Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis (gloe-MER-u-loe-nuh-FRY-tis) is inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli). The excess fluid and waste that glomeruli (gloe-MER-u-lie) remove from the bloodstream exit the body as urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). […] Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis may vary depending on whether you have the acute or chronic form and the cause. You may notice no symptoms of chronic disease. Your first indication that something is wrong might come from the results of a routine urine test (urinalysis). […] Glomerulonephritis signs and symptoms may include: Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria). Foamy or bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria). High blood pressure (hypertension). Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen. Urinating less than usual. Nausea and vomiting. Muscle cramps. Fatigue.

• #2 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16167-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease. It involves damage to the glomeruli (tiny filters) inside your kidneys. If you have glomerulonephritis, your kidneys can have trouble removing waste and fluid from your body. Many mild cases resolve with treatment. If the condition becomes severe, it can lead to kidney failure. […] People with glomerulonephritis often don’t experience any warning signs of the disease. But symptoms can include: Blood in your pee, which may make it look brown, pink or red. Nausea. Rash. Shortness of breath. Pain in your joints or abdomen. Peeing less often or more often than usual. Swelling in your legs or face. Pee that appears foamy or bubbly. High blood pressure. Jaundice. Weight loss or loss of appetite. […] Different people have different outcomes with glomerulonephritis depending on what kind of glomerulonephritis you have. Some cases go away over time without any treatment. Some people have no symptoms of the disease and only find out because they have a blood or urine test for another condition. But it can cause kidney damage and lead to kidney failure without treatment.

• #3 Glomerulonephritis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis happens when the kidneys’ blood filters (glomeruli) become inflamed and scarred. This can lead to kidney failure if untreated. […] Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis may include: Protein in the urine (albuminuria/proteinuria), Blood in the urine (hematuria), High blood pressure, Swelling of your ankles or face (edema), Frequent nighttime urination. […] Acute (sudden) glomerulonephritis can be temporary and reversible, or it may get worse. Chronic or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure. […] Treatment will depend on the cause or type of disease you have. Your healthcare team will work with you to create a treatment plan to help prevent kidney disease or keep it from getting worse. Glomerulonephritis can lead to kidney failure, which is treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #4 Glomerulonephritis: symptoms, causes, types and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/glomerulonephritis/

  Many people with glomerulonephritis have no symptoms at all and feel completely well. […] The only sign of damage to the glomeruli may be small amounts of blood or protein that have slipped through the damaged filters into the urine. This can only be detected with urine tests. […] Sometimes more blood can be lost through the filters, so the urine turns red (known as haematuria). […] Sometimes, this visible blood in the urine only occurs when the patient with glomerulonephritis is ill for some other reason, like a respiratory infection. […] There can also be a greater loss of protein through the filters, which can make urine become very frothy. […] Some people also develop fluid retention in the body, a condition called nephrotic syndrome. […] In some cases the damage to the kidney can be so severe that it causes kidney failure – which can also be described as End Stage Kidney Disease.

• #5 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease in which the part of your kidneys that helps filter waste and fluids from the blood is damaged. […] The condition may develop quickly, and kidney function is lost within weeks or months. This is called rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. […] Common symptoms of glomerulonephritis are: Blood in the urine (dark, rust-colored, or brown urine), Foamy urine (due to excess protein in the urine), Swelling (edema) of the face, eyes, ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen. […] Symptoms may also include the following: Abdominal pain, Blood in the vomit or stools, Cough and shortness of breath, Diarrhea, Excessive urination, Fever, General ill feeling, fatigue, and loss of appetite, Joint or muscle aches, Nosebleed. […] The symptoms of chronic kidney disease may develop over time.

• #6 Understanding Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms and Causes

  https://panoramichealth.com/blog/understanding-glomerulonephritis-symptoms-causes-and-chronic-implications/

  Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the glomeruli. If the glomeruli are damaged, they cannot filter the blood effectively. If not treated properly, glomerulonephritis may lead to serious kidney problems such as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or kidney failure. […] Glomerulonephritis may continue to progress, leading to ESKD or kidney failure, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed. […] The early symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include: Urinating less than usual, Hematuria (blood in the urine), Puffiness in the face in the morning, Extra fluid in the lungs, Hypertension (high blood pressure). […] If glomerulonephritis continues to progress, it may lead to serious kidney conditions such as: Kidney failure, Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Even with early diagnosis and proper treatment, complications of glomerulonephritis may develop. If kidney function continues to decrease, kidney failure can result. If this happens, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed.

