Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  The term „glomerulonephritis” encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. […] Acute forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) can result from either a primary renal cause or a secondary illness that causes renal manifestations. […] Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a typical example of acute glomerulonephritis secondary to a streptococcal infection; similarly, Staphylococcus aureus infection can also lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Most forms of glomerulonephritis are considered progressive disorders. Without timely therapy, progress to chronic glomerulonephritis (characterized by progressive glomerular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis leading to a reduced glomerular filtration rate).

• #2 Glomerulonephritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name, but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component. […] Primary causes are intrinsic to the kidney. Secondary causes are associated with certain infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), drugs, systemic disorders (SLE, vasculitis), or diabetes. […] Membranous glomerulonephritis may cause either nephrotic or a nephritic picture. About two-thirds are associated with auto-antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor, but other associations include cancers of the lung and bowel, infections such as hepatitis B and malaria, drugs including penicillamine, and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #3 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, causes, scarring, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167252

  Primary glomerulonephritis refers to the occurrence of glomerulonephritis without an accompanying condition, while secondary glomerulonephritis is caused by another disease, such as diabetes, lupus, infection, or drug use. […] The cause is often unclear, but there are risk factors that can affect the likelihood of glomerulonephritis. […] Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) and syphilis, can lead to glomerulonephritis. This is also true of bacterial endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves. Viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C also increase the risk. […] Scarring of the glomeruli can also lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Conditions including lupus and diabetes may cause scarring of the glomeruli, also known as glomerulosclerosis, or sclerosis of the glomeruli. […] Diabetic nephropathy is the main cause of kidney failure in the U.S. […] Long-term use of certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen or aspirin, can increase the risk.

• #4 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Etiological classification of glomerulonephritis can be made based on clinical presentation, ranging from severe proteinuria (3.5 g/day) and edema qualifying for the nephrotic syndrome to a nephritic syndrome where hematuria and hypertension are more prominent while proteinuria is less pronounced. […] A more modern and widely accepted way to classify glomerulonephritis is to divide it into five forms of glomerulonephritis based on underlying immune processes. […] IgA nephropathy has been found to be the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. […] However, the incidence of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has declined in most developed countries. […] The underlying pathogenetic mechanism common to all of these different varieties of glomerulonephritis (GN) is immune-mediated, in which both humoral as well as cell-mediated pathways are active. […] The targets of immune-mediated damage vary according to the type of GN. […] Identifying a possible etiologic agent is important. […] Glomerulonephritis may either lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or may progress gradually to chronic renal failure.

• #5 Glomerulonephritis (Glomerular Disease)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-diseases/glomerulonephritis-glomerular-disease

  Glomerulonephritis is also called glomerular disease. It is a type of kidney disease caused by damage to your glomeruli due to overactivation of your immune system. […] Many things related to your immune system can cause glomerulonephritis, such as: […] Sometimes, your doctor may not know what is causing your glomerulonephritis. This is called glomerular disease of unknown cause (etiology).

• #6 Glomerulonephritis | Ausmed Article

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis is an umbrella term describing a variety of conditions that cause damage to and inflammation of the glomeruli – the filtering units in the kidneys (NKF 2025; Niaudet et al. 2023). […] In most cases, glomerulonephritis occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the glomeruli. This can be triggered by a variety of potential underlying causes (Hazell 2023). […] Acute glomerulonephritis is often triggered by a previous infection, most commonly, a group A Streptococcus infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever or impetigo. This is known as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and typically develops one to two weeks after recovering from the initial infection (Mayo Clinic 2024; CDC 2024). […] Glomerulonephritis triggered by an infection is believed to be the result of the immune system overreacting to the infection and is known as postinfectious glomerulonephritis (Case-Lo 2025; OBrien 2025a). […] In many cases, the exact cause of chronic glomerulonephritis is unknown (OBrien 2025a). […] Other potential triggers include hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome) – a genetic condition that results in glomerulonephritis as well as other symptoms such as deafness and vision impairment.

• #7 Glomerulonephritis: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy | Nature Reviews Immunology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-022-00816-y

  Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to describe a group of heterogeneous immune-mediated disorders characterized by inflammation of the filtration units of the kidney (the glomeruli). […] Instead, we propose grouping GN disorders into five categories according to their immunopathogenesis: infection-related GN, autoimmune GN, alloimmune GN, autoinflammatory GN and monoclonal gammopathy-related GN. […] Here we present the immunopathogenesis of GN and immunotherapies in use and in development and discuss how an immunopathogenesis-based GN classification can focus research, and improve patient management and teaching. […] The etiology of glomerulonephritis: roles of infection and autoimmunity. […] This study explains how a B cell or plasma cell secreting a single immunoglobulin clone can cause glomerular disease, even in the absence of formal diagnostic criteria for malignancy, and reviews its pathogenesis, features and management.

• #8 Overview of the pathogenesis and causes of glomerulonephritis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-pathogenesis-and-causes-of-glomerulonephritis-in-children

  Immunologic damage — Humoral (also referred to T helper cell 2-regulated) immune response to a variety of inciting agents results in immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition and complement activation within the glomeruli. In glomerular diseases that are primarily due to immunologic injury, immune complex deposition is an active process caused by in situ binding of antibodies to antigens localized within the glomeruli.

• #9 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #10 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) results from a bacterial infection that causes rapid deterioration of the kidney function due to an inflammatory response following streptococcal infection. […] PSGN is characterized by rapid deterioration of kidney functions due to an inflammatory response (type III hypersensitivity reaction) following streptococcal infection. […] Nephrogenic streptococci infection precedes PSGN, which initially affects skin or the oropharynx. More recently, PSGN is associated with skin infections (impetigo) more frequently than throat infections (pharyngitis). […] Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has been subtyped depending on the surface M protein and opacity factor, which are known to be nephrogenic and can cause PSGN. Other causes of post-infectious glomerulonephritis include bacterial infections including endocarditis, enterocolitis, pneumonia, and intraventricular shunt infections, viral (hepatitis B and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, parvovirus B19), fungal (coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis), and parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, toxoplasmosis, and schistosomiasis).

• #11 Glomerulonephritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

  Post-infectious glomerulonephritis can occur after essentially any infection, but classically occurs after infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. […] Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), also known as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, is characterised by an increase in the number of cells in the glomerulus, and alterations in the glomerular basement membrane. These forms present with the nephritic syndrome, hypocomplementemia, and have a poor prognosis. […] Type 1 is Goodpasture syndrome, an autoimmune disease also affecting the lung. In Goodpasture syndrome, IgG antibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane trigger an inflammatory reaction, causing a nephritic syndrome and the coughing up of blood. […] Type 2 is characterised by immune-complex-mediated damage, and may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, post-infective glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and IgA vasculitis. […] Type 3 rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, also called pauciimmune type, is associated with causes of vascular inflammation including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis.

• #12 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  The causal factors that underlie AGN can be broadly divided into infectious and noninfectious groups. […] The most common infectious cause of AGN has historically been infection by Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic). […] Nonstreptococcal postinfectious glomerulonephritis may also result from infection by other bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. […] Noninfectious causes of AGN may be divided into primary kidney diseases, systemic diseases, and miscellaneous conditions or agents. […] Multisystem systemic diseases that can cause acute GN include the following: Vasculitis (eg, granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener granulomatosis]) This causes glomerulonephritis that combines upper and lower granulomatous nephritides. […] Primary kidney diseases that can cause AGN include the following: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) – This is due to the expansion and proliferation of mesangial cells as a consequence of the deposition of complements. […] Miscellaneous noninfectious causes of AGN include the following: Guillain-Barr syndrome, Irradiation of Wilms tumor, Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, Serum sickness, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and possibly its inhibition by cetuximab, COVID-19 vaccine.

