Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma – Patients – The American Society of Retina Specialists

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/40/intraocular-uveal-melanoma

  Malignant intraocular (uveal) melanoma is the most common eye cancer in adults. […] After diagnosis, treatment options that range from observation, laser, vitrectomy, radiation, or enucleation (removal) of the tumor-bearing eye are discussed. […] Observation: This treatment includes ongoing clinical evaluation of the tumor, typically to determine change. […] Laser tumor ablation (LASER): Laser destruction (ablation) of a tumor has been effective but limited in its application due to penetration and secondary retinal damage. […] Vitrectomy (micro-incision vitrectomy surgery, or MIVS): This is surgery to remove the vitreous gel (jelly-like substance inside the back compartment of the eye), remove tissue traction and scarring (membrane peeling), laser destruction of the tumor, biopsy of the tumor (fine-needle biopsy or FNAB), and suppression of post-surgical inflammation.

• #2 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  The treatment of ocular melanoma depends on tumor size and location. The treatment options for patients with uveal melanoma include observation, plaque radiation therapy (RT), particle beam radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, laser photocoagulation, local surgical resection, and enucleation. […] Observation is an acceptable option for patients with uveal melanomas who are asymptomatic and have a tumor size 12 mm in diameter and 2 to 3 mm in height. These patients should undergo reevaluation every 2 to 4 months with repeat imaging using fundus photography, ultrasound, OCT, or fundus autofluorescence. […] RT is the most common treatment for primary uveal melanoma and is an eye-salvaging therapy. Uveal melanoma is relatively resistant to radiation, necessitating plaque or charged-particle RT.

• #3 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Not all eye melanomas need treatment. When treatment is needed, it can include radiation therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used to treat eye melanoma in some situations. […] Which treatment is best for eye melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer. Treatment also depends on whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your overall health and what you prefer to do is part of treatment planning too. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy. Radiation therapy is typically used for small to medium-sized eye melanomas. […] For eye melanoma, radiation therapy often involves placing a radioactive device on the eye. The device is called a plaque. It looks like a bottle cap. The plaque holds several radioactive seeds. A healthcare professional places the plaque on the eye, over the cancer. The plaque is held in place with temporary stitches. The plaque stays in place for a few days. Then it’s removed. Radiation treatment that involves putting the radiation inside the body is called brachytherapy.

• #4 Ocular (eye) melanoma cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/eye-ocular-melanoma

  Discussion with your doctor will help you decide on the best treatment for your cancer depending on the site of the cancer you have (choroid, ciliary body or iris); size of the cancer; how close the cancer is to other parts of the eye […] whether or not the cancer has spread; your age, fitness and general health and your preferences. […] The main factors in deciding on what treatment you will have are the location and size of the tumour and wanting to save the sight of your eye. Preserving how your eye looks is also important. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy, laser treatment (transpupillary thermotherapy), photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy. […] Surgery for ocular melanoma may involve removing just the tumour, removing part of the eye, or removing the entire eye (enucleation) if it has been severely damaged by the tumour.

• #5 Uveal Melanoma: Treating Rare Eye Cancer | Cancer | Eyes and Vision | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/uveal-melanoma-treatment/

  Uveal melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer. […] Uveal melanoma can cause permanent vision loss and is characterized by a high risk of cancer cells spreading (metastasizing) through the bloodstream to the liver (most common site) or other organs. […] While effective treatments have been developed for metastatic skin melanoma, treatment options are more limited for metastatic uveal melanoma. […] The highest priority of treatment is to inactivate the cancer. The second priority is to save the eye and vision when possible. […] Fortunately, the vast majority of patients do not require eye removal (enucleation) and can have their uveal melanoma successfully treated while keeping their eye. […] Once uveal melanoma has been diagnosed, treatment options are discussed in detail with the patient so that they understand the risks and benefits of each. Each treatment option represents a balance between efficiency of eliminating cancer cells and preservation of vision.

• #6 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Uveal melanoma is a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes in the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, or choroid). […] This article focuses on the treatment of posterior (ciliary body and choroidal) uveal melanoma. […] The treatment strategies may vary depending on this classification. […] The goals of treating uveal melanoma is to achieve the following: Preservation of useful vision in the affected eye, Tumor destruction, Prevention of metastasis and recurrence. […] Depending upon several clinical factors, management options today include observation, radiation, laser, surgery, medical management, or a combination of these approaches. […] The selected management depends on size, thickness, location, and activity of the tumor, the status of the opposite eye, and the age, general health, and psychological status of the patient.

• #7 Treating Eye Cancer by Location and Size | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/treating/uveal-melanoma.html

  Radiation therapy is the most common treatment for eye melanomas that haven’t spread, although surgery or laser therapy might also be options in some situations. […] For more advanced eye melanomas, other treatments might be used, including immunotherapy or targeted drugs, chemotherapy, or treatments directed at the liver (if the cancer has spread there). […] Managing symptoms of eye cancer may be called palliative care or supportive care. This is an important part of your care, regardless of which treatments you’re getting. […] Treating melanomas that start in the choroid depends on the size of the tumor and how well the eye is working. […] The smaller the tumor, the less likely surgery will be needed, unless the eye is already badly damaged or vision has been lost. […] There are often several options for treating small choroidal melanomas.

• #8 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Intraocular melanoma is a rare cancer that forms from cells that make melanin in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is the most common eye cancer in adults. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with intraocular melanoma. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Watchful waiting, Radiation therapy, Photocoagulation, Thermotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used: Resection, Enucleation, Exenteration. […] Watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.

• #9 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma – Patients – The American Society of Retina Specialists

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/40/intraocular-uveal-melanoma

  Radiotherapy: Two major types of radiation treatment are routinely used for ocular melanoma—brachytherapy and charged-particle therapy. […] Brachytherapy is the most common radiation treatment for ocular melanoma; it uses a patch approximately the size of a quarter that is attached directly to the eye in surgery. […] Charged-particle radiotherapy uses a beam of charged radiation particles to destroy the tumor. […] Enucleation: Removal of the entire eye to eliminate the tumor. […] A major advance in ocular oncology has been the use of tumor genetics to define the genetic risk of tumors spreading outside of the eye (metastasis). […] Ocular melanoma is the most common primary eye cancer of adults but, fortunately, remains a rare cancer. Expert treatment is recommended for each patient.

• #10 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Not all eye melanomas need treatment. When treatment is needed, it can include radiation therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used to treat eye melanoma in some situations. […] Which treatment is best for eye melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer. Treatment also depends on whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your overall health and what you prefer to do is part of treatment planning too. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy. Radiation therapy is typically used for small to medium-sized eye melanomas. […] For eye melanoma, radiation therapy often involves placing a radioactive device on the eye. The device is called a plaque. It looks like a bottle cap. The plaque holds several radioactive seeds. A healthcare professional places the plaque on the eye, over the cancer. The plaque is held in place with temporary stitches. The plaque stays in place for a few days. Then it’s removed. Radiation treatment that involves putting the radiation inside the body is called brachytherapy.

