Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Department of Agriculture | Q Fever

  https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/qfever.html

  Q fever results from infection by Coxiella burnetii. This organism is an obligate intracellular pathogen and has been traditionally placed in the family Rickettsiaceae; however, recent phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that C. burnetii is more closely related to Legionella, Francisella and Rickettsiella in the gamma subdivision of Proteobacteria. […] C. burnetii can be transmitted by aerosols or direct contact; it is also spread by ingestion of an infected placenta, other reproductive discharges or milk. […] C. burnetii is highly resistant to environmental conditions and is easily spread by aerosols; infectious airborne particles can travel a half-mile or more. […] C. burnetii can be detected in vaginal discharges, the placenta, placental fluids and aborted fetuses, as well as milk, urine and feces. […] Little is known about the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in ruminants or other domestic animals. Treatment is sometimes recommended to reduce the risk of abortion.

• #2 Q fever: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16329.html

  Q fever has been neglected as a zoonotic disease in many developing countries. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), which is resistant to environmental factors such as heat and many disinfectant compounds, resulting in long-term risk of disease for humans and animals. […] The causative bacterium is intracellular and has many hosts, including ticks, ruminants, fish, birds, reptiles, and humans (Cutler et al., 2007). […] C. burnetii can multiply inside lysosomal vacuoles in phagocytic cells. […] The agent is a Gram-negative and pleomorphic bacterium with a length of 0.2-0.5 m from the phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria, order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae, genus Coxiella and species C. burnetii (Abnave et al., 2017). […] C. burnetii can exist in two distinct morphological forms that can be distinguished under the electron microscope, LCV and SCV.

• #3 Coxiella burnetii Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557893/

  Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, which is a zoonotic disease. […] Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular, pleomorphic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that causes Q fever. […] The main reservoir of C. burnetii is the tick. […] Q fever in pregnancy is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.

• #4 Q fever: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16329.html

  Q fever has been neglected as a zoonotic disease in many developing countries. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), which is resistant to environmental factors such as heat and many disinfectant compounds, resulting in long-term risk of disease for humans and animals. […] The causative bacterium is intracellular and has many hosts, including ticks, ruminants, fish, birds, reptiles, and humans (Cutler et al., 2007). […] C. burnetii can multiply inside lysosomal vacuoles in phagocytic cells. […] The agent is a Gram-negative and pleomorphic bacterium with a length of 0.2-0.5 m from the phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria, order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae, genus Coxiella and species C. burnetii (Abnave et al., 2017). […] C. burnetii can exist in two distinct morphological forms that can be distinguished under the electron microscope, LCV and SCV.

• #5 Q fever: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16329.html

  Q fever has been neglected as a zoonotic disease in many developing countries. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), which is resistant to environmental factors such as heat and many disinfectant compounds, resulting in long-term risk of disease for humans and animals. […] The causative bacterium is intracellular and has many hosts, including ticks, ruminants, fish, birds, reptiles, and humans (Cutler et al., 2007). […] C. burnetii can multiply inside lysosomal vacuoles in phagocytic cells. […] The agent is a Gram-negative and pleomorphic bacterium with a length of 0.2-0.5 m from the phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria, order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae, genus Coxiella and species C. burnetii (Abnave et al., 2017). […] C. burnetii can exist in two distinct morphological forms that can be distinguished under the electron microscope, LCV and SCV.

• #6 Q fever: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16329.html

  This agent can persist outside for a long time and is resistant to environmental stress, but it needs host cells for intracellular replication (Bontje et al., 2016). […] C. burnetii is periodically shedding in body fluids depending on the host species and shedding methods. […] C. burnetii has a distinctive feature called cell wall phase variation. […] Infection with C. burnetii in humans can occur both acutely and chronically. […] Q fever is considered a self-limiting disease (Polo et al., 2015; Chakrabartty et al., 2016). […] The morbidity rate of C. burnetii infection is high, but the mortality due to it is low, so mortality has been reported in 1-11% of patients with chronic Q fever (Hadush et al., 2016). […] C. burnetii in animals often occurs without apparent clinical signs.

• #7 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  C. burnetii possesses a distinct characteristic called phase variation of the cell wall. Phase I bacteria have a complete LPS molecule and are highly virulent. […] The main route for C. burnetii transmission in both animals and humans is inhalation and to a lesser extent by ingestion of contaminated milk and milk products. […] In humans, C. burnetii infection appears both as an acute and chronic infection. Acute infection is often self-limiting with mild flu-like symptoms, while chronic Q fever is life threatening with chronic endocarditis in many cases. […] In animals, Q fever is often called coxiellosis and usually occurs without any apparent clinical signs. It is not considered a veterinary health problem except in (small) ruminants, where C. burnetii is a well-known cause of abortion.

• #8

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/qfever.htm

  Q fever is a zoonotic bacterial infection that is worldwide in distribution. […] Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium that dwells in the phagolysosome of phagocytes and causes Q fever. […] C burnetii is capable of living for long periods in the environment and is infectious even after extended periods of drying.

• #9 Q Fever: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-overview

  Q fever is most often related to inhalation of aerosolized organisms during animal exposure, occupational exposure, and tick bites (usually to domesticated household and farm animals). C burnetii a strict, intracellular, pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus classified as a Legionellae species is the causative organism; it localizes in the mammary glands, uterus, and feces of domestic and small mammals. […] However, because of the persistence of Coxiella organisms in nature as a sporelike structure (making it highly resistant to inactivation; it can survive for months in dust and feces particles), C burnetii can infect people with no known contact with animals. For example, an outbreak of Q fever was reported in people living along a road on which farm vehicles contaminated with straw and manure traveled. Laboratory outbreaks have also occurred. Only 1 case of documented human-to-human transmission exists. […] Why chronic Q fever develops in certain patients is unknown. Current understanding of chronic Q fever indicates activation of a previously asymptomatic infection.