• #7 Glomerulonephritis – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered). It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine. […] About half of the people with acute glomerulonephritis have no symptoms. If symptoms do occur, the first to appear are tissue swelling (edema) due to fluid retention, low urine volume, and production of urine that is dark because it contains blood. Edema may first appear as puffiness of the face and eyelids but later is prominent in the legs. Blood pressure increases as kidney function becomes impaired. Some people become drowsy or confused. In older adults, nonspecific symptoms, such as nausea and a general feeling of illness (malaise), are more common.

• #8 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, causes, scarring, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167252

  Acute glomerulonephritis may appear suddenly, following a throat or skin infection. […] Symptoms include: puffiness of the face on waking up, urine that is brown or contains traces of blood, decreased urination, fluid in the lungs leading to coughing and shortness of breath, high blood pressure. […] Chronic glomerulonephritis develops over a long time, often without obvious symptoms. However, complete kidney failure can result. […] Individuals with glomerulonephritis might experience: blood or protein in the urine, high blood pressure, swollen ankles or face, because of water retention, urinating frequently during the night, bubbles or foam in the urine, caused by excess protein. […] A person with kidney failure may experience poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting. They may feel tired due to disruptions to their sleeping pattern, with muscle cramps occurring during the night. The skin might feel dry and itchy.

• #9 Glomerulonephritis – Premier Medical Group

  https://www.premiermedicalhv.com/divisions/services/glomerulonephritis/

  Symptoms of glomerulonephritis differ based on whether someone has an acute or chronic case, as well as what caused their case of glomerulonephritis. […] Acute glomerulonephritis develops quickly. Common acute glomerulonephritis symptoms include: High blood pressure, Brown/pink-colored urine, Fluid retention in the face, Coughing due to extra fluid in the lungs, Less urinating overall. […] The chronic form of glomerulonephritis may develop slowly. It often starts without any symptoms at all. Chronic glomerulonephritis might present similar symptoms to acute glomerulonephritis at first. Common chronic glomerulonephritis symptoms include: Foamy or bubbly urine from excess protein, High blood pressure, Abdominal pain, Fluid retention in the face and ankles, Frequent nighttime urination, Frequent nosebleeds.

• #10 Glomerulonephritis – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/glomerulonephritis

  When rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis develops, weakness, fatigue, and fever are the most frequent early symptoms. Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain are also common. Approximately 50% of people have a flu-like illness in the month before kidney failure develops. These people have edema and usually produce very little urine. High blood pressure is uncommon and rarely severe when it does occur. […] Because chronic glomerulonephritis usually causes only very mild or subtle symptoms, it goes undetected for a long time in most people. Edema may occur. High blood pressure is common. The disease may progress to kidney failure, which can cause itchiness, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. […] The prognosis for people with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis depends on the severity of glomerular scarring and whether the underlying disease, such as infection, can be cured. In some people who are treated early (within days to weeks), kidney function is preserved and dialysis is not needed. However, because the early symptoms can be subtle and vague, most people who have rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis are not aware of the underlying disease and do not seek medical care until kidney failure develops.

• #11 Glomerulonephritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

  Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, also known as crescentic GN, is characterised by a rapid, progressive deterioration in kidney function. People with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may present with a nephritic syndrome. In management, steroid therapy is sometimes used, although the prognosis remains poor.

• #12 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/glomerulonephritis

  Symptoms you may experience depend on what form of GN you have and how severe it is. They can include the following: […] Early symptoms of acute GN include: puffiness in your face, hands and feet, urinating less often, blood in your urine, which turns your urine a dark rust color, extra fluid in your lungs, causing coughing, high blood pressure. […] The chronic form of GN can occur without any symptoms, or there may be slow development of symptoms similar to the acute form. Some symptoms include: blood or excess protein in your urine, which may be microscopic and show up in urine tests, high blood pressure, swelling in your ankles and face, frequent nighttime urination, bubbly or foamy urine from excess protein, abdominal pain, frequent nosebleeds. […] GN may be so advanced that kidney failure develops. Some symptoms of this include: fatigue, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, dry, itchy skin, muscle cramps, peeing less often than is typical or not at all, problems concentrating, numbness or swelling in your arms, legs, or feet.

