Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353159

  Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis. So the best way to prevent mitral valve stenosis is to prevent rheumatic fever. You can do this by making sure you and your children see a healthcare professional for sore throats. Untreated strep throat infections can develop into rheumatic fever. Strep throat is usually easily treated with antibiotics.

• #1 Prevention of endocarditis: Antibiotic prophylaxis and other measures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-endocarditis-antibiotic-prophylaxis-and-other-measures

  Maintenance of oral hygiene is important to reduce the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis as well as the risk of bacteremia. All individuals at risk for developing IE should establish and maintain a program of oral health care including regular professional care, the regular use of manual or powered toothbrushes, dental floss, and other plaque-removing devices. […] Maintenance of oral hygiene plays a more important role in reducing the risk of IE than antibiotic prophylaxis; IE is more likely to occur as a result of bacteremia associated with daily activities (such as tooth brushing) than from bacteremia associated with invasive dental procedures. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is warranted for patients with cardiac conditions that confer the highest risk of adverse outcome from IE prior to invasive dental or invasive oral procedures.

• #1 Heart Valve Disease | University of Ottawa Heart Institute

  https://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart-condition/heart-valve-disease

  Some risk factors for developing heart valve disease are the same as other heart conditions and can be reduced with lifestyle changes or with early detection and medication. To prevent heart disease in general, it is important to: […] Quit smoking […] Get your cholesterol checked and under control […] Eat a healthy diet […] Exercise regularly […] Lose weight if you are overweight.

• #1 High blood pressure linked to common heart valve disorder | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-10-18-high-blood-pressure-linked-common-heart-valve-disorder

  ’Our research suggests this common and disabling valve disorder is not an inevitable consequence of ageing, as previously assumed, but may be preventable,’ said Professor Kazem Rahimi, lead author of the study and deputy director of The George Institute UK. […] The new study suggests further research is needed to test whether lowering blood pressure through exercise, diet or blood pressure-lowering drugs – could reduce the risk of the disorder occurring. […] 'We need to find effective and affordable measures to tackle it, and our study suggests one possible avenue for prevention, by reducing high blood pressure.’

• #1 Mitral Valve Prolapse | MVP | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/mitralvalveprolapse.html

  You can’t prevent mitral valve prolapse. But if you have mitral valve prolapse, you can help prevent the rare but serious problems it can cause by: […] Brushing and flossing your teeth regularly. That helps keep bacteria out of your bloodstream, which further reduces the rare risk of a heart infection. […] Asking your provider if you need to take antibiotics before dental work or surgery to lower your risk of heart infection. This mostly applies to people who have had valve repair or replacement surgery. […] Getting regular check-ups and taking any medicines that your provider may have prescribed. […] Making heart-healthy habits part of your life to prevent heart disease.

• #1 Mitral Valve Disease or MVD in Dogs: Everything You Need

  https://pawprintoxygen.com/blogs/healthy-paws/mitral-valve-disease-or-mvd-in-dogs-everything-you-need-to-know?srsltid=AfmBOor1ENdAWThDUzmiyx2Aj61mzvaeg_tCBnl0qtq71D9nWsk3jjgX

  Mitral valve disease (MVD) is one of the most common heart conditions affecting dogs, particularly as they age. […] Early diagnosis is crucial because, with proper management, many dogs can continue to lead a comfortable and active life despite their diagnosis. […] Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of MVD in dogs, especially for breeds that are genetically predisposed to the condition. […] Routine heart health screenings are essential for early detection of MVD in dogs, especially in breeds that are genetically predisposed to the condition. […] While it cannot be entirely prevented, responsible breeding practices can help reduce the incidence of MVD in breeds that are known to be at high risk. […] Responsible breeders minimize MVD risk through genetic testing and health screenings. […] Early treatment helps the heart function more efficiently for longer. […] Early detection can delay or prevent serious issues like congestive heart failure. […] Early diagnosis often leads to better prognosis.

