Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35736352/

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. […] Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] Primary mitral regurgitation arises as a consequence of myxomatous degeneration and mitral valve prolapse, which is largely due to genetic predispositions, while secondary mitral regurgitation accounts for 65% of cases and arises secondary to dilation and heart failure. […] Infective endocarditis prevalence has also grown in developed nations, likely due to population aging and the increased utilization of transcatheter valve replacement and prosthetic valves as interventions against the previously discussed valvular pathologies.

• #1 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] The global RHD prevalence continues to increase annually, although the age-standardized prevalence has increased much slower, reflecting the predomination of growing, young populations. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%.

• #1 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #1 Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1522035/epidemiology-of-valvular-heart-disease

  Acquired diseases of the aortic and mitral valves are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among Valvular heart diseases. […] Aortic valve replacement is the only effective treatment of AS and has a dramatic mortality benefit. Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common form of valvular heart disease (VHD) in the US, whereby MR is most often the result of mitral valve prolapse; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a more common etiology of MR in underdeveloped countries. […] Interventions for MR in the US are increasing.

• #1 Mitral Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-overview

  The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000. […] The prevalence of rheumatic disease is higher in developing nations than in the United States. In India, for example, the prevalence is approximately 100-150 cases per 100,000, and in Africa the prevalence is 35 cases per 100,000. However, rheumatic fever has been decreasing in industrialized countries. […] Two thirds of all patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are female. […] The onset of symptoms usually occurs between the third and fourth decade of life.

• #1 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/5/

  Rheumatic disease is the overwhelming aetiology world-wide and causes isolated mitral stenosis in 40% of cases. However the population prevalence of mitral stenosis in the USA is only 0.1% and accounts for only 10% of cases in European hospital-based series. […] In industrialised countries or in the elderly elsewhere, mitral regurgitation is predominantly functional, secondary to LV dysfunction. […] In the USA, valve disease is most common in the elderly with a prevalence of 13% in those aged over 75. […] Valve disease is correctly regarded as an epidemic waiting to happen. Degenerative aortic stenosis has become the most common valve disease in Europe, and the United States, due to prolonged life-expectancy and the associated degenerative effects on cardiac structures. […] Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve disease in the young worldwide with an estimated prevalence of 15.6 million.

• #1 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Despite a substantial reduction in the burden of global poverty over the past 40–50 years, the global prevalence of RHD has been rising steadily since 1990, reaching 40.5 million people affected in 2019. […] The incidence of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has increased sevenfold during the last 30 years, with age-standardized rates four times as high in high-income compared with middle-income countries. […] Similarly, the absolute prevalence of primary mitral regurgitation (PMR) has increased significantly over the past 20 years (by 70% between 1990 and 2017), as well as the global absolute prevalence of non-rheumatic endocarditis (by 44% since 1990). […] The resultant VHD disease burden is only projected to increase in the coming decades, with a consequent worsening of related morbidity and mortality.

• #1 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study | Lund University

  https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/f4aa10ae-46b0-4144-a44f-5ca0c7b3622f

  Incidence of mitral valve disease was assessed in a Swedish population (n=10 164 211), with mitral regurgitation (MR; 24.2%) contributing to the overall valvular heart disease (VHD) diagnoses. […] Concomitant heart failure and atrial fibrillation were common in mitral valve disease. […] Clinically diagnosed VHD was primarily a disease of the elderly.

• #1 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in Portugal: The time has come for the heart valve unit | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

  https://www.revportcardiol.org/en-epidemiology-valvular-heart-disease-in-articulo-S2174204918303866

  Significant valvular heart disease (VHD) is a growing public health problem, due to increasing life expectancy and the lack of effective prevention strategies for valve disease of degenerative etiology. […] The characteristics of patients with severe VHD have changed considerably in the last 15 years: they are now older, with more comorbidities, and are more likely to have multivalvular disease. […] The study population consisted of 287 patients with significant VHD or prior heart valve intervention, most (67.9%) with calcified aortic and/or mitral valve disease, 66.9% of whom were admitted as acute cases. […] Approximately 14% had been hospitalized in the previous year for VHD. […] The mean age of the study population was around 75 years, which is older than in the 2001 Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease but similar to the more recent (2017) Valvular Heart Disease II (VHDII) Survey of the European Society of Cardiology’s EURObservational Research Programme.