• #13 Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis (GN) | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/fibrillary-glomerulonephritis-gn/

  This disease first affects the individual filtering units of the kidney. The symptoms that develop are linked to this first site of damage. The blood elements then pass into the urine. People often have swelling in their legs or feet. They also have foamy urine, due to a significant loss of protein in the urine. However, patients often develop protein in the urine without swelling. They first become aware of their condition with the detection of protein in the urine on routine urinalysis performed by their primary care doctor. […] As damage to the kidney progresses, individual filtering units are lost. Many patients develop high blood pressure, commonly requiring multiple medications for control. Patients may have difficulty managing their phosphorus balance. They often suffer from anemia. This occurs because the kidney can no longer secrete a substance called erythropoietin. This is a hormone responsible for stimulating bone marrow production of red blood cells.

• #14 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  Nearly all forms of acute glomerulonephritis have a tendency to progress to chronic glomerulonephritis. The condition is characterized by irreversible and progressive glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, ultimately leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and retention of uremic toxins. If disease progression is not halted with therapy, the net results are chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and cardiovascular disease. Chronic glomerulonephritis is the third leading cause of CKD, and accounting for about 10% of all patients on dialysis. […] The prognosis depends on the type of chronic glomerulonephritis. ESRD and death are common outcomes unless renal replacement therapy is instituted. […] At the later stages of glomerular injury, the kidneys are small and contracted and biopsy results cannot help distinguish the primary disease.

• #15 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Make an appointment with your health care provider promptly if you have signs or symptoms of glomerulonephritis. […] Glomerulonephritis affects the ability of nephrons to filter the bloodstream efficiently. The breakdown in filtering results in: Accumulation of wastes or toxins in the bloodstream. Poor regulation of essential minerals and nutrients. Loss of red blood cells. Loss of blood proteins. […] Possible complications of glomerulonephritis include: Acute kidney failure. Acute kidney failure is the sudden, rapid decline in kidney function, often associated with an infectious cause of glomerulonephritis. The accumulation of waste and fluids can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with an artificial filtering machine (dialysis). The kidneys often resume typical function after recovery. Chronic kidney disease. Persistent inflammation results in long-term damage and declining function of the kidneys. Chronic kidney disease is generally defined as kidney damage or decreased function for three or more months. Chronic kidney disease may advance to end-stage kidney disease, which requires either dialysis or a kidney transplant. High blood pressure. Damage to the glomeruli from inflammation or scarring can lead to increased blood pressure. Nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a condition in which there is too much blood protein in urine and too little in the bloodstream. These proteins play a role in regulating fluids and cholesterol levels. A drop in blood proteins results in high cholesterol, high blood pressure and swelling (edema) of the face, hands, feet and abdomen. In rare instances, nephrotic syndrome may cause a blood clot in a kidney blood vessel.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  If you have severe glomerulonephritis, your pee may be a dark colour because it contains blood. But the blood in your pee may only be noticed when a sample is tested. […] Your pee may also be frothy if it contains a large amount of protein. […] If a lot of protein leaks into your urine, swelling of the legs or other parts of the body can also develop. This is known as nephrotic syndrome. […] Depending on the cause of glomerulonephritis, other parts of your body can be affected with symptoms such as: rashes, joint pain, stomach pain, high temperature, shortness of breath, yellowing of the whites of the eyes or the skin, although this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin (jaundice), peeing a lot less than usual, tiredness, loss of appetite and weight loss. […] Some people with glomerulonephritis also have high blood pressure. […] Also see a GP if you have other symptoms of glomerulonephritis, such as pain in your joints, tiredness and shortness of breath.

• #17

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes

  The deterioration of ability in the filtering part of the nephron results in the rapid accumulation of waste products. Emergency dialysis by an artificial kidney machine an artificial means of removing extra fluids and waste from your body will be necessary. […] This syndrome occurs when there is too much protein in your urine that results in too little protein in your blood. It can be linked with high blood cholesterol and swelling or oedema of the feet, abdomen, and eyelids.

