Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://consensus.app/questions/common-phobias/

  Phobias are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the general population. Epidemiological studies indicate that phobias are more prevalent than major depression or alcohol abuse, with a one-month prevalence ranging from 4.0% to 11.1% in the United States. […] Phobias are the most common psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence rate of 4.0-11.1% in the community, and are more common in women, younger age groups, and those with low socioeconomic status. […] Common fears and phobias are prevalent in the general population, with mild phobias occurring 76:9/1000 and severe phobias 2.2/1000, with agoraphobia over-represented in clinical samples. […] Specific phobias have a lifetime prevalence of 3% to 15%, with heights and animals being the most common, and early treatment could reduce their prevalence and predict other mental disorders. […] Social phobia is a common and debilitating condition that impairs education and productivity, and accurate diagnosis and treatment are crucial for its proper management.

• #1

  https://www.ijbcp.com/index.php/ijbcp/article/view/305

  Specific phobias are among the most common psychological problems both in men and women. […] Long-term pharmacotherapy for specific phobias, is associated with adverse drug reactions and drug abuse, thus not a reasonable choice for long-term symptom control. […] Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O. Prevalence, severity and co-morbidity of 12 month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005;62:617-27. […] Fredrikson M, Annas P, Fischer H. Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias. Behaviour research and therapy. 1996;34:33-9. […] Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC. The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: the interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch General Psych. 1992;49:273-81.

• #1 The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5674525/

  Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low and middle-income countries. This paper presents epidemiological data from 22 low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries. […] The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8% and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high and higher-middle income countries than in low/lower-middle income countries. […] Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.

• #1 Phobia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Phobia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The 12 month prevalence of specific phobia is 7,000-9,000 per 100,000 (7%-9%) of the overall population. […] An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7% and 18.1% of Americans suffer from phobias. […] Broken down by age and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25. […] Severe fears are present in about 10-15% of children and specific phobias are found in about 5% of children. […] For many children, these fears and phobias interfere with their participation in and enjoyment of various activities. It may also interfere with their education, family life, or their social life. However, effective treatment is available for children who experience phobias.

• #1 Specific phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia

  In the US, the lifetime prevalence rate is 12.5% and a one-year prevalence rate of 9.1%. […] An estimated 12.5% of U.S. adults experience specific phobia at some time in their lives and the prevalence is approximately double in females compared to males. […] An estimated 19.3% of adolescents experience specific phobia, but the difference between males and females is not as pronounced.

• #1 Specific Phobia – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/specific-phobia

  Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of specific phobia among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 9.1% of U.S. adults had specific phobia in the past year. Past year prevalence of specific phobia among adults was higher for females (12.2%) than for males (5.8%). An estimated 12.5% of U.S. adults experience specific phobia at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with specific phobia in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious, as shown in Figure 2. Of adults with specific phobia in the past year, an estimated 21.9% had serious impairment, 30.0% had moderate impairment, and 48.1% had mild impairment. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), Figure 3 shows lifetime prevalence of specific phobia among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18. An estimated 19.3% of adolescents had specific phobia, and an estimated 0.6% had severe impairment. The prevalence of specific phobia among adolescents was higher for females (22.1%) than for males (16.7%).

• #1 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  The 12-month prevalence rates for the United States are estimated as follows: Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – 7%; Specific phobia – 7-9%; Agoraphobia – 1.7%. […] Social anxiety disorder appears to be less common in much of the world than it is in the United States, with 12-month prevalence estimates clustering in the range of 0.5-2.0%; median prevalence in Europe is 2.3%. Prevalence estimates for specific phobia in European countries are close to those in the United States (~6%) but are generally lower in Asian, African, and Latin American countries (2-4%). […] In the United States, social anxiety disorder tends to start early in life, with 75% of the patients experiencing its onset between ages 8 and 15 years and a median age at onset of 13 years. The 12-month prevalence estimates for social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents are comparable to those in adults. Prevalence decreases with advancing age; the 12-month prevalence for older adults is in approximately 7%.