• #13 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis is caused by several different disease states, including the following: […] In children, a common cause of glomerulonephritis is from a streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or upper respiratory infection. Glomerulonephritis usually occurs more than one week after an infection. This is often referred to as acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or PSGN.

• #14 Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (GN) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (GN) is a kidney disorder that occurs after infection with certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. […] Poststreptococcal GN is a form of glomerulonephritis. It is caused by an infection with a type of streptococcus bacteria. The infection does not occur in the kidneys, but in a different part of the body, such as the skin or throat. The disorder may develop 1 to 2 weeks after an untreated throat infection, or 3 to 4 weeks after a skin infection. […] The condition is not common today because infections that can lead to the disorder are treated with antibiotics. […] Risk factors include: Strep throat, Streptococcal skin infections (such as impetigo).

• #15 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16167-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Glomerulonephritis is a kind of kidney disease. Infections and immune system disorders are one of the many causes. […] The reason glomerulonephritis appears is often unknown. But causes may include: A complication of bacterial endocarditis, an infection in your heart valves. A complication of infections like strep throat, HIV or hepatitis C. Problems with your immune system attacking healthy parts of your body, such as with lupus. Anti-GBM disease (formerly Goodpasture syndrome), a group of autoimmune diseases that affect your lungs and kidneys. IgA nephropathy, a kidney disease caused by a buildup of abnormal IgA antibody (immunoglobulin A). Rare diseases that inflame blood vessels like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegeners disease), microscopic polyangiitis, Henoch-Schnlein purpura, or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome). Genetics, meaning it runs in your biological family (this is rare). Certain types of cancer (like multiple myeloma).

• #16 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  The term „glomerulonephritis” encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. […] Acute forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) can result from either a primary renal cause or a secondary illness that causes renal manifestations. […] Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a typical example of acute glomerulonephritis secondary to a streptococcal infection; similarly, Staphylococcus aureus infection can also lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Most forms of glomerulonephritis are considered progressive disorders. Without timely therapy, progress to chronic glomerulonephritis (characterized by progressive glomerular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis leading to a reduced glomerular filtration rate).

• #17 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #18 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #19 Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis (GN) | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/post-infectious-glomerulonephritis-gn/

  Post-Infectious GN is a disease that occurs in the kidneys. It is the result of an infection of a completely different area, such as the skin or throat. The infection causes filters in the kidneys to become swollen. This makes the kidneys less able to filter and remove wastes. This disorder may begin to develop one to two weeks after an untreated throat infection, and three to four weeks after an untreated skin infection. […] In the case of Post-Infectious GN, these immune complexes (formed from antigen, antibodies, and complement) get trapped in your kidney filters. The filters become inflamed, which leads to ineffective kidney function. Not everybody who has a sore throat or skin infection develops this type of glomerulonephritis. For this reason it is thought that there are some genetic factors that put people at risk for this.

• #20 Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (GN) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/post-streptococcal-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (GN) is a kidney disorder that occurs after infection with certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. […] Poststreptococcal GN is a form of glomerulonephritis. It is caused by an infection with a type of streptococcus bacteria. The infection does not occur in the kidneys, but in a different part of the body, such as the skin or throat. The disorder may develop 1 to 2 weeks after an untreated throat infection, or 3 to 4 weeks after a skin infection. […] The condition is not common today because infections that can lead to the disorder are treated with antibiotics. […] Risk factors include: Strep throat, Streptococcal skin infections (such as impetigo).

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis often happens if there’s a problem with your immune system. It can be caused by inflammatory conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or vasculitis. […] In some cases, it can be caused by infections, such as: HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis). […] Some types of cancer and certain medicines can also cause glomerulonephritis. […] Sometimes its not clear what causes it.

• #22 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Glomerulonephritis may be caused by problems with the body’s immune system. Often, the exact cause of this condition is unknown. […] Many conditions cause or increase the risk for glomerulonephritis, including: […] Blood or lymphatic system disorders […] Exposure to hydrocarbon solvents […] History of cancer […] Infections such as strep infections, viruses, heart infections, or abscesses […] Amyloidosis (disorder in which a protein called amyloid builds up in the organs and tissues) […] Disorder that affects the glomerular basement membrane, the part of the kidney that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood […] Blood vessel diseases, such as vasculitis or polyarteritis […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of the glomeruli) […] Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (disorder in which the immune system attacks the glomeruli)

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis often happens if there’s a problem with your immune system. It can be caused by inflammatory conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or vasculitis. […] In some cases, it can be caused by infections, such as: HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis). […] Some types of cancer and certain medicines can also cause glomerulonephritis. […] Sometimes its not clear what causes it.

• #24 Glomerulonephritis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis may be caused by problems with the body’s immune system. Often, the exact cause of this condition is unknown. […] Many conditions cause or increase the risk for glomerulonephritis, including: […] Blood vessel diseases, such as vasculitis or polyarteritis. […] Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (disorder in which the immune system attacks the glomeruli). […] Chronic kidney failure symptoms may gradually develop. […] Most cases of glomerulonephritis can’t be prevented. Some cases may be prevented by avoiding or limiting exposure to organic solvents, mercury, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #25 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #26 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #27 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) results from a bacterial infection that causes rapid deterioration of the kidney function due to an inflammatory response following streptococcal infection. […] PSGN is characterized by rapid deterioration of kidney functions due to an inflammatory response (type III hypersensitivity reaction) following streptococcal infection. […] Nephrogenic streptococci infection precedes PSGN, which initially affects skin or the oropharynx. More recently, PSGN is associated with skin infections (impetigo) more frequently than throat infections (pharyngitis). […] Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has been subtyped depending on the surface M protein and opacity factor, which are known to be nephrogenic and can cause PSGN. Other causes of post-infectious glomerulonephritis include bacterial infections including endocarditis, enterocolitis, pneumonia, and intraventricular shunt infections, viral (hepatitis B and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, parvovirus B19), fungal (coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis), and parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, toxoplasmosis, and schistosomiasis).

• #28 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #29 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Hepatitis B […] Hepatitis C […] Herpes zoster […] Measles […] Mumps […] Varicella […] Other infectious and postinfectious causes […] Fungal infections (due to Candida albicans [candidiasis] or Coccidioides immitis [coccidiomycosis]) […] Rickettsial infection […] Systemic rheumatic diseases […] Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] IgAassociated vasculitis […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Polyarteritis nodosa […] SLE […] Medication-induced disorders […] SLE (due to hydralazine or procainamide) […] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (due to quinine, cisplatin, gemcitabine, or mitomycin) […] Hematologic dyscrasias […] Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia […] Serum sickness […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpurahemolytic-uremic syndrome […] Glomerular basement membrane diseases […] Goodpasture syndrome […] Hereditary disorders […] Alport syndrome […] Thin basement membrane disease […] * Infectious and postinfectious causes.