• #17

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes

  Glomerulonephritis due to either sudden onset of glomeruli inflammation (acute), or a gradual onset (chronic) causes the glomeruli to malfunction and the kidney to not be able to filter waste products from the blood normally. […] The symptoms of glomerulonephritis are often experienced when the glomeruli are severely damaged. These include: Changes in urine colour (dark or pink), Foamy urine (due to protein in urine), Headache, sickness, fever and chills, High blood pressure, Reduced urine production, Swelling of legs, hands and face due to excess fluid retention (oedema). […] Glomerulonephritis may lead to several health complications, including: High blood pressure. High blood pressure is a result of damage to your kidneys and the resulting build-up of wastes in the bloodstream. […] Your kidneys may gradually lose their filtering ability. End-stage kidney disease that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life may occur if kidney function deteriorates to less than 10% of normal capacity.

• #18 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/kidney-urinary-tract/glomerulonephritis-leaflet

  Excess protein in the urine can only be detected when the urine is tested using a urine testing strip dipped into the urine or by measuring the exact amount of protein in the urine in the laboratory. […] Symptoms of nephritic syndrome can include: Blood in the urine (haematuria) – damage to the glomeruli can cause blood to pass into the urine. The blood may be obvious to the naked eye. However, in some people, there may only be very small amounts of blood present that can only be detected when the urine is examined under a microscope, or when a urine testing strip is dipped into the urine to detect blood. […] Protein in the urine (proteinuria) – damage to the glomeruli can also cause protein to leak into the urine. High levels of protein in the urine can make it frothy. However, most of the time, protein in the urine is only detected when the urine is tested using a urine testing strip dipped into the urine. […] In severe cases, fluid (ascites) can accumulate in the tummy (abdominal) cavity or in the chest between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion). Ascites can cause abdominal pain and discomfort due to bloating (distension). Pleural effusions may cause chest pain and breathlessness.

• #19 Glomerulonephritis in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/glomerulonephritis-in-dogs

  When the filtering ability of the glomeruli is impaired, protein leaks from the blood to the urine. This causes an elevated amount of protein in the urine and a reduced amount of protein in the blood. Early signs of protein loss may include non-specific symptoms, like weight and muscle loss. More severe clinical signs are referred to as nephrotic syndrome and include fluid in the abdominal cavity, increased respiratory effort (due to fluid within the lungs), and swelling of the limbs. […] Chronic, severe glomerulonephritis can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Symptoms seen in dogs with CKD include lethargy, vomiting, increased drinking, and increased urination. […] In severe cases of glomerulonephritis, a complication called nephrotic syndrome can result from extreme urinary protein loss. Nephrotic syndrome is defined as the combination of significant protein loss in the urine, high serum cholesterol, low serum albumin, and edema or other abnormal accumulation of fluid. Patients with nephrotic syndrome have high blood pressure and may develop abnormal blood clots resulting in a variety of signs associated with blocked blood vessels or edema, especially of the legs or abdomen.

• #20 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  The term „glomerulonephritis” encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. […] Acute forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) can result from either a primary renal cause or a secondary illness that causes renal manifestations. […] Most forms of glomerulonephritis are considered progressive disorders. Without timely therapy, progress to chronic glomerulonephritis (characterized by progressive glomerular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis leading to a reduced glomerular filtration rate). This leads to the retention of uremic toxins with subsequent progression into chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) along with their associated cardiovascular diseases.

• #21 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Chronic kidney failure symptoms may gradually develop. […] Glomerulonephritis may be temporary and reversible, or it may get worse. Progressive glomerulonephritis may lead to: Chronic kidney failure, Reduced kidney function, End-stage kidney disease. […] If you have nephrotic syndrome and it can be controlled, you may also be able to control other symptoms. If it cannot be controlled, you may develop end-stage kidney disease.

