Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Ocular melanoma, the second most prevalent form, manifests as a malignant growth of melanocytes in the eye’s uveal tract or conjunctiva. […] Detection involves funduscopic examination and imaging modalities, with symptoms ranging from visual impairment to ocular pain. […] Diagnosis incorporates advanced methods such as ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, funduscopic imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. […] Ocular melanoma can be diagnosed incidentally through funduscopic examination or when patients present with various visual symptoms such as decreased visual acuity, scotoma, visual field loss, ocular pain, or floaters. Diagnostic tools include ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. A small percentage of patients require a diagnostic biopsy.

• #2 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with an age-adjusted incidence of 5.1 per million. […] The clinical presentation of malignant uveal melanoma is characterized by nonspecific findings associated with the location of the tumor. Approximately 30% of patients are asymptomatic at presentation. […] Posterior uveal melanomas typically present as a unilateral elevated domed-shaped gray-brown colored mass of the choroid with irregular margins. […] The size of the choroidal melanomas is the most important clinical feature in determining disease prognosis. Size is classified into three categories according to a modification of the criteria of the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS): small, medium and large melanomas. […] This is the primary diagnostic test that confirms the diagnosis of melanoma. Ultrasound also is useful in determining the size, e.g. thickness (apical height) and basal dimension, extraocular extension (such as scleral nodules), and document growth during the follow up of a suspicious nevus/small melanoma.

• #3 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #4 Current Methods for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Choroidal Melanoma | touchOPHTHALMOLOGY

  https://touchophthalmology.com/ocular-oncology/journal-articles/current-methods-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-choroidal-melanoma/

  Each diagnostic method has been shown to offer unique capabilities to reveal the diagnostic characteristics of CM. […] In the UK, 45 % of CM patients were reported to be asymptomatic at diagnosis. […] In these cases, CM is an accidental finding during a routine periodic ophthalmic examination. […] It is not uncommon for a CM to be missed at initial examination, particularly with small ciliary body tumors. […] The rates of failure to diagnose have been reported within a range of 25-37 %. […] Most CMs can be diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy. […] Visualization of a pigmented choroidal tumor with the orange pigment lipofuscin (OPL) on the tumors surface, significant thickness, and exudative retinal detachment are diagnostic of CM. […] Fundus photography, FAF, and OCT have significantly contributed to the diagnosis and understanding of CM and its associated comorbidities.

• #5 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #6 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #7 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #8 Diagnosing Intraocular Melanoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/intraocular-melanoma-in-adults/diagnosis

  Before an eye exam to diagnose intraocular melanoma, an ophthalmic oncologist, or eye cancer specialist, uses eye drops that dilate, or widen, your pupil. This helps your doctor view the inside of the eye. […] During ophthalmoscopy, the doctor uses a lighted instrument called an ophthalmoscope to examine the retina and the choroid. […] In slit-lamp examination and fundoscopy, a low-power microscope and a thin beam of light are used to view the size of a tumor located toward the front of the uvea, such as the iris. […] Doctors may use gonioscopy to identify tumors hidden where the iris attaches to the eye. […] Eye cancer specialists at NYU Langone use ultrasound imaging to view and measure tumor dimensions. […] During an ultrasound, the doctor numbs the eye with drops. […] In transillumination, the doctor shines a bright light onto the eyeball.

• #9 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with an age-adjusted incidence of 5.1 per million. […] The clinical presentation of malignant uveal melanoma is characterized by nonspecific findings associated with the location of the tumor. Approximately 30% of patients are asymptomatic at presentation. […] Posterior uveal melanomas typically present as a unilateral elevated domed-shaped gray-brown colored mass of the choroid with irregular margins. […] The size of the choroidal melanomas is the most important clinical feature in determining disease prognosis. Size is classified into three categories according to a modification of the criteria of the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS): small, medium and large melanomas. […] This is the primary diagnostic test that confirms the diagnosis of melanoma. Ultrasound also is useful in determining the size, e.g. thickness (apical height) and basal dimension, extraocular extension (such as scleral nodules), and document growth during the follow up of a suspicious nevus/small melanoma.

• #10 Uveal melanoma diagnosis and current treatment options (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10863

  Uveal melanoma is a rare condition accounting for only 5% of all primary melanoma cases. Still, it is the most frequently diagnosed primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. […] While iris melanoma can easily be noticed by the patient itself or diagnosed at a routine slitlamp evaluation, a consistent percentage of posterior uveal tumors are incidentally diagnosed at funduscopic evaluation as they can evolve silently for years, especially if located in the periphery. […] The diagnosis of diffuse iris melanoma is more challenging and is often delayed due to the infiltrative pattern. […] The diagnosis of posterior uveal melanoma is usually performed by an experienced clinician during a routine slit-lamp biomicroscopy and/or indirect ophthalmoscopy under dilated pupil, as many tumors (especially ciliary body tumors) can silently grow for years and are totally asymptomatic (up to 40% of the cases).

• #11 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  If an eye exam suggests you might have eye cancer, more tests such as imaging tests or other procedures might be done to confirm the diagnosis. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. Using this test, doctors can confirm a diagnosis of melanoma of the eye in most cases. This test can also show the location and size of the tumor. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. But a biopsy might still be needed in some situations if the results of exams and tests arent clear.

