Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Specific Phobia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499923/

  Specific phobia is a common anxiety disorder. Patients with specific phobias experience anxiety and panic attacks along with unreasonable fear of exposure or anticipated exposure to a phobic stimulus. […] The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. […] Behavioral scientists have contributed significantly to uncovering the psychological mechanisms contributing to anxiety. Conditioned responses of learned fear are more significant among anxiety-disordered individuals compared to controls, with an explanation of 2 likely mechanisms: first, there is greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues, and second, there is impaired inhibitory conditioning to safety signals.

• #1 Mental Health Research on the Genetics of Phobias

  https://www.verywellmind.com/research-findings-on-the-genetics-of-phobias-2671935

  Phobias are extreme fears that make it impossible to function normally. Phobias may grow out of really negative experiences, but because they are overwhelming and often irrational, they become disabling. […] The causes of phobias are not yet widely understood. Increasingly, however, research shows that genetics may play at least some role. […] Studies show that twins who are raised separately have a higher than average rate of developing similar phobias. Other studies show that some phobias run in families, with first-degree relatives of phobia sufferers more likely to develop a phobia. […] If a family member has a phobia, you are at an increased risk for a phobia as well. […] Researchers have found that first-degree relatives of someone suffering from a phobia are approximately three times more likely to develop a phobia.

• #1 Phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia

  Phobias may develop for a variety of reasons. Childhood experiences, past traumatic experiences, brain chemistry, genetics, or learned behavior, can all be reasons why phobias develop. There are even phobias that may run in families and be passed down from one generation to another. […] There are multiple theories about how phobias develop and likely occur due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The degree to whether environment or genetic influences have a more significant role varies by condition, with social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia having around a 50% heritability rate. […] Rachman proposed three pathways for the development of phobias: direct or classical conditioning (exposure to phobic stimulus), vicarious acquisition (seeing others experience phobic stimulus), and informational/instructional acquisition (learning about phobic stimulus from others.

• #1 Causes of Phobias

  https://cogbtherapy.com/causes-of-phobias

  Causes of Phobia: A giant spider confronts a little boy. There is no one cause of phobias, also known as specific phobias. For some people with specific phobia, an apparent environmental cause or life event causes or triggers fear or anxiety, eventually resulting in a phobia. For others, there seems to be a stronger genetic predisposition to a phobic response. However, biology and environment likely come together to play a role in developing a phobia. […] Sometimes, a phobia may develop as a result of environmental factors. Undergoing certain situations, such as a traumatic event, can create a strong association between an object or situation reminiscent of the event and intense fear in the form of a panic attack. For instance, being attacked by a dog at an early age can cause an irrational fear of dogs following the incident. Similarly, observing someone else going through a traumatic event, such as dying in a car accident, can also result in a phobia. During the trauma, the intense fear experienced is strongly linked to the situation, such that afterward, memories of the situation elicit similar fear.

• #1 2.1 Describe possible causes of phobia – Care Learning

  https://carelearning.org.uk/qualifications/level-2-mental-health/unit-04-phobias/2-1-describe-possible-causes-of-phobia/

  A phobia is an intense and irrational fear of a situation, object, or activity. It goes beyond normal fear and can disrupt daily life. To provide effective support for individuals, its helpful to understand what may cause a phobia. Phobias often develop through a combination of environmental, psychological, and biological factors. In this guide, we will look at the possible causes. […] A traumatic experience in early life or adulthood can trigger a phobia. For example, someone bitten by a dog as a child may develop a phobia of dogs (cynophobia). Traumatic events instil fear because they create strong, negative associations with the triggering object or situation. These experiences remain in the mind and cause exaggerated reactions in the future. […] Phobias can develop through learned behaviour. Observing other peoples fears, especially in childhood, can teach a person to react similarly. For instance, if a parent openly expresses extreme fear of spiders, a child may pick up this fear and develop arachnophobia.

• #1 Specific Phobia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499923/

  Parenting behaviors implicate cross-generational influences on the development of childhood anxiety. […] Another mechanism for developing a specific phobia is through modeling, in which a person observes a reaction in another person and internalizes that other person’s fears or warnings about the dangers of a specific object or situation. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a key resource for classifying mental health disorders; in its various editions, specific phobias have been included and refined. […] Advances in neuroscience and research have contributed to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying specific phobias, including insights into the role of the amygdala, a brain region involved in processing fear. […] Over time, therapeutic approaches for specific phobias have evolved. Behavior therapy, including systematic desensitization (a type of exposure therapy), has been a key component. Cognitive behavioral therapy has also become a prominent and effective approach, focusing on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with phobias.

• #1 Phobia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/symptoms/phobia/

  Phobias often develop after a person has a negative or traumatic experience with a specific object or situation. For example, a person who a dog bites may develop a phobia of dogs (cynophobia). According to the study Trauma and the Development of Phobias by McNally (2002), Traumatic experiences are a common precursor to the development of specific phobias. […] Phobias are also acquired by observing others fearful reactions or by receiving information that increases fear. For instance, hearing about plane crashes repeatedly can lead to a phobia of flying. The article Observational Learning and the Development of Phobias by Mineka and Zinbarg (2006) states, Phobias can be learned through informational transmission, where individuals acquire fears by observing or hearing about others fearful experiences.

