Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Q fever and prevention – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819108/

  Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium and the etiological agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonotic disease with a considerable economic impact in the livestock industry. […] Thus, prevention and control efforts should be primarily directed toward these groups and the surrounding environment. The most effective way of prophylaxis is vaccination. Although clinical data are lacking, vaccination should also be considered for persons who are at higher risk for development of chronic Q fever, including those with cardiac valve defects, vascular aneurysms, and immunocompromised patients. […] Therefore, development of an effective and harmless vaccine is a subject of constant interest of researchers for decades.

• #2 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Q Fever

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/q-fever/

  Q fever is a disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. […] Take measures to minimize contact with body fluids or infectious materials from sheep, cattle and goats, especially birth products (e.g. placenta, amniotic fluid). […] Information on preventing occupational exposure to C. burnetii can be found here. […] Information on preventing exposure to C. burnetii at public livestock birthing exhibits can be found here. […] Don’t consume unpasteurized (raw) milk or raw milk products. […] If you have been diagnosed with Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, a weakened immune system or joint replacement or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #3 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  A whole-cell killed vaccine (Q-Vax) has been licensed in Australia since 1989, but it is not available in the United States. […] Prevaccination screening is essential and includes history, skin testing, and serology, usually by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). All 3 components must be negative before vaccine administration. Occasionally, large local reactions are reported. […] An investigational vaccine is only available in the United States after consultation with the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The phase II USAMRIID study investigating the vaccine is suspended and has been since May 2011. […] Acellular vaccines include a trichloroacetic-extracted vaccine (Chemovaccine) from the former Czechoslovakia and a chloroform-methanol residue vaccine (CMR) from the United States. They have been promoted to be as effective as Q-Vax, but with fewer side effects. Phase I human trials using CMR proved that vaccination was safe. Although its efficacy has been demonstrated in rodents, sheep, and nonhuman primates, human data are lacking.

• #4 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/q-fever

  A vaccine has been successful in Australia for people who work in high-risk environments, but it isnt currently available in the United States. […] If youre at high risk for Q fever and you arent vaccinated, you should take the following preventive steps: Properly disinfect and decontaminate exposed areas. Properly dispose of all birth materials after a livestock animal has given birth. Wash your hands properly. Quarantine infected animals. Make sure the milk you drink is pasteurized. Test animals routinely for infection. Restrict the airflow from barnyards and animal holding facilities to other areas.

• #5

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/qfever.aspx

  Q fever vaccine (Q-VAX) has been available in Australia since 1989, with efficacy estimated at 83-100%. The vaccine is recommended for those at risk of infection with C. burnetii. […] Immunisation of those in high risk occupational groups is the most effective preventive measure against Q fever. This includes everyone whose work exposes them to cattle, sheep, goats, kangaroos, camels, and other high risk animals and animal products (including products of conception). […] Work health and safety legislation places duties on employers to ensure the health and safety of their workers, so far as is reasonably practicable. Ideally, vaccination should occur at least 15 days before the person starts working in an at-risk environment. […] Q fever information should be provided to co-exposed persons with advice to seek medical attention should they develop symptoms. Q fever vaccination should be recommended to all non-immune workers in high-risk occupations. […] Vaccination during the incubation period does not prevent the disease. Post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended.

• #6 Q fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/q+fever/q+fever+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, a type of bacterium found worldwide except New Zealand. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: abattoir workers and contract workers in cattle, sheep dairy and goat abattoirs (but not pig abattoirs), farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters, agricultural college staff and students and wildlife and zoo workers exposed to high-risk animals, shearers and wool sorters, veterinarians, veterinary nurses and students, professional dog and cat breeders, tanning and hide workers and laboratory personnel handling veterinary products or working with the organism, others exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos or their products. […] A Q fever vaccine is available in Australia and is 83 to 100% effective in preventing the disease. However, the vaccine can only be given to individuals 15 years of age and over. […] People considering immunisation against Q fever should contact their doctor. For further information, visit the Australian Meat Processor Corporation website.

• #7 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #8 Q fever | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/q-fever

  Adolescents aged ≥15 years and adults who are at risk of infection with Coxiella burnettii are recommended to receive Q fever vaccine. […] Q fever vaccine is recommended for people aged ≥15 years who are at risk of infection with C. burnetii and have not had previous Q fever infection or vaccination. Pre-vaccination testing is needed before vaccination. […] People are recommended to have both serological and skin tests before Q fever vaccination. […] People who are being considered for Q fever vaccination must have both serum antibody testing and a skin test before Q fever vaccination. […] Pre-vaccination testing is not needed for people who have a documented history of previous infection with Q fever or already received a Q fever vaccine. The vaccine is contraindicated in these people. […] The dose of Q fever vaccine is 0.5 mL given by subcutaneous injection. It is important to complete pre-vaccination testing before vaccinating. Both serological and skin tests must be negative before vaccination.

• #9 Q fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/q+fever/q+fever+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, a type of bacterium found worldwide except New Zealand. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: abattoir workers and contract workers in cattle, sheep dairy and goat abattoirs (but not pig abattoirs), farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters, agricultural college staff and students and wildlife and zoo workers exposed to high-risk animals, shearers and wool sorters, veterinarians, veterinary nurses and students, professional dog and cat breeders, tanning and hide workers and laboratory personnel handling veterinary products or working with the organism, others exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos or their products. […] A Q fever vaccine is available in Australia and is 83 to 100% effective in preventing the disease. However, the vaccine can only be given to individuals 15 years of age and over. […] People considering immunisation against Q fever should contact their doctor. For further information, visit the Australian Meat Processor Corporation website.

• #10 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #11 Q fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/q+fever/q+fever+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, a type of bacterium found worldwide except New Zealand. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: abattoir workers and contract workers in cattle, sheep dairy and goat abattoirs (but not pig abattoirs), farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters, agricultural college staff and students and wildlife and zoo workers exposed to high-risk animals, shearers and wool sorters, veterinarians, veterinary nurses and students, professional dog and cat breeders, tanning and hide workers and laboratory personnel handling veterinary products or working with the organism, others exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos or their products. […] A Q fever vaccine is available in Australia and is 83 to 100% effective in preventing the disease. However, the vaccine can only be given to individuals 15 years of age and over. […] People considering immunisation against Q fever should contact their doctor. For further information, visit the Australian Meat Processor Corporation website.

• #12 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #13 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #14 Q fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/q+fever/q+fever+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii, a type of bacterium found worldwide except New Zealand. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: abattoir workers and contract workers in cattle, sheep dairy and goat abattoirs (but not pig abattoirs), farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters, agricultural college staff and students and wildlife and zoo workers exposed to high-risk animals, shearers and wool sorters, veterinarians, veterinary nurses and students, professional dog and cat breeders, tanning and hide workers and laboratory personnel handling veterinary products or working with the organism, others exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos or their products. […] A Q fever vaccine is available in Australia and is 83 to 100% effective in preventing the disease. However, the vaccine can only be given to individuals 15 years of age and over. […] People considering immunisation against Q fever should contact their doctor. For further information, visit the Australian Meat Processor Corporation website.