• #12 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #13 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Documenting the size and location of the tumor by color fundus photography is crucial during follow-up in order to evaluate signs of malignant transformation, primarily documented growth. […] Posterior uveal melanomas are generally graded based on tumor thickness in research and clinical settings. […] It has been established that the risk of metastasis increases 5% with each 1 mm increase in tumor thickness as measured by USG. […] Studies have showed that this classification system can predict prognosis, and 5-year survival rate of iris melanoma patients was estimated to be 100% for patients with T1 tumors, 90.4% for patients with T2 tumors, 63.6% for patients with T2a tumors and 50% for patients with iris melanomas classified as T3, T3a or T4. […] The metastasis rate of posterior uveal melanoma at 10 years was found as 15% for T1 tumors, 25% for T2 tumors, 49% for T3 tumors and 63% for T4 tumors.

• #14 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer. […] During an eye exam for eye melanoma, a healthcare professional may first examine the outside of the eye. The health professional may look for blood vessels that are larger than usual. Large blood vessels might mean there’s something concerning happening inside the eye. […] An eye exam also involves looking inside the eye with the help of special equipment. One way to do that uses lenses and a bright light mounted on a healthcare professional’s forehead. This is called binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Another method uses lenses and a microscope that has an intense beam of light that lights up the inside of the eye. This is called slit-lamp biomicroscopy. […] Fundus photography is a test that takes color pictures of the inside surface of the eye. This part of the eye is called the fundus. Fundus photography can show an eye melanoma. The test might be repeated to watch a melanoma over time. Different kinds of tests can take pictures of the fundus to show an eye melanoma. One example is fundus autofluorescence.

• #15 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. The sound waves come from a device that looks like a wand, called a transducer. A healthcare professional places the transducer on the closed eyelid or on the front surface of the eye to get the pictures. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. To get pictures of the blood vessels in the eye, a colored dye is injected into a vein in an arm. The dye travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A camera with special filters to detect the dye takes pictures of the eye every few seconds for several minutes. Tests that can make pictures of the blood vessels in the eye include fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma.

• #16 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  If an eye exam suggests you might have eye cancer, more tests such as imaging tests or other procedures might be done to confirm the diagnosis. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. Using this test, doctors can confirm a diagnosis of melanoma of the eye in most cases. This test can also show the location and size of the tumor. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. But a biopsy might still be needed in some situations if the results of exams and tests arent clear.

• #17 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. The sound waves come from a device that looks like a wand, called a transducer. A healthcare professional places the transducer on the closed eyelid or on the front surface of the eye to get the pictures. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. To get pictures of the blood vessels in the eye, a colored dye is injected into a vein in an arm. The dye travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A camera with special filters to detect the dye takes pictures of the eye every few seconds for several minutes. Tests that can make pictures of the blood vessels in the eye include fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma.

• #18 Uveal melanoma diagnosis and current treatment options (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10863

  The funduscopic evaluation typically reveals a pigmented dome-shaped nodular mass, well-circumscribed, located under the retinal pigment epithelium. […] The degree of pigmentation can largely vary. […] The 10 MHz B-scan ultrasonography is an essential evaluation tool in ocular oncology, easily revealing tumors with a thickness of more than 1.5 mm. […] The 40 MHz anterior UBM can visualize anterior uveal melanomas and differentiate them from those originating in the ciliary body. […] Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) confirms the diagnosis. […] An incisional biopsy is an invasive diagnostic tool involving the risk of complications and cancerous cell spreading and is currently indicated in uncertain cases only, such as amelanotic tumors. […] On the contrary, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may soon become a standard procedure in conservatively treated melanomas as it provides the samples mandatory for genetic analysis with direct implications in prognosis and metastasis rates.

• #19 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  USG is the auxiliary method most often used clinically in the diagnosis of uveal melanoma. […] In A-mode, the low to medium internal reflectivity of the tumor decreases toward the sclera. […] In B-mode, tumors appear as a hyper-echoic mass with lower reflectivity than the surrounding choroid, thus giving an acoustically hollow appearance. […] UBM is useful for the evaluation of tumors which originate from the ciliary body. […] Anterior segment OCT is a newer technique used in the imaging of iris and ciliary body melanoma, but it does not yield the same results as USG due to the lack of penetration into deeper tissues. […] FFA, which can visualize these features, is an important technique during the differential diagnosis from other lesions. […] OCT can be utilized in ocular oncology as an auxiliary test in diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluating treatment response.

• #20 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Choroidal melanomas show pulsatile blood flow at the tumor base. This finding is not found in nevi. […] Standard spectral domain OCT does not penetrate deeply enough for detecting the internal characteristics of choroidal neoplasms. However, it is useful in visualizing changes in the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). […] Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain OCT is a relatively new technology that is now commercially available. It is a method that allows for the evaluation of deeper structures such as the choroid and the internal portion of the sclera. […] These OCT findings are essential for assessing tumor size, monitoring changes over time, and distinguishing choroidal melanoma from benign lesions such as choroidal nevi. […] Once a clinician has considerable suspicion for uveal melanoma, the decision to treat rests on several subjective and objective features.