• #30 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Hepatitis B […] Hepatitis C […] Herpes zoster […] Measles […] Mumps […] Varicella […] Other infectious and postinfectious causes […] Fungal infections (due to Candida albicans [candidiasis] or Coccidioides immitis [coccidiomycosis]) […] Rickettsial infection […] Systemic rheumatic diseases […] Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] IgAassociated vasculitis […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Polyarteritis nodosa […] SLE […] Medication-induced disorders […] SLE (due to hydralazine or procainamide) […] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (due to quinine, cisplatin, gemcitabine, or mitomycin) […] Hematologic dyscrasias […] Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia […] Serum sickness […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpurahemolytic-uremic syndrome […] Glomerular basement membrane diseases […] Goodpasture syndrome […] Hereditary disorders […] Alport syndrome […] Thin basement membrane disease […] * Infectious and postinfectious causes.

• #31 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #32 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Primary […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Idiopathic crescentic GN […] IgA nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative GN […] Secondary […] Bacterial* […] Group A beta-streptococcal infection […] Mycoplasma infection […] Neisseria meningitidis infection […] Salmonella typhi infection […] Staphylococcal infections (especially bacterial endocarditis) […] Streptococcus pneumoniae infection […] Visceral abscesses (due to Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, or Clostridium species) […] Parasitic* […] Malaria (due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. malariae) […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma mansoni) […] Viral* […] Coxsackievirus infection […] Cytomegalovirus infection […] Epstein-Barr virus infection

• #33 Table: Causes of Glomerulonephritis-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Hepatitis B […] Hepatitis C […] Herpes zoster […] Measles […] Mumps […] Varicella […] Other infectious and postinfectious causes […] Fungal infections (due to Candida albicans [candidiasis] or Coccidioides immitis [coccidiomycosis]) […] Rickettsial infection […] Systemic rheumatic diseases […] Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] IgAassociated vasculitis […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Polyarteritis nodosa […] SLE […] Medication-induced disorders […] SLE (due to hydralazine or procainamide) […] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (due to quinine, cisplatin, gemcitabine, or mitomycin) […] Hematologic dyscrasias […] Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia […] Serum sickness […] Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpurahemolytic-uremic syndrome […] Glomerular basement membrane diseases […] Goodpasture syndrome […] Hereditary disorders […] Alport syndrome […] Thin basement membrane disease […] * Infectious and postinfectious causes.

• #34 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) results from a bacterial infection that causes rapid deterioration of the kidney function due to an inflammatory response following streptococcal infection. […] PSGN is characterized by rapid deterioration of kidney functions due to an inflammatory response (type III hypersensitivity reaction) following streptococcal infection. […] Nephrogenic streptococci infection precedes PSGN, which initially affects skin or the oropharynx. More recently, PSGN is associated with skin infections (impetigo) more frequently than throat infections (pharyngitis). […] Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has been subtyped depending on the surface M protein and opacity factor, which are known to be nephrogenic and can cause PSGN. Other causes of post-infectious glomerulonephritis include bacterial infections including endocarditis, enterocolitis, pneumonia, and intraventricular shunt infections, viral (hepatitis B and C infections, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, parvovirus B19), fungal (coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis), and parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, toxoplasmosis, and schistosomiasis).

• #35 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #36 Glomerulonephritis Causes Symptoms Treatment | Urology Omaha

  https://adultpediatricuro.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Glomerulonephritis is a condition that affects the blood vessels and connecting tubes that lead to and from the kidneys. This condition is usually caused by your immune system attacking healthy body tissue. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Conditions that can lead to inflammation of the kidneys’ glomeruli include: […] Viral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, can trigger glomerulonephritis. […] Lupus, a chronic inflammatory disease, can affect many parts of your body. Including your skin, joints, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. […] A rare immunological lung disorder that can mimic pneumonia. Goodpasture’s syndrome causes bleeding in your lungs as well as glomerulonephritis.

• #37

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes

  Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease caused by the inflammation of small blood vessels in the kidney. […] Glomerulonephritis due to either sudden onset of glomeruli inflammation (acute), or a gradual onset (chronic) causes the glomeruli to malfunction and the kidney to not be able to filter waste products from the blood normally. […] There are various conditions that can cause glomerulonephritis. These include: […] Glomerulonephritis may be caused by a specific immune system problem (autoimmune disease). One such example would be IgA nephropathy, where antibody (immunoglobulin A) deposits in the glomeruli, causing the glomeruli to swell. […] Secondary glomerulonephritis is generally due to bacterial infections (streptococcal throat infection), viral infections (HIV and hepatitis viruses infections), heart infections (bacterial endocarditis), cancers, diabetes, high blood pressure and abscesses. […] Inflammation caused by lupus can affect different areas of your body, including your kidneys. […] Goodpasture’s syndrome results in bleeding in the lungs, as well as glomerulonephritis.

• #38 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  IgA nephropathy About 10% of patients with IgA nephropathy progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years. […] Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis About 1-2% of patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis progress to CRF and ESRD; older children who present with crescentic glomerulonephritis are at greatest risk. […] Lupus nephritis Overall, about 20% of patients with lupus nephritis progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years; however, patients with certain histologic variants (eg, class IV) may have a more rapid decline. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is also an independent risk factor for poor renal outcomes.

• #39 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Etiological classification of glomerulonephritis can be made based on clinical presentation, ranging from severe proteinuria (3.5 g/day) and edema qualifying for the nephrotic syndrome to a nephritic syndrome where hematuria and hypertension are more prominent while proteinuria is less pronounced. […] A more modern and widely accepted way to classify glomerulonephritis is to divide it into five forms of glomerulonephritis based on underlying immune processes. […] IgA nephropathy has been found to be the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. […] However, the incidence of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has declined in most developed countries. […] The underlying pathogenetic mechanism common to all of these different varieties of glomerulonephritis (GN) is immune-mediated, in which both humoral as well as cell-mediated pathways are active. […] The targets of immune-mediated damage vary according to the type of GN. […] Identifying a possible etiologic agent is important. […] Glomerulonephritis may either lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or may progress gradually to chronic renal failure.

• #40 Glomerulonephritis Causes Symptoms Treatment | Urology Omaha

  https://adultpediatricuro.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Characterized by recurrent episodes of blood in the urine, this primary glomerular disease results from deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy can progress for years with no noticeable symptoms. […] This form of vasculitis affects small and medium blood vessels in many parts of your body. Including your heart, kidneys, and intestines. […] This form of vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, affects small and medium blood vessels in your lungs, upper airways, and kidneys.

• #41 Glomerulonephritis Causes Symptoms Treatment | Urology Omaha

  https://adultpediatricuro.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Characterized by recurrent episodes of blood in the urine, this primary glomerular disease results from deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy can progress for years with no noticeable symptoms. […] This form of vasculitis affects small and medium blood vessels in many parts of your body. Including your heart, kidneys, and intestines. […] This form of vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, affects small and medium blood vessels in your lungs, upper airways, and kidneys.

• #42 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  IgA nephropathy About 10% of patients with IgA nephropathy progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years. […] Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis About 1-2% of patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis progress to CRF and ESRD; older children who present with crescentic glomerulonephritis are at greatest risk. […] Lupus nephritis Overall, about 20% of patients with lupus nephritis progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years; however, patients with certain histologic variants (eg, class IV) may have a more rapid decline. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is also an independent risk factor for poor renal outcomes.

