Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/rickettsiae-and-related-organisms/ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by rickettsial-like bacteria. Ehrlichiosis is caused mainly by Ehrlichia chaffeensis; anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Both are transmitted to humans by ticks. […] Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are related to rickettsial diseases. […] E. chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. […] Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly E. phagocytophila) causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. […] Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne infections related to rickettsial diseases.

• #2 Ehrlichiosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235839-overview

  Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species, members of the family Rickettsiae, are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular coccobacilli that resemble Rickettsia species. All 3 are forms of Alphaproteobacteria. […] Like Rickettsia, Ehrlichia organisms gain access to the blood via a bite from an infected tick. A americanum (Lone Star tick, seen in the image below) is the principle tick vector of E chaffeensis and is the primary vector of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). A phagocytophilum may be transmitted from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and possibly Dermacentor variabilis (dog tick/wood tick). […] The primary target cell for HME is the macrophage, and the primary target for human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is the granulocyte. Intracellular infection is established within phagosomes, most often found in macrophages in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, kidney, and CNS.

• #2 Ehrlichiosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235839-overview

  HME and HGA are more severe in those with impaired splenic function. […] Individuals considered to be at risk for ehrlichiosis include the following: From a review of the national surveillance data, cases of ehrlichiosis are more frequently reported in men than in women. […] People aged 60-69 years account for the highest number of cases. […] People with compromised immune systems (eg, resulting from cancer treatments, advanced HIV infection, prior organ transplants, or some medications) might be at increased risk for severe disease.

• #3 Ehrlichiosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441966/

  Ehrlichiosis is an emerging tick-borne, zoonotic infection caused by bacteria from the family Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales. This disease is caused by several species of obligate, intracellular gram-negative coccobacilli transmitted to humans by infected tick bites, including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E ewingii, E muris like agent, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] E chaffeensis and A phagocytophilum are the most frequent causes of ehrlichiosis in North America and cause the most severe infections. E ewingii, discovered in 1999, is a canine pathogen that can also cause human disease called human ewingii ehrlichiosis. E muris like agent was first identified as the cause of human infections in Wisconsin and Minnesota in 2009. […] Human granulocytic anaplasmosis was originally named Rickettsia phagocytophila and was later renamed to Cytoecetes phagocytophila, E phagocytophila, E equi, and then human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). This finding has now been recognized that E phagocytophila and E equi are the same organism, renamed A phagocytophilum. […] A phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis and is transmitted by the tick I scapularis on the East Coast, which also transmits E muris like agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia microti, and I pacificus ticks on the West Coast of the United States.

• #4 Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections in Animals – Infectious Diseases – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/rickettsial-diseases/ehrlichiosis-anaplasmosis-and-related-infections-in-animals

  Ehrlichiosis is a tick-transmitted disease that infects blood cells and can cause a variety of signs from none to fever and generalized achiness to possible fatality. […] Several species of bacteria cause ehrlichiosis, and some of the species infect humans as well as animals such as dogs. […] Ehrlichiosis is an infection caused by obligate, intracellular bacteria that primarily affect cells of the immune system in dogs, cats, and people. […] With newer genetic analyses, these agents have been reclassified into the genera of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Neorickettsia, all of which are in the family Anaplasmataceae. […] Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia canis, which predominantly involves monocytes; although it is not considered a primary zoonosis, human infection with this agent has been occasionally reported.

• #5 About Ehrlichiosis | Ehrlichiosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ehrlichiosis/about/index.html

  Ehrlichiosis is the general name used to describe diseases caused by the bacteria Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii, or E. muris eauclairensis in the United States. […] These bacteria are spread to people primarily through the bite of infected ticks including the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). […] Ehrlichiosis is a series of diseases caused by the bacteria Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii, or E. muris eauclairensis spread by ticks in the United States.