• #21 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  USG is the auxiliary method most often used clinically in the diagnosis of uveal melanoma. […] In A-mode, the low to medium internal reflectivity of the tumor decreases toward the sclera. […] In B-mode, tumors appear as a hyper-echoic mass with lower reflectivity than the surrounding choroid, thus giving an acoustically hollow appearance. […] UBM is useful for the evaluation of tumors which originate from the ciliary body. […] Anterior segment OCT is a newer technique used in the imaging of iris and ciliary body melanoma, but it does not yield the same results as USG due to the lack of penetration into deeper tissues. […] FFA, which can visualize these features, is an important technique during the differential diagnosis from other lesions. […] OCT can be utilized in ocular oncology as an auxiliary test in diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluating treatment response.

• #22 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. The sound waves come from a device that looks like a wand, called a transducer. A healthcare professional places the transducer on the closed eyelid or on the front surface of the eye to get the pictures. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. To get pictures of the blood vessels in the eye, a colored dye is injected into a vein in an arm. The dye travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A camera with special filters to detect the dye takes pictures of the eye every few seconds for several minutes. Tests that can make pictures of the blood vessels in the eye include fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma.

• #23 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. The sound waves come from a device that looks like a wand, called a transducer. A healthcare professional places the transducer on the closed eyelid or on the front surface of the eye to get the pictures. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. To get pictures of the blood vessels in the eye, a colored dye is injected into a vein in an arm. The dye travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A camera with special filters to detect the dye takes pictures of the eye every few seconds for several minutes. Tests that can make pictures of the blood vessels in the eye include fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma.

• #24 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Following detection of a suspected melanoma during a routine eye exam, people with suspected ocular melanoma may be referred to a type of doctor called an ocular oncologist who specializes in eye cancer to confirm the diagnosis and discuss a treatment plan. These specialist doctors diagnose ocular melanoma based on symptoms, patient history, clinical evaluation, and specialized test results. […] A variety of tests are available to help in the diagnosis of ocular melanoma, and doctors consider various factors in selecting which tests to use in a given patient. Specifically for uveal melanoma, eye imaging tests that doctors commonly recommended to diagnose ocular melanoma include: Fundus photography. Special cameras are used to photograph the eye lesion to view the size, borders, and location relative to eye structures. Ocular ultrasound. A wand-like instrument held against the eye sends sound waves through the eye to create a picture of the eye and tumor mass. Optical coherence tomography. Similar to an ocular ultrasound, but this test uses light instead of sound waves to create pictures of the back of the eye, including the uveal tract and retina. Angiography. To view the blood vessels in the back of the eye, including those around the tumor, a colored or fluorescent dye is injected into a vein (usually in the arm). The dye travels to the blood vessels of the eye and a special camera is used that can detect and photograph the dye to create pictures of the eye. This test can be used to check if the symptoms are caused by other common eye conditions instead of melanoma.

• #25 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  USG is the auxiliary method most often used clinically in the diagnosis of uveal melanoma. […] In A-mode, the low to medium internal reflectivity of the tumor decreases toward the sclera. […] In B-mode, tumors appear as a hyper-echoic mass with lower reflectivity than the surrounding choroid, thus giving an acoustically hollow appearance. […] UBM is useful for the evaluation of tumors which originate from the ciliary body. […] Anterior segment OCT is a newer technique used in the imaging of iris and ciliary body melanoma, but it does not yield the same results as USG due to the lack of penetration into deeper tissues. […] FFA, which can visualize these features, is an important technique during the differential diagnosis from other lesions. […] OCT can be utilized in ocular oncology as an auxiliary test in diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluating treatment response.

• #26 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  An eye ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of the eye. The sound waves come from a device that looks like a wand, called a transducer. A healthcare professional places the transducer on the closed eyelid or on the front surface of the eye to get the pictures. […] Angiography is a test that makes pictures of the blood vessels. To get pictures of the blood vessels in the eye, a colored dye is injected into a vein in an arm. The dye travels to the blood vessels in the eye. A camera with special filters to detect the dye takes pictures of the eye every few seconds for several minutes. Tests that can make pictures of the blood vessels in the eye include fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. […] Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test that uses light waves to make pictures of the eye. It can make pictures of the uvea and the retina that might show an eye melanoma.

• #27 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Choroidal melanomas show pulsatile blood flow at the tumor base. This finding is not found in nevi. […] Standard spectral domain OCT does not penetrate deeply enough for detecting the internal characteristics of choroidal neoplasms. However, it is useful in visualizing changes in the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). […] Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain OCT is a relatively new technology that is now commercially available. It is a method that allows for the evaluation of deeper structures such as the choroid and the internal portion of the sclera. […] These OCT findings are essential for assessing tumor size, monitoring changes over time, and distinguishing choroidal melanoma from benign lesions such as choroidal nevi. […] Once a clinician has considerable suspicion for uveal melanoma, the decision to treat rests on several subjective and objective features.