• #15 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #16 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever vaccination is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. It’s recommended for all people aged 15 years and over who: […] work in high-risk occupations […] may be exposed to Q fever. […] Q fever vaccination is recommended for: […] abattoir workers in cattle, sheep and goat abattoirs […] farmers, stockyard workers and livestock transporters […] vets and vet nurses […] agricultural college staff and students […] wildlife park and zoo workers who are exposed to high-risk animals […] professional dog and cat breeders […] shearers and wool sorters […] tanning and hide workers […] laboratory personnel who work with veterinary products or the bacterium that causes Q fever. […] If you are exposed to cattle, camels, sheep, goats and kangaroos, talk to your doctor about getting the Q fever vaccination.

• #17 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  A whole-cell killed vaccine (Q-Vax) has been licensed in Australia since 1989, but it is not available in the United States. […] Prevaccination screening is essential and includes history, skin testing, and serology, usually by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). All 3 components must be negative before vaccine administration. Occasionally, large local reactions are reported. […] An investigational vaccine is only available in the United States after consultation with the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The phase II USAMRIID study investigating the vaccine is suspended and has been since May 2011. […] Acellular vaccines include a trichloroacetic-extracted vaccine (Chemovaccine) from the former Czechoslovakia and a chloroform-methanol residue vaccine (CMR) from the United States. They have been promoted to be as effective as Q-Vax, but with fewer side effects. Phase I human trials using CMR proved that vaccination was safe. Although its efficacy has been demonstrated in rodents, sheep, and nonhuman primates, human data are lacking.

• #18 Q Fever – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/q-fever

  Vaccines are effective, and in Australia, where a Q fever vaccine is commercially available, vaccination is recommended to protect people with occupational risk (eg, slaughterhouse and dairy workers, rendering-plant workers, herders, woolsorters, farmers). […] Prevaccination screening with skin and blood tests should be done to identify preexisting immunity to Q fever because vaccinating people who already have immunity can cause severe local reactions. […] A vaccine to prevent Q fever is commercially available but only in Australia.

• #19 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  A whole-cell killed vaccine (Q-Vax) has been licensed in Australia since 1989, but it is not available in the United States. […] Prevaccination screening is essential and includes history, skin testing, and serology, usually by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). All 3 components must be negative before vaccine administration. Occasionally, large local reactions are reported. […] An investigational vaccine is only available in the United States after consultation with the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The phase II USAMRIID study investigating the vaccine is suspended and has been since May 2011. […] Acellular vaccines include a trichloroacetic-extracted vaccine (Chemovaccine) from the former Czechoslovakia and a chloroform-methanol residue vaccine (CMR) from the United States. They have been promoted to be as effective as Q-Vax, but with fewer side effects. Phase I human trials using CMR proved that vaccination was safe. Although its efficacy has been demonstrated in rodents, sheep, and nonhuman primates, human data are lacking.

• #20 Q Fever – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/q-fever

  Vaccines are effective, and in Australia, where a Q fever vaccine is commercially available, vaccination is recommended to protect people with occupational risk (eg, slaughterhouse and dairy workers, rendering-plant workers, herders, woolsorters, farmers). […] Prevaccination screening with skin and blood tests should be done to identify preexisting immunity to Q fever because vaccinating people who already have immunity can cause severe local reactions. […] A vaccine to prevent Q fever is commercially available but only in Australia.

• #21

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/q-fever

  Workers in high-risk occupational groups are strongly recommended to be vaccinated against Q fever. […] It is necessary to screen for previous exposure prior to vaccination. This involves: checking for a documented clinical history of Q fever or Q fever vaccination, and serology tests, and an intradermal skin test, read after 7 days. […] Vaccine immunity appears to last at least 5 years. […] Access to high-risk environments, such as abattoirs and meat-processing plants, should be restricted to immunised people. […] Individuals, companies and employers can take steps to reduce the risk of exposure to Q fever through workplace design and safe work practices. […] Actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing the hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals, Wearing a P2 respiratory mask and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted fetuses, Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C.burnetii bacteria, Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Vaccination should be offered to persons in at-risk occupations.

• #22 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  There are currently no human or livestock vaccines for Q Fever commercially available in the U.S. When cases or outbreaks occur, the movement and sale of animals should be halted to limit the spread of infection. Since the organism is ubiquitous and long lived in the environment, culling of infected herds is typically not recommended. […] It is important to minimize contact of domestic ruminants with wildlife and practice good tick and vector control on farms.

• #23 Q fever – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/q-fever/

  Animal vaccination has been used in areas where the infections are common. […] More generally, sanitary measures to remove afterbirth and birth fluids, and to clean and disinfect areas where animals have given birth can prevent the disease from spreading. […] In the laboratory, strict controls are needed and C. burnetii is to be handled under biosafety level 3 standards, as outlined in the WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.

• #24 Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Ceva & Q Fever

  https://www.qfever.co.uk/prevention.html

  Prevention: Biosecurity both internal and external is important. […] Practical tips to manage Q Fever. […] A killed vaccine is available: COXEVAC.

• #25 Q fever – diagnosis and management – Veterinary Practice

  https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/q-fever

  The Q fever control strategy involves combining biosecurity measures and vaccination. […] Biosecurity measures can help reduce or prevent exposure to contaminated aerosols and minimise environmental contamination. Such measures may include strict hygiene during calving or lambing, and avoiding spreading manure, especially in certain weather conditions (eg strong winds) (Tissot-Dupont et al., 2004). However, the most critical biocontainment measures for Q fever are systematically removing and destroying the placenta and aborted foetus, alongside cleaning the calving area. […] The most critical biocontainment measures for Q fever are systematically removing and destroying the placenta and aborted foetus, alongside cleaning the calving area. […] The cornerstone of Q fever control is vaccination. A phase I vaccine is available for cattle and goats, the main advantages of which are a significant decrease in the excretion of C. burnetii in a farm environment (Pinero et al., 2014; Guatteo et al., 2008), an improvement in fertility and a decrease in the abortion rates in dairy cattle (Lopez Helguera, 2014). The vaccine can also be safely used in pregnant animals and can help to minimise shedding from infected cows, protecting naive animals.

• #26 Q fever – diagnosis and management – Veterinary Practice

  https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/q-fever

  The Q fever control strategy involves combining biosecurity measures and vaccination. […] Biosecurity measures can help reduce or prevent exposure to contaminated aerosols and minimise environmental contamination. Such measures may include strict hygiene during calving or lambing, and avoiding spreading manure, especially in certain weather conditions (eg strong winds) (Tissot-Dupont et al., 2004). However, the most critical biocontainment measures for Q fever are systematically removing and destroying the placenta and aborted foetus, alongside cleaning the calving area. […] The most critical biocontainment measures for Q fever are systematically removing and destroying the placenta and aborted foetus, alongside cleaning the calving area. […] The cornerstone of Q fever control is vaccination. A phase I vaccine is available for cattle and goats, the main advantages of which are a significant decrease in the excretion of C. burnetii in a farm environment (Pinero et al., 2014; Guatteo et al., 2008), an improvement in fertility and a decrease in the abortion rates in dairy cattle (Lopez Helguera, 2014). The vaccine can also be safely used in pregnant animals and can help to minimise shedding from infected cows, protecting naive animals.