• #1 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #1 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Patient initiated follow-up (PIFU) is key to personalising outpatient care and, by giving patients more control over when they receive care, can reduce unnecessary routine follow-up appointments and free up clinician time for more complex patients. […] This guide outlines a PIFU model of care for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease (HVD) or following valve intervention who require ongoing surveillance imaging but not necessarily frequent clinician review. […] Patients with HVD are commonly asymptomatic and often require surveillance imaging as part of their routine management. This ensures that any asymptomatic changes to the patients condition are identified and acted on in a timely manner by the heart valve team. […] The number of patients with HVD is predicted to double by 2046, and given the chronic nature of HVD, ageing population, improved access to diagnostics/screening and increasing percutaneous valve implantations, valve surveillance services risk being significantly impacted.

• #1 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Women and Black patients were identified as high-risk for under-utilization and prescription delay of treatment options. […] Socioeconomic status (SES) was also found to play a role, with low SES being a risk factor for developing rheumatic heart disease. […] Despite general knowledge of these disparities, few studies analyze HF and MVD for specific groups. […] MVD prevalence also varies widely among different populations. […] MVD prevalence also varies amongst racial and ethnic groups. […] Disparities exist in the treatment of MR and MS, though the guidelines for treating MR and MS are different. […] While medicine has made great strides in advancing treatment for MVD and associated HF, the benefits of this progression have not reached all communities equally. […] Treatment disparities based on race and ethnicity are also prolific, with under-prescription of GDMT, the primary treatment option for secondary MR and HF, in Black patients.

• #1 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse. […] Our study has found some important areas of disparities, such as that evident among women and those from racial minorities. These warrant our attention and further investigation. […] While this is an important nationwide surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality, there are some limitations, such as the dependence on ICD-10 codes in the death certificates to capture the disease mortality. Hence, we could not identify the exact etiology, the severity of the disease and the kind of treatment received by the people who died due to mitral regurgitation in the U.S. in the last 20 years. Despite these limitations, this is the largest surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality in the U.S.

• #1 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2010.202

  Valvular heart disease remains common in industrialized countries, because the decrease in prevalence of rheumatic heart diseases has been accompanied by an increase in that of degenerative valve diseases. […] The prevalence of valvular heart disease is estimated at 2.5% in the US population and sharply increases after the age of 65 years owing to the predominance of degenerative etiologies. […] The burden of heart valve disease in the elderly has an important impact on patient management, given the high frequency of comorbidity and the increased risk associated with intervention in this age group. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains common in developing countries, where its prevalence is underestimated by clinical examination and is estimated at 23% when using systematic echocardiographic screening.

• #1 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  Valvular heart disease is a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with diverse and evolving geographic distribution. The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the most common valvular heart disease (affecting approximately 41 million people), has been rising in developing nations, likely due to the expansion of the young adult population and the decrease in premature mortality that has resulted from improved access to antibiotics, microbiological testing, and echocardiography. […] Understanding the geographical and temporal trends that are present in valve disease epidemiology is crucial for designing effective public health interventions for primary and secondary prevention. Global epidemiological data can be unreliable, as post-mortem analysis has revealed the true prevalence of valvular heart disease to be significantly greater than that which is clinically coded and reported.

• #2 Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00570-z

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people. By contrast, the prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis and degenerative mitral valve disease is 9 and 24 million people, respectively. […] Epidemiological data on other important acquired and congenital forms of VHD are limited. An ageing population and advances in therapies make an examination of the changing global epidemiology of VHD crucial for advances in clinical practice and formulation of health policy.

• #2 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/10/2/32

  The most prevalent valve pathologies, globally, are rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve stenotic disease, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation, while in the developed world, aortic valve stenotic disease is more prevalent. […] The global RHD prevalence continues to increase annually, although the age-standardized prevalence has increased much slower, reflecting the predomination of growing, young populations. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the third most common form of valvular heart disease, affecting approximately 24.2 million people around the world. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%.

