Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a prominent cause of renal impairment. It leads to 10% to 15% of end-stage renal disease cases in the United States. In most instances, the disease becomes progressive without timely intervention, eventually leading to morbidity. This makes chronic glomerulonephritis the third most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States, following diabetes mellitus and hypertension, accounting for 10% of patients on dialysis. […] Glomerulonephritis constitutes 25% to 30% of all end-stage renal disease cases about a quarter of patients present with nephritic syndrome. Progression, in most cases, is relatively quick, and end-stage renal disease may ensue within weeks or months of the beginning of acute nephritic syndrome. […] IgA nephropathy has been found to be the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. However, the incidence of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has declined in most developed countries. As reported by Japanese researchers, the incidence of postinfectious glomerulonephritis in their country climaxed in the 1990s. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which accounted for nearly all cases of postinfectious GN in the 1970s, has reduced to about 40-50% since the 1990s, while the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus related nephritis rose to 30%, and hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis also increased.

• #1 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis remains much more prevalent in regions such as the Caribbean, Africa, India, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, South America, and Malaysia. In Port Harcourt, Nigeria, acute glomerulonephritis in the pediatric age group 3-16 years was 15.5 cases/year, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1; it is not much different currently. […] An Ethiopian study from a regional dialysis center found that acute glomerulonephritis was the second most common cause of acute kidney failure requiring dialysis, comprising about 22% of cases. Geographic and seasonal variations in the occurrence of PSGN are more pronounced for pharyngeal-associated GN than in cutaneously-associated disease.

• #2 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  Glomerulonephritis represents 10-15% of glomerular diseases. Variable incidence has been reported, in part because of the subclinical nature of the disease in more than half the affected population. Despite sporadic outbreaks, the incidence of PSGN has fallen over the past few decades. Factors responsible for this decline may include better health care delivery and improved socioeconomic conditions. […] Glomerulonephritis comprises 25-30% of all cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). About one fourth of patients present with acute nephritic syndrome. Most cases that progress do so relatively quickly, and ESRD may occur within weeks or months of the onset of acute nephritic syndrome. Asymptomatic episodes of PSGN exceed symptomatic episodes by a ratio of 3-4:1. […] Worldwide, IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis.

• #2 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  With some exceptions, the incidence of PSGN has fallen in most developed countries. Japanese researchers reported that the incidence of postinfectious glomerulonephritis in their country peaked in the 1990s, and that PSGN, which accounted for almost all of the postinfectious glomerulonephritis cases in the 1970s, has decreased to approximately 40-50% since the 1990s, while the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus infection-related nephritis increased to 30%, and hepatitis C virus infection-associated GN also increased. […] PSGN remains much more common in regions such as Africa, the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and South America. In Port Harcourt, Nigeria, the incidence of AGN in children aged 3-16 years was 15.5 cases per year, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1; the current incidence is not much different.

• #2 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  A study from a regional dialysis center in Ethiopia found that AGN was second only to hypovolemia as a cause of acute kidney injury that required dialysis, accounting for approximately 22% of cases. […] Geographic and seasonal variations in the prevalence of PSGN are more marked for pharyngeally associated glomerulonephritis than for cutaneously associated disease. […] Postinfectious GN can occur at any age but usually develops in children. Most cases occur in patients aged 5-15 years; only 10% occur in patients older than 40 years. Outbreaks of PSGN are common in children aged 6-10 years. Acute nephritis may occur at any age, including infancy. […] AGN predominantly affects males (2:1 male-to-female ratio). Postinfectious GN has no predilection for any racial or ethnic group. A higher incidence (related to poor hygiene) may be observed in some socioeconomic groups.

• #3 Epidemiology of IgA nephropathy

  https://www.targetproteinuria.com/ch/IgAN-explained/epidemiology

  IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. […] IgAN affects: 2.5 per 100,000 people worldwide on average. […] People of all ages and ethnicities, although more common in men and young adults. […] While a rare disease, IgAN occurs in a variety of people worldwide.