• #43 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16167-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Glomerulonephritis is a kind of kidney disease. Infections and immune system disorders are one of the many causes. […] The reason glomerulonephritis appears is often unknown. But causes may include: A complication of bacterial endocarditis, an infection in your heart valves. A complication of infections like strep throat, HIV or hepatitis C. Problems with your immune system attacking healthy parts of your body, such as with lupus. Anti-GBM disease (formerly Goodpasture syndrome), a group of autoimmune diseases that affect your lungs and kidneys. IgA nephropathy, a kidney disease caused by a buildup of abnormal IgA antibody (immunoglobulin A). Rare diseases that inflame blood vessels like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegeners disease), microscopic polyangiitis, Henoch-Schnlein purpura, or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome). Genetics, meaning it runs in your biological family (this is rare). Certain types of cancer (like multiple myeloma).

• #44

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes

  Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease caused by the inflammation of small blood vessels in the kidney. […] Glomerulonephritis due to either sudden onset of glomeruli inflammation (acute), or a gradual onset (chronic) causes the glomeruli to malfunction and the kidney to not be able to filter waste products from the blood normally. […] There are various conditions that can cause glomerulonephritis. These include: […] Glomerulonephritis may be caused by a specific immune system problem (autoimmune disease). One such example would be IgA nephropathy, where antibody (immunoglobulin A) deposits in the glomeruli, causing the glomeruli to swell. […] Secondary glomerulonephritis is generally due to bacterial infections (streptococcal throat infection), viral infections (HIV and hepatitis viruses infections), heart infections (bacterial endocarditis), cancers, diabetes, high blood pressure and abscesses. […] Inflammation caused by lupus can affect different areas of your body, including your kidneys. […] Goodpasture’s syndrome results in bleeding in the lungs, as well as glomerulonephritis.

• #45 Glomerulonephritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

  Post-infectious glomerulonephritis can occur after essentially any infection, but classically occurs after infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. […] Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), also known as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, is characterised by an increase in the number of cells in the glomerulus, and alterations in the glomerular basement membrane. These forms present with the nephritic syndrome, hypocomplementemia, and have a poor prognosis. […] Type 1 is Goodpasture syndrome, an autoimmune disease also affecting the lung. In Goodpasture syndrome, IgG antibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane trigger an inflammatory reaction, causing a nephritic syndrome and the coughing up of blood. […] Type 2 is characterised by immune-complex-mediated damage, and may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, post-infective glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and IgA vasculitis. […] Type 3 rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, also called pauciimmune type, is associated with causes of vascular inflammation including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis.

• #46 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #47 Glomerulonephritis Causes Symptoms Treatment | Urology Omaha

  https://adultpediatricuro.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Characterized by recurrent episodes of blood in the urine, this primary glomerular disease results from deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy can progress for years with no noticeable symptoms. […] This form of vasculitis affects small and medium blood vessels in many parts of your body. Including your heart, kidneys, and intestines. […] This form of vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, affects small and medium blood vessels in your lungs, upper airways, and kidneys.

• #48 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  The causal factors that underlie AGN can be broadly divided into infectious and noninfectious groups. […] The most common infectious cause of AGN has historically been infection by Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic). […] Nonstreptococcal postinfectious glomerulonephritis may also result from infection by other bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. […] Noninfectious causes of AGN may be divided into primary kidney diseases, systemic diseases, and miscellaneous conditions or agents. […] Multisystem systemic diseases that can cause acute GN include the following: Vasculitis (eg, granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener granulomatosis]) This causes glomerulonephritis that combines upper and lower granulomatous nephritides. […] Primary kidney diseases that can cause AGN include the following: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) – This is due to the expansion and proliferation of mesangial cells as a consequence of the deposition of complements. […] Miscellaneous noninfectious causes of AGN include the following: Guillain-Barr syndrome, Irradiation of Wilms tumor, Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, Serum sickness, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and possibly its inhibition by cetuximab, COVID-19 vaccine.

• #49 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  IgA nephropathy About 10% of patients with IgA nephropathy progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years. […] Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis About 1-2% of patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis progress to CRF and ESRD; older children who present with crescentic glomerulonephritis are at greatest risk. […] Lupus nephritis Overall, about 20% of patients with lupus nephritis progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years; however, patients with certain histologic variants (eg, class IV) may have a more rapid decline. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is also an independent risk factor for poor renal outcomes.

• #50 Glomerulonephritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

  Post-infectious glomerulonephritis can occur after essentially any infection, but classically occurs after infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. […] Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), also known as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, is characterised by an increase in the number of cells in the glomerulus, and alterations in the glomerular basement membrane. These forms present with the nephritic syndrome, hypocomplementemia, and have a poor prognosis. […] Type 1 is Goodpasture syndrome, an autoimmune disease also affecting the lung. In Goodpasture syndrome, IgG antibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane trigger an inflammatory reaction, causing a nephritic syndrome and the coughing up of blood. […] Type 2 is characterised by immune-complex-mediated damage, and may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, post-infective glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and IgA vasculitis. […] Type 3 rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, also called pauciimmune type, is associated with causes of vascular inflammation including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis.

• #51 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Analgesic nephropathy syndrome (kidney disease due to heavy use of pain relievers, especially NSAIDs) […] Henoch-Schönlein purpura (disease that involves purple spots on the skin, joint pain, gastrointestinal problems and glomerulonephritis) […] IgA nephropathy (disorder in which antibodies called IgA build up in kidney tissue) […] Lupus nephritis (kidney complication of systemic lupus erythematosus) […] Membranoproliferative GN (form of glomerulonephritis due to abnormal buildup of antibodies in the kidneys).

• #52 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16167-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Glomerulonephritis is a kind of kidney disease. Infections and immune system disorders are one of the many causes. […] The reason glomerulonephritis appears is often unknown. But causes may include: A complication of bacterial endocarditis, an infection in your heart valves. A complication of infections like strep throat, HIV or hepatitis C. Problems with your immune system attacking healthy parts of your body, such as with lupus. Anti-GBM disease (formerly Goodpasture syndrome), a group of autoimmune diseases that affect your lungs and kidneys. IgA nephropathy, a kidney disease caused by a buildup of abnormal IgA antibody (immunoglobulin A). Rare diseases that inflame blood vessels like granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegeners disease), microscopic polyangiitis, Henoch-Schnlein purpura, or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome). Genetics, meaning it runs in your biological family (this is rare). Certain types of cancer (like multiple myeloma).

• #53 Glomerulonephritis Causes Symptoms Treatment | Urology Omaha

  https://adultpediatricuro.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Characterized by recurrent episodes of blood in the urine, this primary glomerular disease results from deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy can progress for years with no noticeable symptoms. […] This form of vasculitis affects small and medium blood vessels in many parts of your body. Including your heart, kidneys, and intestines. […] This form of vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, affects small and medium blood vessels in your lungs, upper airways, and kidneys.

• #54 Glomerulonephritis Causes

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Glomerulus/GlmrlnphrtsCs.htm

  Aka: Glomerulonephritis Causes, Infectious Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Causes: Primary Glomerular Disease […] Causes: Infectious […] Causes: Multisystem Disease […] Causes: Medications (primarily cause RPGN) […] Causes: Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis […] Bacterial […] Viral […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Henoch-Schonlein Purpura […] Goodpasture’s Syndrome […] Wegener’s Granulomatosis […] Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome […] Penicillamine, Hydralazine, Allopurinol, Rifampin […] IgA Nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative disease […] Antiglomerular basement membrane […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Infective Endocarditis […] Visceral Sepsis […] Hepatitis B […] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis) […] Cryoglobulinemia.