• #6 Ehrlichiosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17958-ehrlichiosis

  Ehrlichiosis is an illness caused by the bacteria Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii or E. muris eauclairensis. […] Three types of Ehrlichia bacteria cause ehrlichiosis: E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii and E. muris eauclairensis. Symptoms of all three are similar, but E. chaffeensis is most likely to cause serious illness. You get infected with Ehrlichia when a tick bites an infected animal and then bites you. […] Ehrlichiosis is spread from animals to humans through tick bites. The most common carriers are the lone star tick and the blacklegged (deer) tick. Ticks bite infected animals, like deer, dogs or coyotes, and then bite you. This spreads the bacteria to your body. […] Ehrlichiosis can be fatal if you have serious complications. The fatality (death) rate for ehrlichiosis is 1%.

• #7 Ehrlichiosis

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/ehrlichiosis.htm

  After the bacterium Ehrlichia or Anaplasma phagocytophilum is injected into the bloodstream by a tick, it enters either a monocyte or granulocyte, depending on the species of the bacterium. It replicates in the phagosome of the cell and destroys it. Currently, two species of Ehrlichia, E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, and one species of Anaplasma (A phagocytophilum) have been discovered in the US that cause disease in humans. […] E chaffeensis infects primarily mononuclear cells (monocytes and macrophages) and causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. E ewingii causes canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis and primarily infects neutrophils and occasionally eosinophils. It causes a disease very similar to human monocytic ehrlichiosis and human anaplasmosis. Humans who acquire canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis are accidental hosts. A phagocytophilum the agent of human anaplasmosis primarily infects neutrophils.

• #7 Ehrlichiosis

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/ehrlichiosis.htm

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are all transmitted from mammalian reservoirs to humans by hard ticks. […] The bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply in the phagosome of the host cell. The organisms produce mulberry-shaped vacuole-bound intracytoplasmic inclusions in the leukocyte called morulae, which aids in diagnosing these diseases.

• #8 Ehrlichiosis | Lyme Disease

  https://www.columbia-lyme.org/ehrlichiosis

  Bacteria from the genus Ehrlichia have long been recognized as veterinary pathogens, but the first human case of ehrlichiosis was not identified until 1986. […] The two known primary agents of human ehrlichiosis are E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii. […] E. chaffeensis targets monocytes and is therefore referred to as the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). In contrast, E. ewingii preferentially invades neutrophil granulocytes. […] E. chaffeensis is known to be transmitted by the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and white tail deer appear to be its most important natural mammalian reservoir. […] E. ewingii is also thought to be transmitted by lone star ticks, but less is known about its natural history and enzootic cycle. […] The main complications of ehrlichiosis are prolonged fever, a toxic or septic shock-like syndrome, coagulopathy, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and central nervous system manifestations such as meningoencephalitis, seizures and coma.

• #9 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis/

  Ehrlichiosis in humans was 1st described in 1987, when clusters of bacteria confined within cytoplasmic vacuoles of circulating leukocytes (morulae), particularly mononuclear leukocytes, were detected in the peripheral blood of a patient with suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). The etiologic agent, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, was cultivated from blood of an infected patient in 1990 and identified as the predominant cause of human ehrlichiosis. […] By 1994, other cases in which morulae were found only in neutrophils and lacked serologic evidence for E. chaffeensis infection led to the recognition of the species classified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which encompasses several previously described veterinary pathogens on at least 2 different continents and causing anaplasmosis. […] Although the infections caused by these various genera have been called ehrlichiosis, further study has identified substantial differences in biology and diagnostic approaches such that the CDC now generally separates these into ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, or undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) describes disease characterized by infection of predominantly monocytes and is caused by E. chaffeensis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) describes disease related to infection of circulating neutrophils by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and ewingii ehrlichiosis is caused by infection of granulocytes by E. ewingii.