• #1 Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study | European Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-psychiatry/article/epidemiology-of-specific-phobia-subtypes-findings-from-the-dresden-mental-health-study/B6C1FD0DB451EDA2CD216BD4BA91A5F6

  This study determined the prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, and impairment associated with specific phobia subtypes in the community. […] The lifetime prevalence of any specific phobia was 12.8%, with subtypes ranging in prevalence between 0.2% (vomiting, infections) and 5.0% (animals). […] Significant differences in comorbidity patterns also emerged between subtypes. […] The findings suggest that specific phobias are common among young women and that they differ in prevalence, associated comorbidity, and mean age of onset. […] These data suggest significant differences in the phenomenology and clinical significance of specific phobia subtypes.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Social-Anxiety-Epidemiology.aspx

  Social anxiety disorder (SAD) or social phobia is common in the general population, with a lifetime prevalence of 25% in adults. It presents as a fear of any situations in which interactions with other people are required. SAD is said to be the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the world. […] Epidemiological studies in the USA report that about 7% of the population is affected by social anxiety at any time, and the lifetime risk of the disorder is around 13%. SAD rates among the South American populations are similar to those of the USA, whereas Korea, China, and Japan show extremely low rates of 0.6%, 0.2%, and 0.8% respectively. Generally, high rates of SAD are found in Russia. […] A survey carried out in 2001-2002 in the USA showed that the following categories of people were more likely to have SAD: youth, people from a low-income group, native Americans, while the following were at less risk for SAD: males, Asians, Hispanics, and blacks, those living in urban areas.

• #1 Social phobia: epidemiology, recognition, and treatment | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/315/7111/796

  Social phobia is common in the general population. A review of epidemiological studies found that the lifetime prevalence of social phobia in adults varied between 2% and 5% with a female:male ratio of 2.5:1. Patients may not consult their family doctor until they have had the condition for many years. The chronic course increases the risk of comorbid conditions, which may mask the social phobia. In children and adolescents the prevalence of social phobia is 0.9%-1.1%. The lifetime prevalence of simple phobia and social phobia in young adults (mean age 18 years) was found to be 23%;

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02190406

  The individualization of social phobia among other phobic disorders is very recent, although previous clinical descriptions can be found in the literature. […] The new classifications (DSM-III, DSM-IV and ICD-10) have provided operationalized criteria for this disorder, which have allowed researchers to conduct epidemiological studies. […] Cross-cultural prevalence and risk factors of social phobia are reviewed. Results of a French community study have found a lifetime prevalence rate of 2.1% in males and 5.4% in females. […] Comorbidity of social phobia with other anxiety disorders and major depression was high. […] Suicidal tendencies, family history and health services utilization were analyzed according to the lifetime comorbidity pattern of social phobia and depression. […] The epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. […] Comorbidity and social phobia: evidence from epidemiologic and genetic studies.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Agoraphobia-Epidemiology.aspx

  Agoraphobia is usually defined as a part of panic disorder. The lifetime prevalence rate for agoraphobia with panic disorder is 1.1 percent. […] Agoraphobia has recently been redefined as a separate disorder that can occur with or without panic disorder. The prevalence of agoraphobia without panic disorder is about 0.8 percent. […] In another survey of adolescents and young adults, however, that did not follow the DSM-IV hierarchy rules requiring agoraphobia to be diagnosed within the context of panic disorder, the incidence of agoraphobia was 5.3 percent. When the DSM-IV rules were applied, that number dropped to 0.6 percent. […] The rate of comorbidity of agoraphobia with other anxiety disorders ranges from 49 to 60 percent, and with depressive disorders it is 33.1 to 52 percent. […] The median age of onset for agoraphobia is 20 years. Onset before the age of 55 is most common. The disorder typically does not remit without treatment. […] Heritability of agoraphobia is estimated at between 48 and 61 percent, meaning the genetic contribution is moderate with contributions from environmental factors being influential.

• #1 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  Females are more frequently affected by specific phobia than males, at a rate of approximately 2:1, though rates vary across different phobic stimuli. […] Agoraphobia has a female-to-male ratio of 2-3:1. […] The prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the United States is higher in American Indians and lower in persons of Asian, Latino, African American, and Afro-Caribbean descent as compared with non-Hispanic white individuals. Prevalence figures for specific phobia and agoraphobia appear not to vary substantially across cultural or racial groups.