• #1 Tips for Living With Mitral Regurgitation

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/mitral-regurgitation/living-with-mitral-regurgitation/tips-for-living-with-mr

  Take all your medication as prescribedespecially the diuretics! […] Eat a healthy diet. Eating a heart-healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats can help prevent heart issues later in life that can contribute to mitral regurgitation. […] Keep your blood pressure under good control. This is especially important to slow the progression of mild or moderate mitral regurgitation. […] Prevent infection. If you have had a heart valve replaced, your provider may have you take antibiotics before a dental procedure to prevent a heart valve infection.

• #1 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. […] The use of antibiotics before having a dental procedure is no longer recommended by the American Heart Association for people with mitral valve prolapse, regardless of whether they have associated symptoms.

• #1 Prevention of endocarditis: Antibiotic prophylaxis and other measures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-endocarditis-antibiotic-prophylaxis-and-other-measures

  Prevention of endocarditis: Antibiotic prophylaxis and other measures […] Measures for prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) are discussed here, including the clinical approach and rationale for antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. […] Measures for prevention of IE include: […] – Maintenance of oral hygiene. […] – Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to invasive dental or invasive oral procedures. […] – Timely treatment of infections with pathogens likely to cause endocarditis. […] – Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgery reduces the risk of surgical site infection, as discussed separately, and has been postulated to reduce the risk of subsequent endocarditis. A key example of this approach is antibiotic prophylaxis prior to cardiac surgery. […] – Closure of a patent ductus arteriosus or ventricular septal defect.

• #1 Avoid prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of mitral valve prolapse. | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/collections/choosing-wisely/257.html

  Antibiotic prophylaxis is no longer indicated in patients with mitral valve prolapse for prevention of infective endocarditis. The risk of antibiotic-associated adverse effects exceeds the benefit (if any) from prophylactic antibiotic therapy. […] Limited use of prophylaxis will likely reduce the unwanted selection of antibiotic-resistant strains and their unintended consequences such as Clostridium difficileassociated colitis.

• #1 Patient education: Antibiotics to prevent heart valve infections (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antibiotics-to-prevent-heart-valve-infections-beyond-the-basics

  People who are at increased risk of infections of the heart valves (a condition called infective endocarditis [IE]) need to take an antibiotic before certain dental or other invasive medical procedures. Taking a preprocedure antibiotic to prevent infection is called „antibiotic prophylaxis.” […] Most experts believe that taking antibiotics before selected dental procedures has benefit (which outweighs the risk of antibiotics) only for people who are at highest risk of adverse outcome from IE. Your health care provider can help you understand your risk of developing IE; whether you might benefit from preventive antibiotics or whether the risk of an adverse effect of an antibiotic may outweigh its potential benefit. […] Preventive antibiotics before certain procedures are generally recommended for people who are considered to be at highest risk of adverse outcome from IE, including those with the following conditions: A prosthetic heart valve or past valve repair with prosthetic (man-made) materials, A prior history of IE, Certain types of congenital heart disease, Cardiac transplantation with presence of heart valve abnormalities, Durable mechanical circulatory support device (ventricular assist device or artificial heart).

• #1 Management of MVP with Antibiotic Prophylaxis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0701/p36.html

  In the article on management of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the authors state that antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for most patients with definite diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse, but do not lay out specific criteria for this. […] These guidelines reaffirm that a prophylactic antibiotic should be given to patients with MVP characterized by a systolic click and accompanying systolic murmur, as well as those with documented echocardiographic evidence of concomitant MVP and mitral regurgitation. […] The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines state: There has been some disagreement concerning whether patients with an isolated systolic click and no systolic murmur should undergo endocarditis prophylaxis. Patients with only a systolic click who have echocardiographic evidence of a higher-risk profile for endocarditis, such as leaflet thickening, elongated chordae, left atrial enlargement, or LV dilatation, should receive endocarditis prophylaxis. […] As in the past, antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for patients with an isolated systolic click and no distinct echocardiographic evidence of MVP.

