Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  To diagnose mitral valve disease, including mitral valve stenosis and mitral valve regurgitation, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your medical history. […] The health care professional listens to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be a sign of a mitral valve condition. […] Tests to diagnose mitral valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used to create pictures of the heart in motion. This test shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves, including the mitral valve. An echocardiogram can help in the diagnosis of congenital mitral valve disease, rheumatic mitral valve disease and other heart valve conditions. […] A standard echocardiogram is done from outside the body. But sometimes, a more-detailed echocardiogram is needed to get a closer look at the mitral valve. This type of echocardiogram is called a transesophageal echocardiogram. It is done from inside the body.

• #2 Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis

  At NYU Langones Heart Valve Center, our team of heart valve specialists works together to diagnose mitral valve disease. […] Chronic mitral valve regurgitation typically progresses slowly. You may have no symptoms for years or decades. Some people receive a diagnosis after a physical exam reveals a heart murmur, in which sounds are heard that may indicate irregular blood flow through the heart. […] Often, people may have severe regurgitation but no symptoms. In these cases, the condition is diagnosed by an echocardiogram. This usually requires treatment to prevent the heart from enlarging or dilating. The major aim of treatment is to give the heart a better chance of returning to a normal size and function. […] After taking a medical history and conducting a physical exam, your NYU Langone specialist may recommend that certain tests be performed before making a diagnosis of mitral valve disease.

• #3 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve disease is diagnosed through a physical exam and tests. […] During the physical exam, your provider will listen to your heart with a stethoscope. Your provider will check to hear certain sounds associated with each form of mitral valve disease. […] Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosing mitral valve disease. An echocardiogram (echo) uses ultrasound technology to check for valve disease and other heart problems. […] You’ll then likely need at least one test to check your heart’s structure and function. […] Your provider will also talk with you to learn about your medical history and risk factors.

• #4 Mitral Valve Disease and Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/cardiac-surgery/mitral-valve/disease-diagnosis

  The human heart has four valves (flaps made of tissue) that control the direction of blood flow. […] If the mitral valve does not close completely, it can cause regurgitation, which causes blood to leak back into the left atrium. If the valve does not open completely, it can cause stenosis, which can obstruct blood flow. Both conditions increase the workload on the heart and are very serious conditions. If left untreated, they can lead to debilitating symptoms including arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, and irreversible heart damage. […] If you have leakage through your mitral valve, you might feel fatigued, find it difficult to exercise, or experience shortness of breath or palpitations. Symptoms might come and go. We usually get a hint that there is a valve issue when we listen to your heartbeat. We might hear a murmur, which would either sound like a ‘whooshing’ noise or an extra click, depending on the type of problem.

• #5 Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis

  The echocardiogram remains the gold standard imaging technique for diagnosing and quantifying heart valve dysfunction. […] Cardiac catheterization can help your doctor measure the blood flow and pressure on both sides of the mitral valve. This helps the doctor detect problems with the valves ability to regulate blood flow through the heart.

• #6 Mitral Valve Disorders | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/mitral-valve-disorders

  The diagnosis of mitral valve disease is confirmed with echocardiography. This is a safe, painless test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to examine the heart’s structure and motion. This test provides information about the heart’s pumping ability, blood flow activity, valve function, size and pressure. […] UCSF cardiac surgeons not only use echocardiography before surgery to diagnose mitral valve disease and plan the procedure, but also during repair. […] In many cases, the echocardiography tells surgeons all they need to know to perform the surgery, so that cardiac catheterization an invasive procedure performed to obtain detailed information about the heart is not necessary.

• #7 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] The test provides information about: […] If the heart valves are working correctly. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] If the heart valves are too narrow (stenosis). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] A chest X-ray shows the location, size and shape of the heart, lungs and blood vessels. This can provide clues to a valve problem that include an enlarged or thickened heart and calcium deposits on the aorta or pericardium. […] Although an echocardiogram, including transesophageal echocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography is now the standard tool for assessing valvular heart disease, there are times when its effectiveness is limited in some people. A CT scan creates images of the valve anatomy and allows for evaluation of the severity of stenosis and regurgitation.