• #10 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/q_fever/article.htm

  Q fever is an uncommon infectious disease. Animals transmit the disease to humans (this sort of infectious disease is called a zoonosis). Most often, cattle, goats, and sheep transmit Q fever, but it can also come from cats, dogs, rabbits, and other animals. Rarely, it’s possible for Q fever to spread from person to person. […] In 1937, Australian and American researchers discovered the bacterium that causes Q fever, Coxiella burnetii. […] The bacterium that causes Q fever is found in the waste products (urine or feces) of infected animals. It can also be found in the milk of infected animals. Another main source of transmission is from contact with the placenta and other reproductive products from infected animals. The bacteria can be inhaled or ingested. […] Exposure to just one Coxiella burnetii bacterium can cause Q fever.

• #11 Serology Education – Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever)

  https://serology-education.com/index-of-pathogens/bacteria/coxiella-burnetii-q-fever

  Q-fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by an infection with Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). […] Humans are primarily infected by inhaling contaminated aerosols. […] Q-fever has an average incubation period of two weeks (range 2 to 29 days). […] Infection is an occupational hazard if working in proximity to animals or animal products (farmers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, animal handlers). […] However, consuming raw milk and raw milk products contaminated with C. burnetii has been associated with seroprevalence in humans, and some studies report infection after consuming contaminated raw milk. […] Therefore the risk of C. burnetii infection by consuming unpasteurized milk and dairy products may not be negligible. […] The infectious dose for 50% human illness (ID50) is about 1.18 bacteria exposure.

• #12 Q Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556095/

  Q fever is a zoonotic febrile disease affecting workers involved in farming livestock. […] Q fever, an acute zoonotic febrile illness with a worldwide distribution, was discovered first in Queensland, Australia, in 1935 among meat workers. […] The microorganism causing Q fever is Coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative pleomorphic intracellular coccobacillus, phylogenetically related to Legionella. […] It can survive in the low pH of the host cell, which is also essential for its survival. […] Urine, feces, milk, and placenta of infected animals contain a high concentration of Coxiella; hence, workers handling contaminated laundry, consuming contaminated raw milk, who have exposure to the placenta of infected animals, live cell therapy with processed animal fetal cells are all sources of infection.

• #13 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. […] The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. […] Q fever is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii from infected animals, notably cattle, sheep, and goats. […] Understanding the transmission and risk factors of Q fever is crucial for public health due to its potential to cause widespread infection. […] The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand and Antarctica. […] Q fever exhibits global epidemiological patterns, with higher incidence rates reported in certain countries.

• #14 Q fever – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/q-fever/

  Q fever is a widespread disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, which can infect mammals, birds, reptiles and arthropods. […] It is a zoonosis, a disease of animals that can infect humans. […] Q fever can also be spread by ticks which pass the bacteria from an infected to a susceptible animal, and whose faeces contain the bacteria thus also contaminating the environment. […] Since it is also shed in the milk of an infected animal, it can be contracted by drinking non pasteurised infected milk. […] Because it is highly infectious for humans, Q fever is an important zoonosis, with veterinarians, laboratory workers, farmers and abattoir workers at risk. […] Q fever is the second most commonly reported laboratory infection with several recorded outbreaks involving 15 or more persons. […] Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs of C. burnetii. Infection has been noted in a wide variety of other domestic animals including dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, rodents, and some birds, that can transmit the infection to humans without showing signs of illness.

• #15

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/q-fever.aspx

  Q fever is a disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is spread to humans from cattle, sheep and goats as well as other domestic and wild animals. Even people who do not have contact with animals can be infected. […] The bacteria are spread from animals, mainly cattle, sheep and goats. Even people who do not have contact with animals can be infected.

• #16 Q Fever – Symptoms, Causes And Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/q-fever/

  Q fever is a bacterial infection that is caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is a common bacteria found in sheep, cattle and goats across the world. […] Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii bacterium that is commonly found in goats, sheep and cattle. The bacterium can infect pets, including dogs, cats and rabbits. […] The animals transmit bacteria through their feces, urine, birthing products and milk. As these substances dry, they become a part of barnyard dust floating in the air. The infection is usually transmitted to humans through their lungs when they inhale contaminated barnyard dust. […] In rare cases, drinking unpasteurized milk might cause infection. The bacteria can’t spread directly from one human to the other. The actual frequency of Q fever is not known, as in most cases, such cases are not reported.

• #17 Q fever – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/q-fever/

  Q fever is a widespread disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, which can infect mammals, birds, reptiles and arthropods. […] It is a zoonosis, a disease of animals that can infect humans. […] Q fever can also be spread by ticks which pass the bacteria from an infected to a susceptible animal, and whose faeces contain the bacteria thus also contaminating the environment. […] Since it is also shed in the milk of an infected animal, it can be contracted by drinking non pasteurised infected milk. […] Because it is highly infectious for humans, Q fever is an important zoonosis, with veterinarians, laboratory workers, farmers and abattoir workers at risk. […] Q fever is the second most commonly reported laboratory infection with several recorded outbreaks involving 15 or more persons. […] Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs of C. burnetii. Infection has been noted in a wide variety of other domestic animals including dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, rodents, and some birds, that can transmit the infection to humans without showing signs of illness.

• #18 Coxiella burnetii Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557893/

  Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, which is a zoonotic disease. […] Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular, pleomorphic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that causes Q fever. […] The main reservoir of C. burnetii is the tick. […] Q fever in pregnancy is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.