• #1 Phobias: Symptoms, types, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347

  More research is needed to confirm exactly why a person develops agoraphobia or social anxiety. Researchers currently believe complex phobias are caused by a combination of life experiences, brain chemistry, and genetics. […] Researchers have found that phobias are often linked to the amygdala, which lies behind the pituitary gland in the brain. The amygdala can trigger the release of fight-or-flight hormones. These put the body and mind in a highly alert and stressed state.

• #1 Phobias | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/phobias

  A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder, a condition that activates the “fight or flight” response and creates feelings of imminent danger that are out of proportion to the reality of the situation. […] A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder, a condition that activates the “fight or flight” response and creates feelings of imminent danger that are out of proportion to the reality of the situation. Kids can develop anxiety disorders for many reasons, including: […] Biological factors: The brain has special chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that send messages back and forth to control the way a person feels. Serotonin and dopamine are two important neurotransmitters that, when “out of whack,” can cause feelings of anxiety. […] Family factors: Anxiety and fear can be inherited. Just as a child can inherit a parent’s brown hair, green eyes and nearsightedness, a child can also inherit that parent’s tendency toward excessive anxiety. […] Environmental factors: A traumatic experience (such as a divorce, illness or death in the family) or even just a major life event like the start of a new school year may also trigger the onset of an anxiety disorder.

• #1 Causes of Phobias

  https://cogbtherapy.com/causes-of-phobias

  Phobias are not only the result of past trauma. In reality, most people with phobias are not able to identify a causal trauma that provided the spark for the phobia. There is some evidence that phobias, to a large degree, are hardwired in our genes. Notably, most people who develop phobias only develop a type of phobia in response to things with some possibility of danger. In other words, many people have a fear of water, and water can be life-threatening if you are unable to swim. Very few people, however, are afraid of light. Or the color blue. Researchers have used this as evidence to support an evolutionary theory of phobia, in which fear of certain threats (such as other animals) was adaptive with regard to keeping the species alive. This may explain why claustrophobia (fear of enclosed or confined space), acrophobia (fear of heights), and arachnophobia (fear of spiders) are so common.

• #1 Specific phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia

  Specific phobia is an anxiety disorder, characterized by an extreme, unreasonable, and irrational fear associated with a specific object, situation, or concept which poses little or no actual danger. […] The exact cause of specific phobias is not known. The mechanisms for development of specific phobias can be distinguished between innate (genetic and neurobiological) factors, and learned factors. […] In neurobiology, one explanation proposed for specific phobia is that the typical activation of the amygdala in response to stimuli may be exaggerated due to pathological changes. […] Certain phobias that are less lethal (e.g. dogs) seem to be more frequently observed and easily acquired in comparison to potentially lethal fears which are more relevant to developed human society (e.g. cars and guns).

• #1 What causes phobias? – MIND HK

  https://www.mind.org.hk/mental-health/phobias/causes/

  Long-term stress can cause feelings of anxiety and depression, and reduce your ability to cope in particular situations. This can make you feel more fearful or anxious about being in those situations again and, over a long period, could lead to you developing a phobia. […] You might find it helpful to try to work out the specific causes for your own phobia, but you might equally feel that there is no simple explanation. If you avoid the object or situation that is making you phobic, this will often make your fear worse over time. However, it can be extremely difficult to face your phobia, and you may need professional help to enable you to do this. […] I am disabled and have had medical treatments my entire life. When I was little, I used to fight people trying to take my blood, so I would have to be held down. The people raising me were completely unsympathetic to my feelings. All of this compounded to create the intense fear I experience when Im getting my blood drawn today.

• #1 Causes – Phobias – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/causes/

  A phobia can develop during childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. […] They can be linked to a frightening event or stressful situation. However, it’s not always clear why some phobias occur. […] Simple phobias can be linked to an early negative childhood experience. For example, if you’re trapped in a confined space when you’re young, you may develop a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) when you’re older. […] It’s also thought that phobias can sometimes be „learnt” from an early age. For example, if someone in your family has a fear of spiders (arachnophobia), you may also develop the same fear yourself. […] Other factors in the family environment, such as having parents who are particularly anxious, may also affect the way you deal with anxiety later in life. […] It’s not known what causes complex phobias, such as agoraphobia and social phobia. However, it’s thought that genetics, brain chemistry and life experiences may all play a part in these type of phobias.

• #1 Phobias: Causes, Types, Treatment, Symptoms & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/phobia-simple-specific

  Genetic and environmental factors can cause phobias. Children who have a close relative with an anxiety disorder are at risk of developing a phobia. Distressing events, such as nearly drowning, can bring on a phobia. Exposure to confined spaces, extreme heights, and animal or insect bites can all be sources of phobias. […] People with ongoing medical conditions or health concerns often have phobias. Theres a high incidence of people developing phobias after traumatic brain injuries. Substance abuse and depression are also connected to phobias.

• #1 Phobias in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/p/phobias-in-children.html

  A phobia is an excessive fear of a certain object or situation. Its a fear that lasts for at least 6 months. It is a type of anxiety disorder. […] The cause of a phobia may be both genetic and environmental. A child may develop a phobia if they have a fearful first encounter with an object or situation. But experts dont know if this exposure leads to a phobia. The following may help lead to the development of phobias in children: Shyness or withdrawing from unfamiliar situations or people (behavioral inhibitions) as a child, having an anxious or nervous temperament, having negative or traumatic life events early in childhood, mental health issues in family members, certain physical health conditions (such as thyroid problems or heart arrhythmias), or certain substances or medicines. The physical health problems can produce anxiety symptoms, or make them worse. […] Some things that may put a child at risk for a phobia include shyness, a traumatic event in early childhood, or mental health issues in family members.