• #55 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #56 Glomerular Disease – Glomerulonephritis & Glomerulosclerosis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/kidney-care/glomerular-disease

  Many diseases can attack the glomeruli and damage them, and when the glomeruli are damaged, theyre unable to properly filter blood. This can lead to glomerular disease, in which excess waste and fluid stay in the bloodstream, or protein and blood leak into the urine. […] Glomerular disease can be caused by an infection or drug that harms your kidneys or other conditions, such as lupus or diabetes. Sometimes, theres no known reason for glomerular disease. Each main category of glomerular disease has some identifiable causes. […] Glomerular disease due to inflammation of the blood vessels in the kidneys can be caused by: […] Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of glomerular disease and of total kidney failure in the United States. Diabetes causes high blood sugar levels, which can damage the kidneys.

• #57 Glomerular Diseases: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5993-glomerular-diseases

  Many diseases can cause glomerular disease. The leading cause is diabetes-related nephropathy. […] Causes of glomerular disease include: Infection or a medication or chemical that is harmful to your kidney. Diseases that affect the entire body, including the kidneys. Diseases that cause swelling or scarring of the nephron or glomerulus. An unknown cause. […] Many diseases can result in glomerular disease. The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying cause (if it can be determined) to protect your kidneys from further damage. […] Diabetes-related nephropathy: This condition is the leading cause of glomerular disease and of total kidney failure in the U.S. Diabetes-related nephropathy scars the kidneys and raises glucose levels. […] Glomerulosclerosis: This condition is a scarring (sclerosis) of the glomeruli. Lupus and diabetes are two examples of diseases that can cause glomerulosclerosis.

• #58 Glomerulonephritis: An Overview of This Kidney Disorder

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/glomerulonephritis

  IgA nephropathy (Bergers disease): This condition occurs when the antibody IgA builds up in the kidneys, causing inflammation and damage to the glomeruli. […] Chronic high blood pressure can damage the delicate structures of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis over time. […] It can be caused by infections (like strep throat), autoimmune diseases (such as lupus), certain medications, or unknown factors. It can also occur as a result of other underlying health conditions.

• #59 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/glomerulonephritis/

  High blood pressure- High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and impair their ability to function normally. […] Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)- This can affect anyone having diabetes, generally taking years to develop. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis- This condition is characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli, and it can result from another disease or sometimes occur for no known reason. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis also runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, may impair one’s vision or hearing. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers as well, such as multiple myeloma, lung cancer as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #60 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/glomerulonephritis/

  High blood pressure- High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and impair their ability to function normally. […] Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)- This can affect anyone having diabetes, generally taking years to develop. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis- This condition is characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli, and it can result from another disease or sometimes occur for no known reason. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis also runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, may impair one’s vision or hearing. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers as well, such as multiple myeloma, lung cancer as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #61 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  The progression from acute glomerulonephritis to chronic glomerulonephritis is variable, depending to a considerable extent on the cause of the condition. […] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or crescentic glomerulonephritis About 90% of patients progress to ESRD within weeks or months. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis About 80% of patients progress to ESRD in 10 years; patients with the collapsing variant (malignant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) have a more rapid progression; this form may be idiopathic or related to HIV infection. […] Membranous nephropathy About 20-30% of patients with membranous nephropathy progress to chronic renal failure (CRF) and ESRD in 10 years. […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis About 40% of patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years.

• #62 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Analgesic nephropathy syndrome (kidney disease due to heavy use of pain relievers, especially NSAIDs) […] Henoch-Schönlein purpura (disease that involves purple spots on the skin, joint pain, gastrointestinal problems and glomerulonephritis) […] IgA nephropathy (disorder in which antibodies called IgA build up in kidney tissue) […] Lupus nephritis (kidney complication of systemic lupus erythematosus) […] Membranoproliferative GN (form of glomerulonephritis due to abnormal buildup of antibodies in the kidneys).

• #63 Acute Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239278-overview

  The causal factors that underlie AGN can be broadly divided into infectious and noninfectious groups. […] The most common infectious cause of AGN has historically been infection by Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic). […] Nonstreptococcal postinfectious glomerulonephritis may also result from infection by other bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. […] Noninfectious causes of AGN may be divided into primary kidney diseases, systemic diseases, and miscellaneous conditions or agents. […] Multisystem systemic diseases that can cause acute GN include the following: Vasculitis (eg, granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener granulomatosis]) This causes glomerulonephritis that combines upper and lower granulomatous nephritides. […] Primary kidney diseases that can cause AGN include the following: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) – This is due to the expansion and proliferation of mesangial cells as a consequence of the deposition of complements. […] Miscellaneous noninfectious causes of AGN include the following: Guillain-Barr syndrome, Irradiation of Wilms tumor, Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, Serum sickness, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and possibly its inhibition by cetuximab, COVID-19 vaccine.

• #64 Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239392-overview

  The progression from acute glomerulonephritis to chronic glomerulonephritis is variable, depending to a considerable extent on the cause of the condition. […] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or crescentic glomerulonephritis About 90% of patients progress to ESRD within weeks or months. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis About 80% of patients progress to ESRD in 10 years; patients with the collapsing variant (malignant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) have a more rapid progression; this form may be idiopathic or related to HIV infection. […] Membranous nephropathy About 20-30% of patients with membranous nephropathy progress to chronic renal failure (CRF) and ESRD in 10 years. […] Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis About 40% of patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis progress to CRF and ESRD in 10 years.

• #65 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #66 Glomerular Disease – Glomerulonephritis & Glomerulosclerosis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/kidney-care/glomerular-disease

  Bacterial and viral infections can place excess stress on the kidneys and cause damage to the glomeruli. Strep throat, bacterial endocarditis and HIV are all infections that can cause glomerular disease. […] In some cases, glomerular disease can occur due to genetic conditions. Alport syndrome, also known as hereditary nephritis, can be inherited from a parent and cause glomerular disease, among other symptoms like hearing and/or vision loss. […] Glomerular disease due to scarring or hardening of the blood vessels in the kidneys can be caused by: […] Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of glomerular disease and of total kidney failure in the United States. Diabetes causes high blood sugar levels, which can damage the kidneys. […] Scarring in sporadic parts of the kidneys due to a either a specific disease or unknown cause, is known as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).

• #67 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #68 Glomerulonephritis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/glomerulonephritis

  In rare cases, these blood vessels can be damaged by a variety of causes, including genetic conditions, infection, and medications. […] The exact cause of this condition is not always known, but the current consensus is that an inciting event triggers an immune response in the body that sets off a chain of responses, causing inflammation of the glomeruli. Some of the known inciting events include infections such as strep throat or impetigo. Other infections that may cause glomerulonephritis include HIV and hepatitis B. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus may also cause inflammation of the glomeruli. […] In some cases, glomerulonephritis is caused by an inherited condition such as Alport syndrome, which is a condition that causes kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities.

• #69 Understanding Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, And Diagnosis – SKI

  https://swkidney.com/glomerulonephritis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis/

  Glomerulonephritis has multifaceted origins, with immune-mediated factors playing a prominent role. […] Conditions such as lupus and vasculitis, which are autoimmune diseases, can trigger these responses, ultimately resulting in glomerulonephritis. […] Infections, too, play a role. Bacterial or viral infections can trigger an immune response that inadvertently harms the glomeruli. Hepatitis B and C, streptococcal infections, and even HIV have been implicated in causing glomerulonephritis. […] Genetic predispositions underline certain cases. A family history of kidney disorders can increase the risk of developing glomerulonephritis. Additionally, certain genetic mutations can make an individual more susceptible to these conditions. […] Drug reactions, exposure to certain toxins, and even diseases affecting blood vessels can contribute to the development of glomerulonephritis. Understanding these causes not only informs medical practitioners but also empowers individuals to take proactive steps toward prevention.