• #27 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  As Q fever is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, interdisciplinary cooperation among medical doctors, veterinarians, laboratory working groups and farmers is required to understand how this pathogen circulates in a geographical area and to plan strategies for its proper control and prevention. […] Vaccination is followed by an active immunological response against the potential pathogen. […] Currently available inactivated Phase I vaccine for animals containing Nine Mile RSA 493 strain of C. burnetii, which was isolated from ticks, is recommended by OIE in Q fever endemic areas. […] This vaccine is reported to cause reduction in abortion rates, decrease in bacterial shedding and reduces the risk of disease transmission to humans. […] Performing repeated annual vaccination in susceptible herds is recommended, especially for young animals, in at-risk areas. […] Phase I vaccine is equally effective in humans as in the case of animals, but it is contraindicated in individuals already exposed to C. burnetii infection.

• #28 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  As Q fever is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, interdisciplinary cooperation among medical doctors, veterinarians, laboratory working groups and farmers is required to understand how this pathogen circulates in a geographical area and to plan strategies for its proper control and prevention. […] Vaccination is followed by an active immunological response against the potential pathogen. […] Currently available inactivated Phase I vaccine for animals containing Nine Mile RSA 493 strain of C. burnetii, which was isolated from ticks, is recommended by OIE in Q fever endemic areas. […] This vaccine is reported to cause reduction in abortion rates, decrease in bacterial shedding and reduces the risk of disease transmission to humans. […] Performing repeated annual vaccination in susceptible herds is recommended, especially for young animals, in at-risk areas. […] Phase I vaccine is equally effective in humans as in the case of animals, but it is contraindicated in individuals already exposed to C. burnetii infection.

• #29

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2609859/

  Postexposure prophylaxis may avert Q fever illness and death when the probability of exposure is above the population-specific threshold point. […] Current Q fever postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) guidelines for the general population are 100 mg of doxycycline (or 500 mg tetracycline 2/day for 5 days), started 812 days postexposure. […] To assist in the development of PEP recommendations, we present a risk-benefit analysis, estimating the number of cases of illness/death that could be averted with PEP after a large release of Q fever versus a treatment-only strategy where antimicrobial drugs are administered only upon symptom onset. […] Our analyses considered 2 different PEP options. For the general and high-risk populations, we assumed a PEP of 100 mg of doxycycline 2/day for 5 days, beginning 812 days postexposure. As doxycycline is generally not recommended for pregnant women, we assumed a PEP of 160 mg/800 mg TMP-SMX 2/day for the duration of the pregnancy, starting 812 days postexposure.

• #30

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2609859/

  Postexposure prophylaxis may avert Q fever illness and death when the probability of exposure is above the population-specific threshold point. […] Current Q fever postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) guidelines for the general population are 100 mg of doxycycline (or 500 mg tetracycline 2/day for 5 days), started 812 days postexposure. […] To assist in the development of PEP recommendations, we present a risk-benefit analysis, estimating the number of cases of illness/death that could be averted with PEP after a large release of Q fever versus a treatment-only strategy where antimicrobial drugs are administered only upon symptom onset. […] Our analyses considered 2 different PEP options. For the general and high-risk populations, we assumed a PEP of 100 mg of doxycycline 2/day for 5 days, beginning 812 days postexposure. As doxycycline is generally not recommended for pregnant women, we assumed a PEP of 160 mg/800 mg TMP-SMX 2/day for the duration of the pregnancy, starting 812 days postexposure.

• #31 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  C burnetii must be cultured in biosafety level 3 laboratories. Use only seronegative sheep in research facilities. […] Isolation and decontamination with standard precautions are recommended for healthcare workers because person-to-person transmission is rare. Decontamination is accomplished with soap and water or after a 30-minute contact time with 5% quaternary ammonium compound (MicroChem plus; National Chemical Laboratories, Inc, Philadelphia, Pa), 5% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% ethyl alcohol. […] Postexposure prophylaxis for 5 days by using tetracycline or doxycycline is effective if initiated within 8-12 days of exposure. […] Vaccine is primarily used in at-risk people, such as veterinarians, abattoir workers, farmers, or others in occupations that require close contact with animals. No vaccine is available for children.

• #32

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2609859/

  Postexposure prophylaxis may avert Q fever illness and death when the probability of exposure is above the population-specific threshold point. […] Current Q fever postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) guidelines for the general population are 100 mg of doxycycline (or 500 mg tetracycline 2/day for 5 days), started 812 days postexposure. […] To assist in the development of PEP recommendations, we present a risk-benefit analysis, estimating the number of cases of illness/death that could be averted with PEP after a large release of Q fever versus a treatment-only strategy where antimicrobial drugs are administered only upon symptom onset. […] Our analyses considered 2 different PEP options. For the general and high-risk populations, we assumed a PEP of 100 mg of doxycycline 2/day for 5 days, beginning 812 days postexposure. As doxycycline is generally not recommended for pregnant women, we assumed a PEP of 160 mg/800 mg TMP-SMX 2/day for the duration of the pregnancy, starting 812 days postexposure.

• #33

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2609859/

  Based on this study, we believe many cases of illness and deaths could be prevented with the use of PEP after a deliberate, overt release of C. burnetii. […] Any value above the threshold point indicates that the benefits of PEP use outweigh the risks for adverse events, therefore implying PEP should be recommended for any probability of exposure to C. burnetii above the stated threshold point. […] Use of TMP-SMX for pregnant women also favors PEP use in most scenarios. […] Based on the study assumptions of exposure and compliance, PEP may be warranted and is likely to be effective at averting cases of illness and deaths in all 3 population groups when the probability of exposure to C. burnetii is above the population-specific threshold point.

• #34 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #35 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  To reduce your risk of infection with Q fever you should: […] wash your hands after touching any animals […] wear a properly fitted P2/N95 face mask and gloves when working outdoors in areas with livestock or native animals […] wash animal fluids, such as urine, faeces and blood from equipment and other surfaces where possible […] cover wounds with waterproof dressings when working with animals […] remove and wash clothing worn during high-risk activities outside. […] Do not drink unpasteurised milk, as this may also cause infection.

• #36 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #37

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/q-fever.aspx

  A safe and effective vaccine (Q-VAX) is the best way to prevent Q fever infection. Vaccination is highly recommended for people who work or intend to work in high-risk occupations. Vaccination is also recommended for everyone aged 15 years and over who has the potential to be exposed to Q fever during activities outside of work, or in the environments in which they live or visit. […] To reduce your risk of infection: wash hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals […] wear a properly fitted P2 mask (available from pharmacies and hardware stores) and gloves […] cover wounds with waterproof dressings when handling or disposing of animal products including waste, placentas, and aborted foetuses. This should not be considered a substitute for Q fever vaccination.

• #38 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17883-q-fever

  Ways to reduce your risk of Q fever include: […] Wear a mask and gloves while handling animal fluids, especially birthing products. […] Dont eat or drink unpasteurized dairy products. […] Some studies suggest that screening for and treating heart valve problems can prevent chronic Q fever in people whove been diagnosed with Q fever. […] If you have a high-risk job and live in an area where a Q fever vaccine is available (currently only in Australia), ask your provider about getting vaccinated. […] Talk to your healthcare provider about avoiding Q fever if you live or work around farm animals and youre at high risk for Q fever complications.

• #39 Frequently asked questions regarding Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and Q fever in humans | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-coxiella-burnetii-small-ruminants-and-q-fever-humans

  In Ontario, veterinary laboratories and veterinarians who use a lab outside of Ontario must notify the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness (OMAFA) following a diagnosis of C. burnetii. OMAFA will work with the flock/herd veterinarian and producer to answer any questions they may have regarding C. burnetii and discuss biosecurity practices aimed at limiting the spread of disease. […] There are a number of protective measures that can and should be taken by people working with small ruminants. […] During kidding and lambing, disposable gloves and sleeves should always be used when handling kids/lambs and birth products. It is preferable that birthing should occur indoors out of the wind and in a location that can be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. […] Wash hands thoroughly and several times a day with an effective disinfectant soap after any contact with animals and before entering the house, handling food or smoking.