• #4 Review on epidemiology, disease burden, and treatment patterns of IgA nephropathy in select APAC countries | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-024-03555-5

  IgAN prevalence is highest in Asia, intermediate in Europe and the US, and lower in African countries. […] The overall global incidence is approximately 2.5 per 100,000 people per year. […] A higher prevalence of IgAN is seen in countries where routine screening is practiced. […] The IgAN incidence rates among Japanese, Taiwanese, and Australian populations ranged from 0 to 10.7 per 100,000 people per year, higher than the incidence rate reported in a recent systematic literature review. […] The overall prevalence and diagnosis rates of IgAN were similar across selected countries/regions. […] There is also a need to generate more evidence to shed light upon the possible explanation to the differences in the treatment patterns across geographic regions.

• #4 Review on epidemiology, disease burden, and treatment patterns of IgA nephropathy in select APAC countries | BMC Nephrology | Full Text

  https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-024-03555-5

  Immunoglobulin type A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis (GN) worldwide with higher rates in East and Pacific Asia compared to North America and Europe. […] The aim of this study was to review and summarize evidence on IgA nephropathy prevalence, treatment patterns, and humanistic and economic burden in mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and Australia. […] The prevalence of IgA nephropathy among the general population in select countries/regions is not commonly available, despite evidence from studies and clinical guidelines. […] In addition, it is observed across geographic regions that heterogeneity exists in prevalence rates, and large variations exist in treatment patterns. […] There is need to fill in these gaps to understand the contributing factors behind the differences through population-based, multi-center, and real-world studies.

• #5 Incidence of glomerulonephritis in the western part of Switzerland over the last decade

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/2885/4719?inline=1

  Glomerulonephritis is a rare yet serious group of diseases with a high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease. For optimal healthcare planning, detailed epidemiological and demographic data are essential. Despite their clinical relevance, these data are largely lacking in Switzerland. […] The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of the different forms of glomerulonephritis in the western part of Switzerland and its changes over the last 10 years, compared with international data. […] The mean incidence of glomerulonephritis was 1.3/100,000/year. Between 2007 and 2016, the incidence of all glomerulonephritis taken together remained stable. […] The incidence of glomerulonephritis in the western part of Switzerland was low and remained stable over time, in line with European data.

• #6

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/2885

  Glomerulonephritis is a rare yet serious group of diseases with a high risk of progression to end-stage renal disease. For optimal healthcare planning, detailed epidemiological and demographic data are essential. Despite their clinical relevance, these data are largely lacking in Switzerland. […] The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of the different forms of glomerulonephritis in the western part of Switzerland and its changes over the last 10 years, compared with international data. […] The incidence was calculated as the number of patients newly diagnosed with glomerulonephritis divided by the number of inhabitants of all the above-mentioned cantons during the year under review, as retrieved from the federal statistical office of Switzerland. […] Overall, the mean incidence of glomerulonephritis was 1.3/100,000/year. Between 2007 and 2016, the incidence of all glomerulonephritis taken together remained stable. […] The incidence of glomerulonephritis in the western part of Switzerland was low and remained stable over time, in line with European data.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11255-011-9955-4

  Knowledge of the exact numbers of patients suffering from chronic diseases, possibly requiring costly continuous treatment, is mandatory for future health care plans. […] Despite some regional biopsy registries, no valid data about the epidemiology of glomerulonephritis in Germany exist, because all publications are hampered by their retrospective character and lack of completeness. […] We present the first valid estimations of incidence and 7 year prevalence of glomerulonephritis in Germany. […] The incidence and prevalence of glomerulonephritis over 7 years was 52 and 285 pmp, respectively. […] The most frequent glomerulonephritis subtype was mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (20.9 pmp) followed by focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, 11.2 pmp) of which 43% had an etiologic underlying condition. […] In one third of all cases, the glomerulonephritis was secondary (incidence of secondary glomerulonephritis 17.5 pmp). […] Lupus nephritis and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis were found in 2.9 and 5.4 cases pmp.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2023/01000/global,_regional,_and_national_burden_of_ckd_due.11.aspx

  CKD is becoming a major human health concern. Limited quantitative assessments of the burden of CKD due to glomerulonephritis have been performed. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the disease burden to update the epidemiology of this disease. […] Globally, there were 606,300 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 560,100 to 658,100) incident patients, 17,300,000 (95% UI, 16,100,000 to 18,600,000) prevalent patients, 183,700 (95% UI, 146,300 to 228,900) deaths, and 6,900,000 (95% UI, 5,900,000 to 8,100,000) DALYs of CKD due to glomerulonephritis in 2019. Compared with those in 1990, the numbers of incident patients, prevalent patients, deaths, and DALYs increased by 77%, 81%, 100%, and 66%, respectively. Most of the disease burden was concentrated in countries with lower sociodemographic index.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2023/01000/global,_regional,_and_national_burden_of_ckd_due.11.aspx