• #19 Coxiella burnetii Infection (Q Fever) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/coxiella-burnetii-infection-q-fever/

  Coxiella burnetii is the bacteria responsible for Q fever. This fever typically affects individuals who interact closely with farm animals, making it a disease mainly linked to the animal industry. […] Coxiella burnetii is a type of bacteria that lives inside cells and can change its form. This can cause Q fever, a disease that can infect both humans and animals. The bacteria exist in two phases; in phase I, it lives in animals where it is highly infectious. In phase II, its not usually infectious and can survive in cells or fertilized eggs. […] C. burnetii, a bacteria responsible for Q fever, can be found all over the world, except for New Zealand. Given its easy spread through the air and its resistance to environmental conditions, it could potentially be used as a biological weapon. People usually get infected by breathing in airborne particles from animals like cows, goats, and sheep, or their products. However, ticks are the main carriers of this bacteria.

• #20 Q fever: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://jzd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16329.html

  Q fever has been neglected as a zoonotic disease in many developing countries. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), which is resistant to environmental factors such as heat and many disinfectant compounds, resulting in long-term risk of disease for humans and animals. […] The causative bacterium is intracellular and has many hosts, including ticks, ruminants, fish, birds, reptiles, and humans (Cutler et al., 2007). […] C. burnetii can multiply inside lysosomal vacuoles in phagocytic cells. […] The agent is a Gram-negative and pleomorphic bacterium with a length of 0.2-0.5 m from the phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria, order Legionellales, family Coxiellaceae, genus Coxiella and species C. burnetii (Abnave et al., 2017). […] C. burnetii can exist in two distinct morphological forms that can be distinguished under the electron microscope, LCV and SCV.

• #21 Q fever – symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q-fever

  Q fever is a bacterial infection, usually spread by exposure to animals. […] Q fever is caused by the bacterium coxiella burnetii. It’s spread to humans from farm animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. […] Animals with Q fever don’t usually look sick, but they can spread the bacteria to people. […] You usually get Q fever from breathing in infected air or dust particles that are contaminated by bacteria. […] If you work with animals, you have a higher risk of being infected with Q fever. […] Drinking unpasteurised (unsterilised) milk may also put you at risk of Q fever. […] Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii bacteria. […] Q fever is related to contact with animals, skins or contaminated dust – it is an occupational disease of meat workers, farmers and vets. […] Q fever is caused by a micro-organism that can be carried by cattle, sheep and goats. […] Q fever is an infection that produces flu-like symptoms in humans but shows little or no symptoms in animals. […] The bacteria are spread from animals, mainly cattle, sheep and goats.

• #22 Q Fever in Cattle

  https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/q-fever-in-cattle/

  Q fever is a reportable (based on a positive PCR diagnosis) and zoonotic (can infect humans) bacterial infection associated primarily with pregnant ruminants, although domestic animals such as cats and a variety of wild animals have been identified as sources of human infection. It is caused by the Coxiella burnetii bacterium, which has a low infectious dose and is stable in the environment. […] It is caused by Coxiella burnetii bacteria. It is shed in milk, urine, and faeces and found in high concentrations in placental tissue and amniotic fluid. […] Once a domestic ruminant is infected, C burnetii can localise in mammary glands, supramammary lymph nodes, placenta, and uterus, from which it may be shed in subsequent births and lactations. […] The greatest risk of transmission to humans and cattle occurs at birth by inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with birth fluids or placenta.

• #23 Q Fever – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/q-fever

  Q fever is an acute or chronic disease caused by the rickettsial-like bacillus Coxiella burnetii. […] Cases of Q fever occur among workers whose occupations bring them in close contact with farm animals (which are often asymptomatic) or their products. […] Transmission is usually by inhalation of infectious aerosols that can travel long distances affecting people living downwind of an infected goat or sheep farm. The disease can also be contracted by ingesting infective raw milk. […] C. burnetii is very virulent, resists inactivation, and remains viable in dust and stool for months; even a single organism can cause infection. […] Very rarely, the disease is transmitted from person to person.

• #24 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Chronic infection might be evidenced by increased phase I IgG Coxiella burnetii titers that do not decrease after pregnancy and can lead to adverse outcomes during subsequent pregnancies. […] Chronic Q fever is rare, occurring in 5% of persons with acute infection, and might occur within a few months, years, or even decades after the initial acute infection. […] The initial clinical signs and symptoms in patients with chronic Q fever often are nonspecific and highly variable. […] The most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta. […] Person-to-person transmission of Q fever is possible but rarely reported. […] The reported incidence and seroprevalence of acute Q fever is higher among persons aged 40 years than among younger persons, and disease severity increases with age. […] Although infections occur year round, acute Q fever cases in the United States peak in the spring.

• #25 Q fever in small ruminants (Query fever; Coxiella burnetii; Coxiellosis) | Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory | Washington State University

  https://waddl.vetmed.wsu.edu/2022/11/10/q-fever-in-small-ruminants-query-fever-coxiella-burnetii-coxiellosis/

  Query or Queensland fever (Q fever) is a bacterium causing infection in a variety of domestic animal species, primarily goats, sheep, and cattle. Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate, intracellular organism that can survive in a dried condition for extended periods. […] C. burnetii has an affinity for the placenta, and high concentrations (approximately 100 million infectious particles) have been reported per gram of placental tissue. […] C. burnetii is typically acquired by susceptible animals through direct contact, either by inhalation or ingestion of the organism. […] Q fever can be transmitted to human beings by inhalation of desiccated aerosol particles from the environment and through contact with infected animals, particularly placentas and birthing fluids.

• #26 Q fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/q-fever/

  Q fever is a bacterial infection you can catch from infected farm animals such as sheep, cattle and goats. […] Q fever is most often spread to humans by close contact with infected farm animals. […] The bacteria can be spread by contact with: afterbirth (placenta), blood, pee, poo, animal skins, fur and wool. […] You can also get Q fever from drinking unpasteurised milk (milk that has not been heated to kill bacteria), but this is less likely. […] Q fever can cause miscarriage and serious complications if it spreads to your baby, especially if you catch it early in pregnancy. […] Q fever is usually harmless, but in rare cases it can lead to serious problems. […] There is currently no licensed vaccine for Q fever available in the UK.