• #9 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis – Clinical Tree

  https://clinicalpub.com/ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis/

  These bacteria are pathogens of phagocytic cells in mammals, and characteristically each species has a specific host cell affinity: E. chaffeensis infects mononuclear phagocytes, and A. phagocytophilum and E. ewingii infect neutrophils. Infection leads to direct modifications in function, in part the result of changes in intracellular signal transduction or modulation of transcription of the host cell that diminishes host defenses toward the bacterium.

• #10 ENY-2067/IN1327: Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1327

  Ehrlichia ewingii, which was first described as a human pathogen in 1996, is also vectored by the lone star tick and therefore shares a distribution similar to that of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. […] Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis was known formerly as Ehrlichia muris-like agent. It is a human ehrlichiosis-causing pathogen that was first identified in patients from Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2009 and is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). […] The Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species (PMES) was described as a disease-causing pathogen following its detection from a goat after being exposed to lone star ticks collected at Panola Mountain State Park, Georgia, in 2005. […] Anaplasma phagocytophilum was formerly referred to as E. equi or E. phagocytophilum before taxonomic revision in 2001 and is responsible for human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), previously known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. […] Anaplasma marginale infects red blood cells and causes anaplasmosis in cattle and sheep throughout most the world.

• #11 Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis/print

  In 2009, a third species of Ehrlichia was identified in four patients from Wisconsin and Minnesota who had fever, malaise, headache, and lymphopenia; more than 100 cases have been subsequently reported. Molecular methods, culture techniques, and serologic testing demonstrated that this species is closely related to Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis, which is found in Eastern Europe and Asia. Then in 2023, cases possibly due to a new species, candidatus Ehrlichia erythraense, were reported by investigators in China. These cases highlight our expanding understanding of the range and variety of Ehrlichiae.

• #11 Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis/print

  The first case of human ehrlichiosis was described in 1986 when a patient became ill with fever, hypotension, confusion, acute renal failure, coagulopathy, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The etiologic agent was identified as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). In 1994, Anaplasma phagocytophilum was identified as the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). HGA was previously called human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). These tickborne illnesses are now recognized to be separate disease entities even though their clinical and laboratory manifestations are similar. […] The two most important species to infect humans include E. chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), and A. phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Less commonly, ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia ewingii, which was discovered in 1999.

• #12 Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/human-ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis

  Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis […] The etiologic agent was identified as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). In 1994, Anaplasma phagocytophilum was identified as the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) […] These tickborne illnesses are now recognized to be separate disease entities even though their clinical and laboratory manifestations are similar. […] The two most important species to infect humans include E. chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), and A. phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). […] Less commonly, ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia ewingii, which was discovered in 1999. […] Molecular methods, culture techniques, and serologic testing demonstrated that this species is closely related to Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis, which is found in Eastern Europe and Asia. […] Then in 2023, cases possibly due to a new species, candidatus Ehrlichia erythraense, were reported by investigators in China.

• #13 About Anaplasmosis | Anaplasmosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anaplasmosis/about/index.html

  Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum primarily spread to people by the bite of an infected tick. […] Anaplasmosis is a tickborne disease caused by the bacteria A. phagocytophilum. […] A. phagocytophilum is primarily spread to people by the bite of an infected tick. […] Anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum spread to people by the bite of an infected tick.

• #14 Anaplasmosis | Lyme Disease

  https://www.columbia-lyme.org/anaplasmosis

  The first case of human anaplasmosis was described in 1990, when a Wisconsin patient developed a severe febrile illness following a tick bite and died two weeks later. […] In 1994, DNA sequencing studies revealed that the HGE agent was clearly distinct from E. chaffeensis but essentially identical to two previously known ehrlichial veterinary pathogens, E. equi and E. (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila. […] The new species is referred to as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and the disease it causes is now known as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, or HGA. […] Like Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma organisms are small, gram-negative, and intracellular. […] A. phagocytophilum targets neutrophils, alters their function in the host, and forms morulae within vacuoles. […] Anaplasmosis is a global infection, occurring in North America, most of Europe, and eastern Asia. […] A. phagocytophilum is maintained in nature by cycling between these ticks and various small mammals, primarily mice and other small rodents. […] In the United States, cases of HGA have outnumbered those of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME).