• #40 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #41 Increase in Q fever cases | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/increase-in-q-fever-cases

  If there are difficulties in obtaining the vaccine, or people are unable to be vaccinated, actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals. […] Wearing a properly fitted P2 mask (available from pharmacies and hardware stores) and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted foetuses. […] Keeping personal protective equipment (PPE) and contaminated clothing at the workplace and appropriately bagging and washing them on site where possible, to reduce the risk of infection to households from taking them home. […] Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C. burnetii bacteria. […] Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas.

• #42 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  To reduce your risk of infection with Q fever you should: […] wash your hands after touching any animals […] wear a properly fitted P2/N95 face mask and gloves when working outdoors in areas with livestock or native animals […] wash animal fluids, such as urine, faeces and blood from equipment and other surfaces where possible […] cover wounds with waterproof dressings when working with animals […] remove and wash clothing worn during high-risk activities outside. […] Do not drink unpasteurised milk, as this may also cause infection.

• #43 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #44

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/q-fever.aspx

  wear a properly fitted P2 mask when mowing or gardening in areas where there are livestock or native animals […] wash animal urine, faeces, blood and other body fluids from equipment and surfaces where possible […] remove and wash dirty clothing, coveralls and boots worn during high-risk activities in outdoor wash areas. Avoid taking these items home to reduce the risk of infection to your household. If you do take them home, bag and wash them separately (these items should only be handled by those who have had Q fever before, or are vaccinated against Q fever).

• #45 Q fever | WorkSafe.qld.gov.au

  https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/hazards/hazardous-exposures/biological-hazards/diseases-from-animals/q-fever

  Supporting control measures should also be implemented to protect other workers, visitors and members of the public from Q fever risks. These will vary according to the nature of the work and the level of risk, but the following are examples of additional ways to control the risk. […] Eliminate the risks associated with Q fever (e.g. restrict non-immune persons from visiting the workplace). […] Minimise the risks by substituting a work activity with something safer, such as changing a high pressure water cleaning method with a low pressure water system to minimise airborne aerosols. […] Use engineering and design controls to minimise exposure, such as installing ventilation systems to minimise the dispersal of airborne contaminants. […] Use administrative controls, such as developing safe work procedures to minimise Q fever risks, providing workers with information, instruction and training on Q fever, and maintaining a pool of Q fever immune contractors and casual workers.

• #46 Increase in Q fever cases | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/increase-in-q-fever-cases

  If there are difficulties in obtaining the vaccine, or people are unable to be vaccinated, actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals. […] Wearing a properly fitted P2 mask (available from pharmacies and hardware stores) and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted foetuses. […] Keeping personal protective equipment (PPE) and contaminated clothing at the workplace and appropriately bagging and washing them on site where possible, to reduce the risk of infection to households from taking them home. […] Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C. burnetii bacteria. […] Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas.

• #47

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/q-fever

  Workers in high-risk occupational groups are strongly recommended to be vaccinated against Q fever. […] It is necessary to screen for previous exposure prior to vaccination. This involves: checking for a documented clinical history of Q fever or Q fever vaccination, and serology tests, and an intradermal skin test, read after 7 days. […] Vaccine immunity appears to last at least 5 years. […] Access to high-risk environments, such as abattoirs and meat-processing plants, should be restricted to immunised people. […] Individuals, companies and employers can take steps to reduce the risk of exposure to Q fever through workplace design and safe work practices. […] Actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing the hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals, Wearing a P2 respiratory mask and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted fetuses, Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C.burnetii bacteria, Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Vaccination should be offered to persons in at-risk occupations.

• #48 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #49 Increase in Q fever cases | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/increase-in-q-fever-cases

  If there are difficulties in obtaining the vaccine, or people are unable to be vaccinated, actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals. […] Wearing a properly fitted P2 mask (available from pharmacies and hardware stores) and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted foetuses. […] Keeping personal protective equipment (PPE) and contaminated clothing at the workplace and appropriately bagging and washing them on site where possible, to reduce the risk of infection to households from taking them home. […] Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C. burnetii bacteria. […] Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas.

• #50 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #51 Increase in Q fever cases | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/increase-in-q-fever-cases

  If there are difficulties in obtaining the vaccine, or people are unable to be vaccinated, actions that can be taken to reduce exposure include, but are not limited to: Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after any contact with animals. […] Wearing a properly fitted P2 mask (available from pharmacies and hardware stores) and gloves in handling and disposing of animal products, waste, placentas and aborted foetuses. […] Keeping personal protective equipment (PPE) and contaminated clothing at the workplace and appropriately bagging and washing them on site where possible, to reduce the risk of infection to households from taking them home. […] Appropriately managing and disposing of animal products and animal waste to prevent spread of C. burnetii bacteria. […] Minimising dust and aerosols in slaughter and animal housing areas.

• #52 Q fever – ACT Government

  https://www.act.gov.au/health/topics/diseases/q-fever

  In the workplace, the following measures may also help prevent transmission: washing animal urine, faeces, blood and other body fluids from the work site and equipment, and disinfecting equipment and surfaces where practicable; minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas; keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas; properly disposing of animal tissues, including birthing products, by incineration or burial under at least 50cm of soil.

• #53 Q Fever Prevention | Who is at Risk | Q Fever Facts

  https://www.qfeverfacts.com.au/how-can-you-help-prevent-q-fever/

  It is important to implement control measures to minimise the spread of Coxiella burnetii from infected animals to humans. […] Preventative measures for Q fever include: […] Vaccination can help prevent Q fever infection and may be recommended for those who are at risk and are appropriate candidates for vaccination. […] Washing hands and arms thoroughly in soapy water after handling animals or carcasses. […] Washing animal body fluids from the work site and equipment. […] Keeping yard facilities for sheep and cattle well away from domestic living areas. […] Proper handling of animal products and proper disposal of animal tissues, including birthing products. […] Minimising dust and rodents in slaughter and animal housing areas. […] Removing protective and/or other clothing that may carry the bacteria before returning to the home environment. […] Limiting access to high risk facilities for those not vaccinated. […] When working in at-risk environments, wearing disposable face masks that are properly fitted (P2/N95 masks) to help filter small air particles and reduce the risk of airborne transmission of Q fever.

• #54 Q fever | WorkSafe.qld.gov.au

  https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/hazards/hazardous-exposures/biological-hazards/diseases-from-animals/q-fever

  Supporting control measures should also be implemented to protect other workers, visitors and members of the public from Q fever risks. These will vary according to the nature of the work and the level of risk, but the following are examples of additional ways to control the risk. […] Eliminate the risks associated with Q fever (e.g. restrict non-immune persons from visiting the workplace). […] Minimise the risks by substituting a work activity with something safer, such as changing a high pressure water cleaning method with a low pressure water system to minimise airborne aerosols. […] Use engineering and design controls to minimise exposure, such as installing ventilation systems to minimise the dispersal of airborne contaminants. […] Use administrative controls, such as developing safe work procedures to minimise Q fever risks, providing workers with information, instruction and training on Q fever, and maintaining a pool of Q fever immune contractors and casual workers.