• #1 Fears and Phobias (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/phobias.html

  A phobia is an intense fear reaction to a particular thing or a situation. With a phobia, the fear is out of proportion to the potential danger. But to the person with the phobia, the danger feels real because the fear is so very strong. […] What Causes Phobias? Some phobias develop when someone has a scary experience with a particular thing or situation. A tiny brain structure called the amygdala keeps track of experiences that trigger strong emotions. Once a certain thing or situation triggers a strong fear reaction, the amygdala warns the person by triggering a fear reaction every time he or she encounters (or even thinks about) that thing or situation. […] Sometimes, though, there may be no single event that causes a particular phobia. Some people may be more sensitive to fears because of personality traits they are born with, certain genes they’ve inherited, or situations they’ve experienced. People who have had strong childhood fears or anxiety may be more likely to have one or more phobias.

• #1

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/phobias/what-causes-specific-phobia

  Avoidance is a common behavioural reaction to a specific phobia as it allows people to avoid feelings of fear and anxiety. However, avoidance prevents opportunities to learn to challenge fearful beliefs and develop effective coping skills to manage anxiety. As a result, the specific phobia is maintained and not overcome.

• #1

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/phobias/what-causes-specific-phobia

  While many phobias have no obvious cause, several factors have been linked to the development of a specific phobia. These include: […] Many phobias (especially those related to animals, injections, and enclosed spaces) occur following a negative or previous traumatic experience, for example, a person may develop a phobia of dogs after being bitten by a dog. […] A person may become fearful of a particular object or situation after observing another persons fearful response to that same object or situation, for example a child observing how their parent is fearful of and avoids flying. […] People with a family history of animal phobias, situational phobias, and blood, injection, and injury phobias have a higher chance of developing the phobia than those without a family history. […] Unhelpful thoughts such as overestimating the chance of harm or incorrect beliefs about the consequences of confronting a feared object/situation are also thought to contribute to the continued experience of a phobia.

• #1 Phobias Conditions | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/phobias

  Research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the start of phobias. […] Certain phobias have been linked to a very bad first encounter with the feared object or situation. […] There is no known cause, although they seem to run in families. […] Most people with agoraphobia get it after first suffering a series of panic attacks. […] The unpredictability of the panic causes the person to anticipate future panic attacks and, eventually, fear any situation in which an attack may happen.

• #1 The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11879162/

  We evaluated for phobias the prediction of the stress-diathesis model that the magnitude of stress at onset is inversely proportional to the level of underlying diathesis. […] The mode of acquisition had moderate test-retest reliability and differed meaningfully across phobia subtypes. […] None of the 3 tests of the stress-diathesis model was confirmatory: (1) the risk of phobias was not elevated in co-twins of twins who had no memory of their mode of acquisition, (2) the risk of phobias was not decreased in co-twins of twins who had severe trauma to self, and (3) no significant relationship, in phobic twins, was found between levels of neuroticism and mode of acquisition. […] These results are inconsistent with the traditional etiologic theories for phobias, which assume conditioning or social transmission. However, they are compatible with nonassociative models, which postulate that the vulnerability to phobias is largely innate and does not arise directly from environmental experiences. The stress-diathesis model may not be an appropriate paradigm for phobic disorders.

• #1 Causes of phobias – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/phobias/causes/

  Most phobias dont have a single cause and are often a complex interplay of factors. […] There may be a genetic component to the predisposition to developing specific phobias, though this isnt clearly understood. […] Some research suggests that an imbalance of certain brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, may also contribute to specific phobias but further research is needed to understand this relationship. […] Traumatic or upsetting experiences may contribute to the development of a specific phobia. For example, a traumatic experience with dogs may lead to developing cynophobia, the fear of dogs. […] Phobias may be influenced by behaviours learned or observed in childhood. For example, having a parent who has arachnophobia, or the fear of spiders, may lead to developing that same phobia.

• #2 Phobias: What They Are, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24757-phobias

  A phobia is when something causes you to feel fear or anxiety thats so severe it consistently and overwhelmingly disrupts your life. […] Phobias are when your brain takes fear and anxiety to extreme degrees. Under ordinary circumstances, these emotions can be protective and helpful. […] However, several factors and processes may contribute to having a phobia. These include: Traumatic experiences. […] Genetics. Certain types of phobias are more likely to happen in people who have a relative with that type of phobia. […] Informational transmission. Some phobias may happen because of things you learn about or things you see or hear repeatedly. […] Learned fears. People can learn about the phobias or fears of others and may develop a phobia as a result.

• #2 Mental Health Research on the Genetics of Phobias

  https://www.verywellmind.com/research-findings-on-the-genetics-of-phobias-2671935

  According to the findings, twin studies showed that when one twin has agoraphobia, the second twin has a 39% chance of developing the same phobia. When one twin has a specific phobia, the second twin has a 30% chance of also developing a specific phobia. This is much higher than the 10% chance of developing an anxiety disorder found in the general population. […] Although they were unable to specifically isolate the genetic causes of phobias, Villafuerte and Burmeister reviewed several studies that appear to demonstrate genetic anomalies in both mice and humans with anxiety disorders. […] More research will need to be performed in order to isolate the complex genetics involved in the development of phobias and other anxiety disorders. However, this study does support the theory that genetics play a major role.