• #15 Anaplasma | eClinpath

  https://eclinpath.com/hematology/infectious-agents/anasplasma/

  Anaplasma species are intracellular bacteria that are within the family of Anaplasmataceae of the order Rickettsiales. The family of Anaplasmataceae now includes the genera of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Neoricketssia, after renaming of organisms and reclassification in 2001 based on 16S RNA and groESL gene sequences in the bacteria (Allison and Little, 2013). […] Two main species of Anaplasma are thought to infect dogs Anaplasma phagocytophilum (aka Ehrlichia equi) and Anaplasma platys. […] Another species of intracellular bacteria that infects dogs and belongs to the family Anaplasmataceae but segregates into a different part of the phylogenetic tree is Ehrlichia ewingii, which like Anaplasma phagocytophilum, infects granulocytes (and is the main differential diagnosis for the latter organism, producing similar disease syndromes).

• #15 Anaplasma | eClinpath

  https://eclinpath.com/hematology/infectious-agents/anasplasma/

  The organisms are transmitted by ticks, particularly Ixodes species, with rodents and deer serving as reservoir hosts (in the northeastern United States, white-footed mice are the implicated main reservoir of not only Anaplasma but also Borrelia burgdorferi). […] Tetracyclines are the treatment of choice for all Anaplasma infections.

• #16 An update on anaplasmosis in dogs

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/update-anaplasmosis-dogs

  Canine anaplasmosis is caused by one of two gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacterial agents, Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Anaplasma platys. […] Both A. phagocytophilum and A. platys are in the order Rickettsiales, which includes members of the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Cowdria, Wolbachia, and Neorickettsia. […] In 2001, a major restructuring of the classification of organisms occurred in the order Rickettsiales. […] As a result of these investigations, three separate species of Ehrlichia were found to be insufficiently different to warrant separate species designations. […] These organisms were phylogenetically most closely related to species in the genus Anaplasma, so they were reclassified as A. phagocytophilum. […] Anaplasma platys was found to be more closely related to Anaplasma species and was subsequently renamed A. platys.

• #17 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/it/healtcare-library/con-20372124

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by different bacteria. […] Ehrlichiosis is caused by different species of ehrlichia bacteria. The Lone Star tick found in south-central, southeastern and eastern coastal states is the primary carrier of bacteria causing ehrlichiosis. Black-legged ticks, commonly called deer ticks, in the Upper Midwest are less common carriers. […] Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It’s primarily carried by deer ticks in the Upper Midwest, northeastern states and central Canadian provinces. It’s also carried by the Western black-legged tick in Western coastal states and other tick species in Europe and Asia. […] The ehrlichia and anaplasma species belong to the same family of bacteria. Although each bacterium appears to have a specific target among immune system cells in the host, all of these infectious agents generally cause the same symptoms.

• #18 Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/ehrlichiosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis are two closely related tick-borne bacterial diseases spread by the bite of infected ticks. Anaplasmosis, formerly called human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), is spread to humans by blacklegged deer ticks infected with the bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilia. Ehrlichiosis, or human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is spread to humans by lone star ticks infected with the bacterium, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. […] Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis are bacterial infections. Even if successfully treated, a person may become re-infected if bitten later by another infected tick.

• #19 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14119/all/Ehrlichiosis_and_Anaplasmosis?q=Seizure

  Two clinically described, tick-borne infections are human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), most commonly caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] HME is transmitted by Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick. The white-tailed deer is the major reservoir. […] HGA is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis, the black-legged or deer tick, or the Western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus). Small mammals such as the white-footed mouse are the major reservoirs. […] Congenital infection is very rare but has been described in case reports.