• #1 4.3: Specific Phobia – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.03%3A_Specific_Phobia

  The prevalence rate for specific phobias is 7-9% within the united states. […] There is a 2:1 ratio of females to males diagnosed with specific phobia; however, this rate changes depending on the different phobic stimuli. […] More specifically, animal, natural environment, and situational specific phobias are more commonly diagnosed in females, whereas blood-injection-injury phobia is reportedly diagnosed equally between genders.

• #1 Phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia

  Phobias are a common form of anxiety disorder, and distributions are heterogeneous by age and gender. An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 8.7 percent and 18.1 percent of Americans have phobias, making it the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25. Between 4 percent and 10 percent of all children experience specific phobias during their lives, and social phobias occur in one percent to three percent of children. […] A Swedish study found that females have a higher number of cases per year than males (26.5 percent for females and 12.4 percent for males). Among adults, 21.2 percent of women and 10.9 percent of men have a single specific phobia, while multiple phobias occur in 5.4 percent of females and 1.5 percent of males. Women are nearly four times as likely as men to have a fear of animals (12.1 percent in women and 3.3 percent in men) a higher dimorphic than with all specific or generalized phobias or social phobias. Social phobias are more common in girls than boys, while situational phobia occurs in 17.4 percent of women and 8.5 percent of men.

• #1 Epidemiology of Fears and Specific Phobia in Adolescence: Results From the Mexican Adolescent Mental Health Survey

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-fears-specific-phobia-adolescence-results/

  Specific phobia is among the most common disorders in the general adolescent population, but also among the least studied. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of specific fears among adolescents, the proportion of those with fears who meet criteria for specific phobia, and the proportion who recognize their fears as excessive and to identify comorbidity with other disorders and factors associated with severity and treatment. […] Most adolescents reported at least 1 fear (76.5%); 36.5% of those met lifetime criteria for specific phobia, and 27.3% met criteria in the prior 12 months. […] Among teens with specific phobia, 71.3% recognized their fear as excessive, 9.7% to 12.3% reported severe impairment, and only 6.5% had received treatment. […] The large percentage of adolescents meeting diagnostic criteria coupled with the low proportion with serious impairment suggests that current diagnostic thresholds may be too low or not developmentally sensitive. Future research should address the nature of impairment for adolescents with specific phobia. Early detection and timely treatment are important given that specific phobia is persistent and highly comorbid and that few individuals seek treatment.

• #1 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  In general, specific phobia appears earlier than either social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia does. Most such phobias develop during childhood and eventually disappear. The estimated prevalence of specific phobia is approximately 5% in younger children and 16% in children aged 13-17 years. The prevalence is lower (3-5%) in older individuals, possibly reflecting a decrease in severity to subclinical levels. […] The 12-month prevalence of agoraphobia in adolescents and adults is approximately 1.7%. Agoraphobia may occur in childhood, but the incidence peaks in late adolescence and early adulthood. The 12-month prevalence in individuals older than 65 years is 0.4%. […] The phobic disorders appear to have a higher incidence among women. Higher rates of social anxiety disorder are found in females in the general population (with female-to-male ratios ranging from 1.5:1 to 2.2:1), and the sex difference in prevalence is more pronounced in adolescents and young adults.

• #1 Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1915

  The prevalence of anxiety disorders over the last year among seniors ranged from 3.6% to 17.2%. The most prevalent disorders are specific phobias. […] A total of 12.07% of the sample suffered a specific phobia disorder over the last year. […] The average age at onset of the specific phobia was 38.78 (sd = 21.61) years. […] A significant effect of the specific phobia was found for the current levels of functioning and quality of life: WHOQOL-BREF total score (p < 0.05), WHODAS II overall score (p < 0.01), and HoNOS65+ total score (p < 0.001). [...] Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life. [...] The results show a 12-month prevalence of specific phobia disorder of approximately 12% among people over 65 years old. [...] The current study revealed that, along with age and gender, social support should be considered as a protective factor against phobias among this age group. [...] Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life of people over 65 years old.