• #1 The application of official policy. Prophylaxis recommendations for patients with mitral valve prolapse – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4058070/

  In 1977, the American Heart Association recommended that patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral insufficiency receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures that place them at risk for bacterial endocarditis. […] Overall, only 47 patients (37%) had the antibiotic prophylaxis recommended. […] It was concluded that the application of an official policy about prophylaxis for a condition such as MVP, where the risks are uncertain, is likely to be guided by other factors, such as the opinions of local experts.

• #1 Improvement of Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Antibiotic Prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8260676/

  Secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic heart diseases is efficient in reducing disease recurrence, heart damage, and cardiac impairment. […] Active patient recruitment in the reference center and early detection of oropharyngeal GAS were important factors for optimal adherence to the prophylactic treatment. Patients with disease progression were associated with noncompliance to secondary prophylaxis. No patients undergoing regular prophylaxis presented progression of the rheumatic cardiac disease. […] Benzathine penicillin-based prophylaxis, every 34 weeks, remains the treatment of choice since GAS continues to be fully susceptible to penicillin. […] Secondary prophylaxis of RHD is known for modifying the natural history of the disease, allowing for the prevention of disease recurrence and consequently the prevention of further development of heart damage and/or cardiac impairment.

• #1 Improvement of Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Antibiotic Prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8260676/

  The patients who most benefitted from the secondary prophylaxis were those who did not present carditis at the start of the treatment. […] None of the patients undergoing regular prophylactic treatment presented recurrence of ARF episodes or progression of the heart disease. […] Many patients from group II benefitted from the secondary prophylaxis. The patients presenting aortic regurgitation and/or mitral regurgitation were those who benefitted most from regular prophylaxis, presenting the highest proportion of recovery of their valve lesions. […] Our results from Brazil shows that dedicated efforts for secondary prevention of ARF and RHD allow for significant clinical improvement.

• #1

  https://www.beaumont.org/services/heart-vascular/common-diseases-of-the-heart-valves

  You can reduce your risk of heart valve disease by adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle that includes: […] Following your doctors recommendations related to heart health and disease prevention and treatment. […] short-term antibiotics prior to surgery or dental work to prevent infective endocarditis […] long-term antibiotic therapy to help prevent strep throat if youve ever had rheumatic fever.

• #1 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of Valvular Heart Disease Guideline

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/03/14/18/26/2017-aha-acc-focused-update-of-valvular-heart-disease?promo_name=related_content&promo_position=right_rail

  IE prophylaxis: […] Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures now is also recommended for patients with transcatheter prosthetic valves, and for patients with prosthetic material used in valve repair (including an annuloplasty ring or artificial chords) (Class IIa, Level of Evidence [LOE] C-LD). […] The prior recommendation for use of a vitamin K antagonist after bioprosthetic valve replacement was changed to include both aortic and mitral bioprosthesis, for 3-6 months after surgery, in patients at low risk for bleeding (Class IIa, LOE B-NR).

• #1 Heart Valve Disease Prevention | Vital Heart & Vein

  https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/heart-valve-disease-prevention/

  Heart valve disease is more common in those over the age of 55. […] You can start by visiting your doctor and maintaining regular checkups. […] You should also cultivate a heart healthy lifestyle including regular physical activity and a balanced diet. […] There are some medicines aimed at preventing heart valve disease by improving blood flow, lowering cholesterol, and alleviating symptoms of heart disease. […] If you are interested in learning more about your own heart health, or heart valve disease prevention, take a look at both our physicians and procedures offered through our services at Vital Heart Vein. Through regular checkups, a nutritious diet, and consistent exercise, you can help do your best to keep your heart healthy.