• #20 Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/rickettsial-diseases/ehrlichiosis-anaplasmosis-and-related-infections-in-animals

  The ecologic cycle for the EML agent has not yet been elucidated but is suspected to involve Ixodes scapularis, the black-legged tick. […] A phagocytophilum is transmitted by Ixodes species of ticks; in the northeastern USA, infection is transmitted by I scapularis, whereas infection in western states is primarily associated with I pacificus, the Western black-legged tick. […] In nature, the enzootic cycle is most likely associated with small rodents. […] People and domestic animals are incidental hosts of these pathogens. […] Human-to-human transmission via transfusion of packed RBCs has been reported; the risk of canine-associated infections after blood transfusion is unknown. […] A platys is transmitted by R sanguineus and is enzootic in many parts of the USA and worldwide. […] Coinfection with E canis may occur, because the same tick vector is responsible for transmission of both pathogens.

• #20 Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections in Animals – Infectious Diseases – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/rickettsial-diseases/ehrlichiosis-anaplasmosis-and-related-infections-in-animals

  It also causes human illness in the USA, primarily in northeastern, upper midwestern, and western states. […] Infection with this agent is most appropriately referred to as anaplasmosis, and the pathogen is found predominantly in granulocytes. […] A platys, which infects platelets, is the cause of infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia of dogs. […] E canis is transmitted by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which is found worldwide; accordingly, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis also has a worldwide distribution. […] E chaffeensis and E ewingii have sylvatic cycles in the environment that involve tick species and wildlife reservoir hosts. […] In the USA, E chaffeensis and E ewingii are transmitted by Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick. […] A case of human E ewingii contracted via blood infusion has been reported, and organ transplantation of E chaffeensis infection has been suspected.

• #21 About Anaplasmosis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anaplasmosis/basics.html

  Another related form of ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia muris-like agent was identified in Minnesota and Wisconsin patients in 2009. Since then, low numbers of cases have been reported in both states. Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick or deer tick) may carry this disease agent and transmit it to people.

• #21 About Anaplasmosis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anaplasmosis/basics.html

  Anaplasmosis is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick or deer tick), the same tick that transmits Lyme disease. The tick must be attached at least 12-24 hours to transmit the bacteria that cause anaplasmosis. Not all ticks carry these bacteria. […] Anaplasmosis was first recognized during 1993 in several patients from Minnesota and western Wisconsin; the disease was known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) at that time. It was renamed anaplasmosis in 2003. […] A related form of ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis is found throughout much of southeastern and south-central United States but is not a common disease in Minnesota at this time, although a small number of cases have been reported. Ehrlichiosis due to E. chaffeensis is carried by a different species of tick, the Lone Star tick, which is most common in southern states.

• #22 Anaplasmosis – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/anaplasmosis/

  Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA, hereafter anaplasmosis), is a tick-borne infection caused by the gram-negative, obligate bacterium of neutrophils, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] The first documented human case was identified in 1990; initially termed human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, it was renamed in 2003. […] Anaplasmosis is transmitted to humans primarily through bites from the blacklegged tick and the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus, respectively), both of which also transmit the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, B. burgdorferi. […] In Canada, the vectors for anaplasmosis are the Ixodes scapularis (black-legged), I. pacificus (western black-legged), and I spinipalpis (mouse) ticks. […] Reservoir hosts include white-footed mice, deer mice, and white-tailed deer.

• #22 Anaplasmosis – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/anaplasmosis/

  The bacterium can be passed to humans by ticks at any stage of life: larvae, nymph, or adult. […] Transmission occurs predominantly via ticks, but it has also been documented through direct handling of infected reservoirs (i.e., white-tailed deer), blood and bone marrow transfusion, and organ transplant. […] The risk of contracting anaplasmosis increases in proportion to the size of the tick population. […] Infection can occur at any time of year, although the peak period is in the warmer months from April to September. […] The incubation period for anaplasmosis ranges between 5 to 21 days. […] Anaplasmosis should be treated based on clinical suspicion; antibiotic treatment should not be delayed pending the results of a laboratory test. […] There are multiple diagnostic tests available for anaplasmosis, including PCR amplification, serology testing, antibody testing, blood-smear microscopy, and IHC and culture testing.