• #55 Q fever | WorkSafe.qld.gov.au

  https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/safety-and-prevention/hazards/hazardous-exposures/biological-hazards/diseases-from-animals/q-fever

  Supporting control measures should also be implemented to protect other workers, visitors and members of the public from Q fever risks. These will vary according to the nature of the work and the level of risk, but the following are examples of additional ways to control the risk. […] Eliminate the risks associated with Q fever (e.g. restrict non-immune persons from visiting the workplace). […] Minimise the risks by substituting a work activity with something safer, such as changing a high pressure water cleaning method with a low pressure water system to minimise airborne aerosols. […] Use engineering and design controls to minimise exposure, such as installing ventilation systems to minimise the dispersal of airborne contaminants. […] Use administrative controls, such as developing safe work procedures to minimise Q fever risks, providing workers with information, instruction and training on Q fever, and maintaining a pool of Q fever immune contractors and casual workers.

• #56 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  Q Fever can be prevented by avoiding high densities of animals during kidding, lambing, and calving seasons. Carcasses, aborted fetuses, and placentas should be promptly removed to minimize spread from potentially infected materials. Pregnant, infected females should be isolated from the herd. Workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and masks, when handling potentially infectious animals or infected tissues. Pregnant women should avoid handling aborted materials from small ruminants or assisting with deliveries of premature or aborted lambs or goat kids due the risks to their own pregnancy associated with exposure to Coxiella and other zoonotic pathogens. […] Barns, especially birthing pens, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10% solution of bleach, a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 1% solution of Lysol (The Center for Food Security Public Health – Q Fever Factsheet). Exposure to dust should be minimized, and spreading of manure avoided under windy conditions. Proper composting of manure will greatly reduce the load in manure. Milk should not be consumed raw; pasteurization will eliminate C. burnetii from milk.

• #57 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  Q fever remains a neglected zoonosis in many developing countries including Pakistan. […] Awareness programs and ensuring pasteurization of the dairy milk before human consumption would help preventing Q fever zoonosis. […] Disease surveillance, regular monitoring and implementation of proper preventive and control strategies are necessary to reduce further disease outbreaks in an area. […] Preventive vaccination, manure management including covering and compositing of manure or treating manure with lime, better livestock farm and wool-shearing practices, use of isolated calving pens, restrictions on free animal movement, and proper disposal and burial of aborted materials are important measures to prevent the spread of C. burnetii infection. […] Hygienic practices, especially calving pen cleanliness, is considered an important measure in preventing this infection.

• #58 How to Manage Q Fever – Hobby Farms

  https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-manage-q-fever-4/

  Immediately isolate animals that abort from the remainder of the herd until diagnostic testing is complete. […] Individuals at high risk of developing complications should consider limiting or avoiding contact with livestock during kidding, calving or lambing time; they should also avoid contact with materials and clothing contaminated with livestock manure or birthing fluids. […] Protect yourself by wearing disposable obstetric gloves and coveralls during kidding, lambing or calving. […] Consider adding eye protection and a protective mask when handling livestock, their manure or bedding, and soil from premises where theyve been kept if you are at higher risk. […] All of this gear should always be worn when handling and disposing of aborted fetuses, stillborn or weak neonates, and birthing membranes.

• #59 Animal health: Coxiellosis (Q Fever) | ontario.ca

  https://www.ontario.ca/page/animal-health-coxiellosis-q-fever

  Separate animals that are aborting from the rest of the herd. […] Proper hygiene is important whenever you assist livestock during the birthing process. Properly dispose of birthing fluids and tissues, and keep the birthing area clean. […] A vaccine is available for livestock but it is not currently licensed in Canada. […] People can prevent coxiellosis by wearing a properly fitted respirator mask when working with cattle and sheep that have recently given birth, by wearing gloves and washing hands after handling birthing tissues and products, and by only consuming pasteurized milk and dairy products.

• #60 How to Manage Q Fever – Hobby Farms

  https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-manage-q-fever-4/

  Manage Q fever in your goat, sheep or cattle herd. […] Regular treatment for and prevention of external parasites is just as important as internal parasites in the case of Q fever. […] Although a vaccine has been developed in Australia, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent Q fever in livestock in the U.S. […] However, good biosecurity practices can reduce chances of the disease spreading within your herd or flock. […] Quarantine any newly purchased or acquired animals from pregnant cows, does or ewes until all animals have birthed; its generally safer to add new animals to the herd when cows, ewes or does are not pregnant. […] If theres an abortion, dispose of any bedding or equipment that came into contact with tissues or fluids as hazardous, infectious waste. […] Clean contaminated surfaces with dish soap and water and sterilize with a phenolic disinfectant, such as Lysol.

• #61 Frequently asked questions regarding Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and Q fever in humans | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-coxiella-burnetii-small-ruminants-and-q-fever-humans

  In Ontario, veterinary laboratories and veterinarians who use a lab outside of Ontario must notify the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness (OMAFA) following a diagnosis of C. burnetii. OMAFA will work with the flock/herd veterinarian and producer to answer any questions they may have regarding C. burnetii and discuss biosecurity practices aimed at limiting the spread of disease. […] There are a number of protective measures that can and should be taken by people working with small ruminants. […] During kidding and lambing, disposable gloves and sleeves should always be used when handling kids/lambs and birth products. It is preferable that birthing should occur indoors out of the wind and in a location that can be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. […] Wash hands thoroughly and several times a day with an effective disinfectant soap after any contact with animals and before entering the house, handling food or smoking.

• #62 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  Q Fever can be prevented by avoiding high densities of animals during kidding, lambing, and calving seasons. Carcasses, aborted fetuses, and placentas should be promptly removed to minimize spread from potentially infected materials. Pregnant, infected females should be isolated from the herd. Workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and masks, when handling potentially infectious animals or infected tissues. Pregnant women should avoid handling aborted materials from small ruminants or assisting with deliveries of premature or aborted lambs or goat kids due the risks to their own pregnancy associated with exposure to Coxiella and other zoonotic pathogens. […] Barns, especially birthing pens, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10% solution of bleach, a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 1% solution of Lysol (The Center for Food Security Public Health – Q Fever Factsheet). Exposure to dust should be minimized, and spreading of manure avoided under windy conditions. Proper composting of manure will greatly reduce the load in manure. Milk should not be consumed raw; pasteurization will eliminate C. burnetii from milk.

• #63 Q fever – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/q-fever/

  Animal vaccination has been used in areas where the infections are common. […] More generally, sanitary measures to remove afterbirth and birth fluids, and to clean and disinfect areas where animals have given birth can prevent the disease from spreading. […] In the laboratory, strict controls are needed and C. burnetii is to be handled under biosafety level 3 standards, as outlined in the WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.

• #64 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  Q Fever can be prevented by avoiding high densities of animals during kidding, lambing, and calving seasons. Carcasses, aborted fetuses, and placentas should be promptly removed to minimize spread from potentially infected materials. Pregnant, infected females should be isolated from the herd. Workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and masks, when handling potentially infectious animals or infected tissues. Pregnant women should avoid handling aborted materials from small ruminants or assisting with deliveries of premature or aborted lambs or goat kids due the risks to their own pregnancy associated with exposure to Coxiella and other zoonotic pathogens. […] Barns, especially birthing pens, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10% solution of bleach, a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 1% solution of Lysol (The Center for Food Security Public Health – Q Fever Factsheet). Exposure to dust should be minimized, and spreading of manure avoided under windy conditions. Proper composting of manure will greatly reduce the load in manure. Milk should not be consumed raw; pasteurization will eliminate C. burnetii from milk.