• #8 Mitral Valve Stenosis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/diagnosis

  Diagnosing mitral valve stenosis is a fairly straightforward process. Your doctor will review your personal health history and perform a physical exam which includes listening for the sound of a murmur, snapping, clicking in your heart or congestion in your lungs using a stethoscope. Your doctor will likely also order any one of the following diagnostic tests: […] Echocardiogram is a non-invasive test using sound waves (ultrasound) and a device called a transducer which is placed on the surface of the chest to create a moving picture of the heart. It shows the size and shape of the heart chambers, including the mitral valve opening width and the amount of blood flowing through it. […] Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE) uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed pictures of your heart and arteries. Unlike echocardiogram, TEE uses a probe that is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus. This provides a better picture because the esophagus is right behind the heart and the probe does not have to penetrate the chest wall in the ribs and lungs to get a clear picture.

• #9 Diagnosing Valve Disease | Adventist Heart Institute

  https://www.adventistheart.org/valve-disease/diagnosing-valve-disease/index.html

  The technological revolution continues to develop ever more rapid, accurate methods for diagnosing and treating diseases of the heart. […] So, how is valve disease diagnosed? If youre experiencing symptoms, or have certain risk factors for valve disease, whats next? […] Your physician will begin by taking your history a discussion of your symptoms, family history, and risk factors. […] Next, your physician will listen to your heart, a method called auscultation. […] As part of your diagnosis, you may also undergo one or more of the following tests: […] Echocardiogram (echo) is the main test used to diagnose heart valve disease. […] A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE or routine echo) is performed by placing a transducer on the skin of the chest. […] A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), where the transducer is introduced into the esophagus under sedation, may be recommended by your cardiologist when a more detailed image is required.

• #10 Heart valve disease: Diagnosis and treatment options

  https://www.swiss-heart-valve-center.com/en/diagnosis/

  In most cases, a 3D echocardiography from the outside (transthoracic echocardiography) is sufficient to make a diagnosis. […] An ultrasound examination via the oesophagus (swallowing ultrasound or transoesophageal echocardiography) is often performed, particularly before operations or interventions, as this offers the best image resolution and provides a particularly realistic three-dimensional representation of heart valves. […] In mitral valve stenosis (narrowed mitral valve), 3D echocardiography is used to determine the extent and nature of the changes (calcification, fibrosis, nature of the leaflets). The remaining valve opening area as well as the determination of the pressure gradient over the valve are of decisive importance for further therapy. […] In mitral valve regurgitation, 3D echocardiography allows not only an assessment of the severity of the regurgitation and the function of the left ventricle, but also an accurate assessment of the nature of the diseased valve.

• #11 Degenerative Valve Disease: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mitral Regurgitation | Today’s Veterinary Practice

  https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/cardiology/degenerative-valve-disease-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-mitral-regurgitation/

  Degenerative valve disease (DVD) is the most common heart disease and the most common cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs. […] The mitral valve is most commonly and severely affected, although the tricuspid valve is concurrently involved in 30% of cases. […] Diagnosis: Signalment, history, and physical examination are all beneficial in determining whether CHF is being caused by DVD. A clinical database including thoracic radiographs and echocardiography is recommended. […] Echocardiography with Doppler studies is useful to confirm the presence of DVD, quantify chamber enlargement and cardiac function, and identify comorbidities. […] Diagnosis: Breeds that are predisposed should undergo yearly auscultations by their primary care veterinarian. […] Diagnosis: Thoracic radiography is recommended to obtain baseline radiographs and assess for hemodynamic changes. Echocardiography is recommended to assess the severity of chamber enlargement and identify comorbidities.

• #12 Making the Diagnosis | Mitral Valve Repair Center

  https://www.mitralvalverepair.org/making-diagnosis

  Essentially, all degenerative mitral valves are repairable. By matching echocardiographic findings to the appropriate surgical skill level required to consistently deliver a repair, valve replacement for degenerative mitral valve disease should be infrequent. […] Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography is essential to determine the mechanism (dysfunction) and severity of mitral regurgitation. Assessment of the mitral valve hemodynamics using the ratio of jet to left atrial area, the regurgitant volume (Rvol: the difference between the mitral and aortic stroke volumes) and effective regurgitant orifice (ERO: ratio of regurgitant volume to regurgitant time velocity integral) are useful tools in grading the severity of MR, when integrated with clinical findings. […] Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a useful adjunct to confirm the diagnosis and understand the mechanism of degenerative valve disease in the case of a non-diagnostic transthoracic examination. Experience is also gaining with 3-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of annular geometry and leaflet dysfunction in the setting of mitral regurgitation, and can be predicted to have a more significant role in planning reparative procedures in the future.