• #11 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Charged-particle RT is the second most common form of RT utilized. Plaque brachytherapy and charged-particle RT result in similar local control rates. Charged-particle RT is preferred when the melanoma encircles the optic nerve or if the tumor is too large to accommodate the plaque. […] Transpupillary thermotherapy, known as diode laser hyperthermia, employs an infrared diode laser and gradually heats the entire tumor to approximately 45 to 60 C, subsequently inducing deep-penetrating tumor necrosis. […] Local surgical excision is challenging and associated with severe postoperative complications and high local recurrence rates. […] Enucleation provides no significant survival benefits over plaque brachytherapy in most patients. […] For metastatic uveal melanoma, tebentafusp-tebn, a bispecific glycoprotein 100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T-cell engager, increases overall survival. This drug functions as an immune mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptor against cancer (ImmTAC) class of T-celldirected therapy and specifically targets HLA-A*02:01-positive metastatic uveal melanoma. […] Molecular prognostic testing stratifies patients based on risk and guides surveillance for metastatic disease.

• #12 Eye Cancer: Ocular Melanoma Symptoms, Treatment and Risks

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/ocular-melanoma

  If your ocular tumor is small or noncancerous, you might not have to get it treated right away. Your doctor may just want to check it regularly to see if it grows or causes problems. […] If caught before it spreads outside the eye, doctors can successfully treat most ocular melanomas. Your treatment may include: […] The most common form uses a shield shaped like a small bottle cap to hold radioactive seeds against the outside of your eyeball over the tumor. This is called a plaque, and it’s put in and taken out with surgery. It stays in place for about 4 days. Most people say it doesn’t bother them much. Another form of radiation treatment uses a machine that hits the tumor with radioactive particles. The treatment is usually spread over several days. […] The FDA has approved tebentafusp-tebn (Kimmtrak) as the first approved therapy for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. A T-cell receptor, Kimmtrak binds T-cells and activates them to fight the ocular melanoma cells. It is administered once a week through an IV.

• #13 Treatments for uveal melanoma – Institut Curie

  https://institut-curie.org/treatments-uveal-melanoma

  The choice of treatment depends on the patient’s age, the size of the tumour, its location in the eye, its extension beyond the sclera (white of the eye) and any histological analysis. One of the key concerns is to preserve the patient’s sight. Conservative treatments, which destroy or remove the tumor while preserving the eyeball, are based on Curietherapy or protontherapy. […] Institut Curie is unique in its ability to treat small tumors in the anterior part of the eye using a disk of radioactive iodine (iodine 125). This technique, known as Curietherapy, involves applying a radioactive source directly to the eye, protecting the eyelids and lacrimal glands. Local tumor control is achieved in 95% of cases. […] Proton therapy consists in irradiating tumors to destroy them, with extreme precision. With protons, the radiation dose reaches the tumor in a very narrow beam, preserving as much as possible of the healthy tissue around the tumor, whose depth can be better controlled. Proton therapy is an advantageous alternative to enucleation, since it enables most patients to preserve their eyes and their vision.

• #14 Proton Therapy for Ocular Melanoma | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/patient-care/treatments/proton-therapy/ocular-melanoma.html

  Proton therapy is an advanced treatment that delivers radiation to the exact size, shape and depth of your ocular tumor. It allows your physician to treat your tumor without removing your eye. Another goal of proton therapy is to do less harm to the healthy parts of your eye. […] Proton therapy is considered a standard of care for ocular melanomas. Studies show that long-term survival rates for patients who are treated with protons are just as good as rates for patients who have their eye removed or have brachytherapy, with less impact on healthy tissue. […] For years, physicians treated ocular melanomas by removing the eye. Now, proton therapy is the gold standard for treatment. It offers the same long-term survival rates as taking out the eye or using brachytherapy, with less impact on healthy tissue.

• #15 Treating Eye Tumors (Melanoma) with Proton Therapy

  https://protoncenter.nm.org/en/cancers-tumors-treated/melanoma-eye

  Since the mid-70s, proton therapy has been used as an effective tumor treatment to save the natural eye, deliver powerful doses of radiation and minimize damage to healthy tissue. […] Proton therapy has been used to treat melanoma without removing the eye and with less damage to the cornea, lens, retina, fovea or optic nerve since the 1970s. […] Proton therapy is a viable option for patients who are seeking highly targeted eye tumor treatment in the Chicago area and cannot receive standard radiation or x-rays. Studies show that patients treated with protons have long-term survival rates equal to that of patients who have had an eye removed. Furthermore, most patients in these studies have retained useful vision in the treated eye. […] Protons can be controlled with greater precision than X-rays and conform to the shape of the tumor, meaning that more energy goes into destroying the cancer and less radiation is delivered to surrounding tissue. […] Proton therapy is considered safe, non-invasive and painless. Depending on the patient’s diagnosis, treatments for eye cancer are usually given every day for a total of five treatments.

• #16 Proton Therapy for Ocular Melanoma | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/patient-care/treatments/proton-therapy/ocular-melanoma.html

  Proton therapy is an advanced treatment that delivers radiation to the exact size, shape and depth of your ocular tumor. It allows your physician to treat your tumor without removing your eye. Another goal of proton therapy is to do less harm to the healthy parts of your eye. […] Proton therapy is considered a standard of care for ocular melanomas. Studies show that long-term survival rates for patients who are treated with protons are just as good as rates for patients who have their eye removed or have brachytherapy, with less impact on healthy tissue. […] For years, physicians treated ocular melanomas by removing the eye. Now, proton therapy is the gold standard for treatment. It offers the same long-term survival rates as taking out the eye or using brachytherapy, with less impact on healthy tissue.

• #17 Cancer Society NZ — Treatment of eye melanoma

  https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/eye-melanoma/treatment-of-eye-melanoma/

  The treatment offered will depend on the type and stage of eye melanoma, as well as your general health and eyesight. […] Eye melanoma can be treated with: radiation treatment, surgery, transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), cryotherapy, chemotherapy eye drops, photodynamic therapy (PDT). […] Radiation treatment is the use of radiation high energy beams to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. […] For uveal melanoma, you may have a specific form of external radiation treatment called stereotactic radiation. This may be the only treatment you need, or it may be given with other treatments. […] Internal radiation, also called brachytherapy, is when a radiation source is placed into the body close to the cancer. […] The type of surgery you have depends on the size and position of the melanoma in your eye. It may involve just the melanoma, a small part of the eye, or sometimes the whole eye.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Eye-cancer-treatment.aspx

  Eye cancers are treated by a team of specialists and doctors. This is called a multidisciplinary team approach. […] The primary aim of therapy is to prevent spread, stop growth and remove the tumor while trying to preserve eyesight. […] Surgery for eye melanoma is done by an ophthalmologist, usually under the microscope. Patient is usually made unconscious and is under general anaesthesia. […] Radiation therapy A disc that releases radiation may be placed within the eye after surgery. This releases radiation that prevents recurrence of the tumor. This is called brachytherapy. […] Side effects of radiation include cataracts, dry eyes, loss of hair around the eyes and eyelashes, retinal damage (retinopathy), optic nerve damage (neuropathy), glaucoma (abnormal pressure within the eye) etc.