• #65 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  There are currently no human or livestock vaccines for Q Fever commercially available in the U.S. When cases or outbreaks occur, the movement and sale of animals should be halted to limit the spread of infection. Since the organism is ubiquitous and long lived in the environment, culling of infected herds is typically not recommended. […] It is important to minimize contact of domestic ruminants with wildlife and practice good tick and vector control on farms.

• #66 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  There are currently no human or livestock vaccines for Q Fever commercially available in the U.S. When cases or outbreaks occur, the movement and sale of animals should be halted to limit the spread of infection. Since the organism is ubiquitous and long lived in the environment, culling of infected herds is typically not recommended. […] It is important to minimize contact of domestic ruminants with wildlife and practice good tick and vector control on farms.

• #67 Q fever in small ruminants (Query fever; Coxiella burnetii; Coxiellosis) | Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory | Washington State University

  https://waddl.vetmed.wsu.edu/2022/11/10/q-fever-in-small-ruminants-query-fever-coxiella-burnetii-coxiellosis/

  Although human and animal vaccines for C. burnetii have been developed, they are not commercially available for use in the U.S. […] Therefore, prevention efforts must focus on minimizing contact with animals that may be shedding C. burnetii in body secretions and excretions. […] Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of Q fever in a typical farm setting, the risk for spread can be decreased by: Proper sanitation good hygiene, especially when working with parturient animals […] Segregated kidding/lambing areas […] Removal of risk material from birthing areas (birthing products/fluids, contaminated bedding, manure) […] Good manure management […] Control of ticks on livestock […] Restriction of moving peri-parturient animals (close to birthing or giving birth within the past two weeks) off the farm.

• #68 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  Q Fever can be prevented by avoiding high densities of animals during kidding, lambing, and calving seasons. Carcasses, aborted fetuses, and placentas should be promptly removed to minimize spread from potentially infected materials. Pregnant, infected females should be isolated from the herd. Workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and masks, when handling potentially infectious animals or infected tissues. Pregnant women should avoid handling aborted materials from small ruminants or assisting with deliveries of premature or aborted lambs or goat kids due the risks to their own pregnancy associated with exposure to Coxiella and other zoonotic pathogens. […] Barns, especially birthing pens, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10% solution of bleach, a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 1% solution of Lysol (The Center for Food Security Public Health – Q Fever Factsheet). Exposure to dust should be minimized, and spreading of manure avoided under windy conditions. Proper composting of manure will greatly reduce the load in manure. Milk should not be consumed raw; pasteurization will eliminate C. burnetii from milk.

• #69 Q fever in small ruminants (Query fever; Coxiella burnetii; Coxiellosis) | Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory | Washington State University

  https://waddl.vetmed.wsu.edu/2022/11/10/q-fever-in-small-ruminants-query-fever-coxiella-burnetii-coxiellosis/

  Although human and animal vaccines for C. burnetii have been developed, they are not commercially available for use in the U.S. […] Therefore, prevention efforts must focus on minimizing contact with animals that may be shedding C. burnetii in body secretions and excretions. […] Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of Q fever in a typical farm setting, the risk for spread can be decreased by: Proper sanitation good hygiene, especially when working with parturient animals […] Segregated kidding/lambing areas […] Removal of risk material from birthing areas (birthing products/fluids, contaminated bedding, manure) […] Good manure management […] Control of ticks on livestock […] Restriction of moving peri-parturient animals (close to birthing or giving birth within the past two weeks) off the farm.

• #70 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  C burnetii must be cultured in biosafety level 3 laboratories. Use only seronegative sheep in research facilities. […] Isolation and decontamination with standard precautions are recommended for healthcare workers because person-to-person transmission is rare. Decontamination is accomplished with soap and water or after a 30-minute contact time with 5% quaternary ammonium compound (MicroChem plus; National Chemical Laboratories, Inc, Philadelphia, Pa), 5% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% ethyl alcohol. […] Postexposure prophylaxis for 5 days by using tetracycline or doxycycline is effective if initiated within 8-12 days of exposure. […] Vaccine is primarily used in at-risk people, such as veterinarians, abattoir workers, farmers, or others in occupations that require close contact with animals. No vaccine is available for children.

• #71 Q Fever (Coxiellosis) | Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/q-fever-coxiellosis

  Q Fever can be prevented by avoiding high densities of animals during kidding, lambing, and calving seasons. Carcasses, aborted fetuses, and placentas should be promptly removed to minimize spread from potentially infected materials. Pregnant, infected females should be isolated from the herd. Workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and masks, when handling potentially infectious animals or infected tissues. Pregnant women should avoid handling aborted materials from small ruminants or assisting with deliveries of premature or aborted lambs or goat kids due the risks to their own pregnancy associated with exposure to Coxiella and other zoonotic pathogens. […] Barns, especially birthing pens, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10% solution of bleach, a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 1% solution of Lysol (The Center for Food Security Public Health – Q Fever Factsheet). Exposure to dust should be minimized, and spreading of manure avoided under windy conditions. Proper composting of manure will greatly reduce the load in manure. Milk should not be consumed raw; pasteurization will eliminate C. burnetii from milk.

• #72 Q Fever Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Acute Q Fever, Management of Chronic Q Fever

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-treatment

  C burnetii must be cultured in biosafety level 3 laboratories. Use only seronegative sheep in research facilities. […] Isolation and decontamination with standard precautions are recommended for healthcare workers because person-to-person transmission is rare. Decontamination is accomplished with soap and water or after a 30-minute contact time with 5% quaternary ammonium compound (MicroChem plus; National Chemical Laboratories, Inc, Philadelphia, Pa), 5% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% ethyl alcohol. […] Postexposure prophylaxis for 5 days by using tetracycline or doxycycline is effective if initiated within 8-12 days of exposure. […] Vaccine is primarily used in at-risk people, such as veterinarians, abattoir workers, farmers, or others in occupations that require close contact with animals. No vaccine is available for children.

• #73 How to Manage Q Fever – Hobby Farms

  https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-manage-q-fever-4/

  Manage Q fever in your goat, sheep or cattle herd. […] Regular treatment for and prevention of external parasites is just as important as internal parasites in the case of Q fever. […] Although a vaccine has been developed in Australia, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent Q fever in livestock in the U.S. […] However, good biosecurity practices can reduce chances of the disease spreading within your herd or flock. […] Quarantine any newly purchased or acquired animals from pregnant cows, does or ewes until all animals have birthed; its generally safer to add new animals to the herd when cows, ewes or does are not pregnant. […] If theres an abortion, dispose of any bedding or equipment that came into contact with tissues or fluids as hazardous, infectious waste. […] Clean contaminated surfaces with dish soap and water and sterilize with a phenolic disinfectant, such as Lysol.