• #70 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Poor hygiene, overcrowding, and low socioeconomic status are important risk factors for streptococci outbreaks, and this explains the higher incidence of PSGN in impoverished countries. Genetic factors are expected to predispose to the condition since almost 40% of patients with PSGN gave a positive family history. There is no specific gene found to cause PSGN.

• #71 Glomerulonephritis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/glomerulonephritis

  The chronic types can be caused by the same disease that can cause the acute type. Sometimes, chronic glomerulonephritis is caused by Alport syndrome, an inherited genetic disease that damages the kidneys. […] In some cases, glomerulonephritis can be caused by certain drugs. For example, analgesic nephropathy is caused by heavy and prolonged use of certain pain relievers (analgesics), including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen and naproxen.

• #72 Glomerulonephritis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/glomerulonephritis

  The chronic types can be caused by the same disease that can cause the acute type. Sometimes, chronic glomerulonephritis is caused by Alport syndrome, an inherited genetic disease that damages the kidneys. […] In some cases, glomerulonephritis can be caused by certain drugs. For example, analgesic nephropathy is caused by heavy and prolonged use of certain pain relievers (analgesics), including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen and naproxen.

• #73 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, causes, scarring, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167252

  Primary glomerulonephritis refers to the occurrence of glomerulonephritis without an accompanying condition, while secondary glomerulonephritis is caused by another disease, such as diabetes, lupus, infection, or drug use. […] The cause is often unclear, but there are risk factors that can affect the likelihood of glomerulonephritis. […] Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) and syphilis, can lead to glomerulonephritis. This is also true of bacterial endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves. Viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C also increase the risk. […] Scarring of the glomeruli can also lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Conditions including lupus and diabetes may cause scarring of the glomeruli, also known as glomerulosclerosis, or sclerosis of the glomeruli. […] Diabetic nephropathy is the main cause of kidney failure in the U.S. […] Long-term use of certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen or aspirin, can increase the risk.

• #74 Glomerulonephritis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Glomerulus/GlmrlnphrtsCs.htm

  Glomerulonephritis Causes, Infectious Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Causes […] Primary Glomerular Disease […] Causes […] Infectious […] Bacterial […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Viral […] Hepatitis B […] Causes […] Multisystem Disease […] Causes […] Medications (primarily cause RPGN) […] Causes […] Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis […] IgA Nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative disease […] Antiglomerular basement membrane […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Infective Endocarditis […] Visceral Sepsis […] Hepatitis B […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Necrotizing Fasciitis […] Goodpasture’s Syndrome […] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis) […] Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Penicillamine […] Hydralazine […] Allopurinol […] Rifampin.

• #75 Glomerulonephritis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Glomerulus/GlmrlnphrtsCs.htm

  Glomerulonephritis Causes, Infectious Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Causes […] Primary Glomerular Disease […] Causes […] Infectious […] Bacterial […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Viral […] Hepatitis B […] Causes […] Multisystem Disease […] Causes […] Medications (primarily cause RPGN) […] Causes […] Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis […] IgA Nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative disease […] Antiglomerular basement membrane […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Infective Endocarditis […] Visceral Sepsis […] Hepatitis B […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Necrotizing Fasciitis […] Goodpasture’s Syndrome […] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis) […] Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Penicillamine […] Hydralazine […] Allopurinol […] Rifampin.

• #76 Glomerulonephritis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Glomerulus/GlmrlnphrtsCs.htm

  Glomerulonephritis Causes, Infectious Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Causes […] Primary Glomerular Disease […] Causes […] Infectious […] Bacterial […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Viral […] Hepatitis B […] Causes […] Multisystem Disease […] Causes […] Medications (primarily cause RPGN) […] Causes […] Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis […] IgA Nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative disease […] Antiglomerular basement membrane […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Infective Endocarditis […] Visceral Sepsis […] Hepatitis B […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Necrotizing Fasciitis […] Goodpasture’s Syndrome […] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis) […] Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Penicillamine […] Hydralazine […] Allopurinol […] Rifampin.

• #77 Glomerulonephritis Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Glomerulus/GlmrlnphrtsCs.htm

  Glomerulonephritis Causes, Infectious Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Causes […] Primary Glomerular Disease […] Causes […] Infectious […] Bacterial […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Viral […] Hepatitis B […] Causes […] Multisystem Disease […] Causes […] Medications (primarily cause RPGN) […] Causes […] Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis […] IgA Nephropathy […] Membranoproliferative disease […] Antiglomerular basement membrane […] Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis […] Infective Endocarditis […] Visceral Sepsis […] Hepatitis B […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Necrotizing Fasciitis […] Goodpasture’s Syndrome […] Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis) […] Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Penicillamine […] Hydralazine […] Allopurinol […] Rifampin.

• #78 Glomerulonephritis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glomerulonephritis_causes

  Infectious Disease: Bacterial endocarditis, Chronic hepatitis c, Hepatitis b, Lepromatous leprosy, Loiasis, Malaria, Parasitic infection, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Scarlet fever, Secondary syphilis, Streptococcal infections. […] Causes in Alphabetical Order: Alport’s syndrome, Amyloidosis, Anca vasculitis, Bacterial endocarditis, Bucillamine, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, C2 deficiency, C4 deficiency, Chronic hepatitis c, Churg-strauss syndrome, Cryoglobulinaemia, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diabetic nephropathy, Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Endocarditis, Epstein macrothrombocytopenia syndrome, Fechtner syndrome, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Glycogenosis type 1a, Gold salts, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Henoch-schnlein purpura, Hepatitis b, Hereditary nephritis, Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Hypertension, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, Iga nephropathy, Indomethacin, Kartagener’s syndrome, Lepromatous leprosy, Lithium, Loiasis, Lupus, Lupus nephritis, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Malaria, Membranous nephropathy, Mercury, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Myeloma, Nsaids, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parasitic infection, Penicillamine, Phenylbutazone, Polyarteritis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Radiotherapy, Rifampicin, Scarlet fever, Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, Sebastian platelet syndrome, Secondary syphilis, Serum sickness, Sickle cell disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, Streptococcal infections, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Thin basement membrane disease, Vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome.