• #27 Q Fever in Cattle

  https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/q-fever-in-cattle/

  The organism is also shed in milk, urine, and faeces. […] Q fever infection can also cause a multitude of fertility challenges. […] A cow that has been exposed to the bacteria (seropositive) is 1.5 times more likely to have retained foetal membranes. […] Herds with evidence of bacterial circulation (positive BM PCR) are 2.5 times more likely to have a high incidence of metritis or clinical endometritis. […] Infection may cause an increased calving to conception interval as well as increased early pregnancy losses. […] Q fever has been associated with human abortions, and pregnant women should take precautions to prevent exposure. […] The majority of outbreaks in people have been associated with wind dispersion of desiccated reproductive products, contaminated with C burnetii, from sites where sheep, goats, or cattle are kept. […] Transmission may also occur by consumption of unpasteurised milk. […] Chronic Q fever is a serious complication of an acute Q fever infection that develops in some 2% of acute symptomatic cases.

• #28 Q fever – early Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/q-fever-early

  Q fever is an infectious disease caused by bacteria spread by domestic and wild animals and ticks. […] Q fever is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, which live in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, birds, and cats. Some wild animals and ticks also carry these bacteria. […] You can get Q fever by drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk, or after breathing in dust or droplets in the air that are contaminated with infected animal feces, blood, or birth products.

• #29 Q fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/q-fever/

  Q fever is a bacterial infection you can catch from infected farm animals such as sheep, cattle and goats. […] Q fever is most often spread to humans by close contact with infected farm animals. […] The bacteria can be spread by contact with: afterbirth (placenta), blood, pee, poo, animal skins, fur and wool. […] You can also get Q fever from drinking unpasteurised milk (milk that has not been heated to kill bacteria), but this is less likely. […] Q fever can cause miscarriage and serious complications if it spreads to your baby, especially if you catch it early in pregnancy. […] Q fever is usually harmless, but in rare cases it can lead to serious problems. […] There is currently no licensed vaccine for Q fever available in the UK.

• #30 Q Fever: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227156-overview

  Q fever is most often related to inhalation of aerosolized organisms during animal exposure, occupational exposure, and tick bites (usually to domesticated household and farm animals). C burnetii a strict, intracellular, pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus classified as a Legionellae species is the causative organism; it localizes in the mammary glands, uterus, and feces of domestic and small mammals. […] However, because of the persistence of Coxiella organisms in nature as a sporelike structure (making it highly resistant to inactivation; it can survive for months in dust and feces particles), C burnetii can infect people with no known contact with animals. For example, an outbreak of Q fever was reported in people living along a road on which farm vehicles contaminated with straw and manure traveled. Laboratory outbreaks have also occurred. Only 1 case of documented human-to-human transmission exists. […] Why chronic Q fever develops in certain patients is unknown. Current understanding of chronic Q fever indicates activation of a previously asymptomatic infection.

• #31 Q Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556095/

  Thus, it is an occupational disease involving workers with direct contact with infected animals, eg, farmers, veterinarians, and slaughterhouse employees. […] Transmission to humans can also occur via blood transfusions, autopsies, during clinical care (delivery of infected pregnant women), infected hardware removal, and raw milk consumption. […] The best treatment for acute Q fever is doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 14 days. […] In cases of resistance or intolerance to doxycycline, minocycline (100 mg twice daily), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; 160 mg TMP and 800 mg SMX twice a day in patients with normal kidney function), or clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day), are reasonable alternatives. […] An effective whole-cell vaccine for Q fever has been developed and is administered to humans with occupational risk in Australia.

• #32

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/qfever.html

  Some of the occupations at increased risk for Q fever include the following: farmers, ranchers, and farm workers in contact with cattle, sheep, and goats, stockyard workers, truck drivers, personnel who service the trucks, and visitors to animal auctions, meat packers, rendering plant workers, hide and wool handlers, hunters and trappers, laboratory animal researchers and support staff, workers who care for pets and livestock–veterinary personnel, pet shop workers and zoo attendants, and certain groups of medical and health care personnel who have contact with blood, sputum or tissue from infected patients.

• #33 First serological evidence of Q fever in large ruminants and its associated risk factors in Punjab, Pakistan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21405-y

  Infected animals are thought to transmit Q fever to humans via an aerosol route, though some, albeit negligible, oral transmission has been reported (often via consumption of contaminated dairy products), with sexual and vertical transmission also being possible once an individual is infected. […] The univariate analysis conducted indicated significant associations between seropositivity of Q fever with no acaricide use (OR 4.79, CI 95% 2.917.93, p0.001) and tick presence (OR 3.28, CI 95% 2.125.13, p0.001). […] The presence of sheep and goats (OR 2.36, CI 95% 1.374.29, p=0.002), abortion history from the preceding year at the farm (OR 8.87, CI 95% 5.3915.10, p0.001), and absence of a separate parturition area (OR 1.83, CI 95% 1.162.96, p=0.010) were also significantly associated with seropositivity of Q fever.

• #34 First serological evidence of Q fever in large ruminants and its associated risk factors in Punjab, Pakistan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21405-y

  Infected animals are thought to transmit Q fever to humans via an aerosol route, though some, albeit negligible, oral transmission has been reported (often via consumption of contaminated dairy products), with sexual and vertical transmission also being possible once an individual is infected. […] The univariate analysis conducted indicated significant associations between seropositivity of Q fever with no acaricide use (OR 4.79, CI 95% 2.917.93, p0.001) and tick presence (OR 3.28, CI 95% 2.125.13, p0.001). […] The presence of sheep and goats (OR 2.36, CI 95% 1.374.29, p=0.002), abortion history from the preceding year at the farm (OR 8.87, CI 95% 5.3915.10, p0.001), and absence of a separate parturition area (OR 1.83, CI 95% 1.162.96, p=0.010) were also significantly associated with seropositivity of Q fever.