• #74 About Q fever | Q Fever | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/q-fever/about/index.html

  There is not a vaccine to prevent Q fever available for use in the United States. […] Q fever vaccines are not available in the United States. […] Reduce your risk of getting Q fever by avoiding contact with animals, especially while animals are giving birth. Animals can be infected with Coxiella burnetii and appear healthy. […] Do not consume raw milk or raw milk products. […] If you have been diagnosed with Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, a weakened immune system, or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #75 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Q Fever

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/q-fever/

  Q fever is a disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. […] Take measures to minimize contact with body fluids or infectious materials from sheep, cattle and goats, especially birth products (e.g. placenta, amniotic fluid). […] Information on preventing occupational exposure to C. burnetii can be found here. […] Information on preventing exposure to C. burnetii at public livestock birthing exhibits can be found here. […] Don’t consume unpasteurized (raw) milk or raw milk products. […] If you have been diagnosed with Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, a weakened immune system or joint replacement or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #76 About Q fever | Q Fever | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/q-fever/about/index.html

  There is not a vaccine to prevent Q fever available for use in the United States. […] Q fever vaccines are not available in the United States. […] Reduce your risk of getting Q fever by avoiding contact with animals, especially while animals are giving birth. Animals can be infected with Coxiella burnetii and appear healthy. […] Do not consume raw milk or raw milk products. […] If you have been diagnosed with Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, a weakened immune system, or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #77 Prevention | Q Fever | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/qfever/prevention/index.html

  Q fever vaccines are not available in the United States. […] Reduce your risk of getting Q fever by avoiding contact with animals, especially while animals are giving birth. Animals can be infected with Q fever, but may appear healthy. […] Do not consume nonpasteurized milk and milk products. […] Certain professions are at increased risk for exposure to C. burnetii, including veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep and goats. People working in these areas may need to take extra precautions (see MMWR RR: Occupational Exposure and Prevention). […] If you have been diagnosed with acute Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, immunosuppression, or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #78 About Q fever | Q Fever | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/q-fever/about/index.html

  There is not a vaccine to prevent Q fever available for use in the United States. […] Q fever vaccines are not available in the United States. […] Reduce your risk of getting Q fever by avoiding contact with animals, especially while animals are giving birth. Animals can be infected with Coxiella burnetii and appear healthy. […] Do not consume raw milk or raw milk products. […] If you have been diagnosed with Q fever and have a history of heart valve disease, blood vessel abnormalities, a weakened immune system, or are pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for developing chronic Q fever.

• #79 Facts about Q fever

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/q-fever/facts

  The mainstays of prevention aim at avoiding the production and inhalation of contaminated dust and the consumption of potentially contaminated food (e.g. unpasteurised milk). […] Good hygiene practices in premises dealing with animals particularly with sheep, cattle and goats will help prevent transmission of the bacteria that causes Q fever. As the disease can be transmitted to humans through contaminated milk, pasteurisation of milk and milk products will help prevent infection.

• #80

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/q-fever

  No vaccine for Q fever is available in the UK. […] Q fever is mainly an occupational disease linked to rural employment. Prevention and control measures are most effective for occupational groups and environments. Restricting access to potentially infected animals and disposing animal birth products safely, for example, prevent infection spread. […] Those who should avoid contact with cattle, sheep goats and cats while the animals are pregnant include: pregnant women, people with suppressed immune systems, people with congenital or acquired heart valve disease, or vascular grafts. […] Defra and PHE produce advice for pregnant women in contact with animals. […] The HSE publish guidance on protecting farmers and farm workers from zoonoses. […] The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) produces guidance on a range of dangerous pathogens-related subjects, including Infection risks to new and expectant mothers in the workplace.

• #81 Frequently asked questions regarding Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and Q fever in humans | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-coxiella-burnetii-small-ruminants-and-q-fever-humans

  Wash animal manure, urine, milk and other body fluids from equipment and disinfect where practical. […] All protective barn clothing (including hats) should be kept in the barn, and not worn back in the house or elsewhere. Clothing should be washed and dried using laundry procedures at high water temperatures. […] Visitors should wear farm coveralls or freshly laundered coveralls, farm boots or disinfected footwear. They should not visit ewes or does giving birth. […] Consume only pasteurized milk and milk products. […] Pregnant women and those most at risk of Q fever should not assist in lambing or kidding and should avoid contact with sheep and goats during the lambing/kidding season. Other high risk people include infants and young children, the elderly and those whose immune systems are weakened from poor health.

• #82 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Vaccinated or previously exposed people may have their status recorded on the Australian Q Fever Register, which may be a condition of employment in the meat processing industry or in veterinary research. […] Preliminary results suggest vaccination of animals may be a method of control. […] Preventive strategies include: Vaccination: In countries like Australia, where Q fever is endemic, vaccination programs targeting high-risk populations have been implemented. […] The vaccine has proven effective in reducing the incidence of the disease among these groups. […] Hygiene Measures: Implementing strict biosecurity and hygiene practices in livestock handling facilities can minimize environmental contamination. […] This includes proper disposal of animal waste and birthing products, which are known to harbor high concentrations of the bacteria. […] Public Awareness: Educating at-risk populations about Q fever transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial. […] Awareness campaigns can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, thereby reducing complications associated with the disease.

• #83

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/qfever.html

  How can we prevent Q fever in the workplace? […] The Q fever microbe should be eliminated from animals for the most effective prevention. […] Workers who have even remote contact with animals, animal products, and animal waste should be informed about the disease, its characteristics, and the nature of the risk. […] The risk of infection from the workplace can be reduced by: vaccination of workers where available, personal precautions, and workplace hygiene. […] Personal precautions can reduce exposure to the Q fever microbe and possibly prevent it from spreading within the workplace: Access to workplaces with increased risk of Q fever should be restricted to workers required to be there. […] Procedures should be developed to prevent the release and spread of the Q fever microbe within the workplace.

• #84

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/qfever.html

  How can we prevent Q fever in the workplace? […] The Q fever microbe should be eliminated from animals for the most effective prevention. […] Workers who have even remote contact with animals, animal products, and animal waste should be informed about the disease, its characteristics, and the nature of the risk. […] The risk of infection from the workplace can be reduced by: vaccination of workers where available, personal precautions, and workplace hygiene. […] Personal precautions can reduce exposure to the Q fever microbe and possibly prevent it from spreading within the workplace: Access to workplaces with increased risk of Q fever should be restricted to workers required to be there. […] Procedures should be developed to prevent the release and spread of the Q fever microbe within the workplace.

• #85 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Vaccinated or previously exposed people may have their status recorded on the Australian Q Fever Register, which may be a condition of employment in the meat processing industry or in veterinary research. […] Preliminary results suggest vaccination of animals may be a method of control. […] Preventive strategies include: Vaccination: In countries like Australia, where Q fever is endemic, vaccination programs targeting high-risk populations have been implemented. […] The vaccine has proven effective in reducing the incidence of the disease among these groups. […] Hygiene Measures: Implementing strict biosecurity and hygiene practices in livestock handling facilities can minimize environmental contamination. […] This includes proper disposal of animal waste and birthing products, which are known to harbor high concentrations of the bacteria. […] Public Awareness: Educating at-risk populations about Q fever transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial. […] Awareness campaigns can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, thereby reducing complications associated with the disease.

• #86 Increase in Q fever cases | health.vic.gov.au

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/increase-in-q-fever-cases

  Ensuring that if symptoms develop, individuals and staff know to seek early medical attention and let their doctor know about the exposure risk. […] If employees are unable to be vaccinated, ensure a properly fitted P2 mask and other appropriate PPE is used or they are restricted to lower-risk areas (i.e. away from areas where they may be exposed such as kill floors, offal rooms and rendering areas or where they will not be handling animals, noting there may be no lower-risk areas at some worksites).