• #2 Phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia

  Much of the progress in understanding the acquisition of fear responses in phobias can be attributed to classical conditioning (Pavlovian model). […] Vicarious fear acquisition is learning to fear something, not by a subject’s own experience of fear, but by watching others, oftentimes a parent (observational learning). […] Informational/instructional fear acquisition is learning to fear something by getting information. […] Each phobia related disorder has some degree of genetic susceptibility. Those with specific phobias are more likely to have first degree relatives with the same specific phobia. Similarly, social anxiety disorder is found two to six times more frequently in those with first degree relatives that have it versus those that do not. Agoraphobia is believed to have the strongest genetic association.

• #2 Phobia: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-phobia/

  Phobia is defined as an intense and unexplainable fear of a situation, animal, object, or environment. […] The exact cause of phobia is unclear. Various factors pave the way to the development of a phobia. These include stressful or negative experiences, traumatic events, or having a parent or sibling with a phobia, in which case it’s a learned behavior. […] Causes of phobia refer to the factors or origins that contribute to the development of phobias, which are intense and irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. The causes of phobia are listed below. Stressful experience, Frightening event, A family member who a child can learn to fear. […] Certain phobias are associated with a stressful or negative experience, especially in childhood. Stress produces feelings of depression and anxiety. When not processed or managed adequately, stress decreases one’s ability to cope in specific situations. As a result, a person becomes more anxious or fearful about being exposed to those situations or objects again. Eventually, this leads to a phobia.

• #2 Understanding Phobias: Types, Causes, And Treatments

  https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/mental-health/phobias/?srsltid=AfmBOooqH6bxySUXN9Rsd7Dx3rlcKKRI_z_UEz4AOtyaQV88HOxJQZF6

  Phobias are linked directly to anxiety and can occur as either a result of anxiety or be the cause of it. […] The possible causes of Phobias include evolutionary factors, classical conditioning, learned responses, trauma, genetics, and long-term stress. […] Evolutionary causes of phobia attempts to explain why individuals still react in the way that they do based on how their ancestors would have needed to react in the face of fear millions of years ago. […] This explanation can be seen to apply to certain phobias very well. […] However, the theory states that humans are not born with a fear of things and that they must still have a negative experience with something for a fear to develop. […] Classical conditioning describes how someone can learn to fear something because of the responses that are associated with it.

• #2 Phobias: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Amen Clinics Amen Clinics

  https://www.amenclinics.com/blog/phobias-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Phobias are intensely exaggerated and illogical fears most often surrounding situations, objects, or places. […] Theres no specific cause of phobias, but any of the following can lead to their development: […] Genetics: If your family has a phobia or other anxiety disorders, you are at greater risk of having one too. […] Trauma exposure: A negative experience in childhood can trigger a phobia. For example, if you fell off a horse, you might develop a fear of horses. […] Learned responses: Interestingly, parents with phobias can transfer their illogical fears to their offspring. If your parent had a fear of heights, for example, you might as well. […] Exposure to toxins or infections: Surprisingly, toxins and infections can factor into the development of anxiety disorders, which includes phobias. Common culprits are toxic mold and Lyme disease.

• #2 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  Like many other mental health conditions, social anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors. Possible causes include: […] Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. However, it isn’t entirely clear how much of this may be due to genetics and how much is due to learned behavior. […] A structure in the brain called the amygdala may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. […] Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. Also, there may be an association between social anxiety disorder and parents who either model anxious behavior in social situations or are more controlling or overprotective of their children.

• #2 Phobia Causes: Underlying Causes of Phobias | HealthyPlace

  https://origin.healthyplace.com/anxiety-panic/phobias/phobia-causes-underlying-causes-of-phobias

  It is known that the parasympathetic nervous system implicated in the flight-or-fight response in the body is activated in phobic disorders. […] In some phobic disorders, functional brain imaging studies show that parts of the brain are over-activated when compared with healthy subjects. […] Studies also show lower brain chemical (serotonin) levels in people with phobic disorders. […] Different branches of psychology have postulated varying causes of phobias: Psychodynamic theory phobias stem from intrapsychic conflict such as low self-esteem or an unresolved internal conflict. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy phobias stem from learned behaviors; for example, an initial anxious experience to an object or situation may result in a longstanding phobia. […] Social phobia may be caused by a lack of social skills resulting in negative social interactions. […] It is thought some phobias are caused by repeated panic attacks in relation to an object or situation. […] Trauma, such as abuse, and drug use are also thought to cause phobias.

• #2 Why We Physically Feel Fear | What Causes Fear | UWA Online

  https://online.uwa.edu/news/what-causes-fear/

  Fear is an emotion that has played a significant role in our evolution and survival. […] In fact, some types of fear we experience today are still closely linked to our instinctual need for survival, such as the common fears of heights and insects. […] Fear starts in the part of the brain called the amygdala. According to Smithsonian Magazine, A threat stimulus, such as the sight of a predator, triggers a fear response in the amygdala, which activates areas involved in preparation for motor functions involved in fight or flight. […] Most of the physical symptoms we experience when it comes to fear come from the changes in our cardiovascular system. […] Fear even causes a metabolic response affects things such as glucose levels, which can increase your risk of heart disease, kidney disease, vision problems, and more.