• #23 Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-015-0649-0

  Other wild canids (foxes, wolves, jackals) can become infected with E. canis. […] Anaplasma phagocytophilum can infect humans and several animals other than dogs, including cats, sheep, goats, cows, equines, rodents, roe deer, deer, other wild mammals, and birds. […] An organism closely related to E. canis has been described in humans in Venezuela. […] Anaplasma phagocytophilum has important zoonotic potential, because humans can acquire the infection through a bite from a tick infected with the pathogen. […] All breeds are prone to CME. However, German Shepherd dogs and Siberian Huskies are predisposed to develop more severe clinical signs of ehrlichiosis; therefore, these breeds have a worse prognosis. […] Canine ehrlichiosis may appear at any age. […] No breed predisposition has been confirmed for A. phagocytophilum infections.

• #24 Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/ehrlichioses-and-anaplasmosis/

  E. chaffeensis alters host signaling and transcription to cause the endosome to enter a receptor recycling pathway that avoids phagosome-lysosome fusion and allows the growth of a morula, an intravacuolar aggregate of bacteria. […] These bacteria are pathogens of phagocytic cells in mammals, and characteristically each species has a specific host cell affinity: E. chaffeensis and N. sennetsu infect mononuclear phagocytes, and A. phagocytophilum and E. ewingii infect neutrophils. Infection leads to direct modifications in function of the host cell that protect the bacterium from host defenses; yet, host immune and inflammatory reactions might in part account for many of the clinical manifestations seen in all forms of ehrlichiosis.

• #25 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/rickettsial-and-related-infections/ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne bacterial infections that cause fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, a general feeling of illness (malaise), and sometimes a rash. […] Ehrlichia and Anaplasma bacteria, like rickettsiae, can live only inside the cells of an animal or a person. However, unlike rickettsiae, these bacteria inhabit white blood cells (Ehrlichia in monocytes and Anaplasma in granulocytes). […] Infection is spread to people through tick bites. […] These infections are transmitted by different ticks: Ehrlichiosis: The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) […] Anaplasmosis: The deer tick (Ixodes species). […] Because Ehrlichia and Anaplasma bacteria infect white blood cells, which circulate in the bloodstream, these bacteria may be transmitted through blood transfusions or organ transplantation.

• #25 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/rickettsial-and-related-infections/ehrlichiosis-and-anaplasmosis

  Symptoms of both infections are more severe in people with a weakened immune system (due to a disorder such as HIV infection or to medications such as corticosteroids). […] A delay in treatment may lead to serious complications, including death in 2 to 5% of people. […] Doxycycline, a type of antibiotic called a tetracycline, is usually used. […] To prevent these disorders, people should take measures to prevent tick bites.

• #26 Ehrlichiosis | Enhanced Dental CPD Online

  https://www.dentaljuce.com/shorts-ehrlichiosis

  The disease can suppress the immune system by reducing TNF-alpha production, leading to opportunistic infections. […] Approximately 3% of human monocytic ehrlichiosis cases result in death, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. […] Ehrlichiosis is a nationally notifiable disease in the U.S., with cases reported year-round, peaking from April to September. […] The incidence is higher in older age groups, with the highest fatality rates observed in children under 10 and adults over 70. […] Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of death.

• #27 Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20513551/

  Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma (Anaplasmataceae). […] Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir and tick populations are high. […] Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), is an emerging zoonosis that causes clinical manifestations ranging from a mild febrile illness to a fulminant disease characterized by multiorgan system failure. […] Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA), previously known as human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis.