• #1 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  People may help to reduce their risk for heart valve disease by: […] Making heart-healthy choices by: […] Choosing heart-healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. […] Following CDC physical activity guidelines for heart health. […] Managing stress. […] Getting to know your heart health by: […] Getting annual physical checkups, including having a health care professional listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] Letting your health care team know if you have noticed changes in your heartbeat. […] Taking care of your overall health by: […] Having a good daily oral hygiene routine and getting regular dental checkups to reduce risk of heart infection. […] Getting treatment for respiratory infections such as strep throat. […] Taking antibiotics as instructed to prevent infection (such as when they are prescribed before surgery or dental procedures).

• #1 Mitral valve disease: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mitral-valve-disease

  A person may be born with heart problems that can lead to mitral valve disease or develop the condition later in life. However, there are several ways a person may be able to avoid mitral valve disease, including: […] A doctor may suggest making healthy lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, following a healthy, low sodium diet, and making regular visits to a doctor. This may help prevent the onset of symptoms. […] A doctor may recommend healthy lifestyle changes, medications, such as beta-blockers, or heart surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve as forms of prevention and treatment for mitral valve disease.

• #1 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  In many cases, valve diseases cant be prevented. But there are some actions you can take to lower your chances of developing valve disease as you get older. These include: […] Keep a healthy weight to support the health of your heart and blood vessels. […] Take prescribed antibiotics for strep throat or scarlet fever. Make sure to follow the instructions for how long you need to take the antibiotics. […] Visit your healthcare provider for a checkup each year. […] If youre pregnant or planning a pregnancy, talk with your provider about what you can do to lower your babys risk for congenital heart defects. Your provider will likely advise you to avoid: […] Smoking and/or tobacco use and secondhand smoke. […] Alcohol. […] Recreational drugs, especially cocaine. […] Genetic testing may be a good idea if you have a family history of congenital heart disease or connective tissue disorders.

• #1 Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

  https://www.embracepetinsurance.com/health/mitral-valve-disease

  Preventing mitral valve disease requires removing affected dogs from the breeding pool. Otherwise, there is no known preventative approach. […] This is especially critical for breeds like the Cavalier King Charles, whose extreme predisposition recommends that they receive cardiac ultrasounds (echocardiograms) before they enter any breeding program.

• #1 How to achieve infective endocarditis prophylaxis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/vol16no33

  The most important steps in endocarditis prevention remain educating patients to maintain good oral and cutaneous hygiene, as well as adhering strictly to sterile techniques during invasive procedures in the healthcare setting. […] Providing prophylaxis to individuals at high risk of adverse outcomes undergoing high-risk procedures seems efficient and cost-effective.

• #1 How to achieve infective endocarditis prophylaxis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/vol16no33

  Although the mortality and morbidity risks of infective endocarditis are well known, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention has been controversial due to the lack of strong evidence, as well as the potential disadvantages of routine antibiotic prophylaxis (i.e., antibiotic resistance, adverse drug reactions, costs). […] Prophylaxis is generally achieved by administering a single dose of an antibiotic that is expected to cover the potential pathogens 30-60 minutes before such procedures. […] The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines have each restricted prophylactic antibiotics to those patients with the highest risk of adverse outcomes. […] High-risk individuals to whom antibiotic prophylaxis should be provided are as follows: Patients with prosthetic valves (including transcatheter valves) and patients who have undergone valve repair in whom a prosthetic material is used.

• #2 Mitral valve disease: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mitral-valve-disease

  A person may be born with heart problems that can lead to mitral valve disease or develop the condition later in life. However, there are several ways a person may be able to avoid mitral valve disease, including: […] A doctor may suggest making healthy lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, following a healthy, low sodium diet, and making regular visits to a doctor. This may help prevent the onset of symptoms. […] A doctor may recommend healthy lifestyle changes, medications, such as beta-blockers, or heart surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve as forms of prevention and treatment for mitral valve disease.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease | Heart & Vascular Health | El Camino Health

  https://www.elcaminohealth.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions-treatments/heart-valve-disease