• #28 Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_and_Ciliary_Body_Melanoma

  Choroidal melanomas show pulsatile blood flow at the tumor base. This finding is not found in nevi. […] Standard spectral domain OCT does not penetrate deeply enough for detecting the internal characteristics of choroidal neoplasms. However, it is useful in visualizing changes in the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). […] Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain OCT is a relatively new technology that is now commercially available. It is a method that allows for the evaluation of deeper structures such as the choroid and the internal portion of the sclera. […] These OCT findings are essential for assessing tumor size, monitoring changes over time, and distinguishing choroidal melanoma from benign lesions such as choroidal nevi. […] Once a clinician has considerable suspicion for uveal melanoma, the decision to treat rests on several subjective and objective features.

• #29 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #30 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  If an eye exam suggests you might have eye cancer, more tests such as imaging tests or other procedures might be done to confirm the diagnosis. […] Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive particles to create pictures of the inside of your body. […] Ultrasound is a very common test to help diagnose eye melanomas. […] This test is very useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they tend to look a certain way on ultrasound. Using this test, doctors can confirm a diagnosis of melanoma of the eye in most cases. This test can also show the location and size of the tumor. […] A biopsy is often not needed to diagnose eye melanomas because they can usually be diagnosed based on the results of a thorough eye exam and imaging tests. But a biopsy might still be needed in some situations if the results of exams and tests arent clear.

• #31 Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq

  Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye. […] Tests that examine the eye are used to diagnose intraocular melanoma. […] A biopsy of the tumor is rarely needed to diagnose intraocular melanoma. […] Signs and symptoms of intraocular melanoma may include blurred vision or a dark spot on the iris. […] Intraocular melanoma may not cause early signs or symptoms. It is sometimes found during a regular eye exam when the doctor dilates the pupil and looks into the eye. […] In addition to asking about your personal and family health history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures: […] A biopsy is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. Rarely, a biopsy of the tumor is needed to diagnose intraocular melanoma.

• #32 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #33 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #34 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #35 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #36 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #37 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #38 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #39 Uveal Melanoma | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/melanoma/uveal-melanoma.html

  Uveal melanoma diagnosis is usually diagnosed with a thorough exam of the eye, as well as an ultrasound or other diagnostic tests. […] This diagnosis depends on the doctors expertise. Patients with suspected cases of uveal melanoma should work with an ophthalmologist (an M.D. specializing in the eye) who has received specialty training in diagnosing cancers of the eyeball. […] An accurate diagnosis is the first step toward successful treatment. […] Patients diagnosed with uveal melanoma may undergo a prognostic biopsy. This involves removing and studying cancer tissue. A prognostic biopsy helps identify cancers that have a higher chance of spreading to distant parts of the body, such as the liver. […] Prognostic biopsies can be performed with a needle at the time the patient receives radiation therapy. Tissue removed during surgery can also be used for a prognostic biopsy.

• #40 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #41 Tests for Eye Cancer | Diagnosing Eye Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/eye-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/tests.html

  Even if eye melanoma has already been diagnosed, a biopsy might still be done to check the cancer cells for certain gene or chromosome changes that can help predict the chance of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. […] Different types of biopsies can be done for eye melanoma, depending on where the abnormal area is in the eye: FNA (fine needle aspiration), Incisional biopsy, Excisional biopsy. […] For uveal melanoma, tests that look at certain genes and chromosomes inside the cancer cells can provide information about how likely the cancer is to spread from the eye to other parts of the body. […] These tests can help a person understand their risk for the cancer growing and spreading. They might also influence how closely the person is monitored during and after treatment. […] A liquid biopsy is a newer way to collect cancer cells for testing without having to make a cut or put a needle into the eye.

• #42 Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/8/1758

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technology that generates tridimensional images. […] In 1931, Callender established the histopathological classification for UM, dividing it into five categories according to cell type: spindle A, spindle B, mixed, fascicular, and epithelioid. […] Given the inherent risks and low efficacy of standard biopsies, significant interest was dedicated to liquid biopsies. […] Liquid-based biopsies are simple to conduct and pose a lower risk than conventional biopsy methods of the primary tumor. […] Tumor markers identified in liquid biopsies include CTCs, DNA, RNA, and proteins. […] CTCs have been identified in multiple malignant conditions such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and UM, which have provided clinicians with pertinent prognostic data on disease metastasis.

• #43 Ocular Melanoma Diagnosis and Treatment — EyeMelanoma.org

  https://eyemelanoma.org/diagnosis-and-treatment

  These guides, written for patients and their families, provide printable overviews on testing, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular melanoma primary and/or metastatic. […] „Imaging tests are a key part of your care. Learn about how we use ultrasonography, the different types of color photography, how fluorescein angiography works and how it is used, and the OCT (optical coherence tomography) test.” […] „DecisionDx-UM (Gene Expression Profile) Test” enables accurate determination of metastatic risk in uveal melanoma. The test identifies the molecular signature of an individual’s tumor and its likelihood of metastasis within 5 years. […] „Uveal Melanoma Prognostic Genetic Test” uses multiple methods of testing to detect specific genetic abnormalities in eye tumor cells which can indicate the chance that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body.