• #22 About Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis | Group A Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis.html

  Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is an inflammatory disease affecting the kidneys. […] Symptoms of PSGN usually point to kidney issues and long-term kidney damage can occur. […] Someone with PSGN usually has protein in the urine and hypertension (high blood pressure). Symptoms can also include: Dark, reddish-brown urine, Decreased need to pee or decreased amount of urine, Edema (swelling), Fatigue due to anemia (feeling tired due to low blood iron levels). […] The swelling occurs especially in the face, around the eyes, and in the hands and feet. […] Most people who develop PSGN recover within a few weeks without any complications. While rare, long-term kidney damage, including kidney failure, can occur. These rare complications are more common in adults than children.

• #23 Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/post-infectious-glomerulonephritis-pign

  Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) causes kidney inflammation after infections, leading to symptoms like blood in urine, swelling, and high blood pressure. […] Blood in the urine (hematuria) is the most common symptom of PIGN. Urine can look dark like the color of tea or cola. […] Body swelling (edema). This can start with swelling around the eyelids, especially when the child wakes up. […] High blood pressure (hypertension). This is also caused by salt and water building up in the body and can be mild to severe. […] Protein in the urine (proteinuria). A urine test may find that there is protein in the urine. […] Decreased kidney function (acute kidney injury). Children with PIGN are often described as having acute kidney injury because the kidneys are less able to filter blood. […] Most symptoms of PIGN get better within 1-2 weeks, but small amounts of blood may still be found in the urine for many months.

• #24 Acute nephritic syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000495.htm

  Children tend to do better than adults and usually recover completely. Only rarely do they develop complications or progress to chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic kidney disease. […] Adults do not recover as well or as quickly as children. Although it is unusual for the disease to return, in some adults, the disease does return and they will develop end-stage kidney disease and may need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #25 Glomerulonephritis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/glomerulonephritis.html

  If your child has any of these problems, it’s important to see a doctor right away to find the cause. Having one of these signs alone doesn’t mean a child has kidney failure. But when a few of these things happen together, that’s a clue that kidney failure is possible. […] In most cases of acute GN, the damage to the glomeruli eventually heals. How long this takes is different for every child. Acute GN that doesn’t respond to treatment can become chronic. […] When these methods don’t help enough to prevent lasting kidney damage, kids may need dialysis treatments or a kidney transplant.

• #26 Glomerulonephritis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/glomerulonephritis.html

  How long glomerulonephritis lasts depends on its cause and on the severity of kidney damage. When glomerulonephritis follows an infection, the problem usually goes away within weeks to months. In other cases, glomerulonephritis becomes a chronic (long-lasting) condition that lasts for years and eventually can lead to kidney failure. […] Children with glomerulonephritis usually recover completely if their illness is mild, or if it develops following a strep infection. Although adults often have a poorer outlook, many recover completely. More severe forms of the disease may eventually lead to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure, which may ultimately require lifelong treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #27 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/glomerulonephritis-pro

  Glomerulonephritis includes a range of immune-mediated disorders that cause inflammation within the glomerulus and other compartments of the kidney. […] Many cases of glomerulonephritis result in a mild, asymptomatic illness that remains undiagnosed. […] There is a spectrum of disease, from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. […] Asymptomatic haematuria and/or proteinuria. […] Nephrotic syndrome: heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and fluid retention. […] Nephritic syndrome: haematuria (sometimes macroscopic), proteinuria, a fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), salt and water retention and hypertension. […] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: rapid loss of renal function, such that the patient will be in end-stage kidney disease within weeks or months.

• #28 Glomerulonephritis | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis may lead to blood pressure that is too high (hypertension). […] Occasionally, the condition gets worse quickly and the kidneys work less well than normal this is called rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). […] RPGN is one cause of acute kidney injury when the kidneys quickly stop working as well as they should, over a short time. […] For many children with glomerulonephritis, the disease is quite mild and they will get better with no long-term problems with their kidneys. Some need further care to help them get back to health. […] In some children, the kidneys stop working as well as they should this happens slowly, often over many years. This is called chronic kidney disease.

• #29 Glomerulonephritis – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/glomerulonephritis

  If treatment occurs late, the person is more likely to develop chronic kidney disease with kidney failure. Because kidney failure tends to develop before people notice it, up to 90% of people who have rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis become dependent upon dialysis. The prognosis also depends on the cause, the person’s age, and any other diseases the person might have. When the cause is unknown or the person is older, the prognosis is worse.