  Although there isnt much you can do to prevent valve disease, you can minimize your risk factors: […] If you have risk factors for coronary artery disease such as a family history of heart disease, high blood pressure or cholesterol, diabetes, or youre overweight or a smoker youre also at risk for valve disease. Take the same steps you’d take to prevent coronary artery disease and youll lower your risk of valve disease. […] An untreated strep infection can develop into rheumatic fever, which can cause heart valve disease. If you develop a strep infection, see your doctor and take medicine as prescribed to prevent serious complications.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-valve-disease-facts-and-statistics-6504264

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2.5% of Americans have valvular heart disease, and it is even more commonly seen in older adults. […] It’s important to have heart valve disease evaluated by a cardiologist who can recommend an appropriate management plan. […] While you cannot control the valves you were born with or the aging process, there are some risk factors for valvular heart disease you can have some control over: […] Take prescribed antibiotics before surgery or certain dental procedures if you have underlying valve problems to prevent endocarditis […] Get treatment for strep throat promptly to prevent rheumatic fever […] Manage health conditions like high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. […] Early detection and treatment are important parts of treating valvular heart disease.

• #2 Canadian Dental Association

  https://www.cda-adc.ca/en/about/position_statements/infectiveendocarditis/

  The Canadian Dental Association (CDA) supports the American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations that only patients at greatest risk of an adverse outcome from infective endocarditis, an infection of the hearts inner lining or heart valves, require antibiotic prophylaxis prior to certain dental procedures. […] The recommendations, which are outlined in the 2007 AHA Guideline on Prevention of Infective Endocarditis, emphasize that most patients with a history of cardiac health issues do not need routine preventive antibiotics before a dental procedure. […] To reduce the risk of infective endocarditis, the AHA guidelines emphasize the importance of maintaining excellent oral health through regularly scheduled dental visits and daily oral hygiene, which decreases the incidence of bacteremia associated with daily activities.

• #2 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/heart-vascular/valvular-heart-disease

  You and your physician will discuss ways that you can lower your risk of developing heart valve disease as an adult. […] These may include steps such as: […] Increasing your physical activity […] Eating a healthy diet […] Following your physicians instructions when treating an infection.

• #2 MVD: mitral valve disease, prevention and care | CavalierTalk

  https://www.cavaliertalk.com/forums/index.php?threads/mvd-mitral-valve-disease-prevention-and-care.9214/

  The ideal situation is to be monitoring a Cavalier for murmurs and heart disease BEFORE he starts to cough or show other signs of congestive heart failure. […] Many longtime cavalier breeders believe keeping a dog in good weight can delay onset of MVD by several years and add several years to a cavalier’s life. […] It is important to know before starting heart meds whether or not there are existing kidney, liver problems, etc. […] When mine have „imminent CHF” I start them on lasix. The cardiologist (and I agree) feels that this can prevent a CHF „crash” in many cases. […] If you purchase enalapril (Enacard) at the vet’s office, you might pay $1.00 per pill. […] I absolutely believe my Cavaliers are so old in part due to years of supplements. […] At a minimum, consider vaccinating every three years instead of yearly. It’s a huge hit on the immune system. […] There is new thinking that senior dogs and those with chronic disease (heart, kidney) actually need 50% more protein than average adult dogs.

• #2 #83 Valvular heart disease, anticoagulation, TAVR, and primary care – The Curbsiders

  https://thecurbsiders.com/curbsiders-podcast/medical-education/83-valvular-heart-disease-anticoagulation-tavr-primary-care

  Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is no longer routinely given to all patients with murmurs, but many patients still expect antibiotics before dental procedures. High risk patients = those w/prosthetic valve replacement/repair, previous infective endocarditis, heart transplant w/valve pathology, or certain types of congenital heart disease. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for 1) Prosthetic valve or valve repaired w/prosthetic material 2) history of infective endocarditis 3) certain congenital heart defects and 4) heart transplant with abnormal heart valve function. […] Dental risk stratification: high risk procedures are those in which there is manipulation of the gingival or periapical region of the teeth. That said, bacteremia also occurs from toothbrushing, even w/o dental extraction. […] Medications for valvular heart disease often don’t work to delay disease progression because we cannot identify these patients early enough to provide meaningful preventive therapy.