• #44 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #45 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Doctors diagnose many types of cancer by taking a biopsy (removing a small piece of tumor for laboratory testing). However, a biopsy is not usually needed to diagnose uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of uveal melanoma can be confirmed by the eye exam and imaging tests above. But a biopsy is sometimes helpful to check for certain gene changes that predict spread. […] After an ocular melanoma is diagnosed, additional tests may be recommended to check to see if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. […] Standard imaging tests are used to detect ocular melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. These tests can include: Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for melanoma growth in the liver. Chest x-ray to check for melanoma in the lungs. Computer tomography (CT) scan to detect cancer growing into nearby structures around the eye or spread to other organs, for example, the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for tumor growth outside of the eye, for example in the liver. […] Blood tests may be done after someone is diagnosed with eye melanoma. For people with uveal melanoma, blood tests commonly include liver function tests because problems with liver function can be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

• #46 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #47 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Doctors diagnose many types of cancer by taking a biopsy (removing a small piece of tumor for laboratory testing). However, a biopsy is not usually needed to diagnose uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of uveal melanoma can be confirmed by the eye exam and imaging tests above. But a biopsy is sometimes helpful to check for certain gene changes that predict spread. […] After an ocular melanoma is diagnosed, additional tests may be recommended to check to see if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. […] Standard imaging tests are used to detect ocular melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. These tests can include: Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for melanoma growth in the liver. Chest x-ray to check for melanoma in the lungs. Computer tomography (CT) scan to detect cancer growing into nearby structures around the eye or spread to other organs, for example, the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for tumor growth outside of the eye, for example in the liver. […] Blood tests may be done after someone is diagnosed with eye melanoma. For people with uveal melanoma, blood tests commonly include liver function tests because problems with liver function can be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

• #48 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #49 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #50 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Doctors diagnose many types of cancer by taking a biopsy (removing a small piece of tumor for laboratory testing). However, a biopsy is not usually needed to diagnose uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of uveal melanoma can be confirmed by the eye exam and imaging tests above. But a biopsy is sometimes helpful to check for certain gene changes that predict spread. […] After an ocular melanoma is diagnosed, additional tests may be recommended to check to see if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. […] Standard imaging tests are used to detect ocular melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. These tests can include: Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for melanoma growth in the liver. Chest x-ray to check for melanoma in the lungs. Computer tomography (CT) scan to detect cancer growing into nearby structures around the eye or spread to other organs, for example, the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for tumor growth outside of the eye, for example in the liver. […] Blood tests may be done after someone is diagnosed with eye melanoma. For people with uveal melanoma, blood tests commonly include liver function tests because problems with liver function can be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

• #51 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #52 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Doctors diagnose many types of cancer by taking a biopsy (removing a small piece of tumor for laboratory testing). However, a biopsy is not usually needed to diagnose uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of uveal melanoma can be confirmed by the eye exam and imaging tests above. But a biopsy is sometimes helpful to check for certain gene changes that predict spread. […] After an ocular melanoma is diagnosed, additional tests may be recommended to check to see if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. […] Standard imaging tests are used to detect ocular melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. These tests can include: Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for melanoma growth in the liver. Chest x-ray to check for melanoma in the lungs. Computer tomography (CT) scan to detect cancer growing into nearby structures around the eye or spread to other organs, for example, the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for tumor growth outside of the eye, for example in the liver. […] Blood tests may be done after someone is diagnosed with eye melanoma. For people with uveal melanoma, blood tests commonly include liver function tests because problems with liver function can be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

• #53 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #54 How Ocular Melanoma is Diagnosed – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-diagnosed/

  Doctors diagnose many types of cancer by taking a biopsy (removing a small piece of tumor for laboratory testing). However, a biopsy is not usually needed to diagnose uveal melanoma. A diagnosis of uveal melanoma can be confirmed by the eye exam and imaging tests above. But a biopsy is sometimes helpful to check for certain gene changes that predict spread. […] After an ocular melanoma is diagnosed, additional tests may be recommended to check to see if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. […] Standard imaging tests are used to detect ocular melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body. These tests can include: Ultrasound of the abdomen to look for melanoma growth in the liver. Chest x-ray to check for melanoma in the lungs. Computer tomography (CT) scan to detect cancer growing into nearby structures around the eye or spread to other organs, for example, the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for tumor growth outside of the eye, for example in the liver. […] Blood tests may be done after someone is diagnosed with eye melanoma. For people with uveal melanoma, blood tests commonly include liver function tests because problems with liver function can be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

• #55 Eye melanoma | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/eye-melanoma

  A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy typically isn’t necessary to diagnose eye melanoma. But it may be used in some situations. Sometimes a biopsy may be done at the time of treatment to get more information about the cancer cells. […] Other tests may be needed to see if melanoma has spread to other parts of the body. The tests may include: Blood tests. Tests to check how well the liver works. Chest X-ray. Ultrasound. Computerized tomography scan, also called CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI. Positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.