• #30 Glomerulonephritis (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/glomerulonephritis.html

  If glomerulonephritis isn’t caught early and treated, there’s a chance of kidney damage or failure. Symptoms of kidney failure are: peeing a lot, lower amounts of pee, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, muscle cramps at night, fatigue (tiredness), pale skin, high blood pressure, headaches, fluid buildup in the tissues. […] Someone who has these symptoms might not have kidney failure many other things can cause them. But if you notice any of these problems, see a doctor right away to find out what’s going on.

• #31 Glomerulonephritis | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis occurs when the glomeruli in the kidneys are inflamed. The glomeruli act as a filter to separate wastes and extra fluid from the blood. When they become inflamed, the kidney cannot properly filter the blood, causing hematuria (blood in the urine) and proteinuria (excess levels of protein in the urine). Sometimes, waste products can also build up in the blood. Severe or long-term inflammation of the glomeruli leads to chronic kidney disease. […] In addition to hematuria and proteinuria, the symptoms of glomerulonephritis include: Hypoalbuminemia (abnormally low levels of protein in the blood), Edema (swelling of the hands, feet, abdomen or face caused by excess fluid in the body), High Blood Pressure, Fatigue. […] Early signs of the condition include blood or excess protein in the urine and swelling in the hands, feet, abdomen or face. […] The goal of your child’s treatment is to reduce further damage to the kidneys and slow down the progression of kidney failure.

• #32 Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis (GN) | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/fibrillary-glomerulonephritis-gn/

  This disease tends to be a progressive disease. It ultimately leads to loss of kidney function and the need for dialysis or kidney transplant. Symptoms of advanced kidney failure include nausea, fatigue, confusion, loss of appetite, funny taste in the mouth, itching, shortness of breath, or heart palpitations.

• #33 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, causes, scarring, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167252

  Some people with the condition undergo intense pain in the upper back, behind the ribs, as a result of kidney pain. […] A healthy adult urinates around 2 to 3 pints daily. People with severe glomerulonephritis may not urinate for 2 or 3 days. […] Acute glomerulonephritis may develop into chronic, or long-term, glomerulonephritis. […] The damage caused by glomerulonephritis reduces the ability of the kidneys to filter blood properly. Waste collects in the bloodstream, and the kidneys might eventually fail. […] Without treatment, the kidneys might fail completely. Waste products build up quickly, making emergency dialysis necessary. […] When the kidney function drops to less than 10 percent of its normal capacity, the individual is diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease and will require regular dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive.

• #34 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  PSGN has an excellent prognosis especially in children with complete recovery usually occurring within 6 to 8 weeks. In adults, around 50% of the patients continue to have reduced renal function, hypertension, or persistent proteinuria. […] Mortality during the acute phase of glomerulonephritis has been estimated at around 2 and 12 percent. It has been assumed that the renal changes found in the majority of patients who survived the initial acute attack would be qualitatively similar to those noted in the fatal cases, although little direct evidence existed to support this view. […] During the acute phase, congestive heart failure and azotemia are likely complications that could be life-threatening. The delayed complications include chronic kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome.

• #35 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/glomerulonephritis

  If caught early, acute GN can be temporary and reversible. Doctors may slow chronic GN with early treatment. If GN worsens, it will likely lead to reduced kidney function, chronic kidney failure, and end stage renal disease. […] GN that is advanced or untreated can lead to kidney failure. Other complications can include chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, or congestive heart failure.

• #36 Glomerulonephritis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/glomerulonephritis

  The symptoms can become more severe if the inflammation isn’t treated and kidney damage gets worse. Seizures and coma are possible in the later stages. […] Glomerulonephritis is serious. If left untreated, glomerulonephritis can lead to chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and an increased risk of other infections, especially urinary tract and kidney infections. […] The prognosis of glomerulonephritis depends on whether it’s an acute, first-time episode or whether it’s chronic. The cause of the inflammation is another important factor. If the inflammation is treated early, and the cause is treatable, and the kidney damage is minor, the prognosis is good. […] In severe cases of glomerulonephritis, however, kidney damage can get worse, leading to chronic renal failure and other associated problems such as hypertension and heart failure. In severe cases, dialysis may be needed.