• #2 Prevention of endocarditis: Antibiotic prophylaxis and other measures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-endocarditis-antibiotic-prophylaxis-and-other-measures

  Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgery reduces the risk of surgical site infection, as discussed separately, which may reduce the risk of subsequent endocarditis. A key example of this approach is antibiotic prophylaxis prior to cardiac surgery. […] For patients with history of IE with successfully closed PDA or VSD should continue to receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. […] Preventive measures to reduce the risk of infective endocarditis (IE) include: […] – Maintenance of oral hygiene. […] – Timely treatment of infections with pathogens that cause endocarditis. […] – Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to invasive dental or invasive oral procedures. […] – Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgery reduces the risk of surgical site infection, as discussed separately, which may reduce the risk of subsequent endocarditis. […] – Closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).

• #2 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  In many instances, having MVP won’t impact your health and requires no treatment. Talk with your health care team about how to prevent complications from MVP based on your level of risk. […] The use of antibiotics before having a dental procedure is no longer recommended by the American Heart Association for people with mitral valve prolapse, regardless of whether they have associated symptoms.

• #2 How to achieve infective endocarditis prophylaxis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/vol16no33

  Although the mortality and morbidity risks of infective endocarditis are well known, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention has been controversial due to the lack of strong evidence, as well as the potential disadvantages of routine antibiotic prophylaxis (i.e., antibiotic resistance, adverse drug reactions, costs). […] Prophylaxis is generally achieved by administering a single dose of an antibiotic that is expected to cover the potential pathogens 30-60 minutes before such procedures. […] The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines have each restricted prophylactic antibiotics to those patients with the highest risk of adverse outcomes. […] High-risk individuals to whom antibiotic prophylaxis should be provided are as follows: Patients with prosthetic valves (including transcatheter valves) and patients who have undergone valve repair in whom a prosthetic material is used.

• #2 The application of official policy. Prophylaxis recommendations for patients with mitral valve prolapse. | Scilit

  https://www.scilit.com/publications/ed02adb5a1988d3c90225ed3bf1a1ad9

  The application of official policy. Prophylaxis recommendations for patients with mitral valve prolapse. […] In 1977, the American Heart Association recommended that patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral insufficiency receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures that place them at risk for bacterial endocarditis. […] Overall, only 47 patients (37%) had the antibiotic prophylaxis recommended. […] However, patients seen in consultation by a cardiologist were much more likely to have prophylaxis recommended (P less than 0.05). […] It was concluded that the application of an official policy about prophylaxis for a condition such as MVP, where the risks are uncertain, is likely to be guided by other factors, such as the opinions of local experts.

• #2 Improvement of Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Antibiotic Prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8260676/

  The patients who most benefitted from the secondary prophylaxis were those who did not present carditis at the start of the treatment. […] None of the patients undergoing regular prophylactic treatment presented recurrence of ARF episodes or progression of the heart disease. […] Many patients from group II benefitted from the secondary prophylaxis. The patients presenting aortic regurgitation and/or mitral regurgitation were those who benefitted most from regular prophylaxis, presenting the highest proportion of recovery of their valve lesions. […] Our results from Brazil shows that dedicated efforts for secondary prevention of ARF and RHD allow for significant clinical improvement.

• #2 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  People may help to reduce their risk for heart valve disease by: […] Making heart-healthy choices by: […] Choosing heart-healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. […] Following CDC physical activity guidelines for heart health. […] Managing stress. […] Getting to know your heart health by: […] Getting annual physical checkups, including having a health care professional listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] Letting your health care team know if you have noticed changes in your heartbeat. […] Taking care of your overall health by: […] Having a good daily oral hygiene routine and getting regular dental checkups to reduce risk of heart infection. […] Getting treatment for respiratory infections such as strep throat. […] Taking antibiotics as instructed to prevent infection (such as when they are prescribed before surgery or dental procedures).