• #2 Specific phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia

  However, a 2014 study found evidence against this evolutionary theory, which stated: „Our findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that fears/phobias of individual stimuli result from genetic and environmental factors unique to that stimulus. Instead, we observed substantial sharing of risk factors across individual fears.” […] There is also evidence for the validity of a genetic component contributing to blood-injection-injury phobias and animal phobias, although this evidence did not support the idea that other specific phobias had genetic influence. […] The classical conditioning model of learning has also been used to suggest that a phobia will be learned when an event that causes a fear or anxiety reaction is paired with a neutral event. […] An alternative proposed mechanism of association is through observational learning.

• #2 Phobias: Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.jrsh.co.in/phobias

  Reactions and responses to panic or fear. If you are faced with a situation or object that triggers a strong reaction, or a panic attack, then you may have a strong reaction. There may be a sense of embarrassment attached to this. Particularly if your response is met with strong reactions from people around you. The idea of this happening again might cause you even more anxiety. […] Experiencing long-term stress. It is possible to experience anxiety and depression as a result of stress. Particular situations can be made more difficult by it. As a result, you may feel more nervous or anxious in similar situations in the future. An individual could become phobic if this continues for a long time. […] Genetic factors. Phobias are more likely to develop in some people than in others, according to research.

• #2 Causes of Phobias – DaSilva Institute

  https://dasilvainstitute.com/causes-of-phobias/

  Researchers are uncertain exactly what causes phobias. However, it is commonly believed that certain factors — likely in various combinations with each other — may increase the likelihood that a phobia will develop. […] Research has shown that certain phobias may run in families. […] Adults and children who move to countries where there is a language barrier may have phobias of socialization due to the embarrassment they feel. […] The brain has special chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that send messages back and forth to control the way a person feels. Serotonin and dopamine are two important neurotransmitters that when “out of whack” can cause feelings of anxiety that can lead to phobias. […] Anxiety and fear can be inherited. Just as a child can inherit a parent’s brown hair, green eyes and nearsightedness, a child can also inherit that parent’s tendency toward excessive anxiety. […] Real-life events that may or may not be consciously remembered can also cause phobias. A traumatic experience (such as a divorce, illness or death in the family) or even just a major life event like the start of a new school year may also trigger the onset of an anxiety disorder.

• #2 Causes of phobias – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/phobias/causes/

  Some phobias may come from learning about dangerous or frightening events. For example, reading about a death by spider bite may lead to developing arachnophobia, or hearing about a plane crash may lead to developing a fear of flying. […] Some drugs and substances, such as caffeine or alcohol, may make some people more anxious than others. […] There is an increased risk of someone developing a phobia if they experience ongoing physical illness. Additionally, those who experience traumatic brain injuries have an increased likelihood of developing a phobia.

• #2 Most Common Phobias: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/list-of-phobias-a-to-z-what-are-the-most-common-phobias

  Phobias are frequently present in individuals with continuous health issues or medical illnesses. […] Phobias are very common in humans who might have experienced a traumatic brain injury in the past. […] Phobias are also linked to depression and the use of over-the-counter drugs. […] Environmental and genetic factors can bring on phobias. […] Children are more likely to develop phobias if they have a close family with an anxiety disorder. […] Fear can develop as a result of distressing experiences, like almost drowning. […] Phobias may develop due to exposure to small places, great heights, or animal or insect stings.

• #2 Causes – Phobias – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/causes/

  A phobia can develop during childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. […] They can be linked to a frightening event or stressful situation. However, it’s not always clear why some phobias occur. […] Simple phobias can be linked to an early negative childhood experience. For example, if you’re trapped in a confined space when you’re young, you may develop a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) when you’re older. […] It’s also thought that phobias can sometimes be „learnt” from an early age. For example, if someone in your family has a fear of spiders (arachnophobia), you may also develop the same fear yourself. […] Other factors in the family environment, such as having parents who are particularly anxious, may also affect the way you deal with anxiety later in life. […] It’s not known what causes complex phobias, such as agoraphobia and social phobia. However, it’s thought that genetics, brain chemistry and life experiences may all play a part in these type of phobias.

• #2 What causes phobias (and how to overcome them) – Brightside

  https://www.brightside.com/blog/phobias-causes-and-overcoming/?srsltid=AfmBOoojEnTDzBrTFvP-9gn6ERXSKikts55MBh_MAF_BJELYOhx5XVew

  Phobias can be divided into two categories: specific and complex. […] Many phobias occur because of negative or traumatic experiences related to the object of fear. For instance, someone may have been bitten by a poisonous spider and then developed a fear of all spiders, as they associate every spider with causing them harm. […] Some people experience traumatic events, but don’t go on to develop phobias. Conversely, there are some risk factors that may put someone at a predisposition for developing one: Age: Young children are more likely to develop a specific phobia. […] Negative experiences: Having a negative experience in relation to an object, person, or place may put someone at risk of developing a phobia. Additionally, hearing about someone else’s negative experiences can lead to the development of phobias, too.