• #2 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valvular diseases in the general population, ranking first among valvular regurgitation abnormalities. The prevalence of MR of a severity equal to or more than mild was reported in The Framingham Heart Study as 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. The prevalence of MR increases with age. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a prospective epidemiologic study, evaluated the prevalence and severity of MR and other valvular diseases by color Doppler examinations in 1,696 men and 1,893 women. […] The study revealed that MR is the most common valvular regurgitation in the general population, followed by tricuspid regurgitation and then aortic regurgitation. […] The prevalence of MR (with a severity ranging from trace to moderate regurgitation) was 87.7% in men and 91.5% in women.

• #2 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2010.202

  Valvular heart disease remains common in industrialized countries, because the decrease in prevalence of rheumatic heart diseases has been accompanied by an increase in that of degenerative valve diseases. […] The prevalence of valvular heart disease is estimated at 2.5% in the US population and sharply increases after the age of 65 years owing to the predominance of degenerative etiologies. […] The burden of heart valve disease in the elderly has an important impact on patient management, given the high frequency of comorbidity and the increased risk associated with intervention in this age group. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains common in developing countries, where its prevalence is underestimated by clinical examination and is estimated at 23% when using systematic echocardiographic screening.

• #2 Mitral stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of mitral stenosis is approximately 1 per 100,000 in developed countries. The prevalence of mitral stenosis continues to decline as the prevalence of rheumatic fever declines. Currently, the estimated incidence in the United States is 1:100,000. The incidence in higher in developing countries. […] The prevalence of rheumatic (the main cause of MS) mitral stenosis is approximately 1 per 100,000 in developed countries. The prevalence of mitral stenosis continues to decline as the prevalence of rheumatic fever declines. Currently, the estimated incidence in the United States is 1:100,000. The incidence in higher in developing countries. […] Rheumatic fever is a disease of childhood. Mitral stenosis usually becomes symptomatic in the third or fourth decade of life. […] Although rheumatic fever occurs in equal numbers in males and females, two thirds of all patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are females.

• #2 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease. […] MR may also occur secondary (functional) to a dilated annulus from dilatation of the left ventricle (from an imbalance between closing and tethering forces) or left atrial enlargement in patients with atrial fibrillation. […] MR may be acute and severe. Alternatively, MR may worsen gradually over a prolonged period of time and surgery may be necessary by way of mitral valve replacement or repair.

• #2 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

  Mitral stenosis is caused almost exclusively by rheumatic heart disease, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. […] Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.

• #2 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  The continuing increase in prevalence cannot be attributed only to population aging but likely reflects the increased global awareness, the increasing availability of echocardiography for case definitions, the greater access to treatment, and the consequent improved survival in many low-income countries. […] The improvement in valve surgery and the advent of transcatheter procedures are responsible for the increased survival of patients with VHD. […] The main downside related to the large-scale diffusion of VHD surgery and transcatheter intervention is that survivors remain at risk of structural valve deterioration, valve thrombosis, and prosthetic valve endocarditis and frequently require re-intervention. […] The last 20 years have witnessed an increase in all the main factors predisposing to infective endocarditis, such as an aging population, the increased use of intracardiac, vascular, and valvular devices, epidemic levels of opioid addiction, and associated injection drug use.

• #2 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Atrioventricular regurgitation is frequent in the setting of heart failure. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is currently the most common type of moderate-to-severe valve disease in the general adult population, partly due to the increase in the prevalence of treated cardiomyopathies and HF. […] Data from the prospective European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term (ESC-HF-LT) Registry estimate that moderate-to-severe secondary MR is present in 36% of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 28% with HF with mid-range ejection fraction, and 20% with HF with preserved ejection fraction. […] The presence of secondary MR in patients with HFrEF is associated with HF symptoms, increased hospitalisation rates, and worse prognosis. […] Severe secondary MR is a major mortality predictor, independent of clinical and echocardiographic confounders, with an increase in mortality rate by 76 % compared to the absence of MR.