• #19 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  The most commonly employed form of radiotherapy is brachytherapy using a episcleral radioactive plaque that is temporarily sutured to the scleral surface. […] Following the COMS medium size tumor trial, plaque brachytherapy became the standard of care for small and medium-sized melanomas located outside the macular region and posterior to the ora serrata. […] Innovations in radiotherapeutic planning have allowed plaque brachytherapy to be custom designed to treat uveal melanoma at any site within the eye including the macula using a round or notched plaque. […] Presently, radiotherapy is the most widely employed intervention for posterior uveal melanoma. […] However, between 5% and 10% of patients treated with radiotherapy ultimately require enucleation of the affected eye because of tumor recurrence or radiation complications.

• #20 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Intraocular melanoma is a rare cancer that forms from cells that make melanin in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is the most common eye cancer in adults. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with intraocular melanoma. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Watchful waiting, Radiation therapy, Photocoagulation, Thermotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used: Resection, Enucleation, Exenteration. […] Watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.

• #21 Cancer Society NZ — Treatment of eye melanoma

  https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/eye-melanoma/treatment-of-eye-melanoma/

  The treatment offered will depend on the type and stage of eye melanoma, as well as your general health and eyesight. […] Eye melanoma can be treated with: radiation treatment, surgery, transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), cryotherapy, chemotherapy eye drops, photodynamic therapy (PDT). […] Radiation treatment is the use of radiation high energy beams to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. […] For uveal melanoma, you may have a specific form of external radiation treatment called stereotactic radiation. This may be the only treatment you need, or it may be given with other treatments. […] Internal radiation, also called brachytherapy, is when a radiation source is placed into the body close to the cancer. […] The type of surgery you have depends on the size and position of the melanoma in your eye. It may involve just the melanoma, a small part of the eye, or sometimes the whole eye.

• #22 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.intraocular-uveal-melanoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258015

  This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). […] Different types of treatment are available for patients with intraocular melanoma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used: Resection: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of healthy tissue around it. Enucleation: Surgery to remove the eye and part of the optic nerve. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Photocoagulation is a procedure that uses laser light to destroy blood vessels that bring nutrients to the tumor, causing the tumor cells to die.

• #23 Uveal Melanoma: What You Need to Know

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/uveal-melanoma

  The treatment of uveal melanoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health. Treatment options may include: […] Radiation therapy: This is the most common treatment for uveal melanoma. Radiation therapy uses different types of high-energy beams of radiation to destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally (brachytherapy). […] Surgery: Surgery may be an option for small tumors that have not spread beyond the eye. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue. […] Laser therapy: Laser therapy uses a high-energy beam of light to destroy cancer cells. It may be used to treat small tumors that are located in the front of the eye.

• #24 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.intraocular-uveal-melanoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258015

  This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). […] Different types of treatment are available for patients with intraocular melanoma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used: Resection: Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of healthy tissue around it. Enucleation: Surgery to remove the eye and part of the optic nerve. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Photocoagulation is a procedure that uses laser light to destroy blood vessels that bring nutrients to the tumor, causing the tumor cells to die.

• #25 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Enucleation is generally indicated for advanced melanomas that occupy most of the intraocular structures, have caused severe secondary glaucoma or total retinal detachment that is not reversible to alternative treatments, or tumors invading the optic nerve. […] The decision to use brachytherapy vs. proton beam therapy is a function of size and location of the tumor, patient preference and availability of treatment. […] Laser therapies include photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves intravenous administration of a photosensitizer that, when activated by a specific wavelength of light, releases reactive oxidative species within tumor vasculature and induces endothelial changes and thrombosis. […] The complications associated with brachytherapy are associated with the necessity of 2 invasive operations requiring anesthesia and radiotoxic effects on healthy ocular tissue.

• #26 Choroidal Melanoma » New York Eye Cancer Center

  https://eyecancer.com/eye-cancer/conditions/choroidal-tumors/choroidal-melanoma/

  Very large choroidal melanomas (greater than 22 mm width) may be treated by initial removal of the eye (enucleation). This is because the amount of radiation required to destroy a choroidal melanoma that fills most of the eye will likely be too much for the eye to tolerate. […] However, most patients, even with very large-sized choroidal melanoma can be treated with eye-sparing radiation therapy. However, after eye sparing radiation for very large choroidal melanomas, eyes are at greater risk to have poor vision, secondary inflammation and may require secondary removal at a later date.

• #27 Eye cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/eye-cancer/

  Treatment for melanoma of the eye depends on the size and location of the tumour. […] Your care team will explain each treatment option in detail, including the benefits and any potential complications. […] Treatment will aim to conserve the affected eye whenever possible. […] The main treatments for eye melanoma are: brachytherapy tiny plates lined with radioactive material called plaques are inserted near the tumour and left in place for up to a week to kill the cancerous cells […] external radiotherapy a machine is used to carefully aim beams of radiation at the tumour to kill the cancerous cells […] surgery to remove the tumour or part of the eye this may be possible if the tumour is small and you still have some vision in your eye […] removal of the eye (enucleation) this may be necessary if the tumour is large or you have lost your vision; the eye will eventually be replaced with an artificial eye that matches your other eye […] immunotherapy medicine to help your immune system kill cancer, which you may have if you have a certain type of eye melanoma, or if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. […] Chemotherapy is rarely used for eye melanoma, but may be suitable for other types of eye cancer.

• #28 Melanoma in the Eye (Intraocular): Uveal and Conjunctival

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/melanoma/types/intraocular-melanoma

  Treatment options include surgery and clinical trials. […] Surgery: This is the most common treatment plan. Surgery aims to remove the cancer. All of the following procedures are performed by skilled medical technicians. […] Enucleation removes the eye. This is performed in instances when vision cannot be restored, cancer has spread to the optic nerve, or the tumor is very large or causes high pressure in the eye. An artificial eye is specially designed to match the color and size of the removed eye. […] Radiation therapy uses intense rays of energy to kill cancer cells. A special instrument targets radiation to the tumor cells and reduces exposure to healthy tissue in the eye. […] Clinical trial therapies offer additional options. Clinical trials are research studies testing new therapies or approaches to treat a specific disease. Patients may enter a clinical trial during any stage of cancer treatment, even if they’ve already started a different treatment plan.

• #29 Uveal Melanoma | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/melanoma/uveal-melanoma.html

  One of the following surgeries may be used to treat uveal melanoma. […] Eye-preserving surgery can be performed in select cases. […] The iris (colored part of the eye) is removed. […] Enucleation is the removal of the entire eyeball. […] This surgery entails the removal of the eye, eyelids, surrounding skin, orbital muscles, fat and nerves. […] In laser therapy, a surgeon uses an intense, focused beam of light to destroy eye cancer tissue. […] Following enucleation or exenteration, a specialized team will fit the patient with a prosthetic eye. […] The immune system finds and defends the body from infection and disease. […] At this point, immunotherapy is used to treat uveal melanoma that has spread, or metastasized to distant points in the body, such as the liver. […] The following immunotherapies are used to treat for uveal melanoma: These drugs help T cells, a type of immune system cell, fight disease by bringing them closer to cancer cells.