• #1 Specific phobia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia

  Specific phobia is estimated to affect 6-12% of people at some point in their life. […] There may be a large amount of underreporting of specific phobias as many people do not seek treatment, with some surveys conducted in the US finding that 70% of the population reports having one or more unreasonable fears. […] Specific phobias have a lifetime prevalence rate of 7.4% and a one-year prevalence of 5.5% according to data collected from 22 different countries. […] The usual age of onset is childhood to adolescence. […] During childhood and adolescence, the incidence of new specific phobias is much higher in females than males. […] The peak incidence for specific phobias amongst females occurs during reproduction and childrearing, possibly reflecting an evolutionary advantage. […] There is an additional peak in incidence, reaching nearly 1% per year, during old age in both men and women, possibly reflective of newly occurring physical conditions or adverse life events.

• #1 The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5674525/

  Previous surveys have shown that comorbidity rates between specific phobia and other mental disorders are high, with estimated rates of up to 81.0%. […] Lifetime comorbidity was observed in 60.2% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). […] Treatment for specific phobia was threefold higher in high-income countries than in low-lower middle income countries, which could be due to differences in the availability of care and financial resources. […] Despite differences in treatment rates, associations between the level of impairment and percentages of reported treatment were comparable across the income groups, with severely impaired cases reporting most treatment.

• #1 Specific Phobias – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/specific-phobias

  Specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorders. Specific phobias affect approximately 8% of women and 3% of men during any 12-month period (1). The diagnosis of a specific phobia should not be made if the clinical situation is better described by another diagnosis. Of note, a specific phobia is commonly comorbid with a variety of other psychiatric conditions, including other anxiety disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, substance-related disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders, and personality disorders (particularly dependent personality disorder). […] The prognosis for untreated specific phobias varies because certain uncommon situations or objects (eg, snakes, caves) are easy to avoid, whereas other situations or objects (eg, bridges, thunderstorms) are common and difficult to avoid. […] The most extensively studied and most effective psychotherapy for specific phobia is exposure therapy, which aims to reverse the cycle of anxiety and avoidance (1).

• #1 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview

  A smaller percentage (3.8%) of all adolescents, representing 44.2% of all those adolescents with social phobia, had nongeneralized type of social phobiafewer than 7 types of fears. […] A very much smaller percentage of all adolescents (0.7%) had performance social phobia, representing only 0.8% of all adolescents with social phobia. […] Disability from social phobia of the generalized type was moderate to severe and highly persistent; 87.03% of adolescents experienced at least 7 fears for 4 days of the previous calendar year, and there was a high comorbidity with social phobia. […] The lifetime incidence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder occurred in a significant number of adolescents, more so in those with generalized social phobia (12.5% compared with adolescents who had the nongeneralized type of social phobia). […] The lifetime prevalence of social phobia is estimated at 7%-12%. […] Social phobia often goes undiagnosed in patients with other coexisting acute psychiatric conditions such as depression or suicidality but should not be overlooked, as it can contribute to a lack of symptom remission.

• #1 Epidemiology of social phobia in Andalusia | Spanish Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-spanish-journal-psychiatry-mental-health-250-articulo-epidemiology-social-phobia-in-andalusia-S188898912100118X

  Epidemiology of social phobia in Andalusia […] Population studies on social anxiety disorder (SAD) are relatively scarce and there is no previous reported evidence on prevalence or correlates of SAD in an Andalusian general population sample. […] Estimated prevalence for SAD was 1.1% (95% CI=0.8-1.4). […] Among this large Andalusian population sample, the prevalence of SAD and its associated factors are relatively similar to previously reported international studies, although no population study had previously reported such a strong association with paranoia. […] The prevalence of SAD in Andalusia amounts to 1.1%, which is similar to the levels reported in other international studies.

• #2 The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/crossnational-epidemiology-of-specific-phobia-in-the-world-mental-health-surveys/A0EDD4B22E19CDB63269D7A34F2C21AA

  Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents epidemiological data from 22 low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries. […] The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. […] Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.