• #35 First serological evidence of Q fever in large ruminants and its associated risk factors in Punjab, Pakistan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21405-y

  In the final multivariate model, five predictors that had proven to be significant predictors of Q fever seropositivity at p0.05, these being; no acaricide use (OR 5.61; 95% CI 2.9710.94), presence of ticks (OR 3.23; 95% CI 1.875.69), abortion history in the preceding year at the farm (OR 14.96; 95% CI 8.0929.34), presence of sheep and goats (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.205.35), and absence of a separate parturition area (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.765.86).

• #36 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. […] The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. […] Q fever is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii from infected animals, notably cattle, sheep, and goats. […] Understanding the transmission and risk factors of Q fever is crucial for public health due to its potential to cause widespread infection. […] The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand and Antarctica. […] Q fever exhibits global epidemiological patterns, with higher incidence rates reported in certain countries.

• #37 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Chronic infection might be evidenced by increased phase I IgG Coxiella burnetii titers that do not decrease after pregnancy and can lead to adverse outcomes during subsequent pregnancies. […] Chronic Q fever is rare, occurring in 5% of persons with acute infection, and might occur within a few months, years, or even decades after the initial acute infection. […] The initial clinical signs and symptoms in patients with chronic Q fever often are nonspecific and highly variable. […] The most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta. […] Person-to-person transmission of Q fever is possible but rarely reported. […] The reported incidence and seroprevalence of acute Q fever is higher among persons aged 40 years than among younger persons, and disease severity increases with age. […] Although infections occur year round, acute Q fever cases in the United States peak in the spring.

• #38 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. […] The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. […] Q fever is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii from infected animals, notably cattle, sheep, and goats. […] Understanding the transmission and risk factors of Q fever is crucial for public health due to its potential to cause widespread infection. […] The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand and Antarctica. […] Q fever exhibits global epidemiological patterns, with higher incidence rates reported in certain countries.

• #39 Q fever – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/q-fever/

  Q fever is a widespread disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, which can infect mammals, birds, reptiles and arthropods. […] It is a zoonosis, a disease of animals that can infect humans. […] Q fever can also be spread by ticks which pass the bacteria from an infected to a susceptible animal, and whose faeces contain the bacteria thus also contaminating the environment. […] Since it is also shed in the milk of an infected animal, it can be contracted by drinking non pasteurised infected milk. […] Because it is highly infectious for humans, Q fever is an important zoonosis, with veterinarians, laboratory workers, farmers and abattoir workers at risk. […] Q fever is the second most commonly reported laboratory infection with several recorded outbreaks involving 15 or more persons. […] Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs of C. burnetii. Infection has been noted in a wide variety of other domestic animals including dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, camels, buffalo, rodents, and some birds, that can transmit the infection to humans without showing signs of illness.

• #40 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/q_fever/article.htm

  The bacterium that causes Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, can be spread easily from the urine and feces of infected animals, as well as from the placenta of infected animals. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever can live a long time in the environment, it can spread via dust particles blown to sites surrounding farms so even people without direct contact with animals can develop the disease. […] The prognosis for patients with chronic Q fever is poorer, with up to 10% of patients dying even with appropriate treatment. […] The acute form of Q fever is rarely fatal (1%-2%), and most people get better without any treatment. About 5% of people with acute Q fever will go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever is so highly infectious, Coxiella burnetii has been researched as a bioterrorism weapon.

• #41 Q Fever | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-99-9885-2_52

  Q (Query) fever is characterized by sudden onset of fever, sweat, severe retro-orbital headache, loss of appetite, weakness and pneumonia. An intracellular anthropozoonotic agent Coxiella burnetii is spread by domestic animals, goats, sheep and cattle through their placenta, amniotic fluid, urine, faeces and milk. […] It has worldwide distribution. […] It is a potential bioterrorism agent under category B because of its characters, contagious and stable in aerosol in a wide range of temperatures, survives for 60 days on surfaces and has the lowest infective dose (ID50 is 1).

• #42 Coxiellosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/coxiellosis/coxiellosis-in-animals

  Coxiellosis is a zoonotic infection with Coxiella burnetii, which most commonly results in abortions in ruminants. […] The zoonotic infection in humans associated with Coxiella burnetii is widely known as Q fever. […] Coxiellosis is due to the gram-negative coccobacillus C burnetii. […] Q fever in humans is a notifiable disease in the US, primarily because of its status as a possible bioterrorism agent; reporting requirements for animals vary by state. […] Q fever occurs more frequently in persons who have occupational contact with high-risk species. […] C burnetii is highly infectious, and a single organism can reportedly cause infection via the aerosol route in humans. […] Most Q fever outbreaks in humans have been associated with wind dispersion of dust contaminated with C burnetii, from sites where sheep, goats, or cattle are kept.

• #43 Q fever | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/q-fever

  Q fever is an infection caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii, which usually spreads to people from animals or their infected surroundings. […] For most people, it’s a mild infection similar to the flu and can be treated easily. […] But for a few people, it can lead to serious health issues such as pneumonia and hepatitis. […] Q fever is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS).

• #44 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can cause acute or chronic illness in humans. Transmission occurs primarily through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil or animal waste. […] The causative organism, Coxiella burnetii, is an intracellular bacterium that tends to infect mononuclear phagocytes but can infect other cell types as well. Infection in humans usually occurs by inhalation of bacteria from air that is contaminated by excreta of infected animals. […] Q fever has acute and chronic stages that correspond to two distinct antigenic phases of antibody response. […] Chronic Q fever can manifest within a few months or several years after acute infection and can follow symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. […] The patients at highest risk for chronic Q fever are those with valvular heart disease, a vascular graft, or an arterial aneurysm.