• #13 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and simple test measures the heart’s electrical activity. It shows how fast or how slowly the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray is a picture of the heart and lungs. It can show whether the heart is enlarged, which can be a sign of certain types of heart valve disease. […] Cardiac MRI. This test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart. A cardiac MRI might be done to determine the severity of mitral valve disease. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether valve disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] Cardiac catheterization. A doctor guides a thin tube called a catheter through a blood vessel to an artery in the heart. Dye flows through the catheter. This makes the heart arteries show up more clearly on an X-ray.

• #14 Heart Valve Disease: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/treatment

  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This test measures your hearts electrical activity, rate, and rhythm. An ECG can detect enlarged heart chambers and irregular heart rhythms. […] Chest X-rays show the heart and lungs condition and can help detect an enlarged heart, which may be related to heart valve disease. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of your heart and show how blood flows in your heart and coronary arteries. […] Exercise stress test. This type of test measures your heart performance during physical activity. Heart problems may show during an exercise stress test because your heart pumps harder than when you are resting.

• #15 Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Diagnosis and Management | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/secondary-mitral-regurgitation-diagnosis-and-management?language_content_entity=en

  Cardiac MRI (CMR) can be used if the measures of MR severity or LV function are not appropriately assessed by echocardiography. […] The importance of CTA evaluation of the mitral valve is essential when evaluating patients for transcatheter mitral valve replacement. […] Finally, MR severity assessment can be complex and challenging, especially with MR being very dynamic and dependent on loading conditions with resting or exercise states. Hence, a multiparametric approach should be implemented in complex cases.

• #16 Mitral Valve Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/mitral-valve-disease

  CT scan, which is type of X-ray. At Frankel Cardiovascular Center, our imaging specialists use a unique protocol for performing a cardiac CT scan. It allows us to collect images through the entire heartbeat. A CT scan is often used to determine the most appropriate treatment option, such as a transcatheter or minimally invasive surgical approach.

• #17 Mitral Valve Stenosis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/diagnosis

  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a simple non-invasive test that can be done in the doctors office using small adhesive pads called electrodes that are placed on the arms, legs, and chest. These electrodes are connected to a machine that detects and prints out the heart’s electrical impulses, giving a 10-second snapshot of what the heart is doing right at that moment. […] Holter monitor is used to give a detailed analysis of the hearts electrical activity over a period of 24 hours (1 day). For this non-invasive test, which is done at home, 4 or 5 adhesive electrodes are placed on the chest and connected to an electrical recording device that is usually worn on the belt or on a neck/shoulder strap. This device records every heartbeat for the duration of the time that its worn.

• #18 Mitral Valve Disease and Diagnosis | AdventHealth Orlando

  https://www.adventhealth.com/hospital/adventhealth-orlando/blog/mitral-valve-disease-and-diagnosis

  In this two-part blog, well provide what you need to know about mitral valve diseases and their latest treatments. […] In the second part, well discuss living with the disease, treatment options and what to expect after surgery. […] The main types of mitral valve diseases are mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve prolapse and mitral valve regurgitation. […] The symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may look like other medical conditions, so always see a health care provider for an accurate diagnosis. […] Along with a complete medical history and physical exam, your provider may order some or all of these tests to diagnose your mitral valve disorder and the level of its severity: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Chest X-ray, Transthoracic echocardiogram (echo or TTE), Stress test, Cardiac catheterization, Cardiac MRI.

• #19 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-valve-disease

  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test records your hearts electrical activity. […] Holter monitoring: This is a portable monitoring device that records your hearts electrical activity over a period of time, usually 24 to 48 hours. […] Your doctor may want to monitor you while you exercise to determine how your heart responds to physical stress.

• #20 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Cardiac catheterization isn’t often used to diagnose mitral valve disease, but it may be used if other tests haven’t diagnosed the condition. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of mitral or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

• #21 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  Although cardiac catheterization is most often used to look at the blood flowing to the heart muscle, it also can provide important information about narrowed heart valves, leaky heart valves or blood that is not flowing through the heart as it should. […] For people with valve disease, a cardiac catheterization can: […] Help determine the best course of treatment. […] CMR has become an optimal technique in assessing people with heart valve disease without the need for radiation. Its enhanced diagnostic power can: […] Determine the type and severity of valve disease. […] Measure heart function or how much blood the left ventricle can pump out to the body.