  The disease burden of CKD due to glomerulonephritis has increased worldwide, especially in regions and countries with lower sociodemographic indexes. […] The epidemiology of CKD due to glomerulonephritis varies with geographic and demographic factors. Although diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of CKD in developed countries, glomerulonephritis is still the most common cause of CKD in many low-income countries, mainly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] In our study, we analyzed recent trends of the incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs of this disease from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels using data from the GBD 2019. […] The number of global prevalent patients of CKD due to glomerulonephritis increased by 81% to 17,300,000 (95% UI, 16,100,000 to 18,600,000), accounting for 3% of all CKD patients.

• #9 Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/poststreptococcal-glomerulonephritis

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is caused by prior infection with specific nephritogenic strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. […] Although PSGN continues to be the most common cause of acute nephritis in children globally, it primarily occurs in resource-limited countries. Of the estimated 470,000 new annual cases of PSGN worldwide, 97 percent occur in regions of the world with poor socioeconomic status, with an annual incidence that ranges from 9.5 to 28.5 per 100,000 individuals. […] In more developed and industrialized countries, the incidence has continued to decrease from the 1970s to the 1990s. […] The risk of PSGN is increased in older patients (greater than 60 years of age) and in children between 5 and 12 years of age. PSGN is uncommon in children less than three years of age. PSGN is twice as frequent in males as in females.

• #10 Glomerulonephritis, Acute | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116246/3.4/Glomerulonephritis_Acute

  Infection-related GN most commonly manifests children and occurs about 2 weeks after resolution of group A -hemolytic Streptococcus infection. […] IgA nephropathy is the most common primary GN in the world. […] Incidence differs geographically: Asia United States. […] The incidence and prevalence of GN in children is unknown. Acute postinfectious GN is the most common type, but has diminished over the years. […] In patients 65 years of age, with an average age of 75 years, about 1.2% of people are affected by either primary or secondary GN. […] In patients between the ages of 37 and 65 years, GN was much less commonly seen, with only about 0.12% of people affected by either primary or secondary GN. […] Lupus nephritis incidence is higher among black and Hispanic populations in comparison to white populations.

• #11 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes of infection-associated glomerulonephritis | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-019-0178-8

  For over a century, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) was the prototypical form of bacterial infection-associated glomerulonephritis, typically occurring after resolution of infection and a distinct infection-free latent period. […] However, a major paradigm shift in the epidemiology and bacteriology of infection-associated glomerulonephritides has occurred over the past few decades. The incidence of APSGN has sharply declined in the Western world, whereas the number of Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) cases increased owing to a surge in drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, both in the hospital and community settings. […] Over the past few decades, the incidence of APSGN declined sharply in the Western world, whereas the number of Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) cases increased. The surge in staphylococcal infections, mainly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a probable contributing factor.

• #12 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/240056-overview

  In the United States, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is observed in 6-12% of kidney biopsies performed to evaluate glomerular diseases. This entity accounts for 7% of children and 12% of adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Idiopathic/primary MPGN commonly affects children and young adults from 8 to 30 years of age. Secondary causes are more common in patients who present after 30 years of age. […] Men and women are almost equally affected.

• #13 A Systematic Literature Review of the Epidemiology, Health-Related Quality of Life Impact, and Economic Burden of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | Published in Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research

  https://jheor.org/article/26129-a-systematic-literature-review-of-the-epidemiology-health-related-quality-of-life-impact-and-economic-burden-of-immunoglobulin-a-nephropathy

  Introduction: This systematic literature review analyzed published evidence on IgA nephropathy (IgAN), focusing on US epidemiology, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and economic burden of illness. […] Of 123 epidemiologic studies selected for data extraction, 24 reported IgAN diagnosis rates ranging from 6.3% to 29.7% among adult and pediatric patients undergoing renal biopsy, with all reported US rates 15%. […] A meta-analysis of US studies calculated an annual incidence of 1.29/100 000 people, translating to an annual US incidence of 4236 adults and children. […] US rates of transition to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ranged from 12.5% to 23% during 3-3.9 years of observation, rising to 53% during 19 years of observation. […] While economic evidence in IgAN remains sparse, management of ESRD is a major cost driver.