• #2 Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in Portugal: The time has come for the heart valve unit | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

  https://www.revportcardiol.org/en-epidemiology-valvular-heart-disease-in-articulo-S2174204918303866

  Multiple comorbidities were found in 53% of patients, the most common of which were coronary artery disease (28.2%), chronic kidney disease (20.9%) and chronic anemia (26.5%). […] The high all-cause (9.8%) and cardiovascular (8.7%) in-hospital mortality in Esteves et al. illustrates the challenges of managing VHD in these patients and the need for the involvement of multidisciplinary teams that include not only clinical cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and thoracic surgeons but also anesthetists, geriatricians, physiatrists and nutritionists, among others. […] The picture of the VHD patient hospitalized in the cardiology department is changing rapidly, but hospital structures are not keeping up with these changes.

• #2 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging in Valvular Heart Disease

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/08/30/00/52/2017-appropriate-use-criteria-for-multimodality-imaging-in-vhd

  Valvular heart disease (VHD) and structural heart disease account for a substantial amount of cardiovascular conditions, and initial diagnosis and subsequent follow-up often rely on more than a single imaging modality. […] Routine surveillance TTE is appropriate every 3-5 years among patients with stage A (at risk) or mild (stage B) valve regurgitation; every 1-2 years in patients with moderate (stage B) VHD; every 1 year in asymptomatic severe (stage C1) AS; every 6-12 months in asymptomatic severe (stage C1) MR; and after control of systemic hypertension in patients with low-flow low-gradient severe AS with normal LVEF. […] Repeat imaging at an interval 1 year using TTE, CCT, or CMR is appropriate among patients with bicuspid aortic valve (AV) and aortic diameter 4.5 cm; or aortic diameter 4.0 cm and either rapid rate of change in aortic diameter or family history of aortic dissection.

• #2 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  Heart valve services need to be structured according to patient need so all patients can be seen by the right experts at the right time. […] Over 70% of patients followed up in one NHS heart valve clinic had non-severe HVD or prosthetic valves (Leeds Teaching Hospitals audit data, 2021); this indicates that reducing the number of consultations for stable patients with mild to moderate HVD or following valve intervention will allow heart valve clinic resources to be directed to those with severe HVD who are at risk of heart failure and death (NICE guidance 2021). […] Patients with mild to moderate disease or following valvular intervention are usually asymptomatic for many years and may only need dedicated imaging (usually echocardiography, with results reviewed by a HVD specialist) at pre-specified intervals and not necessarily a consultation with a HVD specialist.

• #2 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse. […] Our study has found some important areas of disparities, such as that evident among women and those from racial minorities. These warrant our attention and further investigation. […] While this is an important nationwide surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality, there are some limitations, such as the dependence on ICD-10 codes in the death certificates to capture the disease mortality. Hence, we could not identify the exact etiology, the severity of the disease and the kind of treatment received by the people who died due to mitral regurgitation in the U.S. in the last 20 years. Despite these limitations, this is the largest surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality in the U.S.

• #2 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  VHD is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with substantial regional differences. Population aging, the availability of imaging techniques, accessibility to diagnosis and treatment, migration flows, the improvement in valve surgery, and the advent of transcatheter procedures are the principal factors responsible for changes in the epidemiology of VHD.

• #2 The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/6/2178

  Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a major contributor of symptoms and functional disability. Knowledge of valvular heart disease epidemiology and a deep comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends are crucial for clinical advances and the formulation of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends and changes in VHD epidemiology are crucial for advances in clinical practice and the development of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. […] The specific causes of VHD can be misclassified, especially in areas where rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is endemic and the classification of VHD is easily prone to error. […] RHD remains by far the most common cause of primary VHD worldwide.

• #2 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Disparities in MVD associated with HF, particularly in females and racial and ethnic minority populations, pose significant challenges in achieving equitable and optimal care for all patients. […] Due to the pervasiveness of MVD and the disparities in prevalence, management, and outcomes among various groups, it is crucial that the underlying inequities be addressed.