• #79 Table: Some Causes of Glomerulonephritis-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Some Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Infections […] Bacterial infections (for example, with streptococcus, staphylococcus, or pneumococcus) […] Fungal infections […] Parasitic infections (for example, malaria) […] Viral infections (for example, hepatitis B and hepatitis C or HIV infections) […] Vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation) […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Immune disorders […] Goodpasture syndrome […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Other causes […] Hereditary nephritis […] Medications (for example, hydralazine, interferon alfa, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lithium, pamidronate, quinine, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, or certain chemotherapeutic medications)

• #80 Table: Some Causes of Glomerulonephritis-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-glomerulonephritis

  Some Causes of Glomerulonephritis […] Infections […] Bacterial infections (for example, with streptococcus, staphylococcus, or pneumococcus) […] Fungal infections […] Parasitic infections (for example, malaria) […] Viral infections (for example, hepatitis B and hepatitis C or HIV infections) […] Vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation) […] Cryoglobulinemia […] Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Granulomatosis with polyangiitis […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Immune disorders […] Goodpasture syndrome […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Other causes […] Hereditary nephritis […] Medications (for example, hydralazine, interferon alfa, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lithium, pamidronate, quinine, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, or certain chemotherapeutic medications)

• #81 Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000484.htm

  Glomerulonephritis may be caused by problems with the body’s immune system. Often, the exact cause of this condition is unknown. […] Many conditions cause or increase the risk for glomerulonephritis, including: […] Blood or lymphatic system disorders […] Exposure to hydrocarbon solvents […] History of cancer […] Infections such as strep infections, viruses, heart infections, or abscesses […] Amyloidosis (disorder in which a protein called amyloid builds up in the organs and tissues) […] Disorder that affects the glomerular basement membrane, the part of the kidney that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood […] Blood vessel diseases, such as vasculitis or polyarteritis […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (scarring of the glomeruli) […] Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (disorder in which the immune system attacks the glomeruli)

• #82 Glomerulonephritis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glomerulonephritis_causes

  Infectious Disease: Bacterial endocarditis, Chronic hepatitis c, Hepatitis b, Lepromatous leprosy, Loiasis, Malaria, Parasitic infection, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Scarlet fever, Secondary syphilis, Streptococcal infections. […] Causes in Alphabetical Order: Alport’s syndrome, Amyloidosis, Anca vasculitis, Bacterial endocarditis, Bucillamine, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, C2 deficiency, C4 deficiency, Chronic hepatitis c, Churg-strauss syndrome, Cryoglobulinaemia, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diabetic nephropathy, Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Endocarditis, Epstein macrothrombocytopenia syndrome, Fechtner syndrome, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Glycogenosis type 1a, Gold salts, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Henoch-schnlein purpura, Hepatitis b, Hereditary nephritis, Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Hypertension, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, Iga nephropathy, Indomethacin, Kartagener’s syndrome, Lepromatous leprosy, Lithium, Loiasis, Lupus, Lupus nephritis, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Malaria, Membranous nephropathy, Mercury, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Myeloma, Nsaids, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parasitic infection, Penicillamine, Phenylbutazone, Polyarteritis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Radiotherapy, Rifampicin, Scarlet fever, Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, Sebastian platelet syndrome, Secondary syphilis, Serum sickness, Sickle cell disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, Streptococcal infections, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Thin basement membrane disease, Vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome.

• #83 Glomerulonephritis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis may be caused by problems with the body’s immune system. Often, the exact cause of this condition is unknown. […] Many conditions cause or increase the risk for glomerulonephritis, including: […] Blood vessel diseases, such as vasculitis or polyarteritis. […] Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (disorder in which the immune system attacks the glomeruli). […] Chronic kidney failure symptoms may gradually develop. […] Most cases of glomerulonephritis can’t be prevented. Some cases may be prevented by avoiding or limiting exposure to organic solvents, mercury, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #84 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #85 Glomerulonephritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glomerulonephritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355705

  Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. […] Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli include the following conditions. […] Infectious diseases can directly or indirectly lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Autoimmune diseases are illnesses caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. Autoimmune diseases that may cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels. Types of vasculitis that can cause glomerulonephritis include: […] Some diseases or conditions cause scarring of the glomeruli that results in poor and declining kidney function. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, also might impair hearing or vision. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #86 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/glomerulonephritis/

  High blood pressure- High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and impair their ability to function normally. […] Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)- This can affect anyone having diabetes, generally taking years to develop. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis- This condition is characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli, and it can result from another disease or sometimes occur for no known reason. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis also runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, may impair one’s vision or hearing. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers as well, such as multiple myeloma, lung cancer as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #87 Glomerulonephritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/glomerulonephritis/

  High blood pressure- High blood pressure can damage your kidneys and impair their ability to function normally. […] Diabetic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)- This can affect anyone having diabetes, generally taking years to develop. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis- This condition is characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli, and it can result from another disease or sometimes occur for no known reason. […] Infrequently, chronic glomerulonephritis also runs in families. One inherited form, Alport syndrome, may impair one’s vision or hearing. […] Glomerulonephritis is associated with certain cancers as well, such as multiple myeloma, lung cancer as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #88 Glomerulonephritis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glomerulonephritis_causes

  Glomerulonephritis is primarily caused by renal disease, as well as genetic disorders and hematological abnormalities. […] Common Causes: Churg-strauss syndrome, Cryoglobulinaemia, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Endocarditis, Glycogenosis type 1a, Henoch-schnlein purpura, Hepatitis b, Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Iga nephropathy, Lepromatous leprosy, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Myeloma, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa, Radiotherapy, Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, Secondary syphilis, Serum sickness, Sickle cell disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome. […] Causes by Organ System: Cardiovascular: Amyloidosis, Anca vasculitis, Bacterial endocarditis, Endocarditis, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hypertension, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Polyarteritis, Vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis.

• #89 Glomerulonephritis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/kidney-disease/conditions/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis occurs when the glomeruli the part of the kidneys that filters waste and fluid from the blood don’t work properly. […] When your glomeruli are damaged and dont work properly, harmful substances can build up in your body. If left untreated, it can lead to kidney failure. […] Causes of glomerulonephritis include: Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or Goodpasture syndrome. […] Certain cancers, such as multiple myeloma. […] Vasculitis (inflammation of your blood vessels), such as Pauci-immune disease. […] Viral and bacterial infections. […] Certain conditions can increase your risk of developing glomerulonephritis, including: A history of viral and bacterial infections, such as strep throat, abscesses, or heart and lung infections. […] A history of problems with your glomeruli or other kidney disorders. […] Amyloidosis, which causes amyloid proteins to build up in your body. […] Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or Goodpasture syndrome. […] Blood or lymphatic system conditions. […] Certain cancers. […] Diseases that affect your blood vessels, such as vasculitis or polyarteritis.

• #90 Glomerulonephritis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glomerulonephritis_causes

  Infectious Disease: Bacterial endocarditis, Chronic hepatitis c, Hepatitis b, Lepromatous leprosy, Loiasis, Malaria, Parasitic infection, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Scarlet fever, Secondary syphilis, Streptococcal infections. […] Causes in Alphabetical Order: Alport’s syndrome, Amyloidosis, Anca vasculitis, Bacterial endocarditis, Bucillamine, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, C2 deficiency, C4 deficiency, Chronic hepatitis c, Churg-strauss syndrome, Cryoglobulinaemia, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diabetic nephropathy, Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Endocarditis, Epstein macrothrombocytopenia syndrome, Fechtner syndrome, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Glycogenosis type 1a, Gold salts, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Henoch-schnlein purpura, Hepatitis b, Hereditary nephritis, Hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hyperdibasic aminoaciduria type 2, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Hypertension, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, Iga nephropathy, Indomethacin, Kartagener’s syndrome, Lepromatous leprosy, Lithium, Loiasis, Lupus, Lupus nephritis, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Malaria, Membranous nephropathy, Mercury, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Myeloma, Nsaids, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parasitic infection, Penicillamine, Phenylbutazone, Polyarteritis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Radiotherapy, Rifampicin, Scarlet fever, Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, Sebastian platelet syndrome, Secondary syphilis, Serum sickness, Sickle cell disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, Streptococcal infections, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Thin basement membrane disease, Vasculitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome.