• #56 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Computed tomography (CT) is rarely used to diagnose uveal melanoma. […] Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT (PET-CT) detects metabolic abnormalities after the administration of radiotracers such as 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18FDG). […] After tumor removal, genetic testing of the tumor can be helpful for prognosis and post-treatment surveillance of patients with primary uveal melanoma. […] The treatment of ocular melanoma depends on tumor size and location. […] The most common site for metastasis is the liver. Patients with ocular melanoma should undergo initial laboratory tests, including alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. […] Molecular prognostic testing stratifies patients based on risk and guides surveillance for metastatic disease. […] The 5-year survival rate for conjunctival melanoma with treatment is 83% to 84%, and the 10-year survival rate is 69% to 80%. […] Local treatment prevents local recurrence in 95% of patients. However, due to micrometastasis, 50% of patients with uveal tumors develop metastatic disease.

• #57 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes within uveal tract, including iris, ciliary body and choroid […] Tumor size, location and cell type are the most important histopathologic prognostic factors but molecular testing plays an increasing clinical role in prognostication […] Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults […] Mean age at diagnosis is 61 years […] Half of cases are asymptomatic and discovered on exam; half present with visual disturbance […] Up to half of cases metastasize […] Distant metastases nearly exclusively to liver (95%), sometimes to lung and bone […] Size of tumor […] Ciliary body involvement […] Extension outside of orbit, metastasis and recurrence have very poor prognosis […] Cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly monosomy 3 and gain of 8q […] Gene expression profiling (class 1A, 1B and 2)

• #58 Current Methods for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Choroidal Melanoma | touchOPHTHALMOLOGY

  https://touchophthalmology.com/ocular-oncology/journal-articles/current-methods-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-choroidal-melanoma/

  Each diagnostic method has been shown to offer unique capabilities to reveal the diagnostic characteristics of CM. […] In the UK, 45 % of CM patients were reported to be asymptomatic at diagnosis. […] In these cases, CM is an accidental finding during a routine periodic ophthalmic examination. […] It is not uncommon for a CM to be missed at initial examination, particularly with small ciliary body tumors. […] The rates of failure to diagnose have been reported within a range of 25-37 %. […] Most CMs can be diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy. […] Visualization of a pigmented choroidal tumor with the orange pigment lipofuscin (OPL) on the tumors surface, significant thickness, and exudative retinal detachment are diagnostic of CM. […] Fundus photography, FAF, and OCT have significantly contributed to the diagnosis and understanding of CM and its associated comorbidities.

• #59 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #60 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #61 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #62 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #63 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #64 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #65 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #66 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Studies on tumor doubling time of choroidal melanoma indicate that micrometastases occur several years before diagnosis. […] High-risk factors predictive of growth of suspicious pigmented choroidal lesions into melanoma include presence of symptoms, tumor thickness greater than 2 millimeters, presence of subretinal fluid and orange pigment, tumor margin within 3 mm of the optic disc, ultrasonographic hollowness, and absence of halo. […] Posterior uveal melanoma can be confused with many lesions of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. […] Clinical prognostic factors in uveal melanoma include older age, male gender, increased tumor size, tumor location, diffuse growth pattern of the tumor, presence of extraocular extension, and progression of tumor stage according to AJCC classification.

• #67 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #68 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #69 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #70 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #71 Pathology Outlines – Melanoma-uvea

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/eyeuveamelanoma.html

  Histologic features: mitoses, cell type (spindle B versus epithelioid), extravascular matrix loops, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages […] Episcleral brachytherapy utilizing radioactive seeds is the mainstay of eye sparing treatment and yields equivalent survival rates to enucleation […] Local resection for select tumors of the iris and ciliary body […] Enucleation reserved for large tumors […] Small uveal melanomas may be difficult to distinguish from a nevus clinically; size criteria are used […] Gross findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination […] Melanoma markers (S100, melanA, SOX10, HMB45, tyrosinase) are negative and epithelial markers (AE1 / 3, EMA, MNF116, etc.) are positive […] Clinical findings suspicious for melanoma include: Orange pigment, Subretinal fluid, Tumor thickness > 2 mm, Low internal reflectivity on ultrasound examination.

• #72 Uveal melanoma diagnosis and current treatment options (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10863

  The histological evaluation of the enucleated eye reveals 3 types of tumor cells: spindle A, spindle B, and epithelioid. […] The differential diagnosis of uveal melanoma is difficult. […] The most frequent posterior pseudomelanomas are represented by choroidal nevi, peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR), congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, hemorrhagic detachment of the retina or pigment epithelium (PED), choroidal detachment, circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, choroidal osteoma, and metastatic tumors. […] The prognosis, survival rate, and quality of life in primary uveal melanoma tumors have significantly improved since the introduction of conservative irradiation therapies and surgical excisions.

• #73 Ocular Melanoma Prevention & Early Detection – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-prevention/

  Ocular melanoma is most common in older adults, with a peak in cases around age 70. While ocular melanoma can also occur in children, this is rare. For example, only about one in 100 uveal melanomas occur in children. […] Many cases of ocular melanoma can be detected by an optometrist or ophthalmologist during a dilated eye exam. A diagnosis should be confirmed by a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of eye cancer, called an ocular oncologist. […] Treatment often works best when cancer is caught early. Having regular annual eye exams with an ophthalmologist (including dilation) is the best way to detect eye cancer early. […] Some patients have a freckle or nevus in the eye that may change over time. People with an eye nevus should have it monitored regularly by an eye doctor who specializes in eye disease, called an ophthalmologist. It is common for people to have choroidal nevi, but their transition into a melanoma is rare. A dark spot on the iris, or colored part of the eye, should also be checked by an ophthalmologist especially if it is growing.