• #3 Mitral Valve Insufficiency Epidemiology Forecast 2034

  https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/epidemiology-reports/mitral-valve-insufficiency-epidemiology-forecast

  Mitral valve insufficiency, or mitral regurgitation (MR), is one of the most common types of valvular heart disease, affecting over 175 million people globally and about 5 million people in the United States. Studies show that the prevalence of the condition is rising, owing to the expanding elderly population with longer life expectancies. […] The mitral valve insufficiency epidemiology section offers information on the patient pool from history to the present as well as the projected trend for each of the 8 major markets. Expert Market Research provides both current and predicted trends for mitral valve insufficiency by examining a wide range of studies. Additionally, the report covers the diagnosed patient pool for mitral valve insufficiency and their trends. The data is broken down into specific categories, such as the total diagnosed cases across different age groups and patient pools.

• #3 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  When trace regurgitation is excluded, the prevalence of MR of a severity mild was 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. […] The prevalence of MR increases with age. MR is one of the most common valvular heart disease in the elderly. […] Overall, mitral regurgitation affects both males and females equally. However, there are some minor differences when age is considered.

• #3 Mitral Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-overview

  The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000. […] The prevalence of rheumatic disease is higher in developing nations than in the United States. In India, for example, the prevalence is approximately 100-150 cases per 100,000, and in Africa the prevalence is 35 cases per 100,000. However, rheumatic fever has been decreasing in industrialized countries. […] Two thirds of all patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are female. […] The onset of symptoms usually occurs between the third and fourth decade of life.

• #3 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

  Mitral stenosis is caused almost exclusively by rheumatic heart disease, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. […] Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.

• #3 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline. A study conducted by UAB investigators has outlined that deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] This study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease.

• #3 NHS England » Guide to implementing patient initiated follow-up and regular surveillance imaging for patients with mild to moderate heart valve disease

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/guide-to-implementing-pifu-imaging-mild-to-moderate-heart-valve-disease/

  A dedicated clinician or clinical team with competency in managing patients with HVD should have overall responsibility for the development of clinical guidance, risk stratification protocols and a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the implementation and delivery of PIFU within their service. […] The surveillance imaging pathway ensures that a patient is imaged (predominantly echocardiography) at predetermined time points, under the overarching care of the dedicated heart valve service. This allows the clinician to monitor the patient and treat them in a timely manner should abnormalities be detected. […] We recommend that organisations adopt a consistent approach for PIFU, but that this is tailored to work for the heart valve clinic and adapted to suit local needs. […] To narrow geographical inequalities in care of patients with HVD: Systems should develop a cardiac network-based heart valve PIFU pathway, making it possible to standardise management across a region and potentially improve overall quality of care.

• #3 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Women and Black patients were identified as high-risk for under-utilization and prescription delay of treatment options. […] Socioeconomic status (SES) was also found to play a role, with low SES being a risk factor for developing rheumatic heart disease. […] Despite general knowledge of these disparities, few studies analyze HF and MVD for specific groups. […] MVD prevalence also varies widely among different populations. […] MVD prevalence also varies amongst racial and ethnic groups. […] Disparities exist in the treatment of MR and MS, though the guidelines for treating MR and MS are different. […] While medicine has made great strides in advancing treatment for MVD and associated HF, the benefits of this progression have not reached all communities equally. […] Treatment disparities based on race and ethnicity are also prolific, with under-prescription of GDMT, the primary treatment option for secondary MR and HF, in Black patients.

• #4 Valvular heart disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

  Mitral stenosis is caused almost exclusively by rheumatic heart disease, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. […] Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.

• #4 Mitral Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-overview

  The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000. […] The prevalence of rheumatic disease is higher in developing nations than in the United States. In India, for example, the prevalence is approximately 100-150 cases per 100,000, and in Africa the prevalence is 35 cases per 100,000. However, rheumatic fever has been decreasing in industrialized countries. […] Two thirds of all patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are female. […] The onset of symptoms usually occurs between the third and fourth decade of life.

• #4 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  When trace regurgitation is excluded, the prevalence of MR of a severity mild was 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. […] The prevalence of MR increases with age. MR is one of the most common valvular heart disease in the elderly. […] Overall, mitral regurgitation affects both males and females equally. However, there are some minor differences when age is considered.