• #28 Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/912

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, of all types, are nationally notifiable diseases. […] Tick-borne emerging infections of white blood cells are most commonly caused by 3 different gram-negative bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family: Ehrlichia ewingii, E chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis (formerly known as Ehrlichia muris-like agent, EMLA) also causes symptomatic infection and is the most recently recognized form of human ehrlichiosis. […] The type of infection that develops depends on the infecting bacteria and includes human monocytotropic/monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), human granulocytotropic/granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE).

• #29 Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/912

  Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, of all types, are nationally notifiable diseases. […] Tick-borne emerging infections of white blood cells are most commonly caused by 3 different gram-negative bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family: Ehrlichia ewingii, E chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis (formerly known as Ehrlichia muris-like agent, EMLA) also causes symptomatic infection and is the most recently recognised form of human ehrlichiosis. […] The type of infection that develops depends on the infecting bacteria and includes human monocytotropic/monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), human granulocytotropic/granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and human ewingii ehrlichiosis (HEE).

• #30 Tickborne Diseases: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0501/p530.html

  Human monocytic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) are also rickettsial diseases. Anaplasmosis was considered a subtype of ehrlichiosis but the causative bacterium has been renamed Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and is now considered a separate disease entity. […] Signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis include fever, chills, headaches, and myalgias. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and vomiting, may be prominent. Symptoms appear five to 14 days after exposure. Rash ranging from maculopapular to petechial to diffuse erythema occurs in up to one-third of people infected with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and presents more often in children than adults. Anaplasmosis rarely presents with a rash. Late manifestations of untreated illness include meningoencephalitis, respiratory failure, uncontrolled bleeding, and organ failure. The fatality rate is 3% with ehrlichiosis and less than 1% with HGA.

• #31 Ehrlichiosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlichiosis

  Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells. […] Six species have been shown to cause human infection: Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes Human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Ehrlichia ewingii causes human ewingii ehrlichiosis. Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. […] The latter three infections are not well studied. Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis was recently discovered and has low reporting numbers because it is relatively new and because its symptoms are very similar to the symptoms caused by other Ehrlichia bacteria. […] About 3% of human monocytic ehrlichiosis cases result in death; however, these deaths occur „most commonly in immunosuppressed individuals who develop respiratory distress syndrome, hepatitis, or opportunistic nosocomial infections.”

• #32 Anaplasmosis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/anaplasmosis.html

  Anaplasmosis is an illness caused by bacteria thats spread by ticks. The bacteria are called Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] Anaplasmosis is part of a group of diseases that spread through tick bites. Other diseases that spread through tick bites include Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis. The bacteria that cause anaplasmosis commonly infect the white-footed mouse, deer, and other animals in the wild. […] Anaplasmosis is not contagious from person-to-person. […] Certain types of ticks can become infected with the bacteria that cause anaplasmosis. […] Anaplasmosis is a type of bacterial infection spread through tick bites.

• #33 Do I Need to Worry About Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis? | IGeneX | Tick Talk

  https://igenex.com/tick-talk/ehrlichiosis-anaplasmosis-do-i-need-to-worry/

  Someone who contracts Ehrlichiosis or Anaplasmosis may also be at risk for a coinfection with another tick-borne disease. Blacklegged, or deer ticks, which can cause Anaplasmosis, can also transmit Lyme disease and Babesiosis. The lone star tick, which can carry Ehrlichiosis, may also transmit the bacteria that causes Bourbon virus disease, tularemia, Heartland virus disease, and southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI). […] Prompt treatment of Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis is necessary to prevent severe complications. The usual course of treatment involves using the antibiotics doxycycline or tetracycline.

• #34 EPCRB – Overview: Ehrlichia/Anaplasma, Molecular Detection, PCR, Blood

  https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Overview/618301

  Most cases of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are subclinical or mild, but infection can be severe and life-threatening in some individuals. […] Diagnosis may be challenging since the patient’s clinical course is often mild and nonspecific. […] Definitive diagnosis is usually accomplished through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serologic methods, with the preferred method varying based on the time of presentation in relation to the onset of clinical symptoms. […] The Mayo Clinic PCR assay is capable of detecting and differentiating A phagocytophilum, E chaffeensis, E ewingii, and E muris eauclairensis. […] It is important to note that concurrent infection with A phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia microti is not uncommon, as these organisms share the same Ixodes tick vector.

