anomalies.

• #77 Hypospadias: What It Is, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/hypospadias

  Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly, which means its present at birth. It can affect any baby born with a penis. […] The most obvious symptom of hypospadias is that the meatus is not located at the tip of the penis but instead below the tip, along the shaft, or at the base of the penis. Its location determines the diagnosis. […] Other symptoms include: A penis that slightly curves downward. This is called chordee. It occurs in about 15 percent of people with hypospadias. […] If not treated, hypospadias can also cause other problems, such as making it difficult to have sexual intercourse or pee while standing. […] In general, the outlook for children with hypospadias is good. Many children who have it repaired with surgery grow up to have a normally functioning penis. […] However, as with all surgeries, complications can occur. Complications are more likely in the cases of more severe hypospadias. […] The risk of complications is highest in the months following the surgery. Long-term checkups are generally needed to monitor your childs penis and make sure that issues dont develop as they grow.

• #78 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  The second thing that parents may notice is that the penis is not straight but instead has a curve to it. This curvature is sometimes referred to as chordee. The penis bends in a forward direction which can make it appear shorter than it really is. […] Another finding typically associated with hypospadias is an incompletely formed foreskin. The foreskin forms on the back of the head of the penis but does not completely join on the front side of the glans. This can make your child look partially circumcised. […] Hypospadias surgery is complex. The risk of having a complication or issue after the repair depends on the degree of hypospadias. Published complication rates (the need for an additional, unplanned procedure) for distal (mild) hypospadias range from 10% to 20% and up to 70% for proximal (severe) hypospadias. The most common complication after hypospadias repair surgery is a leak in the new urethral tube (a urethrocutaneous fistula). The newly created urethral opening can narrow with time, a condition called meatal stenosis. In more severe cases of hypospadias, an outpouching in the urethra (urethral diverticulum) and persistent penile curvature can occur after repair.

• #79 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in men. The condition is typically characterized by proximal displacement of the urethral opening, penile curvature, and a ventrally deficient hooded foreskin. In about 70%, the urethral meatus is located distally on the penile shaft; this is considered a mild form that is not associated with other urogenital deformities. The remaining 30% are proximal and often more complex. […] Although long-term overall outcome concerning cosmetic appearance and sexual function is fairly good, after correction, men may more often be inhibited in seeking sexual contact. Moreover, lower urinary tract symptoms occur twice as often in patients undergoing hypospadias repair and can still occur many years after the initial repair. […] Long-term complications include urinary tract symptoms and sexual and cosmetic issues.

• #80 Hypospadias, all there is to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352742/

  Overall, cosmetic outcome is considered satisfactory in more than 70% of all patients after hypospadias repair. The worst results (from self-reported questionnaires) are in those patients treated for proximal and complex hypospadias; in this group, more than 50% were dissatisfied with the appearance of their penis. […] Lower urinary tract symptoms were twice as common in patients who had undergone hypospadias repair than in controls. An obstructive urinary flow pattern is frequently seen after tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty, which might be caused by abnormal elastic qualities of the created tube. After proximal hypospadias repair, almost 39% of the patients reported voiding dysfunction, mainly hesitancy and spraying. […] Urinary complications (e.g., meatal stenosis, fistula, or urethral stenosis) can still occur years after initial repair, and long-term follow-up is therefore advised.

• #81 Hypospadias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypospadias

  Recent research suggests that long-term follow-up extending into puberty is important for hypospadias patients. We will monitor your child with periodic visits to ensure that the goals of surgery are met: They urinate (void) normally, have straight erections, and the penis has an appropriate cosmetic appearance.

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