• #4 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research-innovation/deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse. […] Our study has found some important areas of disparities, such as that evident among women and those from racial minorities. These warrant our attention and further investigation. […] While this is an important nationwide surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality, there are some limitations, such as the dependence on ICD-10 codes in the death certificates to capture the disease mortality. Hence, we could not identify the exact etiology, the severity of the disease and the kind of treatment received by the people who died due to mitral regurgitation in the U.S. in the last 20 years. Despite these limitations, this is the largest surveillance study of mitral regurgitation mortality in the U.S.

• #5 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/5/

  Rheumatic disease is the overwhelming aetiology world-wide and causes isolated mitral stenosis in 40% of cases. However the population prevalence of mitral stenosis in the USA is only 0.1% and accounts for only 10% of cases in European hospital-based series. […] In industrialised countries or in the elderly elsewhere, mitral regurgitation is predominantly functional, secondary to LV dysfunction. […] In the USA, valve disease is most common in the elderly with a prevalence of 13% in those aged over 75. […] Valve disease is correctly regarded as an epidemic waiting to happen. Degenerative aortic stenosis has become the most common valve disease in Europe, and the United States, due to prolonged life-expectancy and the associated degenerative effects on cardiac structures. […] Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve disease in the young worldwide with an estimated prevalence of 15.6 million.

• #5 Mitral Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155724-overview

  The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000. […] The prevalence of rheumatic disease is higher in developing nations than in the United States. In India, for example, the prevalence is approximately 100-150 cases per 100,000, and in Africa the prevalence is 35 cases per 100,000. However, rheumatic fever has been decreasing in industrialized countries. […] Two thirds of all patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis are female. […] The onset of symptoms usually occurs between the third and fourth decade of life.

• #5 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #6 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/5/

  Rheumatic disease is the overwhelming aetiology world-wide and causes isolated mitral stenosis in 40% of cases. However the population prevalence of mitral stenosis in the USA is only 0.1% and accounts for only 10% of cases in European hospital-based series. […] In industrialised countries or in the elderly elsewhere, mitral regurgitation is predominantly functional, secondary to LV dysfunction. […] In the USA, valve disease is most common in the elderly with a prevalence of 13% in those aged over 75. […] Valve disease is correctly regarded as an epidemic waiting to happen. Degenerative aortic stenosis has become the most common valve disease in Europe, and the United States, due to prolonged life-expectancy and the associated degenerative effects on cardiac structures. […] Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve disease in the young worldwide with an estimated prevalence of 15.6 million.

• #6 Current status and etiology of valvular heart disease in China: a population-based survey | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-021-02154-8

  The epidemiology of valvular heart disease (VHD) has changed markedly over the last 50 years worldwide, and the prevalence and features of VHD in China are unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the current status and etiology of VHD in China. […] The national survey enrolled 34,994 people aged 35 years or older across China. Overall, 31,499 people were included in the final analysis, and 1309 participants were diagnosed with VHD. The weighted prevalence was 3.8%, with an estimated 25 million patients in China. The prevalence of VHD increased with age and was higher in participants with hypertension or chronic kidney disease than in their counterparts. Among participants with VHD, 55.1% were rheumatic and 21.3% were degenerative. […] In China, rheumatic heart disease was still the major cause of the VHD, with a significant increase in degenerative heart disease. Age and hypertension are important and easily identifiable markers of VHD.

• #6 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #7 Current status and etiology of valvular heart disease in China: a population-based survey | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-021-02154-8

  The current study aimed to describe the prevalence of VHD in a large sample from the general population of China. The results revealed that VHD is common and increases with age. Furthermore, RHD remains the leading cause of valvular dysfunction, and DHD is becoming an increasing problem in China. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first population-based study aimed at estimating the prevalence of VHD by echocardiography in China. AR followed by MR is the most frequent valvular dysfunction in China. Despite a significant decrease of rheumatic fever in the past years, it has shown that RHD remains the leading etiology in China, but there has been a significant increase in DHD. Age and hypertension are important and easily identifiable markers for screening and preventing VHD.

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