• #91 Membranous Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/membranous-nephropathy

  MGN can develop as a primary kidney disease, meaning another condition does not cause it. This kind of MGN has no known cause. […] However, MGN can also develop as a result of other underlying health conditions. Youre more likely to develop MGN if you: have been exposed to toxins such as mercury […] have an infection that affects your immune system, such as malaria, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, endocarditis, or syphilis […] have certain types of cancer, such as melanoma […] have an autoimmune disorder such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Graves disease. […] While the cause of MGN is not known, factors such as toxin exposure, a history of certain cancers, and certain autoimmune conditions can increase your risk of developing it.

• #92

  https://www.kkh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/glomerulonephritis

  Glomerulonephritis – Causes and Risk Factors […] What causes glomerulonephritis? There are many causes of glomerulonephritis. Some are primary i.e., arising in the kidney, while others may be related to systemic diseases that affect the rest of the body. One of the most common secondary glomerulonephritis is lupus nephritis. To diagnose the underlying cause of glomerulonephritis, a kidney biopsy to obtain kidney tissue for microscopic examination is usually required. […] Certain types of glomerulonephritides are associated with malignant conditions such as bone marrow infiltration and solid organ tumours and further screening for these conditions via computed tomography scans, endoscopy or bone marrow studies may be required.

• #93 Glomerulonephritis (Glomerular Disease)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-diseases/glomerulonephritis-glomerular-disease

  Glomerulonephritis is also called glomerular disease. It is a type of kidney disease caused by damage to your glomeruli due to overactivation of your immune system. […] Many things related to your immune system can cause glomerulonephritis, such as: […] Sometimes, your doctor may not know what is causing your glomerulonephritis. This is called glomerular disease of unknown cause (etiology).

• #94 Glomerulonephritis | Nephritic | Nephrotic Syndrome – Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/glomerulonephritis.htm

  B. Familial/hereditary: These diseases run in families with early presentation like Alport syndrome, congenital nephrotic syndrome, thin basement membrane disease. Symptom presentation like early age of onset and genetic study will confirm diagnosis. […] C. Infective: Glomerular disease sometimes develops rapidly after an infection in other parts of the body. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), HIV and some other infections. […] D. Sclerotic Diseases: This means scarring of the glomeruli by various systemic and local causes. Examples: diabetes and lupus disease. […] E. Idiopathic: Cause of the disease is unknown.

• #95

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis often happens if there’s a problem with your immune system. It can be caused by inflammatory conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or vasculitis. […] In some cases, it can be caused by infections, such as: HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis). […] Some types of cancer and certain medicines can also cause glomerulonephritis. […] Sometimes its not clear what causes it.

• #96 Glomerulonephritis – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/first-aid-self-care/glomerulonephritis/

  Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop over many years and in many people, the cause can’t be found. Sometimes it arises from acute glomerulonephritis that didn’t resolve. Other known causes include malaria and hepatitis. […] Some risk factors and conditions put a person at greater risk of getting glomerulonephritis. These include lupus, diabetes, high blood pressure, and viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and C.

• #97 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16167-glomerulonephritis-gn

  Not everyone with risk factors will develop glomerulonephritis. And, not everyone with the condition has a risk factor. But, the following are known risk factors: A personal or family history of kidney disease. Taking certain medications. Exposure to specific toxins. Having certain viral infections (like strep) or bacterial infections (bacterial endocarditis). Having an autoimmune condition.

• #98 Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/

  Poor hygiene, overcrowding, and low socioeconomic status are important risk factors for streptococci outbreaks, and this explains the higher incidence of PSGN in impoverished countries. Genetic factors are expected to predispose to the condition since almost 40% of patients with PSGN gave a positive family history. There is no specific gene found to cause PSGN.

• #99 Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Associates in Nephrology, PC

  https://www.associatesinnephrologypc.com/2024/06/21/what-is-glomerulonephritis-understanding-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels can also impact the glomeruli. […] Toxins and drugs: Certain medications or exposure to toxins can cause an immune reaction within the kidneys, leading to GN. […] Heredity: Some types of GN are hereditary and can be passed down through families. […] Understanding the cause of your GN is vital in determining the most effective treatment plan, so thorough assessment is essential.

• #100 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Etiological classification of glomerulonephritis can be made based on clinical presentation, ranging from severe proteinuria (3.5 g/day) and edema qualifying for the nephrotic syndrome to a nephritic syndrome where hematuria and hypertension are more prominent while proteinuria is less pronounced. […] A more modern and widely accepted way to classify glomerulonephritis is to divide it into five forms of glomerulonephritis based on underlying immune processes. […] IgA nephropathy has been found to be the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. […] However, the incidence of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has declined in most developed countries. […] The underlying pathogenetic mechanism common to all of these different varieties of glomerulonephritis (GN) is immune-mediated, in which both humoral as well as cell-mediated pathways are active. […] The targets of immune-mediated damage vary according to the type of GN. […] Identifying a possible etiologic agent is important. […] Glomerulonephritis may either lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or may progress gradually to chronic renal failure.

• #101 Glomerulonephritis – Premier Medical Group

  https://www.premiermedicalhv.com/divisions/services/glomerulonephritis/

  Glomerulonephritis is a kidney disease in which the glomeruli become inflamed and cannot effectively filter waste out of the bloodstream. […] The exact cause of glomerulonephritis depends on whether it is acute or chronic. […] A rare form of glomerulonephritis, called Alport syndrome, is genetic. Some cases of chronic glomerulonephritis have no clear cause. However, most cases of glomerulonephritis are a result of other conditions. […] See below for a list of specific conditions that cause glomerulonephritis. […] Viral infections. Sometimes, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause glomerulonephritis. […] A strep throat infection can cause glomerulonephritis about a week or two after strep throat recovery. […] Aside from Alport syndrome, glomerulonephritis is not necessarily a genetic disease. Some groups have a higher risk of developing glomerulonephritis. The following conditions can either cause or increase the risk of glomerulonephritis: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schnlein purpura, Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, Amyloidosis, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Analgesic nephropathy syndrome, History of cancer, specifically lung cancer, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Exposure to hydrocarbon solvents. […] Effective treatment can slow cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. Whether acute or chronic, serious cases of glomerulonephritis can progress into limited kidney function, chronic kidney failure, and end-stage renal disease.

• #102 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  The term „glomerulonephritis” encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. […] Acute forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) can result from either a primary renal cause or a secondary illness that causes renal manifestations. […] Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a typical example of acute glomerulonephritis secondary to a streptococcal infection; similarly, Staphylococcus aureus infection can also lead to glomerulonephritis. […] Most forms of glomerulonephritis are considered progressive disorders. Without timely therapy, progress to chronic glomerulonephritis (characterized by progressive glomerular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis leading to a reduced glomerular filtration rate).

• #103 Glomerulonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560644/

  Etiological classification of glomerulonephritis can be made based on clinical presentation, ranging from severe proteinuria (3.5 g/day) and edema qualifying for the nephrotic syndrome to a nephritic syndrome where hematuria and hypertension are more prominent while proteinuria is less pronounced. […] A more modern and widely accepted way to classify glomerulonephritis is to divide it into five forms of glomerulonephritis based on underlying immune processes. […] IgA nephropathy has been found to be the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. […] However, the incidence of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has declined in most developed countries. […] The underlying pathogenetic mechanism common to all of these different varieties of glomerulonephritis (GN) is immune-mediated, in which both humoral as well as cell-mediated pathways are active. […] The targets of immune-mediated damage vary according to the type of GN. […] Identifying a possible etiologic agent is important. […] Glomerulonephritis may either lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or may progress gradually to chronic renal failure.

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