• #45 Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1530

  C. burnetii possesses a distinct characteristic called phase variation of the cell wall. Phase I bacteria have a complete LPS molecule and are highly virulent. […] The main route for C. burnetii transmission in both animals and humans is inhalation and to a lesser extent by ingestion of contaminated milk and milk products. […] In humans, C. burnetii infection appears both as an acute and chronic infection. Acute infection is often self-limiting with mild flu-like symptoms, while chronic Q fever is life threatening with chronic endocarditis in many cases. […] In animals, Q fever is often called coxiellosis and usually occurs without any apparent clinical signs. It is not considered a veterinary health problem except in (small) ruminants, where C. burnetii is a well-known cause of abortion.

• #46 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/q_fever/article.htm

  The bacterium that causes Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, can be spread easily from the urine and feces of infected animals, as well as from the placenta of infected animals. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever can live a long time in the environment, it can spread via dust particles blown to sites surrounding farms so even people without direct contact with animals can develop the disease. […] The prognosis for patients with chronic Q fever is poorer, with up to 10% of patients dying even with appropriate treatment. […] The acute form of Q fever is rarely fatal (1%-2%), and most people get better without any treatment. About 5% of people with acute Q fever will go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever is so highly infectious, Coxiella burnetii has been researched as a bioterrorism weapon.

• #47 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17883-q-fever

  Q fever is a rare illness caused by the bacterium C. burnetii. You most commonly get it from inhaling dust contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals. […] Q fever is an illness you get from dust or animal products containing the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). […] The bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever. Animals most commonly cattle, sheep and goats can carry C. burnetii without symptoms. […] The most common way to get Q fever is through breathing in dust or mist contaminated with C. burnetii. […] Chronic Q fever is a serious form of Q fever that can affect your heart, your blood vessels, your bones and other parts of your body. […] Chronic Q fever can be life-threatening. […] A small number of people (1 to 5%), usually those with underlying conditions, go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] The mortality (death) rate for chronic Q fever is 12 to 25%.

• #48 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/q_fever/article.htm

  The bacterium that causes Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, can be spread easily from the urine and feces of infected animals, as well as from the placenta of infected animals. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever can live a long time in the environment, it can spread via dust particles blown to sites surrounding farms so even people without direct contact with animals can develop the disease. […] The prognosis for patients with chronic Q fever is poorer, with up to 10% of patients dying even with appropriate treatment. […] The acute form of Q fever is rarely fatal (1%-2%), and most people get better without any treatment. About 5% of people with acute Q fever will go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever is so highly infectious, Coxiella burnetii has been researched as a bioterrorism weapon.

• #49 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can cause acute or chronic illness in humans. Transmission occurs primarily through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil or animal waste. […] The causative organism, Coxiella burnetii, is an intracellular bacterium that tends to infect mononuclear phagocytes but can infect other cell types as well. Infection in humans usually occurs by inhalation of bacteria from air that is contaminated by excreta of infected animals. […] Q fever has acute and chronic stages that correspond to two distinct antigenic phases of antibody response. […] Chronic Q fever can manifest within a few months or several years after acute infection and can follow symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. […] The patients at highest risk for chronic Q fever are those with valvular heart disease, a vascular graft, or an arterial aneurysm.

• #50 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Chronic infection might be evidenced by increased phase I IgG Coxiella burnetii titers that do not decrease after pregnancy and can lead to adverse outcomes during subsequent pregnancies. […] Chronic Q fever is rare, occurring in 5% of persons with acute infection, and might occur within a few months, years, or even decades after the initial acute infection. […] The initial clinical signs and symptoms in patients with chronic Q fever often are nonspecific and highly variable. […] The most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta. […] Person-to-person transmission of Q fever is possible but rarely reported. […] The reported incidence and seroprevalence of acute Q fever is higher among persons aged 40 years than among younger persons, and disease severity increases with age. […] Although infections occur year round, acute Q fever cases in the United States peak in the spring.

• #51 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can cause acute or chronic illness in humans. Transmission occurs primarily through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil or animal waste. […] The causative organism, Coxiella burnetii, is an intracellular bacterium that tends to infect mononuclear phagocytes but can infect other cell types as well. Infection in humans usually occurs by inhalation of bacteria from air that is contaminated by excreta of infected animals. […] Q fever has acute and chronic stages that correspond to two distinct antigenic phases of antibody response. […] Chronic Q fever can manifest within a few months or several years after acute infection and can follow symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. […] The patients at highest risk for chronic Q fever are those with valvular heart disease, a vascular graft, or an arterial aneurysm.

• #52 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17883-q-fever

  Q fever is a rare illness caused by the bacterium C. burnetii. You most commonly get it from inhaling dust contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals. […] Q fever is an illness you get from dust or animal products containing the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). […] The bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever. Animals most commonly cattle, sheep and goats can carry C. burnetii without symptoms. […] The most common way to get Q fever is through breathing in dust or mist contaminated with C. burnetii. […] Chronic Q fever is a serious form of Q fever that can affect your heart, your blood vessels, your bones and other parts of your body. […] Chronic Q fever can be life-threatening. […] A small number of people (1 to 5%), usually those with underlying conditions, go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] The mortality (death) rate for chronic Q fever is 12 to 25%.

• #53 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Q fever, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can cause acute or chronic illness in humans. Transmission occurs primarily through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated soil or animal waste. […] The causative organism, Coxiella burnetii, is an intracellular bacterium that tends to infect mononuclear phagocytes but can infect other cell types as well. Infection in humans usually occurs by inhalation of bacteria from air that is contaminated by excreta of infected animals. […] Q fever has acute and chronic stages that correspond to two distinct antigenic phases of antibody response. […] Chronic Q fever can manifest within a few months or several years after acute infection and can follow symptomatic or asymptomatic infections. […] The patients at highest risk for chronic Q fever are those with valvular heart disease, a vascular graft, or an arterial aneurysm.