• #87 Q Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/q-fever/

  Q fever can be difficult to prevent because the bacteria are hardy in the environment and just a small number of bacteria can cause infection. […] That is why it is important to know the symptoms of Q fever, seek medical attention right away if you become ill with fever and flulike symptoms, and tell your healthcare provider if you work with livestock. […] Those who work with cattle, sheep, and goats should take precautions, such as wearing disposable gloves, protective clothing, and boots that can easily be disinfected when assisting with birthing or handling birthing materials. […] Milk from cows, goats, and sheep should be consumed only if it is pasteurized. […] A Q fever vaccine is not available for use in the United States.

• #88 SciELO Brazil – Overview of Q fever in Brazil: an underestimated zoonosis Overview of Q fever in Brazil: an underestimated zoonosis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/TLHJX3cK9dKqwyQyNFRYRcR/

  Q fever surveillance covers the concept of One Health. It involves the protection of the general population, investigating and mapping the incidence of the disease, always associating outbreaks in animals with the possibility of outbreaks in humans, and identifying the possible environmental source of infection due to high environmental resistance.

• #89 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  As Q fever is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, interdisciplinary cooperation among medical doctors, veterinarians, laboratory working groups and farmers is required to understand how this pathogen circulates in a geographical area and to plan strategies for its proper control and prevention. […] Vaccination is followed by an active immunological response against the potential pathogen. […] Currently available inactivated Phase I vaccine for animals containing Nine Mile RSA 493 strain of C. burnetii, which was isolated from ticks, is recommended by OIE in Q fever endemic areas. […] This vaccine is reported to cause reduction in abortion rates, decrease in bacterial shedding and reduces the risk of disease transmission to humans. […] Performing repeated annual vaccination in susceptible herds is recommended, especially for young animals, in at-risk areas. […] Phase I vaccine is equally effective in humans as in the case of animals, but it is contraindicated in individuals already exposed to C. burnetii infection.

• #90 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/q-fever

  A vaccine has been successful in Australia for people who work in high-risk environments, but it isnt currently available in the United States. […] If youre at high risk for Q fever and you arent vaccinated, you should take the following preventive steps: Properly disinfect and decontaminate exposed areas. Properly dispose of all birth materials after a livestock animal has given birth. Wash your hands properly. Quarantine infected animals. Make sure the milk you drink is pasteurized. Test animals routinely for infection. Restrict the airflow from barnyards and animal holding facilities to other areas.

• #91 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  Q fever remains a neglected zoonosis in many developing countries including Pakistan. […] Awareness programs and ensuring pasteurization of the dairy milk before human consumption would help preventing Q fever zoonosis. […] Disease surveillance, regular monitoring and implementation of proper preventive and control strategies are necessary to reduce further disease outbreaks in an area. […] Preventive vaccination, manure management including covering and compositing of manure or treating manure with lime, better livestock farm and wool-shearing practices, use of isolated calving pens, restrictions on free animal movement, and proper disposal and burial of aborted materials are important measures to prevent the spread of C. burnetii infection. […] Hygienic practices, especially calving pen cleanliness, is considered an important measure in preventing this infection.

• #92 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  Furthermore, quarantine measures should be implemented at livestock farms, and animals from infected flocks should not be mixed with healthy animals at the farm. […] Raw milk from infected dairies should not be used for drinking or any other purpose, because large numbers of bacteria are shed in the milk of infected animals. […] It is important to identify such shedders and remove them from the flocks. […] Training and awareness of livestock-associated professionals and farmers are important in reducing the risk of disease spread. […] The distance between residential areas and livestock farms, especially those containing pregnant ewes, should not be less than 500 m to reduce the risk of disease transmission. […] To prevent farm-to-farm spread of infection, animal producers should avoid transporting and marketing animals, especially periparturient animals, during ongoing abortion outbreaks.

• #93 Q fever | SafeWork SA

  https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/industry/health-and-community-care/biological-hazards/q-fever

  Q fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii and is transmitted to humans from indirect or direct contact with animals. The main sources of infection arise from: […] Vaccination against Q fever is recommended for people aged 15 years and over who are at risk of infection with C. burnetii and have not had Q fever infection or vaccination. […] Vaccinations are a high-level control measure and can eliminate the risk of contracting Q fever – protecting workers from developing illness. […] In the case of individuals who are not able to receive the vaccine, either by declining to be vaccinated or are ineligible to receive the vaccine following medical advice, the following control measures should be implemented: Provide respiratory protection (P2 respirator) […] Under the WHS Act 2012 and WHS Regulations 2012, a PCBU must ensure the regulator (SafeWork SA) is notified immediately after becoming aware that a case of Q fever has occurred

• #94 Frequently asked questions regarding Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and Q fever in humans | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/frequently-asked-questions-regarding-coxiella-burnetii-small-ruminants-and-q-fever-humans

  Regularly clean and disinfect lambing and kidding areas to prevent accumulation of potentially contaminated materials. […] Maintain a closed herd or flock. This means do not purchase, loan or borrow animals. Attending livestock shows and sales may also present a risk to the health of your flock/herd. […] If Q Fever Is Known Or Suspected In A Herd Or Flock, contact your flock/herd veterinarian for more advice on control measures to protect your family’s health. […] A N95 or higher mask, gloves and protective clothing should be used when assisting with births and abortions. […] Access to the barn containing infected animals should be restricted, particularly to children and infants, pregnant women, the elderly or those with compromised immune systems.

• #95 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  As Q fever is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, interdisciplinary cooperation among medical doctors, veterinarians, laboratory working groups and farmers is required to understand how this pathogen circulates in a geographical area and to plan strategies for its proper control and prevention. […] Vaccination is followed by an active immunological response against the potential pathogen. […] Currently available inactivated Phase I vaccine for animals containing Nine Mile RSA 493 strain of C. burnetii, which was isolated from ticks, is recommended by OIE in Q fever endemic areas. […] This vaccine is reported to cause reduction in abortion rates, decrease in bacterial shedding and reduces the risk of disease transmission to humans. […] Performing repeated annual vaccination in susceptible herds is recommended, especially for young animals, in at-risk areas. […] Phase I vaccine is equally effective in humans as in the case of animals, but it is contraindicated in individuals already exposed to C. burnetii infection.

• #96 Q fever and prevention – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819108/

  Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium and the etiological agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonotic disease with a considerable economic impact in the livestock industry. […] Thus, prevention and control efforts should be primarily directed toward these groups and the surrounding environment. The most effective way of prophylaxis is vaccination. Although clinical data are lacking, vaccination should also be considered for persons who are at higher risk for development of chronic Q fever, including those with cardiac valve defects, vascular aneurysms, and immunocompromised patients. […] Therefore, development of an effective and harmless vaccine is a subject of constant interest of researchers for decades.

• #97 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  Q fever remains a neglected zoonosis in many developing countries including Pakistan. […] Awareness programs and ensuring pasteurization of the dairy milk before human consumption would help preventing Q fever zoonosis. […] Disease surveillance, regular monitoring and implementation of proper preventive and control strategies are necessary to reduce further disease outbreaks in an area. […] Preventive vaccination, manure management including covering and compositing of manure or treating manure with lime, better livestock farm and wool-shearing practices, use of isolated calving pens, restrictions on free animal movement, and proper disposal and burial of aborted materials are important measures to prevent the spread of C. burnetii infection. […] Hygienic practices, especially calving pen cleanliness, is considered an important measure in preventing this infection.

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