• #13 A Systematic Literature Review of the Epidemiology, Health-Related Quality of Life Impact, and Economic Burden of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | Published in Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research

  https://jheor.org/article/26129-a-systematic-literature-review-of-the-epidemiology-health-related-quality-of-life-impact-and-economic-burden-of-immunoglobulin-a-nephropathy

  Thirty studies, including 6 from the United States, reported the rate of transition to ESRD in IgAN, which varied by endpoint definition, follow-up time, and patient characteristics. […] Reported US rates were 12.5% to 23% during 3 to 3.9 years of observation, rising to 53% over 19 years. […] Sixteen studies, including 5 from the United States, reported mortality rates in patients with IgAN. […] A 2018 study found a 10.1-year reduction in life expectancy relative to predicted age of death at time of kidney biopsy. […] The SLR found heterogeneous diagnosis rates across studies, from just over 6% of renal biopsies diagnosing IgAN to almost 30%. […] A meta-analysis of US data confirmed the rarity of IgAN in the general population, calculating an IgAN annual incidence of 1.29/100000 people and an incident population of 4236 adults and children.

• #14 New Insights into Epidemiology and Outcome of Bacterial Infection–Related Glomerulonephritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8455045/

  Infection-related GN encompasses a range of clinical entities and outcomes. […] Bacterial infectionrelated GN is more common in developing countries, where the consequences of CKD can be particularly difficult to manage. […] The epidemiology of bacterial infectionrelated GN is location and time specific, which limits the relevance of research from different eras or regions. […] The observational retrospective cohort study by John et al. in this issue of CJASN provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of adult bacterial infectionrelated GN in India and highlights a number of research areas that demand urgent attention. […] To our knowledge, this is the first publication in an international peer-reviewed journal of infection-related GN from the Indian subcontinent. […] India is the second most populous country in the world, and the biopsy incidence of infection-related GN is 3%.

• #14 New Insights into Epidemiology and Outcome of Bacterial Infection–Related Glomerulonephritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8455045/

  There is potential for a significant and unstudied infection-related GN disease burden in adults across the world. […] Research can identify regional variations in disease epidemiology that demand simple, impactful differences in patient management and, subsequently, improve patient outcomes. […] The article by John et al. demonstrates the urgent need to rebalance the deficit of clinical kidney research and academic publications from resource-limited settings.

• #15 Prevalence and distribution of primary glomerular diseases in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/45/153/full/

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a predominant cause of kidney failure in Africa. The prevalence of primary GNs varies widely across Africa depending on the relative proportion of secondary GNs and genetic predispositions. […] The overall pooled prevalence of FSGS, MCD, MN, MPGN, MesPGN, PIGN, IgAN and CresGN was 26.10%, 22.40%, 8.40%, 6.40%, 6.40%, 2.60%, 2.60%, 1.40%, respectively. […] Over the last three decades, glomerulonephritis has remained the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Africa, with wide variation across the regions. […] The prevalence of glomerulonephritis as a cause of kidney failure varies across sub-Saharan Africa ranging from 8.1% to 36.1% in West Africa, 10% in East Africa, and 25% to 32% in South Africa. […] The main finding from this study is the higher occurrence of FSGS and MCD across regions and age groups than other primary glomerular diseases.

• #16 Immune Complex Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/12/2995921/0/en/Immune-Complex-Membranoproliferative-Glomerulonephritis-IC-MPGN-Market-Insights-Emerging-Drugs-Reimbursement-Epidemiology-and-Forecast-to-2034.html

  In 2023, there were approximately 7,100 diagnosed prevalent cases of IC-MPGN across the 7MM, with the United States representing about 55% of these cases with the highest number of cases in the United States, followed by Japan. […] A substantial number of IC-MPGN cases occurred in adults, with about 90% of all cases diagnosed in patients due to chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, or underlying conditions such as hepatitis C, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or monoclonal gammopathy. These conditions can lead to persistent immune complex formation, which triggers the complement system and results in kidney damage over time, making IC-MPGN more prevalent in adult populations. […] The total diagnosed prevalent population of IC-MPGN in the 7MM was found to be approximately 7,000 in 2023.