• #2 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  The 12-month prevalence rates for the United States are estimated as follows: Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – 7%; Specific phobia – 7-9%; Agoraphobia – 1.7%. […] Social anxiety disorder appears to be less common in much of the world than it is in the United States, with 12-month prevalence estimates clustering in the range of 0.5-2.0%; median prevalence in Europe is 2.3%. Prevalence estimates for specific phobia in European countries are close to those in the United States (~6%) but are generally lower in Asian, African, and Latin American countries (2-4%). […] In the United States, social anxiety disorder tends to start early in life, with 75% of the patients experiencing its onset between ages 8 and 15 years and a median age at onset of 13 years. The 12-month prevalence estimates for social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents are comparable to those in adults. Prevalence decreases with advancing age; the 12-month prevalence for older adults is in approximately 7%.

• #2 (PDF) Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study

  https://www.academia.edu/18307154/Epidemiology_of_specific_phobia_subtypes_Findings_from_the_Dresden_Mental_Health_Study

  This study determined the prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, and impairment associated with specific phobia subtypes in the community. […] The lifetime prevalence of any specific phobia was 12.8%, with subtypes ranging in prevalence between 0.2% (vomiting, infections) and 5.0% (animals). […] Significant differences in comorbidity patterns also emerged between subtypes. […] The findings suggest that specific phobias are common among young women and that they differ in prevalence, associated comorbidity, and mean age of onset. […] Specific phobia is the most prevalent anxiety disorder in the community and is associated with substantial impairment. […] Specific phobias are heterogeneous with respect to sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity pattern. […] The overall prevalence of phobia in children and adolescents was 19.7%.

• #2 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  In general, specific phobia appears earlier than either social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia does. Most such phobias develop during childhood and eventually disappear. The estimated prevalence of specific phobia is approximately 5% in younger children and 16% in children aged 13-17 years. The prevalence is lower (3-5%) in older individuals, possibly reflecting a decrease in severity to subclinical levels. […] The 12-month prevalence of agoraphobia in adolescents and adults is approximately 1.7%. Agoraphobia may occur in childhood, but the incidence peaks in late adolescence and early adulthood. The 12-month prevalence in individuals older than 65 years is 0.4%. […] The phobic disorders appear to have a higher incidence among women. Higher rates of social anxiety disorder are found in females in the general population (with female-to-male ratios ranging from 1.5:1 to 2.2:1), and the sex difference in prevalence is more pronounced in adolescents and young adults.

• #2 4.3: Specific Phobia – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.03%3A_Specific_Phobia

  The prevalence rate for specific phobias is 7-9% within the united states. […] There is a 2:1 ratio of females to males diagnosed with specific phobia; however, this rate changes depending on the different phobic stimuli. […] More specifically, animal, natural environment, and situational specific phobias are more commonly diagnosed in females, whereas blood-injection-injury phobia is reportedly diagnosed equally between genders.

• #2 The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/807875?limo=0

  BACKGROUND: Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. […] The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. […] Lifetime co-morbidity was observed in 60.5% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). […] Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.

• #2 4.3 Specific Phobia – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-3-specific-phobia/

  Specific phobia is distinguished by an individuals fear or anxiety specific to an object or a situation. […] The prevalence rate for specific phobias is 7-9% within the U.S. […] There is a 2:1 ratio of females to males diagnosed with specific phobia; however, this rate changes depending on the specific phobic stimuli. […] Rates of specific phobia are lower in Asian, African, and Latin American countries, with prevalence estimates around 2-4%. […] Given the onset of specific phobia occurs at a younger age than most other anxiety disorders, it is generally the primary diagnosis with generalized anxiety disorder as an occasional comorbid diagnosis. […] It should be noted that people with specific phobia are at an increased risk for other disorders including other anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, substance-related disorders, somatic symptom disorders, and dependent personality disorder.

• #3 The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/807875?limo=0

  BACKGROUND: Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. […] The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. […] Lifetime co-morbidity was observed in 60.5% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). […] Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.

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