• #2 Tips for Living With Mitral Regurgitation

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/mitral-regurgitation/living-with-mitral-regurgitation/tips-for-living-with-mr

  Take all your medication as prescribedespecially the diuretics! […] Eat a healthy diet. Eating a heart-healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fats can help prevent heart issues later in life that can contribute to mitral regurgitation. […] Keep your blood pressure under good control. This is especially important to slow the progression of mild or moderate mitral regurgitation. […] Prevent infection. If you have had a heart valve replaced, your provider may have you take antibiotics before a dental procedure to prevent a heart valve infection.

• #2 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  In many cases, valve diseases cant be prevented. But there are some actions you can take to lower your chances of developing valve disease as you get older. These include: […] Keep a healthy weight to support the health of your heart and blood vessels. […] Take prescribed antibiotics for strep throat or scarlet fever. Make sure to follow the instructions for how long you need to take the antibiotics. […] Visit your healthcare provider for a checkup each year. […] If youre pregnant or planning a pregnancy, talk with your provider about what you can do to lower your babys risk for congenital heart defects. Your provider will likely advise you to avoid: […] Smoking and/or tobacco use and secondhand smoke. […] Alcohol. […] Recreational drugs, especially cocaine. […] Genetic testing may be a good idea if you have a family history of congenital heart disease or connective tissue disorders.

• #2 Mitral Valve Disease or MVD in Dogs: Everything You Need

  https://pawprintoxygen.com/blogs/healthy-paws/mitral-valve-disease-or-mvd-in-dogs-everything-you-need-to-know?srsltid=AfmBOor1ENdAWThDUzmiyx2Aj61mzvaeg_tCBnl0qtq71D9nWsk3jjgX

  Mitral valve disease (MVD) is one of the most common heart conditions affecting dogs, particularly as they age. […] Early diagnosis is crucial because, with proper management, many dogs can continue to lead a comfortable and active life despite their diagnosis. […] Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of MVD in dogs, especially for breeds that are genetically predisposed to the condition. […] Routine heart health screenings are essential for early detection of MVD in dogs, especially in breeds that are genetically predisposed to the condition. […] While it cannot be entirely prevented, responsible breeding practices can help reduce the incidence of MVD in breeds that are known to be at high risk. […] Responsible breeders minimize MVD risk through genetic testing and health screenings. […] Early treatment helps the heart function more efficiently for longer. […] Early detection can delay or prevent serious issues like congestive heart failure. […] Early diagnosis often leads to better prognosis.

• #2 How to achieve infective endocarditis prophylaxis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/vol16no33

  The most important steps in endocarditis prevention remain educating patients to maintain good oral and cutaneous hygiene, as well as adhering strictly to sterile techniques during invasive procedures in the healthcare setting. […] Providing prophylaxis to individuals at high risk of adverse outcomes undergoing high-risk procedures seems efficient and cost-effective.

• #3 Avoid prophylactic antibiotics for the treatment of mitral valve prolapse. | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/collections/choosing-wisely/257.html

  Antibiotic prophylaxis is no longer indicated in patients with mitral valve prolapse for prevention of infective endocarditis. The risk of antibiotic-associated adverse effects exceeds the benefit (if any) from prophylactic antibiotic therapy. […] Limited use of prophylaxis will likely reduce the unwanted selection of antibiotic-resistant strains and their unintended consequences such as Clostridium difficileassociated colitis.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/ebp/fulltext/2015/09000/when_is_bacterial_endocarditis_prophylaxis.6.aspx

  Prophylactic antibiotics are not indicated for patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), whether or not they have symptoms. […] Patients with a history of infective endocarditis, prosthetic valves, cardiac transplant recipients with valve regurgitation, or congenital heart disease should receive antibiotics when undergoing dental procedures or surgery (SOR: C, consensus guidelines).

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