• #17 Immune Complex Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5927504/immune-complex-membranoproliferative?srsltid=AfmBOooJufls2ZytamfFzrKA4K3gRvyjLbAelkSWBzWhuMxy8iJRWa-K

  The total diagnosed prevalent population of Immune Complex Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis in the 7MM was found to be approximately 7,000 in 2023, which is expected to grow during the forecast period 2024-2034. […] In the 7MM, the maximum cases of diagnosed prevalent cases of immune complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were reported in the United States, accounting for nearly 3,800 cases in 2023. […] Germany had the highest number of prevalent cases of immune complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis among EU4 and the UK, followed by Spain, whereas Italy had the lowest number of cases. […] In 2023, Japan accounted for ~700 cases in adults and ~100 cases in pediatric population. […] It was found that in the United States, the number of cases of male and female was ~1,900 and ~1,800 respectively, in 2023.

• #18 Preventing glomerulonephritis after kidney transplant – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/transplant-medicine/news/preventing-glomerulonephritis-after-kidney-transplant/mac-20469602

  GN is the primary cause of end-stage kidney disease in as many as 30% of allograft recipients in the United States. […] Recurrent GN can remain clinically silent for months to years. Relying on clinical and laboratory parameters alone will likely miss early recurrence. […] Mayo Clinic has extensive expertise in preventing GN after kidney transplant. […] Patients are monitored with a standard outpatient laboratory tests panel. In patients with high risk of GN recurrence, that panel includes measurements of microalbuminuria. […] Protocol biopsies are done at four, 12, 24, 48, 84 and 120 months after kidney transplantation. […] Mayo Clinic’s protocols also include administration of rituximab before kidney transplantation for patients with primary FSGS. […] Although certain forms of glomerular diseases can have a high rate of recurrence, Mayo Clinic works to manage that risk.

• #19 Glomerulonephritis Market Size, Share & Forecast to 2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/report/global-glomerulonephritis-drug-market?srsltid=AfmBOopsXu–CvA_o6aI3inssq3ax_8s_FPSg23agP8LTQ9-QznW_bb4

  The 7 major glomerulonephritis markets reached a value of US$ 748.1 Million in 2023. Looking forward, the publisher expects the 7MM to reach US$ 1,105.0 Million by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.43% during 2023-2034. […] This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the glomerulonephritis market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. […] According to the report the United States has the largest patient pool for glomerulonephritis and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] This report also provides a detailed analysis of the current glomerulonephritis marketed drugs and late-stage pipeline drugs. […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2018-2034) of glomerulonephritis across the seven major markets?

• #20 Spanish Registry of glomerulonephritis 2020 revisited: past, current data and new challenges | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-spanish-registry-glomerulonephritis-2020-revisited-articulo-S2013251420300900

  In our country, there is a long tradition of designing and maintaining records of the most prevalent kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis (GN) and pathologies diagnosed by kidney biopsy. […] The reliability of the registry was demonstrated by the publication of detailed information about the incidence and prevalence of the different renal histological forms, as well as its correlations with the clinical expression, both in the child and in the elderly. […] It is well known that kidney disease registries provide key information to be applied in clinical practice since it provides knowledge of the most frequent pathologies with real data on their incidence and prevalence, it facilitates the implementation of prevention and treatment protocols, as well as serving as the basis for multicenter clinical studies and trials.

• #20 Spanish Registry of glomerulonephritis 2020 revisited: past, current data and new challenges | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-spanish-registry-glomerulonephritis-2020-revisited-articulo-S2013251420300900

  National or multicenter registries are the most reliable to know the epidemiology of biopsied kidney diseases and allow comparisons; […] The REGN, which has more than 28,000 kidney biopsies in 2018, is only comparable to the registries of Italy and Japan that have collected, at least until their latest publications, between 15,000 and 26,000 biopsies, respectively. […] Finally, the information provided with the registry may contribute to assess the overload that these diseases have on the health system due to the number of hospitalizations, progression towards advanced renal failure and deaths. […] The years of study have been grouped into 5 periods of 5 years each (except the last one that includes 6 years): 1994-1998, 1999-2003, 2004-2008, 2009-2013 and 2014-2019. […] The median ages and creatinine at the time of the renal biopsy of the entire population are 50 years and 1.6mg / dl, respectively (neither one have a Gaussian distribution).