• #74 Ocular Melanoma Prevention & Early Detection – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-prevention/

  Ocular melanoma is most common in older adults, with a peak in cases around age 70. While ocular melanoma can also occur in children, this is rare. For example, only about one in 100 uveal melanomas occur in children. […] Many cases of ocular melanoma can be detected by an optometrist or ophthalmologist during a dilated eye exam. A diagnosis should be confirmed by a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of eye cancer, called an ocular oncologist. […] Treatment often works best when cancer is caught early. Having regular annual eye exams with an ophthalmologist (including dilation) is the best way to detect eye cancer early. […] Some patients have a freckle or nevus in the eye that may change over time. People with an eye nevus should have it monitored regularly by an eye doctor who specializes in eye disease, called an ophthalmologist. It is common for people to have choroidal nevi, but their transition into a melanoma is rare. A dark spot on the iris, or colored part of the eye, should also be checked by an ophthalmologist especially if it is growing.

• #75 Ocular Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551647/

  Computed tomography (CT) is rarely used to diagnose uveal melanoma. […] Positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT (PET-CT) detects metabolic abnormalities after the administration of radiotracers such as 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18FDG). […] After tumor removal, genetic testing of the tumor can be helpful for prognosis and post-treatment surveillance of patients with primary uveal melanoma. […] The treatment of ocular melanoma depends on tumor size and location. […] The most common site for metastasis is the liver. Patients with ocular melanoma should undergo initial laboratory tests, including alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. […] Molecular prognostic testing stratifies patients based on risk and guides surveillance for metastatic disease. […] The 5-year survival rate for conjunctival melanoma with treatment is 83% to 84%, and the 10-year survival rate is 69% to 80%. […] Local treatment prevents local recurrence in 95% of patients. However, due to micrometastasis, 50% of patients with uveal tumors develop metastatic disease.

• #76 Accuracy of choroidal melanoma diagnosis by general ophthalmologists: a prospective study | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6702276

  To estimate the proportion of false positives in patients referred with a diagnosis of suspected choroidal melanoma by general ophthalmologists to an ocular oncology centre. […] The diagnosis was made clinically in patients receiving radiotherapy or phototherapy and was confirmed by histopathology in patients requiring fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or enucleation. […] Only 50 of the 73 suspected melanomas were confirmed (68.5%; 95% CI, 5778%), the oncologist’s diagnosis in the remaining 23 being choroidal naevus (10), choroidal metastasis (1), circumscribed choroidal haemangioma (2) and others (10). […] Approximately 30% of patients referred to an ocular oncology service with the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma have an incorrect diagnosis. […] This study aimed to estimate prospectively the rate of false positives in patients referred with a diagnosis of suspected choroidal melanoma by general ophthalmologists to an ocular oncology centre over a 14-week period.

• #77 Accuracy of choroidal melanoma diagnosis by general ophthalmologists: a prospective study | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6702276

  In conclusion, approximately 30% of patients referred to a specialist ocular oncology service with the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma have an incorrect diagnosis indicating that there is scope for improvement in the diagnosis of intraocular tumours by ophthalmologists. […] Further studies are required to determine features of lesions that are likely to lead to a wrong diagnosis.

• #78 Uveal melanoma diagnosis and current treatment options (Review)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8543295/

  Uveal melanoma is a rare condition accounting for only 5% of all primary melanoma cases. Still, it is the most frequently diagnosed primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. While iris melanoma can easily be noticed by the patient itself or diagnosed at a routine slit-lamp evaluation, a consistent percentage of posterior uveal tumors are incidentally diagnosed at funduscopic evaluation as they can evolve silently for years, especially if located in the periphery. Uveal melanoma classifications rely on the tumor size (thickness and basal diameter) and also on intraocular and extraocular extension. The differential diagnosis with pseudomelanomas is carried out according to the tumor aspect and position. The diagnosis of diffuse iris melanoma is more challenging and is often delayed due to the infiltrative pattern. The diagnosis of posterior uveal melanoma is usually performed by an experienced clinician during a routine slit-lamp biomicroscopy and/or indirect ophthalmoscopy under dilated pupil, as many tumors (especially ciliary body tumors) can silently grow for years and are totally asymptomatic (up to 40% of the cases). The funduscopic evaluation typically reveals a pigmented dome-shaped nodular mass, well-circumscribed, located under the retinal pigment epithelium. The degree of pigmentation can largely vary. There is a consistent improvement in uveal melanoma diagnosis accuracy in the last decades, from around 20% to more than 99%, as indicated by the COMS. The 10 MHz B-scan ultrasonography is an essential evaluation tool in ocular oncology, easily revealing tumors with a thickness of more than 1.5 mm. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) confirms the diagnosis. An incisional biopsy is an invasive diagnostic tool involving the risk of complications and cancerous cell spreading and is currently indicated in uncertain cases only, such as amelanotic tumors. On the contrary, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may soon become a standard procedure in conservatively treated melanomas as it provides the samples mandatory for genetic analysis with direct implications in prognosis and metastasis rates. The histological evaluation of the enucleated eye reveals 3 types of tumor cells: spindle A, spindle B, and epithelioid. The epithelioid has frequent mitotic figures, morphologic variations and is highly anaplastic. Thus, epithelioid cell melanoma and mixed cell melanoma are considered to have a significantly poorer prognosis as compared to spindle cell melanomas and necrotic melanomas.