• #35 Anaplasmosis in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/anaplasmosis-in-dogs

  Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the infectious bacterial organism Anaplasma phagocytophilum. […] A lesser form of anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma platys and is transmitted by the brown dog tick. […] The treatment for canine anaplasmosis is the same as that for other closely related tick-borne infections, including ehrlichiosis and Lyme disease—the antibiotic doxycycline. […] Co-infection with two or more tick-borne agents is common, and dogs co-infected with Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), A. phagocytophilum, and Anaplasma are nearly two times more likely to develop a clinical disease than dogs infected with either agent alone. […] Anaplasmosis is considered a zoonotic pathogen. This means it has the potential to infect humans.

• #36 IDCM — Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

  https://www.idcmjournal.org/tick-borne-disease-induced-pancytopenia

  One of the uncommon and often missed causes of acute pancytopenia is tick-borne illnesses, mainly Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) / Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) and Babesiosis, though the specific mechanism of the former is still unknown. […] Noteworthy to mention is that the tests for tick-borne diseases so far have poor validity, and also that these diseases can co-exist such as Lyme disease, HGA and Babesiosis, making the exact etiology of the hematopoietic defect more difficult to identify. […] The mechanism by which tick-borne diseases cause pancytopenia is still unclear, with some suggestions pointing towards HLH and myelosuppressive chemokines. […] However, given the history of prior tick-borne disease, and woods exposure in northeastern USA summer, the EM lesion on exam, the typical picture of cytopenias and high liver function tests, low sensitivity of the HME/HGA tests especially early in the course, as well as the good response to Doxycycline trial, the main diagnosis for our case is Tick-borne disease induced. […] Various cytopenias have been reported with HME/HGA since their discovery in 1986 and 1994 respectively, with pancytopenia being the rarest noted.

• #37 Detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia bacteria in humans, wildlife, and ticks in the Amazon rainforest | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48459-y

  This study identifies the tropical rainforests of French Guiana as harboring a high indigenous biodiversity of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections. While most of the observed genovariants are endemic to this region, they are associated with a wide variety of wild animals and several tick species, including the two species that most frequently bite humans in South America, Am. cajennense and Am. oblongoguttatum. Furthermore, these infections pose potential pathogenic and zoonotic hazards. Indeed, Ca. Anaplasma sparouinense, Ca. Anaplasma amazonensis and Ca. Ehrlichia cajennense possess virulence factors identified in the Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species that are pathogenic to humans and domestic animals. The potential of Ca. Anaplasma sparouinense to induce intraerythrocytic anaplasmosis in humans is concerning, particularly given that its natural host has yet to be identified. In addition, the detection of a new close genetic relative of the human pathogen E. ewingii, Ca. Ehrlichia cajennense, in the Cayenne tick reveal potential threats to human health in South America.

• #37 Detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia bacteria in humans, wildlife, and ticks in the Amazon rainforest | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48459-y

  The question of how many species of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infect humans remains open. Over the last decade, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species with links to wildlife and human diseases have continued to be discovered. In 2022, a chronic infection by an unknown intraerythrocytic Anaplasma species was diagnosed in a splenectomized patient living in the rainforest of French Guiana, South America. The causative agent was a putative species, Candidatus Anaplasma sparouinense, distinct to all known Anaplasma species but phylogenetically more related to Candidatus Anaplasma amazonensis infecting Brazilian sloths. Recent wildlife surveys also revealed the presence of additional putative species and unclassified genovariants with undetermined zoonotic potential, especially in South America. However, the importance of wildlife in maintaining and spreading emerging infections remains largely unknown with the exception of a few species.

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