• #22 Treating mitral valve regurgitation – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/treating-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of valvular heart disease in the U.S. The prevalence of the condition increases with age. About 10% of adults over 75 have mitral valve regurgitation. […] Your healthcare team will confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation after a thorough exam and testing. This is necessary as other heart conditions can cause similar symptoms to a leaky valve. […] Common tests for mitral valve regurgitation include chest X-ray, cardiac MRI, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, exercise tests or cardiac catheterization. […] Through testing, your healthcare team may tell you the stage of your disease. The stage of the disease is based on symptoms, severity, structure of the valve and blood flow through the heart. The most appropriate treatment option can be determined through staging.

• #23 Mitral Valve Disease Causes & Diagnosis | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-disease/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease Your cardiologist and/or cardiac surgeon will use imaging tests to help diagnose and classify mitral valve disease. The Center for Heart Valve Disease offers you the most advanced imaging tests, including: […] Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease from The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) suggest routine repeat echocardiography to periodically assess the status of heart valves, even when youre not experiencing symptoms. Changes over time may indicate that its time to reevaluate your medical management protocol or consider surgery.

• #24 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged. […] Effective treatment options are available for heart valve disease, including noninvasive options. It is important to discuss the options that are best and what follow-up care may be recommended for each patient. […] As with any heart condition, continued care and regular screenings to monitor disease progression are needed for people who are living with heart valve disease.

• #25 Mitral Valve Disease and Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/cardiac-surgery/mitral-valve/disease-diagnosis

  To diagnose heart valve disease, we do a physical exam and conduct imaging tests. At the exam, your cardiologist will check for fluid build-up and will use imaging tests such as echocardiograms, chest X-rays, transesophageal echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterizations. […] The latest literature has demonstrated the positive impact (better postoperative long-term survival) of early mitral valve repair, rather than waiting for symptoms such as ventricular dysfunction or dilatation, pulmonary hypertension, or atrial fibrillation—the standard guideline triggers for surgery in previous eras. However, the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) for the management of patients with valvular heart disease recommend early mitral valve repair only if the procedure is performed in a mitral valve reference center.

• #26 Diagnostic Tests for Mitral Stenosis and Regurgitation | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/mitral-valve-stenosis-regurgitation/diagnosis.html

  Our specialists use the latest high-resolution machines, as well as sophisticated computer enhancement that delivers crisp, 3-D images. […] Tests may include: Echocardiogram (echo): The main test to diagnose valve disease, it uses ultrasound to take moving images of your heart. […] The Stanford Valvular Heart Disease Clinic brings together different disciplines for a team approach to diagnosis and treatment. […] The Stanford Interventional Cardiology program is a leader in minimally invasive procedures for diagnosing and treating heart valve disease.

• #27 Challenges in the diagnosis and management of valve disease: the case for the specialist valve clinic | Echo Research & Practice | Full Text

  https://echo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1530/ERP-19-0041

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is responsible for a major societal and economic burden. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that VHD is commonly underdiagnosed, leading to patients presenting late in their disease course, to an excess risk of mortality and morbidity and to a missed opportunity for intervention. […] Once diagnosed, VHD is often undertreated with patients unduly denied intervention, the only available curative treatment. […] Development of a valvular heart team involving multidisciplinary valve specialists including clinicians, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists and surgeons is expected to fill these gaps and to offer an integrated care addressing all issues of patient management from evaluation, risk-assessment, decision-making and performance of state-of-the-art surgical and transcatheter interventions. […] The valvular heart team will select the right treatment for the right patient, improving cost-effectiveness and ultimately patients outcomes.

• #28 Diagnostic Tests for Mitral Stenosis and Regurgitation | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/mitral-valve-stenosis-regurgitation/diagnosis.html

  Mitral valve stenosis occurs when the mitral valve in your heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. […] We determine when a mitral valve malfunction could lead to heart strain and eventual failure, and when it does not pose a danger. […] We provide mitral valve care through our Valvular Heart Disease Clinic and Interventional Cardiology Clinic. […] We start with a thorough evaluation that considers your whole health before recommending the safest, longest-lasting treatment options for your diagnosis. […] Instead of just sharing files electronically, our doctors and imaging specialists take the time to meet face-to-face and discuss your results. […] To diagnose a mitral valve problem, your doctor will listen to your heart and also order one or more imaging tests.