• #21 Spanish Registry of glomerulonephritis 2020 revisited: past, current data and new challenges | Nefrología

  https://revistanefrologia.com/en-spanish-registry-glomerulonephritis-2020-revisited-articulo-S2013251420300900

  It is well known that kidney disease registries provide key information to be applied in clinical practice since it provides knowledge of the most frequent pathologies with real data on their incidence and prevalence, it facilitates the implementation of prevention and treatment protocols, as well as serving as the basis for multicenter clinical studies and trials. […] National or multicenter registries are the most reliable to know the epidemiology of biopsied kidney diseases and allow comparisons. […] The REGN, which has more than 28,000 kidney biopsies in 2018, is only comparable to the registries of Italy and Japan that have collected, at least until their latest publications, between 15,000 and 26,000 biopsies, respectively. […] The median ages and creatinine at the time of the renal biopsy of the entire population are 50 years and 1.6mg / dl, respectively.

• #22 Epidemiology of Histologically Proven Glomerulonephritis in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152203

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Africa. Data on epidemiology and outcomes of glomerular diseases from Africa is still limited. We conducted a systematic review on the epidemiology of histologically proven glomerular diseases in Africa between 1980 and 2014. […] Twenty four (24) studies comprising 12,093 reported biopsies from 13 countries were included in this analysis. The median number of biopsies per study was 127.0 (504436), most of the studies (70.0%) originated from North Africa and the number of performed kidney biopsies varied from 5.2 to 617 biopsies/year. Nephrotic syndrome was the commonest indication of renal biopsy. […] Glomerular diseases remain poorly characterized in sub-Saharan Africa due to declining renal biopsy rates and consequent paucity of data on pathologic patterns of key renal diseases. Development of renal biopsy registries in Africa is likely to enable adequate characterization of the prevalence and patterns of glomerular diseases; this could have a positive impact on chronic kidney disease evaluation and treatment in the African continent since most glomerulopathies are amenable to treatment.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/sjkd/fulltext/2023/34020/prevalence_and_pattern_of_glomerulonephritis__an.10.aspx

  The prevalence of glomerulonephritis (GN), especially membranous GN (MGN), changes from time to time. […] The renal biopsy obtained from the registry of two prominent hospitals in Malaysia provided valuable prevalence and demonstrated changes in the prevalence of GN in Malaysia. […] Most studies do not give much priority to the prevalence of secondary MGN; instead, they provide a proportion of primary and secondary MGN. […] The prevalence of primary MGN has been evolving over the years, with an increased prevalence among Caucasians, Hispanics, and Black Americans. […] Most recent reports have demonstrated a constant increase in the prevalence of primary MGN in Southeast Asia. […] In Southeast Asia, LN is the most common type of secondary GN. […] Due to the high prevalence of diabetes in that region, diabetic nephropathy is regarded as one of the most common causes of GN. […] In comparison to earlier research in Malaysia, this study found a reduced prevalence of LN. […] The high prevalence of hypertension, especially among primary MGN patients, may indicate late referral for biopsy.

• #24 Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

  https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/76232/

  Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infections. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of APSGN due to group A Streptococcus (Strep A). The primary objectives of APSGN surveillance are to monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence, describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with APSGN, document accompanying risk factors, then monitor trends in frequency of complications, illness duration, hospitalization rates, and mortality. […] The type of surveillance recommended depends on the burden of APSGN in the community and the objectives of surveillance. Strategies for minimal surveillance and enhanced surveillance of APSGN are provided. Furthermore, a discussion covers the surveillance population and additional APSGN-specific surveillance considerations such as contact testing, active follow up of cases and contacts, frequency of reporting, surveillance visits, period of surveillance, and community engagement. Finally, the document presents core data elements to be collected on case report forms, along with guidance for documenting the course and severity of APSGN.

• #25

  https://www.populationmedicine.eu/Improving-public-health-surveillance-systems-for-acute-post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis,163897,0,2.html

  Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the kidneys that occurs approximately three weeks after a skin or throat infection with Group A Streptococcus. […] This disease is not currently notifiable within the Australian state of Queensland making it challenging to ensure an appropriate public health response to cases, identify outbreaks and monitor epidemiological trends. […] The aim of this abstract is to describe the results of a locally implemented ASPGN surveillance system. […] Although this simple surveillance system has improved the local public health response, mandating notification of APSGN under Queensland public health legislation will help raise the profile of this disease of disadvantage and stimulate better public health policy.

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