• #30 Treatment Options For Eye Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/eye-cancer/treatment/decisions

  If you do need treatment you might have one of the following: radiotherapy, including brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy, surgery to remove just the cancer, surgery to remove the whole eye (enucleation). […] If the cancer has come back in your eyeball (intraocular) you will most likely have surgery to remove your eye (enucleation). You may also have radiotherapy after surgery to kill off any cancer cells left behind. […] If your cancer has spread outside the eyeball, for example, to the optic nerve or the eye socket, it is called an extraocular melanoma. […] Your doctor might also call this extraocular extension. Unfortunately, you will probably need surgery to remove your eye and some of the surrounding tissue. […] If your uveal melanoma tested positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01, you may have a type of immunotherapy called tebentafusp. […] You might also have treatment as part of a trial if your cancer has come back or spread.

• #31 Surgery for Intraocular Melanoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/intraocular-melanoma-in-adults/treatments/surgery-for-intraocular-melanoma

  Eye cancer specialists at NYU Langone use the least invasive treatment possible, in an effort to save vision for people with intraocular melanoma. Enucleation surgery, or removal of the eye, is reserved for people with tumors so large they cannot be treated effectively with radiation therapy. […] Due to advances in the treatment of intraocular melanoma, most people with the condition do not require enucleation. […] If the biopsy reveals that the tumor is a melanoma, the tumor can be destroyed using plaque brachytherapy, a type of radiation therapy. This technique avoids surgical removal of the tumor, which can cause a loss of pupil function—the part of the eye that lets in light—and increases the risk of glare. […] Enucleation, or removal of the eye, is only recommended if a tumor is too large for vision-sparing treatments, such as radiation therapy. It may also be appropriate if you already have significant vision loss or your doctor is concerned that the tumor may spread. […] After surgery, the doctor removes a small sample of the tumor to analyze the appearance and genetic characteristics of the tumor cells. This can help determine the tumor’s risk of spreading.

• #32 Uveal Melanoma Treatment & Management: Improved Outcomes

  https://castlebiosciences.com/patient-information/ophthalmology/uveal-melanoma/treatment-and-management

  If you are being treated for uveal melanoma, your physicians goals may include: […] The size and location of the eye tumor, your ability to undergo surgery, and personal preference are important factors that will help determine which treatment is best for you. […] Eye-sparing radiation is the most common therapy […] Radiation therapy is the most widely used, with about 80-90% of uveal melanoma patients receiving some form of radiation of the tumor. […] Proton beam therapy is an alternative to plaque radiotherapy. […] Enucleation, or removal of the eye, is performed in about 10% of patients. […] Treatment options are considered highly effective at curing the primary tumor.

• #33 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Charged-particle RT is the second most common form of RT utilized. Plaque brachytherapy and charged-particle RT result in similar local control rates. Charged-particle RT is preferred when the melanoma encircles the optic nerve or if the tumor is too large to accommodate the plaque. […] Transpupillary thermotherapy, known as diode laser hyperthermia, employs an infrared diode laser and gradually heats the entire tumor to approximately 45 to 60 C, subsequently inducing deep-penetrating tumor necrosis. […] Local surgical excision is challenging and associated with severe postoperative complications and high local recurrence rates. […] Enucleation provides no significant survival benefits over plaque brachytherapy in most patients. […] For metastatic uveal melanoma, tebentafusp-tebn, a bispecific glycoprotein 100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T-cell engager, increases overall survival. This drug functions as an immune mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptor against cancer (ImmTAC) class of T-celldirected therapy and specifically targets HLA-A*02:01-positive metastatic uveal melanoma. […] Molecular prognostic testing stratifies patients based on risk and guides surveillance for metastatic disease.

• #34 Uveal Melanoma | Wills Eye Hospital

  https://www.willseye.org/uveal-melanoma/

  There are several treatment methods available for melanoma including: […] Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) can be effective for small tumors away from the optic nerve or center of vision, whereas plaque radiotherapy is used for small, medium and large-size melanomas. […] On the Oncology Service, combination treatment for melanoma with plaque radiotherapy followed by TTT provides excellent control in 98% of patients. […] Enucleation is reserved for very large tumors, especially those that have extended outside the wall of the eye or are located around the optic nerve. […] Chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens (using melanoma vaccine) are used if there is metastasis and they can offer some control. […] The Oncology Service has pioneered the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy for genetic testing.

• #35 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Not all eye melanomas need treatment. When treatment is needed, it can include radiation therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used to treat eye melanoma in some situations. […] Which treatment is best for eye melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer. Treatment also depends on whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your overall health and what you prefer to do is part of treatment planning too. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy. Radiation therapy is typically used for small to medium-sized eye melanomas. […] For eye melanoma, radiation therapy often involves placing a radioactive device on the eye. The device is called a plaque. It looks like a bottle cap. The plaque holds several radioactive seeds. A healthcare professional places the plaque on the eye, over the cancer. The plaque is held in place with temporary stitches. The plaque stays in place for a few days. Then it’s removed. Radiation treatment that involves putting the radiation inside the body is called brachytherapy.

• #36 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Photocoagulation is a procedure that uses laser light to destroy blood vessels that bring nutrients to the tumor, causing the tumor cells to die. […] Thermotherapy is the use of heat from a laser to destroy cancer cells and shrink the tumor. […] An effective treatment for metastatic intraocular melanoma has not been found. A clinical trial may be a treatment option. […] An effective treatment for recurrent intraocular melanoma has not been found. A clinical trial may be a treatment option.

• #37 Cancer Society NZ — Treatment of eye melanoma

  https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/eye-melanoma/treatment-of-eye-melanoma/

  For conjunctival melanoma, surgery is used to remove the tumour from the surface of the eye. […] Other treatments may be used to prevent the cancer from returning. This includes: Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) Under local anaesthetic a laser beam is used to destroy the cancer cells by heating them. […] Cryotherapy The area is frozen to kill any cancer cells left following surgery. […] Chemotherapy eye drops Topical cytotoxic eye drops maybe be given for conjunctival melanoma to destroy the cancer cells. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Most commonly used to treat cancers that have spread to the eye, or some non-cancerous eye conditions. The treatment uses a laser combined with a light-sensitive drug to destroy cancer cells.

• #38 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  Surgery is not always needed to treat eye cancer. It is the most common treatment for conjunctival melanoma. The surgeon removes the tumour from the surface of the eye as well as a small amount of surrounding healthy conjunctiva. This is called local resection. You rarely have surgery for uveal melanoma. […] You may have cryotherapy to reduce the risk of conjunctival melanoma coming back. The doctor freezes the area to kill any cancer cells that may remain after surgery. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be used to treat small uveal melanomas. It uses a laser, or other light sources, combined with a light-sensitive drug, to destroy the melanoma cells. […] Advanced eye cancer is when the cancer has spread to another part of the body or comes back after treatment. The treatment you have will depend on where it has spread to and treatments you have already had. […] A new immunotherapy drug called tebentafusp or Kimmtrak may be used to control uveal melanoma. It has been shown to help people with advanced uveal melanoma to live for longer. […] Sometimes targeted drugs may be used to treat advanced conjunctival melanoma.