• #79 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Initial Diagnosis

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/diagnosis

  Symptoms of OM typically include blurred vision, flashing lights, shadows and misting of the lens of the eye (cataract). […] Often, though, no symptoms are present at all (or at least noticed by the patient) and OM may be diagnosed during a routine sight test by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. […] If the tumor is found by an optometrist, they will (or at least should) refer you to an ophthalmologist who has experience with ocular tumors. […] When you go to see the ophthalmologist, typically the doctor will use a device called an ophthalmoscope (a small handheld microscope) to painlessly look inside your eye and check for abnormalities. […] Most of the time, the ophthalmologist can be nearly certain of the diagnosis from clinical appearance, photographs, and ultrasound pictures. […] Other tests and procedures may be used by your doctor to gain further insight into the type, size and other features of your tumor.

• #80 Ocular Diagnosis – Melanoma Research Foundation

  https://melanoma.org/ocular-melanoma/diagnosis-ocular/

  Ocular melanoma (OM) is most often detected by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist during a dilated eye exam. Often, OM is asymptomatic until the tumor grows large enough to create visual disturbances. Only OM of the iris can be diagnosed by external from the outside examination. […] Unlike other forms of melanoma, a biopsy is not usually taken to diagnose OM. Rather, OM tends to be a clinical diagnosis meaning it is often made based on signs and symptoms. […] Healthcare providers can determine a patients risk for metastatic disease based upon the size and location of the tumor. From a biopsy, they can also test the genes in the tumor itself to help determine the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The results of these tests can help your treatment team develop an appropriate and individualized surveillance plan and, if necessary, a treatment plan.

• #81 Eye Melanoma | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/melanoma/types-melanoma/eye-melanoma

  Eye melanoma is also called uveal melanoma or ocular melanoma. It is a type of eye cancer. Its the most common eye cancer in adults. […] If you notice these symptoms, it is important to contact your doctor right away. The sooner your condition is treated, the better your chances for a cure. […] Memorial Sloan Kettering is a leading center for eye melanoma diagnosis and treatment. We take a multidisciplinary approach to care. People with eye melanoma benefit from the expertise of a team of experts. Working together, our ophthalmic oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, and neurologists create a coordinated, personalized treatment plan.

• #82 Uveal Melanoma; Current Trends in The Diagnosis and Management – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://oftalmoloji.org/articles/uveal-melanoma-current-trends-in-the-diagnosis-and-management/doi/tjo.37431

  Uveal melanoma, which is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, arises from melanocytes within the iris, ciliary body and choroid. The diagnosis is based principally on clinical examination of the tumor with biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy and confirmed by diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. […] The clinical diagnosis of posterior uveal melanomas can be made when the classical appearance of a pigmented dome-shaped mass is detected on dilated fundus exam. […] The diagnosis of uveal melanoma is based primarily on clinical examination by biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. […] Ancillary tests including color fundus photography, ultrasonography (USG), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) can be used in order to confirm diagnosis.

• #83 OMF | Ocular Melanoma Foundation – Initial Diagnosis

  https://ocularmelanoma.org/diagnosis

  Symptoms of OM typically include blurred vision, flashing lights, shadows and misting of the lens of the eye (cataract). […] Often, though, no symptoms are present at all (or at least noticed by the patient) and OM may be diagnosed during a routine sight test by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. […] If the tumor is found by an optometrist, they will (or at least should) refer you to an ophthalmologist who has experience with ocular tumors. […] When you go to see the ophthalmologist, typically the doctor will use a device called an ophthalmoscope (a small handheld microscope) to painlessly look inside your eye and check for abnormalities. […] Most of the time, the ophthalmologist can be nearly certain of the diagnosis from clinical appearance, photographs, and ultrasound pictures. […] Other tests and procedures may be used by your doctor to gain further insight into the type, size and other features of your tumor.

• #84 Ocular Melanoma Prevention & Early Detection – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/types-of-melanoma/ocular-melanoma-prevention/

  Ocular melanoma is most common in older adults, with a peak in cases around age 70. While ocular melanoma can also occur in children, this is rare. For example, only about one in 100 uveal melanomas occur in children. […] Many cases of ocular melanoma can be detected by an optometrist or ophthalmologist during a dilated eye exam. A diagnosis should be confirmed by a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of eye cancer, called an ocular oncologist. […] Treatment often works best when cancer is caught early. Having regular annual eye exams with an ophthalmologist (including dilation) is the best way to detect eye cancer early. […] Some patients have a freckle or nevus in the eye that may change over time. People with an eye nevus should have it monitored regularly by an eye doctor who specializes in eye disease, called an ophthalmologist. It is common for people to have choroidal nevi, but their transition into a melanoma is rare. A dark spot on the iris, or colored part of the eye, should also be checked by an ophthalmologist especially if it is growing.

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