• #29 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #30 Artificial intelligence in heart valve disease: diagnosis, innovation and treatment. A state-of-the-art review

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/08/artificial-intelligence-in-heart-valve-disease-diagnosis-innovation-and-treatment-a-state-of-the-art-review/

  In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been used to improve the precision of valvular heart disease diagnosis and treatment. […] AI has been used to improve the precision of valvular heart disease diagnosis by enhancing the recognition of abnormalities in clinical examination, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography. […] AI can help to guide the treatment of patients with valvular heart disease, by aiding in optimal device selection for transcatheter valvular interventions and, potentially, predicting the risk of specific complications. […] One of the major strengths of AI is its ability to decipher clinical signs that might otherwise be missed or misinterpreted by a physician. […] AI has also emerged as a useful tool in the interpretation of ECGs. […] The ability of AI to rule out significant valvular heart disease based upon only an ECG could prove to be hugely valuable as a diagnostic and triaging tool.

• #31 Understanding the role of echocardiography in the assessment of mitral valve disease

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Understanding-the-role-of-echocardiography-in-the-assessment-of-mitral-valve-disease

  Echocardiography provides sufficiently detailed images of the MV and is the most important diagnostic tool in establishing the diagnosis, depicting the severity of the lesion, and for appropriate clinical decision making. […] Using all of the available echo modalities (2D echo, 3D echo, stress echo) leads to increased accuracy of diagnosis and better outcome. […] In MR, the grade of severity can be accurately defined through an integrative approach.

• #32 Understanding the role of echocardiography in the assessment of mitral valve disease

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Understanding-the-role-of-echocardiography-in-the-assessment-of-mitral-valve-disease

  Echocardiography is the main imaging modality to evaluate mitral valve abnormalities and to assess the severity and the haemodynamic consequences. […] The management plan and selection of intervention rely completely on echo assessment of valve morphology and extent of the disease. […] Transthoracic echocardiography is usually sufficient to evaluate mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. […] Transoesophageal echocardiography is required when the assessment is inadequate with transthoracic echocardiography and in order to exclude intracardiac thrombi before a percutaneous or surgical intervention. […] A stress echo test is considered when there is a discrepancy between the resting clinical data and echocardiographic measurements. […] Echocardiographic assessment can be classified into qualitative, quantitative and semi-quantitative.

• #33 Heart Valve Disease Diagnosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/heart-vascular/valve-disease/diagnosis

  Early diagnosis is crucial for effectively treating and managing serious heart conditions. Our valve and structural heart specialists take a comprehensive approach to diagnosis. We conduct an in-depth evaluation of each patient, beginning with a complete physical exam. We use the latest, most advanced technology to identify the underlying cause of the valve or structural heart disease. Our state-of-the-art Cardiovascular Imaging Center offers the following diagnostic services: […] Echocardiograms are painless tests that use sound waves to show the heart’s structure and function. […] Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides a detailed image of the heart. […] Magnetic resonance imaging provides a detailed look at the beating heart. […] Nuclear imaging studies are tests that study blood flow and heart function through the use of sophisticated molecular imaging tools and radionuclide dyes.

• #34 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  Diagnosing heart valve disease is crucial for effective treatment. The most common test to diagnose heart valve disease is an echocardiogram. There are different types of echocardiogram, you may have one or more. […] If the tests show heart valve disease, you will usually be referred to a cardiology team for a specialist assessment.

• #35 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/treatment

  In most cases, treatment for mitral valve prolapse is limited to managing symptoms since the condition isn’t dangerous and symptoms are often mild. […] Medications for mitral valve prolapse usually treat symptoms, not the underlying cause. […] Mitral valve surgery may be the best option for severe cases of mitral valve prolapse with significant mitral valve regurgitation. […] If repair isn’t possible or isn’t the best option, the surgeon may replace your mitral valve with a new one. […] Many people with MVP don’t even have symptoms. No matter how mild your case, schedule regular checkups with your doctor to monitor the condition for changes. […] If you need treatment, it’s common for patients who get mitral valve prolapse surgery to live as long as those without valve disorders.

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