• #39 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Laser therapy uses a laser light to hurt the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, it might be used in some situations. One type of laser treatment, called thermotherapy, uses an infrared laser. It’s sometimes used along with radiation therapy to treat eye melanoma. […] Photodynamic therapy is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medicine called a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer kills cancerous and precancerous cells when activated by light, usually from a laser. For eye melanoma, photodynamic therapy is used for smaller cancers. […] Surgery to treat eye melanoma may involve removing the melanoma or removing the entire eye. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For eye melanoma, targeted therapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #40 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Laser therapy uses a laser light to hurt the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, it might be used in some situations. One type of laser treatment, called thermotherapy, uses an infrared laser. It’s sometimes used along with radiation therapy to treat eye melanoma. […] Photodynamic therapy is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medicine called a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer kills cancerous and precancerous cells when activated by light, usually from a laser. For eye melanoma, photodynamic therapy is used for smaller cancers. […] Surgery to treat eye melanoma may involve removing the melanoma or removing the entire eye. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For eye melanoma, targeted therapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #41 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Laser therapy uses a laser light to hurt the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, it might be used in some situations. One type of laser treatment, called thermotherapy, uses an infrared laser. It’s sometimes used along with radiation therapy to treat eye melanoma. […] Photodynamic therapy is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medicine called a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer kills cancerous and precancerous cells when activated by light, usually from a laser. For eye melanoma, photodynamic therapy is used for smaller cancers. […] Surgery to treat eye melanoma may involve removing the melanoma or removing the entire eye. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For eye melanoma, targeted therapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #42 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Another possible treatment of uveal melanoma is surgical resection. Surgical treatment leads to avoiding functional blindness caused by enucleation and allows histopathologic and cytogenic analysis. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a commonly used modality in treating various kinds of eye diseases, including UM. Photodynamic therapy action is based on the selective destruction of cancer cells or pathological vessels. The PDT mechanism uses light to activate photosensitizers, generating reactive oxygen species that kill cells. […] High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) has been proposed to treat solid tumors located in various organs. The HIFU technique is a promising and dynamically developing technology of thermal destruction of solid tumors located deep under the skin due to its non-invasive nature.

• #43 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Laser therapy uses a laser light to hurt the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, it might be used in some situations. One type of laser treatment, called thermotherapy, uses an infrared laser. It’s sometimes used along with radiation therapy to treat eye melanoma. […] Photodynamic therapy is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medicine called a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer kills cancerous and precancerous cells when activated by light, usually from a laser. For eye melanoma, photodynamic therapy is used for smaller cancers. […] Surgery to treat eye melanoma may involve removing the melanoma or removing the entire eye. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For eye melanoma, targeted therapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #44 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. The immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn’t be in the body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, immunotherapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #45 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Immunotherapy for cancer is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. The immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn’t be in the body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, immunotherapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #46 What Uveal Melanoma Patients Need to Know about KIMMTRAK – Melanoma Research Alliance

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/blog/what-uveal-melanoma-patients-need-to-know-about-kimmtrak

  You may have heard of KIMMTRAK, a new therapy that recently earned FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable uveal melanoma. […] KIMMTRAK is the first drug to earn FDA approval to treat these patients. […] KIMMTRAK, also known as tebentafusp, is a new FDA-approved treatment for melanoma of the eye (also known as uveal melanoma). […] KIMMTRAK is the first and currently only therapy to earn FDA approval specifically for metastatic or unresectable uveal melanoma. […] Not all patients with uveal melanoma are eligible to receive KIMMTRAK. […] Patients receive KIMMTRAK through an IV infusion (into a blood vein). […] The approval of KIMMTRAK represents a major paradigm shift in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma, and for the first time offers hope to those with this aggressive form of cancer.

• #47 What Uveal Melanoma Patients Need to Know about KIMMTRAK – Melanoma Research Alliance

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/blog/what-uveal-melanoma-patients-need-to-know-about-kimmtrak

  You may have heard of KIMMTRAK, a new therapy that recently earned FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable uveal melanoma. […] KIMMTRAK is the first drug to earn FDA approval to treat these patients. […] KIMMTRAK, also known as tebentafusp, is a new FDA-approved treatment for melanoma of the eye (also known as uveal melanoma). […] KIMMTRAK is the first and currently only therapy to earn FDA approval specifically for metastatic or unresectable uveal melanoma. […] Not all patients with uveal melanoma are eligible to receive KIMMTRAK. […] Patients receive KIMMTRAK through an IV infusion (into a blood vein). […] The approval of KIMMTRAK represents a major paradigm shift in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma, and for the first time offers hope to those with this aggressive form of cancer.

• #48 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Charged-particle RT is the second most common form of RT utilized. Plaque brachytherapy and charged-particle RT result in similar local control rates. Charged-particle RT is preferred when the melanoma encircles the optic nerve or if the tumor is too large to accommodate the plaque. […] Transpupillary thermotherapy, known as diode laser hyperthermia, employs an infrared diode laser and gradually heats the entire tumor to approximately 45 to 60 C, subsequently inducing deep-penetrating tumor necrosis. […] Local surgical excision is challenging and associated with severe postoperative complications and high local recurrence rates. […] Enucleation provides no significant survival benefits over plaque brachytherapy in most patients. […] For metastatic uveal melanoma, tebentafusp-tebn, a bispecific glycoprotein 100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T-cell engager, increases overall survival. This drug functions as an immune mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptor against cancer (ImmTAC) class of T-celldirected therapy and specifically targets HLA-A*02:01-positive metastatic uveal melanoma. […] Molecular prognostic testing stratifies patients based on risk and guides surveillance for metastatic disease.

• #49 NHS England » NHS patient describes new eye cancer treatment as “best early Christmas present”

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/2024/12/nhs-patient-describes-new-eye-cancer-treatment-as-best-early-christmas-present/

  Clinical trials show the chance of surviving 3 years after starting tebentafusb is 27% compared to the 18% figure for current standard treatments which are immunotherapies called checkpoint inhibitors. […] This type of melanoma is difficult to treat when it has spread in the body, so it is great news that the NHS can now offer this pioneering treatment, giving people an option that can extend their lives and offer them valuable extra time with their families and friends. […] Tebentafusp, which was researched and developed by UK-based company Immunocore, is available to patients across England from today thanks to NHS Englands Cancer Drugs Fund, which allows for fast-tracked rollout of innovative cancer treatments following approval from NICE. […] Until today, patients with metastatic uveal melanoma have faced a devastating prognosis and a severe lack of treatment options. Today, we are proud to announce that this pioneering treatment, discovered and developed right here in the UK, is now available on the NHS in England to HLA-A*02:01-positive adults with metastatic or unresectable uveal melanoma. […] Todays announcement that tebentafusp will be available for people with metastatic uveal melanoma is simply incredible. For the first time, eligible patients with this condition will have access to an effective treatment, which offers new hope in the fight against this rare cancer.

• #50 Eye melanoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376

  Laser therapy uses a laser light to hurt the cancer cells. For eye melanoma, it might be used in some situations. One type of laser treatment, called thermotherapy, uses an infrared laser. It’s sometimes used along with radiation therapy to treat eye melanoma. […] Photodynamic therapy is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a medicine called a photosensitizer. The photosensitizer kills cancerous and precancerous cells when activated by light, usually from a laser. For eye melanoma, photodynamic therapy is used for smaller cancers. […] Surgery to treat eye melanoma may involve removing the melanoma or removing the entire eye. […] Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For eye melanoma, targeted therapy may be used when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body or in situations where surgery isn’t possible.