• #2 Phobia: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://valleyspringrecovery.com/mental-health/phobia/

  Phobias develop through a process that begins with an initial exposure to a fear trigger—specific objects, situations, or experiences that induce intense fear, as explained by Moawad H et al. 2016, titled Phobias and Brain Activity. […] This exposure creates a lasting impression in the individual’s mind, particularly when it coincides with stressful events, such as those associated with addiction or substance abuse. […] As time progresses, this initial fear response is reinforced through avoidance behaviors. […] The individual actively avoids the feared object or situation to prevent anxiety, which, although providing temporary relief, ultimately strengthens the fear response and exacerbates the phobia. […] Fear becomes a phobia when it is excessive and irrational, leading to significant avoidance behavior that impacts the individual’s quality of life.

• #2 Specific Phobia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499923/

  Specific phobia is a common anxiety disorder. Patients with specific phobias experience anxiety and panic attacks along with unreasonable fear of exposure or anticipated exposure to a phobic stimulus. […] The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. […] Behavioral scientists have contributed significantly to uncovering the psychological mechanisms contributing to anxiety. Conditioned responses of learned fear are more significant among anxiety-disordered individuals compared to controls, with an explanation of 2 likely mechanisms: first, there is greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues, and second, there is impaired inhibitory conditioning to safety signals.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00739

  Phobias may start with both genetic and environmental factors. […] Certain phobias have been linked to a very bad first encounter with the feared object or situation. […] Mental health experts dont know if this first encounter is necessary. […] Phobias may simply occur in people who are prone to having them. […] There is no known cause, although they seem to run in families. […] Social phobia often happens with: […] Social phobia disrupts normal life. […] It interferes with career or social relationships. […] It often runs in families and may happen along with depression or alcoholism. […] Most people with agoraphobia get it after first suffering a series of panic attacks. […] The attacks happen randomly and without warning. […] This makes the person anticipate future panic attacks. […] Eventually, they fear any situation where an attack may happen. […] They avoid any place or situation where panic attacks have happened before. […] People with agoraphobia may also have depression, fatigue, tension, alcohol or drug abuse problems, and obsessive disorders.

• #2 Specific Phobia: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Etiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_1

  Menzies, R. G., Clarke, J. C. (1995). The etiology of phobias: A nonassociative account. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 2348. […] Merckelbach, H., De Jong, P. J., Muris, P., Van Den Hout, M. A. (1996). The etiology of specific phobias: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 337361. […] Mineka, S., hman, A. (2002). Born to fear: Non-associative versus associative factors in the etiology of phobias. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 173184.

• #2 Causes of Phobias

  https://cogbtherapy.com/causes-of-phobias

  Causes of Phobia: A giant spider confronts a little boy. There is no one cause of phobias, also known as specific phobias. For some people with specific phobia, an apparent environmental cause or life event causes or triggers fear or anxiety, eventually resulting in a phobia. For others, there seems to be a stronger genetic predisposition to a phobic response. However, biology and environment likely come together to play a role in developing a phobia. […] Sometimes, a phobia may develop as a result of environmental factors. Undergoing certain situations, such as a traumatic event, can create a strong association between an object or situation reminiscent of the event and intense fear in the form of a panic attack. For instance, being attacked by a dog at an early age can cause an irrational fear of dogs following the incident. Similarly, observing someone else going through a traumatic event, such as dying in a car accident, can also result in a phobia. During the trauma, the intense fear experienced is strongly linked to the situation, such that afterward, memories of the situation elicit similar fear.

• #2 Phobia Symptoms and Causes | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/behavioral-health/conditions/anxiety-stress/phobias

  People who may have had negative childhood experiences or were shy as children tend to be more likely to develop social phobia. […] People with anxiety can sometimes develop phobias. […] Your doctor can diagnose a specific phobia through a clinical interview and diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Most people with phobias can be helped by addressing the phobia right away with the correct therapy, medications or a combination of the two. […] Medications can help reduce the anxiety and panic symptoms that are experienced when you’re exposed to or thinking about the object or situation that causes you fear. […] Talking to a mental health professional can help you manage your phobia. There are two types of therapy that are most effective at treating phobias: Exposure therapy is focused on helping you change your reaction to the object or situation you fear. […] This type of therapy aims to help people develop a sense of mastery and confidence with their thoughts and feelings, instead of feeling overwhelmed by them. […] Contact us today to discuss the phobia symptoms and causes.

• #3 Phobias: Symptoms, types, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347

  A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that causes an individual to experience extreme, irrational fear about a situation, living creature, place, or object. […] Phobias are diagnosable mental disorders. […] A phobia becomes diagnosable when a person begins organizing their lives around avoiding the cause of their fear. It is more severe than a normal fear reaction. People with a phobia have an overpowering need to avoid anything that triggers their anxiety. […] They can be caused by a stressful experience, a frightening event, or a parent or household member with a phobia that a child can learn. […] Phobias that start during childhood can also be caused by witnessing the phobia of a family member. A child whose mother has arachnophobia, for example, is much more likely to develop the same phobia.

• #3 Specific Phobia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499923/

  The study of inheritance patterns has revealed a general familial aggregation among major anxiety disorders. Twin studies have demonstrated stronger inheritance patterns for monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, suggesting a genetic component to the development of pathological anxiety. […] Although the study of anxiety and gene-environment interactions is limited, it is known that epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, contribute to mediating transcription factors for stress-related genes, which may underlie the development of pathological anxiety.