• #37 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/207

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is often part of a multisystem disorder. […] Oedema and hypertension are signs of severe or chronic disease. […] Some patients may eventually need dialysis or transplant. […] Regular, and sometimes frequent, monitoring of renal function is critical. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, haematuria, oedema, and hypertension. […] Other diagnostic factors include oliguria, anorexia, nausea, malaise, weight loss, fever, skin rash, arthralgia, haemoptysis, abdominal pain, sore throat, and hypervolaemia.

• #38 Glomerulonephritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355710

  Glomerulonephritis may be identified with tests if you have an acute illness or during routine testing during a wellness visit or an appointment managing a chronic disease, such as diabetes. […] Some cases of acute glomerulonephritis, especially those that follow an infection with streptococcal bacteria, might improve on their own and require no treatment. If there’s an underlying cause such as high blood pressure, an infection or an autoimmune disease treatment will be directed to the underlying cause. […] In general, the goal of treatment is to protect your kidneys from further damage and to preserve kidney function.

• #39 Get Glomerulonephritis Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/glomerulonephritis-treatment

  When you hear that you might have glomerulonephritis a type of kidney disease your mind might start racing. This type of kidney disease can come on quickly (acute) or happen over a long time (chronic). […] You may have abnormal lab results or symptoms like swelling in your arms or legs, or changes in your pee. […] Following treatment, youll have several follow-up appointments. Your provider may recommend maintenance therapy to prevent a flare-up of glomerulonephritis. We continue to watch your kidney function through urine and blood samples every few months. These regular visits help us detect any changes early on and adjust your treatment when needed.

• #40 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Renal involvement is common and is transient with recovery in 1-2 weeks. Less than half of the patients experience oliguria. Depending on the severity of renal involvement, signs, and symptoms suggestive of anuric renal failure or life-threatening acid-base imbalance, electrolyte abnormalities (especially hyperkalemia), and fluid overload would require RRT. About 60-80% of the patients experience high blood pressure which typically resolves in 10 days. […] The incidence of edema is seen in about 65-90% of the cases. Puffiness of the eyelids (periorbital edema) is typical for the nephritic syndrome. It is most prominent in the morning and tends to resolve at the end of the day. Generalized edema is also a common feature. Moreover, in severe cases, patients might experience respiratory distress as a result of pulmonary edema. They may experience other non-specific symptoms like anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, etc.

• #41 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN) | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/poststreptococcal-glomerulonephritis-psgn

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a kidney disease. The main symptoms are blood in your child’s wee and swollen ankles or puffy eyes. […] The main symptoms are blood in your child’s wee and swollen ankles or puffy eyes. […] Your child may have swelling (oedema). Fluid collects in the tissues and can cause puffiness around the eyes or the ankles. […] Your child may wee less often or stop weeing completely. […] Your child may have high blood pressure causing headaches (hypertension). […] Most tamariki make a full recovery within a few weeks. […] The blood you can see in the wee is usually gone in 2 weeks. But, urine tests may still show blood in your child’s wee for up to 2 years. […] The high blood pressure comes down in about 4 weeks. Some tamariki may need to take medicine for their blood pressure. […] Most tamariki make a complete recovery. But, for a small number of tamariki, the disease will continue and for an even smaller number of tamariki the disease may get worse.

• #42 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/glomerulonephritis

  The following are the most common symptoms of glomerulonephritis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: […] Dark brown-colored urine (from blood and protein) […] Diminished urine output […] Fatigue […] Lethargy […] Increased breathing effort […] High blood pressure […] Seizures (may occur as a result of high blood pressure) […] Rash, especially over the buttocks and legs […] Fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema) […] The symptoms of glomerulonephritis may resemble other conditions and medical problems. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis. […] Treatment for glomerulonephritis may include: […] If glomerulonephritis does not resolve, long-term kidney failure may need to be addressed.