• #51 Immunotherapy and Targeted Drugs for Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  These drugs aren’t as effective in treating uveal melanoma as they are for melanomas of the skin, but they might be helpful for some people. […] This mutation isn’t common in uveal melanomas, but when it’s present, these drugs might be helpful. […] Drugs targeting other gene changes are also being studied.

• #52 Uveal Melanoma: What You Need to Know

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/uveal-melanoma

  Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat uveal melanoma, but it may be an option for advanced cases that have spread to other parts of the body. […] Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It may be an option for advanced cases of uveal melanoma. […] In 2022, a new type of Immunotherapy called, Tebentafusp (Kimmtrak), was approved by the FDA to treat uveal melanoma that cannot be removed or has spread to other parts of the body. It works by bridging together tumor and immune T cells, which helps the body’s immune system to locate and kill the uveal melanoma cells. […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs. It’s important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option, as well as any potential side effects, with your healthcare provider. […] For patients facing rare melanoma subtypes, including those with uveal melanoma, it’s important to see a doctor who specializes in treating patients with your specific type of melanoma.

• #53 Uveal Melanoma: Treating Rare Eye Cancer | Cancer | Eyes and Vision | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/uveal-melanoma-treatment/

  Uveal melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer. […] Uveal melanoma can cause permanent vision loss and is characterized by a high risk of cancer cells spreading (metastasizing) through the bloodstream to the liver (most common site) or other organs. […] While effective treatments have been developed for metastatic skin melanoma, treatment options are more limited for metastatic uveal melanoma. […] The highest priority of treatment is to inactivate the cancer. The second priority is to save the eye and vision when possible. […] Fortunately, the vast majority of patients do not require eye removal (enucleation) and can have their uveal melanoma successfully treated while keeping their eye. […] Once uveal melanoma has been diagnosed, treatment options are discussed in detail with the patient so that they understand the risks and benefits of each. Each treatment option represents a balance between efficiency of eliminating cancer cells and preservation of vision.

• #54 Overview of the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma » New York Eye Cancer Center

  https://eyecancer.com/eye-cancer/research-articles/overview-of-the-treatment-of-metastatic-melanoma/

  Local Surgery: If a patient has a slow growing solitary metastasis, surgical excision may be an option. […] Systemic Chemotherapy: When tumors are found in different parts of the body, then treatment is directed at the whole body. In these cases, your doctor may offer injection of standard intravenous chemotherapy. […] Chemo-embolization: This treatment involves injecting a combination of chemotherapy and particles into the arteries that feed the metastatic tumors within the liver. […] Biologic Therapy: Biologic therapy treats cancer by helping the immune system function better. […] It is a patient’s right to choose or refuse treatment. Since many of the previously mentioned treatments can decrease a patient’s quality of life, each decision to treat must be weighed against potential side effects. You should always discuss the risk of possible side-effects and the potential benefits with your medical oncologist prior to treatment.

• #55 Overview of the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma » New York Eye Cancer Center

  https://eyecancer.com/eye-cancer/research-articles/overview-of-the-treatment-of-metastatic-melanoma/

  Local Surgery: If a patient has a slow growing solitary metastasis, surgical excision may be an option. […] Systemic Chemotherapy: When tumors are found in different parts of the body, then treatment is directed at the whole body. In these cases, your doctor may offer injection of standard intravenous chemotherapy. […] Chemo-embolization: This treatment involves injecting a combination of chemotherapy and particles into the arteries that feed the metastatic tumors within the liver. […] Biologic Therapy: Biologic therapy treats cancer by helping the immune system function better. […] It is a patient’s right to choose or refuse treatment. Since many of the previously mentioned treatments can decrease a patient’s quality of life, each decision to treat must be weighed against potential side effects. You should always discuss the risk of possible side-effects and the potential benefits with your medical oncologist prior to treatment.

• #56 Treating advanced eye cancer (ocular melanoma) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer/advanced-treatment

  The treatment you have depends on where the eye melanoma has spread to and the treatments you have already had. […] If the melanoma comes back in the eye, it is called local recurrence. This usually needs to be treated with surgery to remove the eye. […] Chemotherapy into a vein is not often used to treat advanced eye melanoma. But sometimes you may have a drug called paclitaxel. […] Treatment will also depend on the type of eye melanoma you have. […] Sometimes targeted therapy drugs may be used to treat advanced conjunctival melanoma. […] An immunotherapy drug called tebentafusp or Kimmtrack may be used to control uveal melanoma and help people live for longer. […] Immunotherapy drugs help the immune system to find and attack cancer cells. […] Nivolumab and ipilumumab are immunotherapy drugs you may have to help control advanced eye melanoma.

• #57 Uveal Melanoma | Skin Cancer | UPMC Hillman Cancer Center

  https://hillman.upmc.com/cancer-care/melanoma-skin/types/uveal

  Uveal melanoma treatments largely depend on the stage of the cancer and the location. There are no currently approved treatments once metastases develop. […] The most common types of treatment include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Laser light therapy, Thermotherapy (heat therapy), Close monitoring. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for uveal melanoma. Your surgeon will assess what technique is best for you based on the size and location of the tumor. […] The goal of surgery is to try to save your vision, if possible. […] Radiation therapy uses x-rays to destroy cancer cells. You might receive this treatment externally or internally. […] Your doctor may choose to keep close track of the uveal melanoma without treatment if the tumor is small, is not growing, or affects the only eye with vision. […] At UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, our experts developed an innovative therapy called adoptive cell transfer. This treatment uses the body’s own immune cells to fight uveal melanoma.

• #58 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Intraocular melanoma is a rare cancer that forms from cells that make melanin in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is the most common eye cancer in adults. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with intraocular melanoma. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Watchful waiting, Radiation therapy, Photocoagulation, Thermotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used: Resection, Enucleation, Exenteration. […] Watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.

• #59 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  The treatment of ocular melanoma depends on tumor size and location. The treatment options for patients with uveal melanoma include observation, plaque radiation therapy (RT), particle beam radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, laser photocoagulation, local surgical resection, and enucleation. […] Observation is an acceptable option for patients with uveal melanomas who are asymptomatic and have a tumor size 12 mm in diameter and 2 to 3 mm in height. These patients should undergo reevaluation every 2 to 4 months with repeat imaging using fundus photography, ultrasound, OCT, or fundus autofluorescence. […] RT is the most common treatment for primary uveal melanoma and is an eye-salvaging therapy. Uveal melanoma is relatively resistant to radiation, necessitating plaque or charged-particle RT.

• #60 Ocular Treatment – Melanoma Research Foundation

  https://melanoma.org/ocular-melanoma/treatment-ocular/

  Immunotherapy drugs called cytokines are injected into the hepatic arteries (the arteries that supply the liver). […] This is combined with embolization of the hepatic (liver) artery. […] There is some important information you should know about clinical trials in ocular melanoma: […] Trials can give you access to therapies that are not yet approved by the FDA but that may be more effective in the treatment of ocular melanoma.