• #54 Delayed diagnosis of persistent Q fever: a case series from China | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-09484-w

  None of our three cases had clear epidemiological connections to Q fever, as none reported direct contact with livestock. […] Following primary infection, C. burnetii can establish persistent focalized infections by evading the immune system and replicating covertly within specific anatomical sites. […] Less than 5% of cases with primary infection may progress into persistent infection. […] Advanced age was identified as one of the major risk factors for the development of persistent Q fever. […] Endocarditis and vascular infections are the frequently involved forms, carrying a high mortality rate. […] Underlying valvular heart disease emerges as the most significant risk factor for the progression to Q fever endocarditis. […] C. burnetii is often overlooked as a causative pathogen for PJI, as Staphylococcus species are considered the predominant pathogens.

• #55 Coxiella burnetii Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557893/

  Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, which is a zoonotic disease. […] Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular, pleomorphic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that causes Q fever. […] The main reservoir of C. burnetii is the tick. […] Q fever in pregnancy is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.

• #56 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Chronic infection might be evidenced by increased phase I IgG Coxiella burnetii titers that do not decrease after pregnancy and can lead to adverse outcomes during subsequent pregnancies. […] Chronic Q fever is rare, occurring in 5% of persons with acute infection, and might occur within a few months, years, or even decades after the initial acute infection. […] The initial clinical signs and symptoms in patients with chronic Q fever often are nonspecific and highly variable. […] The most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta. […] Person-to-person transmission of Q fever is possible but rarely reported. […] The reported incidence and seroprevalence of acute Q fever is higher among persons aged 40 years than among younger persons, and disease severity increases with age. […] Although infections occur year round, acute Q fever cases in the United States peak in the spring.

• #57 Q fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/q-fever/

  Q fever is a bacterial infection you can catch from infected farm animals such as sheep, cattle and goats. […] Q fever is most often spread to humans by close contact with infected farm animals. […] The bacteria can be spread by contact with: afterbirth (placenta), blood, pee, poo, animal skins, fur and wool. […] You can also get Q fever from drinking unpasteurised milk (milk that has not been heated to kill bacteria), but this is less likely. […] Q fever can cause miscarriage and serious complications if it spreads to your baby, especially if you catch it early in pregnancy. […] Q fever is usually harmless, but in rare cases it can lead to serious problems. […] There is currently no licensed vaccine for Q fever available in the UK.

• #58 Q fever – MEpedia

  https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever, also called query fever, is a zoonotic disease that causes both acute or chronic phases in humans. The infectious agent, the Coxiella burnetii bacterium, is acquired after contact with infected animals, especially goats, sheep, and cattle, or exposure to environments contaminated with the urine, feces or amniotic fluid of infected animals. […] Chronic Q fever may present within 6 weeks after an acute infection or may manifest months or years later. […] Although the majority of people with acute Q fever recover completely, a post-Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) has been reported to occur in 10-25% of acute patients. […] Q fever is known to trigger chronic fatigue in some patients, often referred to as Q Fever Fatigue Syndrome (QFS). […] A 2006 prospective study found that 11% of subjects infected with Q fever met the criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome six months after their infection. […] In 2016, a literature review concluded that: „Long-term fatigue following acute Q-fever, generally referred to as QFS, has major health-related consequences. However, information on aetiology, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of QFS is underrepresented in the international literature.”

• #59 Q fever – MEpedia

  https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever, also called query fever, is a zoonotic disease that causes both acute or chronic phases in humans. The infectious agent, the Coxiella burnetii bacterium, is acquired after contact with infected animals, especially goats, sheep, and cattle, or exposure to environments contaminated with the urine, feces or amniotic fluid of infected animals. […] Chronic Q fever may present within 6 weeks after an acute infection or may manifest months or years later. […] Although the majority of people with acute Q fever recover completely, a post-Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) has been reported to occur in 10-25% of acute patients. […] Q fever is known to trigger chronic fatigue in some patients, often referred to as Q Fever Fatigue Syndrome (QFS). […] A 2006 prospective study found that 11% of subjects infected with Q fever met the criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome six months after their infection. […] In 2016, a literature review concluded that: „Long-term fatigue following acute Q-fever, generally referred to as QFS, has major health-related consequences. However, information on aetiology, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of QFS is underrepresented in the international literature.”

• #60 Q fever fatigue syndrome – The ME Association

  https://meassociation.org.uk/medical-matters/items/q-fever-fatigue-syndrome/

  Q fever is an infection caused by a bacterial organism called Coxiella burnetii, which is present in many farm animals sheep, goats, cattle. […] The bacteria can be breathed in or caught by close regular contact with animal fur, blood, urine or faeces. So it tends to be an infection that is picked up by people who live or work on farms. […] However, around 10% of people with an acute episode go on to have persisting symptoms often including fatigue and other ME/CFS-like symptoms. Some doctors then make a diagnosis of Q fever fatigue syndrome. […] The important take-home message here is that if someone with farming connections develops an ME/CFS-like illness after an infective episode then the possibility of Q fever should always be considered.

• #61 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. […] The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. […] Q fever is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii from infected animals, notably cattle, sheep, and goats. […] Understanding the transmission and risk factors of Q fever is crucial for public health due to its potential to cause widespread infection. […] The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand and Antarctica. […] Q fever exhibits global epidemiological patterns, with higher incidence rates reported in certain countries.