• #43 Glomerulonephritis in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/glomerulonephritis-children

  Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that involves the glomeruli. The glomeruli become inflamed and impair the kidney’s ability to filter urine. […] The following are the most common symptoms of glomerulonephritis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Dark brown-colored urine (from blood and protein), sore throat, diminished urine output, fatigue, lethargy, increased breathing effort, headache, high blood pressure, seizures (may occur as a result of high blood pressure), rash, especially over the buttocks and legs, weight loss, joint pain, pale skin color, fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema). […] If glomerulonephritis is caused by a streptococcal infection, then treatment will be focused on curing the infection and treating the symptoms associated with the infection. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause. Therefore, treatments focus on slowing the progression of the disease preventing complications. […] If glomerulonephritis does not resolve, long-term kidney failure may need to be addressed.

• #44 Glomerulonephritis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/glomerulonephritis

  Symptoms of glomerulonephritis may depend on whether your child has the acute or chronic form, and symptoms also differ depending on what caused the glomerulonephritis. […] Symptoms may include: Cola-colored or iced tea-colored urine (from blood and protein), Sore throat, Diminished urine output, Fatigue, Lethargy, Nausea and vomiting, Increased breathing effort, Headache, High blood pressure, Seizures (may occur as a result of high blood pressure), Rash, especially on the buttocks and legs, Weight loss, Joint pain, Pale skin color, Edema (fluid accumulation in the tissues), Hyperpigmentation (skin may appear yellow or brown). […] If your child has APSGN, treatment will focus on curing her infection and treating her symptoms associated with the infection. Unfortunately, a cure for GN has not been found; therefore treatments focus on slowing the progression of the disease and preventing complications.

• #45 Glomerulonephritis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis is a condition in which the kidney filters become inflamed, causing blood to leak into urine. In acute cases, blood in the urine is visible to the naked eye. […] Acute glomerulonephritis usually presents with obvious blood (seen by the naked eye) in the urine. You may notice that your child’s urine is a rusty brown color, like dark tea or cola. Your child may not feel sick, but if you know that your child had a sore throat or some other infection a couple of weeks before this urine color change, your child may have acute glomerulonephritis. […] However, if your child has blood in the urine that comes and goes, especially at times when he or she has an ongoing cold or some type of infection, they may not have acute glomerulonephritis, but IgA nephropathy instead. […] In the majority of cases (85%), no treatment is needed for the glomerulonephritis itself. Sometimes there is related high blood pressure, and that does require treatment until it improves. Often your doctor will begin treating high blood pressure in this condition with the advice of the pediatric nephrologist. Your doctor may refer you to a pediatric nephrologist, especially if the disease appears to be more severe than usual. […] In severe cases putting kidney function at risk, the nephrologist has the experience to suggest treatments that have been shown to help.

• #46 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Glomerulonephritis constitutes 25% to 30% of all end-stage renal disease cases about a quarter of patients present with nephritic syndrome. Progression, in most cases, is relatively quick, and end-stage renal disease may ensue within weeks or months of the beginning of acute nephritic syndrome. […] As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased, symptoms like edema and hypertension occur, majorly due to the subsequent salt and water retention caused by the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. […] Some symptoms occur primarily and include: Hypertension, Edema (peripheral or periorbital) – initially in the dependent areas/areas with low tissue tension, Abnormal urinary sedimentation, Hematuria microscopic or gross, Oliguria, Azotemia, Shortness of breath or dyspnea on exertion, Headache – secondary to hypertension, Confusion – secondary to malignant hypertension, Possible flank pain.

• #47 Glomerulonephritis (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/glomerulonephritis.html

  Glomerulonephritis (pronounced: gluh-mare-you-low-neh-FRY-tis) is a kidney problem. When someone has glomerulonephritis, tiny filtering units in the kidneys called glomeruli become inflamed(swollen and irritated) and the kidneys stop working properly. […] This can lead to problems like too much fluid in the body, which can cause swelling in places like the face, feet, ankles, or legs. Glomerulonephritis also can cause kidney failure and kidney disease, but that’s rare. […] Signs of glomerulonephritis include: blood in the urine (red or brown pee), pee that might look foamy in the toilet (from too much protein), swelling around the face, eyes, ankles, legs, and belly, especially in the morning, high blood pressure (hypertension). […] With acute glomerulonephritis, these symptoms might come on suddenly, possibly after a skin infection or a case of strep throat. Chronic glomerulonephritis can take several months to years to develop, and a person might not notice it right away (unless a doctor tests for it).

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