• #61 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.intraocular-uveal-melanoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258015

  An effective treatment for metastatic intraocular melanoma has not been found. A clinical trial may be a treatment option. […] Treatment of iris melanoma may include the following: Watchful waiting. Surgery (resection or enucleation). Plaque radiation therapy, for tumors that cannot be removed by surgery. […] Treatment of ciliary body melanoma may include the following: Plaque radiation therapy. Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy. Surgery (resection or enucleation). […] Treatment of small choroid melanoma may include the following: Watchful waiting. Plaque radiation therapy. Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy. Gamma Knife therapy. Thermotherapy. Surgery (resection or enucleation). […] Treatment of large choroid melanoma may include the following: Enucleation when the tumor is too large for treatments that save the eye. […] Treatment of extraocular extension melanoma that has spread to the bone around the eye may include the following: Surgery (exenteration). A clinical trial. […] An effective treatment for recurrent intraocular melanoma has not been found. A clinical trial may be a treatment option.

• #62 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss and plan the best treatment for you. This team is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Eye melanomas are treated at special centres in only a few hospitals in the UK. […] The aim of treatment is to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little damage as possible to your eyesight. Uveal and conjunctival melanomas are treated in different ways. […] The most common treatment for uveal melanoma is radiotherapy. This is usually very effective. Surgery is more commonly used to treat conjunctival melanoma. You may have a combination of treatments. […] Treatment for eye cancer may include: […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. The most common way of giving radiotherapy for eye cancer is by putting a small radioactive disc on the outside of the eye. This is called brachytherapy.

• #63 Uveal Melanoma | Wills Eye Hospital

  https://www.willseye.org/uveal-melanoma/

  There are several treatment methods available for melanoma including: […] Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) can be effective for small tumors away from the optic nerve or center of vision, whereas plaque radiotherapy is used for small, medium and large-size melanomas. […] On the Oncology Service, combination treatment for melanoma with plaque radiotherapy followed by TTT provides excellent control in 98% of patients. […] Enucleation is reserved for very large tumors, especially those that have extended outside the wall of the eye or are located around the optic nerve. […] Chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens (using melanoma vaccine) are used if there is metastasis and they can offer some control. […] The Oncology Service has pioneered the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy for genetic testing.

• #64 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular cancer. The current eye-sparing treatment options include mostly plaque brachytherapy. However, the effectiveness of these methods is still unsatisfactory. In this article, we review several possible new treatment options. These methods may be based on the physical destruction of the cancerous cells by applying ultrasounds. Another approach may be based on improving the penetration of the anti-cancer agents. It seems that the most promising technologies from this group are based on enhancing drug delivery by applying electric current. Finally, new advanced nanoparticles are developed to combine diagnostic imaging and therapy (i.e., theranostics). However, these methods are mostly at an early stage of development. More advanced studies on experimental animals and clinical trials would be needed to introduce some of these techniques to routine clinical practice.

• #65 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Another possible treatment of uveal melanoma is surgical resection. Surgical treatment leads to avoiding functional blindness caused by enucleation and allows histopathologic and cytogenic analysis. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a commonly used modality in treating various kinds of eye diseases, including UM. Photodynamic therapy action is based on the selective destruction of cancer cells or pathological vessels. The PDT mechanism uses light to activate photosensitizers, generating reactive oxygen species that kill cells. […] High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) has been proposed to treat solid tumors located in various organs. The HIFU technique is a promising and dynamically developing technology of thermal destruction of solid tumors located deep under the skin due to its non-invasive nature.

• #66 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) was developed from photodynamic therapy (PDT). A similar effect of both therapies is to induce the reactive oxygen species and kill cancer cells, but the excitation mechanisms of SDT and PDT are different. […] Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique in which using low-intensity electric current allows to increase the biodistribution of ionized drug molecules in the tissues of the eyeball, particularly in the cornea and sclera. […] Theranostics is a modern technique in personalized medicine incorporating both diagnostic imaging and therapy. Instead of utilizing two different materials for both purposes, theranostics uses a single probe combing two features into one platform. […] Definitely, treatment for uveal melanoma presents an unmet clinical need. More novel eye-preserving therapeutic approaches for localized disease are desperately needed. Both preclinical research and clinical trials would help to develop these therapies.

• #67 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) was developed from photodynamic therapy (PDT). A similar effect of both therapies is to induce the reactive oxygen species and kill cancer cells, but the excitation mechanisms of SDT and PDT are different. […] Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique in which using low-intensity electric current allows to increase the biodistribution of ionized drug molecules in the tissues of the eyeball, particularly in the cornea and sclera. […] Theranostics is a modern technique in personalized medicine incorporating both diagnostic imaging and therapy. Instead of utilizing two different materials for both purposes, theranostics uses a single probe combing two features into one platform. […] Definitely, treatment for uveal melanoma presents an unmet clinical need. More novel eye-preserving therapeutic approaches for localized disease are desperately needed. Both preclinical research and clinical trials would help to develop these therapies.

• #68 New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8750035/

  Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) was developed from photodynamic therapy (PDT). A similar effect of both therapies is to induce the reactive oxygen species and kill cancer cells, but the excitation mechanisms of SDT and PDT are different. […] Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique in which using low-intensity electric current allows to increase the biodistribution of ionized drug molecules in the tissues of the eyeball, particularly in the cornea and sclera. […] Theranostics is a modern technique in personalized medicine incorporating both diagnostic imaging and therapy. Instead of utilizing two different materials for both purposes, theranostics uses a single probe combing two features into one platform. […] Definitely, treatment for uveal melanoma presents an unmet clinical need. More novel eye-preserving therapeutic approaches for localized disease are desperately needed. Both preclinical research and clinical trials would help to develop these therapies.

• #69 New Insights Could Unlock Immunotherapy for Rare, Deadly Eye Cancer

  https://www.upmc.com/media/news/041624-deadly-eye-cancer

  Nowe badania z Uniwersytetu w Pittsburghu wyjaśniają, dlaczego przerzutowa czerniak naczyniówki jest oporny na konwencjonalne immunoterapie i jak terapia adoptywna, która polega na hodowli komórek T pacjenta poza ciałem przed ich reinfuzją, może skutecznie leczyć ten rzadki i agresywny nowotwór. […] Terapia adoptywna pozwala nam uratować te komórki z supresyjnego mikrośrodowiska guza i skutecznie leczyć niektórych pacjentów. […] Wcześniejsze badania Kammuli i jego zespołu wykazały, że 35% pacjentów miało częściową lub całkowitą regresję nowotworu po infuzji komórek T. […] Aby przewidzieć, którzy pacjenci będą reagować, Kammula i główny autor Shravan Leonard-Murali, M.D., opracowali narzędzie kliniczne zwane Uveal Melanoma Immunogenic Score (UMIS), które może pomóc uniknąć niepotrzebnych terapii. […] Kammula obecnie ocenia wynik UMIS w trwających badaniach klinicznych terapii TIL dla pacjentów z przerzutowym czerniakiem naczyniówki.