• #62 Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever — United States, 2013

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htm

  Chronic infection might be evidenced by increased phase I IgG Coxiella burnetii titers that do not decrease after pregnancy and can lead to adverse outcomes during subsequent pregnancies. […] Chronic Q fever is rare, occurring in 5% of persons with acute infection, and might occur within a few months, years, or even decades after the initial acute infection. […] The initial clinical signs and symptoms in patients with chronic Q fever often are nonspecific and highly variable. […] The most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta. […] Person-to-person transmission of Q fever is possible but rarely reported. […] The reported incidence and seroprevalence of acute Q fever is higher among persons aged 40 years than among younger persons, and disease severity increases with age. […] Although infections occur year round, acute Q fever cases in the United States peak in the spring.

• #63 Clinical Characteristics of Q Fever and Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in a Tropical Region of Southern Taiwan: A Prospective Observational Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102808

  Q fever is a zoonosis caused by infection of Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular microorganism. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the major animal reservoirs and most human infection results from inhalation of aerosolized particles contaminated with the organism shed from infected animals, particularly in the reproductive tract material, dairy products, feces, and urine. In acute Q fever, which develops after the primary infection, nearly 60% of patients are asymptomatic, and the remainder may present with fever and influenza-like symptoms accompanied with varying degrees of pneumonia or hepatitis. Chronic Q fever may occur months to years after the primary infection. Infective endocarditis is the most common complication, particularly in immunocompromised patients, pregnant patients, or those with cardiovascular abnormalities. With regard to symptomatic acute Q fever, a geographic difference is found between the two major clinical presentations with pneumonia predominant in Nova Scotia, Canada, Switzerland, the north of Spain, and the Netherlands and hepatitis predominant in France, the south of Spain, California, Ontario, Canada, and Taiwan.

• #64 Coxiellosis in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/coxiellosis/coxiellosis-in-animals

  Coxiellosis is a zoonotic infection with Coxiella burnetii, which most commonly results in abortions in ruminants. […] The zoonotic infection in humans associated with Coxiella burnetii is widely known as Q fever. […] Coxiellosis is due to the gram-negative coccobacillus C burnetii. […] Q fever in humans is a notifiable disease in the US, primarily because of its status as a possible bioterrorism agent; reporting requirements for animals vary by state. […] Q fever occurs more frequently in persons who have occupational contact with high-risk species. […] C burnetii is highly infectious, and a single organism can reportedly cause infection via the aerosol route in humans. […] Most Q fever outbreaks in humans have been associated with wind dispersion of dust contaminated with C burnetii, from sites where sheep, goats, or cattle are kept.

• #65 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/q_fever/article.htm

  The bacterium that causes Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, can be spread easily from the urine and feces of infected animals, as well as from the placenta of infected animals. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever can live a long time in the environment, it can spread via dust particles blown to sites surrounding farms so even people without direct contact with animals can develop the disease. […] The prognosis for patients with chronic Q fever is poorer, with up to 10% of patients dying even with appropriate treatment. […] The acute form of Q fever is rarely fatal (1%-2%), and most people get better without any treatment. About 5% of people with acute Q fever will go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] Because the organism that causes Q fever is so highly infectious, Coxiella burnetii has been researched as a bioterrorism weapon.

• #66 Q Fever – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/q-fever

  Q fever is an acute or chronic disease caused by the rickettsial-like bacillus Coxiella burnetii. […] Cases of Q fever occur among workers whose occupations bring them in close contact with farm animals (which are often asymptomatic) or their products. […] Transmission is usually by inhalation of infectious aerosols that can travel long distances affecting people living downwind of an infected goat or sheep farm. The disease can also be contracted by ingesting infective raw milk. […] C. burnetii is very virulent, resists inactivation, and remains viable in dust and stool for months; even a single organism can cause infection. […] Very rarely, the disease is transmitted from person to person.

• #67 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17883-q-fever

  Q fever is a rare illness caused by the bacterium C. burnetii. You most commonly get it from inhaling dust contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals. […] Q fever is an illness you get from dust or animal products containing the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). […] The bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever. Animals most commonly cattle, sheep and goats can carry C. burnetii without symptoms. […] The most common way to get Q fever is through breathing in dust or mist contaminated with C. burnetii. […] Chronic Q fever is a serious form of Q fever that can affect your heart, your blood vessels, your bones and other parts of your body. […] Chronic Q fever can be life-threatening. […] A small number of people (1 to 5%), usually those with underlying conditions, go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] The mortality (death) rate for chronic Q fever is 12 to 25%.

• #68 Q Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17883-q-fever

  Q fever is a rare illness caused by the bacterium C. burnetii. You most commonly get it from inhaling dust contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals. […] Q fever is an illness you get from dust or animal products containing the bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). […] The bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever. Animals most commonly cattle, sheep and goats can carry C. burnetii without symptoms. […] The most common way to get Q fever is through breathing in dust or mist contaminated with C. burnetii. […] Chronic Q fever is a serious form of Q fever that can affect your heart, your blood vessels, your bones and other parts of your body. […] Chronic Q fever can be life-threatening. […] A small number of people (1 to 5%), usually those with underlying conditions, go on to develop chronic Q fever. […] The mortality (death) rate for chronic Q fever is 12 to 25%.

• #69 Q fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever

  Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. […] The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. […] Q fever is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii from infected animals, notably cattle, sheep, and goats. […] Understanding the transmission and risk factors of Q fever is crucial for public health due to its potential to cause widespread infection. […] The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand and Antarctica. […] Q fever exhibits global epidemiological patterns, with higher incidence rates reported in certain countries.

• #70

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/q-fever

  Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) causes illness and sometimes abortion in animals, and it can lead to a pneumonia-like illness in humans. […] Q fever is an infection with the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. It is usually, but not always, caught by direct contact with farm animals, especially sheep, cattle and goats. […] Q fever acquired during pregnancy is usually asymptomatic in the mother, though chronic infections can become apparent. Chronic infections can put further pregnancies at risk. […] Q fever is mainly an occupational disease linked to rural employment.

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