• #3 Phobia: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://valleyspringrecovery.com/mental-health/phobia/

  Phobias cause intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, leading to significant disruptions in daily life. […] The causes of phobias are multifaceted, stemming from a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, as mentioned in an article by Mind.org titled What causes phobias? Traumatic experiences or learned behaviors during childhood contribute to the development of phobias, while a family history of anxiety disorders increases vulnerability. […] The causes of phobias include a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors, as explained below: […] Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of phobias. Individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders are more likely to develop phobias themselves, indicating that inherited traits influence vulnerability.

• #3 Phobia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/symptoms/phobia/

  Phobias develop due to genetic factors and family history, traumatic experiences or learned fears, informational transmission (learning about others fears), and differences in brain function and structure. These causes interact in complex ways to influence the onset and persistence of phobias. […] According to the article Social Phobia: Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment by Stein and Stein (2008), The development of phobias is influenced by genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and neurobiological mechanisms. […] Research indicates that phobias sometimes run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Children of parents with anxiety disorders or phobias are more likely to develop similar conditions. The article Genetics of Anxiety Disorders by Smoller et al. (2009) highlights that genetic factors contribute significantly to the risk of developing phobias.

• #3 Phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia

  Much of the progress in understanding the acquisition of fear responses in phobias can be attributed to classical conditioning (Pavlovian model). […] Vicarious fear acquisition is learning to fear something, not by a subject’s own experience of fear, but by watching others, oftentimes a parent (observational learning). […] Informational/instructional fear acquisition is learning to fear something by getting information. […] Each phobia related disorder has some degree of genetic susceptibility. Those with specific phobias are more likely to have first degree relatives with the same specific phobia. Similarly, social anxiety disorder is found two to six times more frequently in those with first degree relatives that have it versus those that do not. Agoraphobia is believed to have the strongest genetic association.

• #3 Fears and Phobias (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/phobias.html

  A phobia is an intense fear reaction to a particular thing or a situation. With a phobia, the fear is out of proportion to the potential danger. But to the person with the phobia, the danger feels real because the fear is so very strong. […] What Causes Phobias? Some phobias develop when someone has a scary experience with a particular thing or situation. A tiny brain structure called the amygdala keeps track of experiences that trigger strong emotions. Once a certain thing or situation triggers a strong fear reaction, the amygdala warns the person by triggering a fear reaction every time he or she encounters (or even thinks about) that thing or situation. […] Sometimes, though, there may be no single event that causes a particular phobia. Some people may be more sensitive to fears because of personality traits they are born with, certain genes they’ve inherited, or situations they’ve experienced. People who have had strong childhood fears or anxiety may be more likely to have one or more phobias.

• #3

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/phobias/what-causes-specific-phobia

  While many phobias have no obvious cause, several factors have been linked to the development of a specific phobia. These include: […] Many phobias (especially those related to animals, injections, and enclosed spaces) occur following a negative or previous traumatic experience, for example, a person may develop a phobia of dogs after being bitten by a dog. […] A person may become fearful of a particular object or situation after observing another persons fearful response to that same object or situation, for example a child observing how their parent is fearful of and avoids flying. […] People with a family history of animal phobias, situational phobias, and blood, injection, and injury phobias have a higher chance of developing the phobia than those without a family history. […] Unhelpful thoughts such as overestimating the chance of harm or incorrect beliefs about the consequences of confronting a feared object/situation are also thought to contribute to the continued experience of a phobia.

• #3 Phobia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/symptoms/phobia/

  Neurobiological factors, including abnormalities in brain areas involved in fear processing, such as the amygdala, also contribute to the development of phobias. Differences in brain chemistry and function may make some individuals more susceptible to anxiety disorders. The article Neurobiology of Specific Phobias by Wittchen et al. (2013) explains that Alterations in brain function, particularly in regions involved in fear and anxiety, are associated with the development of phobias.

• #3 Phobias – Facts, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/phobias.htm

  Many phobias like pyrophobia (fear of fire) could arise due to experiencing or learning about a traumatic event at a very early age. This would then remain in their mind as a negative experience. […] It has emerged from studies that those suffering from phobias manifest a problem of serotonin-level regulation in their brains. […] Amygdala is a structure in the brain that controls the fear response. An overactive amygdala can cause anxiety in social situations.

• #3 Understanding Phobias: Types, Causes, And Treatments

  https://online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/mental-health/phobias/?srsltid=AfmBOooqH6bxySUXN9Rsd7Dx3rlcKKRI_z_UEz4AOtyaQV88HOxJQZF6

  Phobias are linked directly to anxiety and can occur as either a result of anxiety or be the cause of it. […] The possible causes of Phobias include evolutionary factors, classical conditioning, learned responses, trauma, genetics, and long-term stress. […] Evolutionary causes of phobia attempts to explain why individuals still react in the way that they do based on how their ancestors would have needed to react in the face of fear millions of years ago. […] This explanation can be seen to apply to certain phobias very well. […] However, the theory states that humans are not born with a fear of things and that they must still have a negative experience with something for a fear to develop. […] Classical conditioning describes how someone can learn to fear something because of the responses that are associated with it.