• #70 New Insights Could Unlock Immunotherapy for Rare, Deadly Eye Cancer

  https://www.upmc.com/media/news/041624-deadly-eye-cancer

  Nowe badania z Uniwersytetu w Pittsburghu wyjaśniają, dlaczego przerzutowa czerniak naczyniówki jest oporny na konwencjonalne immunoterapie i jak terapia adoptywna, która polega na hodowli komórek T pacjenta poza ciałem przed ich reinfuzją, może skutecznie leczyć ten rzadki i agresywny nowotwór. […] Terapia adoptywna pozwala nam uratować te komórki z supresyjnego mikrośrodowiska guza i skutecznie leczyć niektórych pacjentów. […] Wcześniejsze badania Kammuli i jego zespołu wykazały, że 35% pacjentów miało częściową lub całkowitą regresję nowotworu po infuzji komórek T. […] Aby przewidzieć, którzy pacjenci będą reagować, Kammula i główny autor Shravan Leonard-Murali, M.D., opracowali narzędzie kliniczne zwane Uveal Melanoma Immunogenic Score (UMIS), które może pomóc uniknąć niepotrzebnych terapii. […] Kammula obecnie ocenia wynik UMIS w trwających badaniach klinicznych terapii TIL dla pacjentów z przerzutowym czerniakiem naczyniówki.

• #71 Novel photodynamic therapy method can eradicate ocular melanoma, study shows

  https://agencia.fapesp.br/novel-photodynamic-therapy-method-can-eradicate-ocular-melanoma-study-shows/52035

  Researchers at the Optics and Photonics Research Center (CePOF) in Brazil and collaborators at the University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Center in Canada have reported for the first time the effective use of a specific type of phototherapy to eradicate ocular melanoma in mice. […] The results pave the way for less drastic treatment of the disease in future. Current strategies are not highly effective, and in many cases involve ionizing radiation and removal of the affected eye. […] In this study, which was funded by FAPESP, they tested the effectiveness of a strategy for ocular melanoma, which is even harder to treat because of its location in the eye. […] In mice with ocular melanoma, no visible residual tumor was left after they were submitted to photodynamic therapy with Visudyne, a drug used to treat macular degeneration.

• #72 Eye cancer (ocular melanoma) – symptoms, staging, treatment | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/melanoma/eye-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss and plan the best treatment for you. This team is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Eye melanomas are treated at special centres in only a few hospitals in the UK. […] The aim of treatment is to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little damage as possible to your eyesight. Uveal and conjunctival melanomas are treated in different ways. […] The most common treatment for uveal melanoma is radiotherapy. This is usually very effective. Surgery is more commonly used to treat conjunctival melanoma. You may have a combination of treatments. […] Treatment for eye cancer may include: […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. The most common way of giving radiotherapy for eye cancer is by putting a small radioactive disc on the outside of the eye. This is called brachytherapy.

• #73

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/ocular-melanoma/treatment.php

  Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, in collaboration with Emory Eye Center, offers ocular melanoma treatment options you wont find elsewhere. […] Eye cancer is a rare disease that requires a highly skilled team of medical professionals to treat. […] Our experience, along with our unparalleled research program, is why eye doctors all over the region refer patients to us for ocular melanoma treatment. […] A team of eye cancer experts, including your ocular oncologist, pathologist and radiation oncologist, will work together to decide which ocular melanoma treatment options are best for your cancer. […] In fact, the only drug thats currently FDA-approved to treat ocular melanoma metastasis came out of a clinical trial that was performed at Winship, meaning our patients were some of the first to benefit.

• #74 Intraocular (Eye) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/hp/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) is rare, but it is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. […] The management of small choroidal melanomas is controversial, and it is not clear whether treating small tumors prevents metastasis. […] Patients with iris melanomas have relatively good outcomes, with 5-year survival rates exceeding 95%. […] The selection of treatment depends on the following: site of origin (choroid, ciliary body, or iris), size and location of the lesion, age of the patient, occurrence of extraocular invasion, recurrence, or metastasis. […] Enucleation (eye removal) was the standard treatment for primary choroidal melanoma, and it is still used when large tumors are present. […] A randomized trial evaluated the role of pre-enucleation EBRT for large choroidal tumors that required enucleation.

• #75 Choroidal Melanoma: Innovations in Treatment – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2011-nov-dec/choroidal-melanoma-innovations-in-treatment

  Juxtapapillary melanomas. […] Three main goals in treatment of choroidal melanoma are: Destroy or remove the tumor to prevent metastasis, maintain vision, and preserve the eye. […] Although enucleation and surgical resection are available, most patients in the United States and Europe today are treated with plaque radiation therapy. […] Innovations and expanded applications for radiation therapy have improved treatment so that few patients have to lose an eye or lose vision due to choroidal melanoma.

• #76 Treatment options for eye melanoma: a review – Medivizor

  https://medivizor.com/blog/SampleLibrary/melanoma/treatment-options-for-eye-melanoma-a-review/

  The authors reviewed the biology as well as current and future treatment options for eye melanoma. […] No ideal systemic therapy (treatment that reaches cells throughout the body) for advanced uveal melanoma has been reported so far. […] A better understanding of the biology of uveal melanoma is needed to develop effective treatment options. […] There are several studies on the role of ipilimumab (Yervoy) in the treatment of uveal melanoma. Ipilimumab is an immunotherapy, which uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer. […] Based on recent findings, targeted therapy (drugs targeting a specific gene or protein) could be an effective treatment for uveal melanoma. Selumetinib (AZD6244) is one such targeted therapy which blocks the functions of proteins known as MEK 1 or 2 (important proteins in cell signaling). […] The authors concluded that targeted therapy would be more effective in treating uveal melanoma. They further suggested that patients should be referred to specialized centers for fast and appropriate treatment for this rare disease.

• #77 Uveal Melanoma: What You Need to Know

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/uveal-melanoma

  Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat uveal melanoma, but it may be an option for advanced cases that have spread to other parts of the body. […] Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It may be an option for advanced cases of uveal melanoma. […] In 2022, a new type of Immunotherapy called, Tebentafusp (Kimmtrak), was approved by the FDA to treat uveal melanoma that cannot be removed or has spread to other parts of the body. It works by bridging together tumor and immune T cells, which helps the body’s immune system to locate and kill the uveal melanoma cells. […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs. It’s important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option, as well as any potential side effects, with your healthcare provider. […] For patients facing rare melanoma subtypes, including those with uveal melanoma, it’s important to see a doctor who specializes in treating patients with your specific type of melanoma.

• #78 Ocular (Eye) Melanoma Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/melanoma/treatment/ocular-melanoma

  If melanoma spreads beyond the eye to other parts of the body, we may recommend a systemic treatment (treatment throughout the body), such as chemotherapy or other approaches. While theres no standard systemic treatment known to be effective in ocular melanoma thats metastasized (spread), we have several clinical trials under way to test immunotherapy approaches. […] After your treatment for eye melanoma, we usually like to see you twice a year for eye examinations. We also find its important to have periodic scans and blood tests to check for signs of disease in the rest of your body just to be extra careful.

• #79 Ocular (Eye) Melanoma Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/melanoma/treatment/ocular-melanoma

  If melanoma spreads beyond the eye to other parts of the body, we may recommend a systemic treatment (treatment throughout the body), such as chemotherapy or other approaches. While theres no standard systemic treatment known to be effective in ocular melanoma thats metastasized (spread), we have several clinical trials under way to test immunotherapy approaches. […] After your treatment for eye melanoma, we usually like to see you twice a year for eye examinations. We also find its important to have periodic scans and blood tests to check for signs of disease in the rest of your body just to be extra careful.

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