• #3 2.1 Describe possible causes of phobia – Care Learning

  https://carelearning.org.uk/qualifications/level-2-mental-health/unit-04-phobias/2-1-describe-possible-causes-of-phobia/

  High levels of stress or anxiety over a prolonged period can increase the chances of developing phobias. Stressful events, such as losing a job or experiencing a major life change, may lead to fears that werent present before. […] The environment plays a crucial role in what a person fears. For instance, someone living in an area where earthquakes are common may develop a specific fear of earthquakes. Meanwhile, someone never exposed to this risk may not share the same fear. […] The way fears are represented in media can unintentionally cause phobias. A person repeatedly exposed to graphic depictions of a situation, like plane crashes on the news, might develop a fear of flying. […] A serious health issue can indirectly contribute to phobias. For example, someone with chronic breathing problems might fear suffocation, leading to claustrophobia.

• #3 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  Like many other mental health conditions, social anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors. Possible causes include: […] Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. However, it isn’t entirely clear how much of this may be due to genetics and how much is due to learned behavior. […] A structure in the brain called the amygdala may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. […] Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. Also, there may be an association between social anxiety disorder and parents who either model anxious behavior in social situations or are more controlling or overprotective of their children.

• #3 Phobias: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Amen Clinics Amen Clinics

  https://www.amenclinics.com/blog/phobias-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs): Like toxins and infections, a concussion can make you more likely to develop an anxiety disorder, such as a phobia. […] Brain-imaging studies clearly indicate that anxiety disorders, such as phobias, are associated with biological changes in the brain. […] Hence, phobias are not due to a character flaw or personality weaknessthey have clear neurobiological underpinnings.

• #3 Phobias (Irrational Fears): Types, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/understanding-phobias-basics

  Phobias often begin in childhood. Some are responses to traumatic events, like a bite from a dog. Still, most have no obvious cause. […] The fear is usually not of the thing itself, but of some terrible outcome, like falling from an airplane. […] Agoraphobia may come about after repeated panic attacks. […] People with it stay away from things like public speaking, parties, and public restrooms. […] A person whose phobia goes untreated may become withdrawn, depressed, and unable to be in social situations. […] How well phobia treatment will work depends partly on the severity of the phobia. […] In the treatment of phobias, medications are used in conjunction with therapy and may not necessarily be a part of initial treatment. […] Its important to know that some of these drugs can actually cause anxiety if the dose is increased too quickly or if they are stopped suddenly.

• #3 Phobias – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/phobias

  Phobias can be categorized into a number of different types: […] Social and specific phobias sometimes run in families, providing evidence of a genetic connection. Some people are born with a predisposition towards anxiety, which makes them particularly susceptible to developing phobias. […] Phobias may develop as a response to pressure or following traumatic events. In other cases, unreasonable fears may develop with no apparent trigger. […] Phobias may also be learned through observation. Observing someone behave fearfully to their phobia(s) can lead to development of phobias despite lack of personal interaction. […] Phobias are also a natural part of development. Most children go through stages where they are scared of the dark, of monsters, or of strangers. […] Panic attacks can help lead to the development of certain phobias. […] Specific phobias generally develop in young adults and, if left untreated, persist for decades.

• #3 Specific Phobia – Definition, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/specific-phobias

  Ongoing health issues: a higher incidence of phobia is found in those who have suffered traumatic injuries […] Substance abuse: may make phobia symptoms worse […] Brain function: changes in brain functioning may lead to the development of phobias […] Age: phobias can appear in childhood, usually by age 10, but can also start later in life […] Receiving negative information: learning about events and repeatedly hearing information can lead to a phobia, e.g., COVID-19 news leading to the phobia of germs.

• #3 Specific phobias | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/specific-phobias

  Hearing about bad experiences, such as a plane crash, can cause a specific phobia to start. […] Avoidance is the most common way people cope with phobias. […] The best treatment for specific phobias is a form of therapy called exposure therapy. […] Knowing the cause of a phobia is less important than focusing on how to treat the avoidance behavior that has developed over time.

• #3 Phobia Symptoms and Causes | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/behavioral-health/conditions/anxiety-stress/phobias

  People who may have had negative childhood experiences or were shy as children tend to be more likely to develop social phobia. […] People with anxiety can sometimes develop phobias. […] Your doctor can diagnose a specific phobia through a clinical interview and diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Most people with phobias can be helped by addressing the phobia right away with the correct therapy, medications or a combination of the two. […] Medications can help reduce the anxiety and panic symptoms that are experienced when you’re exposed to or thinking about the object or situation that causes you fear. […] Talking to a mental health professional can help you manage your phobia. There are two types of therapy that are most effective at treating phobias: Exposure therapy is focused on helping you change your reaction to the object or situation you fear. […] This type of therapy aims to help people develop a sense of mastery and confidence with their thoughts and feelings, instead of feeling overwhelmed by them. […] Contact us today to discuss the phobia symptoms and causes.

• #3 Overview – Phobias – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/overview/

  Phobias do not seem to have a single cause, but there are a number of associated factors. […] A phobia may be associated with a particular incident or trauma. […] A phobia may be a learned response that a person develops early in life from a parent or sibling (brother or sister). […] Genetics may play a role there’s evidence to suggest that some people are born with a tendency to be more anxious than others.

• #3 What Is a Phobia? 3 Types, Weird, Funny, Treatment & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phobias/article.htm

  Helping phobia sufferers is thought to be most effective when psychotherapy and medications that are specific to the treatment of phobia are both used. […] Phobia prevention that involves educating people with this illness, their loved ones, and other involved individuals like children’s teachers have been found to be effective in preventing phobias from ever occurring.

Zobacz więcej