Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ebola Virus Disease: Prevention and Control Measures for Hospitals | Institut national de santé publique du Québec

  https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/1890

  Ebola virus disease has a fatality rate of 50% to 90%. […] The CINQ recommends stronger measures to take into account possible airborne transmission, significant environmental contamination by blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions, and high Ebola virus disease fatality. […] Hospitals must implement the measures necessary to prevent the transmission of Ebola virus disease.

• #2 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html

  There is an FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus (species Zaire orthoebolavirus). […] When living in or traveling to regions where viruses that spread Ebola disease may be present, take steps to protect yourself. […] Avoid contact with body fluids from people and animals, including […] Wear protective equipment if you come in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their blood and bodily fluids, or objects covered with their blood or body fluids. […] If you return from an area with an ongoing Ebola outbreak, monitor your health for 21 days. Seek medical care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola disease. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved ERVEBO for the prevention of Ebola disease (species Orthoebolavirus zairense only). Vaccination is recommended for U.S. adults 18 years and older who are at potential risk of exposure to the Ebola virus.

• #3 First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/first-fda-approved-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-marking-critical-milestone-public-health

  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced today the approval of Ervebo, the first FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease (EVD), caused by Zaire ebolavirus in individuals 18 years of age and older. […] Vaccination is essential to help prevent outbreaks and to stop the Ebola virus from spreading when outbreaks do occur, said Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., director of the FDAs Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. […] With or without vaccination, it is critical to implement appropriate infection control and prevention measures as part of efforts to prevent the spread of EVD. […] The FDA is committed to continuing our work across the U.S. government and with our international partners to prevent future Ebola outbreaks and mitigate the current outbreak in the DRC, reflecting our nations commitment to preparing for and responding to biological threats, like Ebola.

• #4 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html

  There is an FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus (species Zaire orthoebolavirus). […] When living in or traveling to regions where viruses that spread Ebola disease may be present, take steps to protect yourself. […] Avoid contact with body fluids from people and animals, including […] Wear protective equipment if you come in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their blood and bodily fluids, or objects covered with their blood or body fluids. […] If you return from an area with an ongoing Ebola outbreak, monitor your health for 21 days. Seek medical care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola disease. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved ERVEBO for the prevention of Ebola disease (species Orthoebolavirus zairense only). Vaccination is recommended for U.S. adults 18 years and older who are at potential risk of exposure to the Ebola virus.

• #5 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Vaccines […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the vaccine, and several African countries have approved it for the prevention of Ebola disease caused by the Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense). […] The vaccine is administered as a single intramuscular dose. […] Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be offered vaccination with the vaccine during an active outbreak caused by Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense) in affected areas, in the context of rigorous research or in accordance with a compassionate use protocol, with informed consent. […] Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. […] People who have been exposed to the virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of symptoms followed by immediate isolation.

• #6 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Vaccines […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the vaccine, and several African countries have approved it for the prevention of Ebola disease caused by the Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense). […] The vaccine is administered as a single intramuscular dose. […] Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be offered vaccination with the vaccine during an active outbreak caused by Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense) in affected areas, in the context of rigorous research or in accordance with a compassionate use protocol, with informed consent. […] Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. […] People who have been exposed to the virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of symptoms followed by immediate isolation.

• #7 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is a live, attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in which the native GP is replaced with EBOV GP. […] The Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen is a two-dose heterologous strategy: a dose of monovalent Ad26.ZEBOV designed to prime immunity and provide EBOV-GP-specific immunity, followed eight weeks later by multivalent MVA-BN-Filo vaccine designed to boost immunity and provide immunity to multiple filovirus species (EBOV, SUDV, TAFV, and Marburg virus). […] The safety and immunogenicity of rVSV-ZEBOV and Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimens were directly compared in recent randomized trials that included 1400 adults and 1401 children. […] Across trials for both vaccines, no deaths and low incidence of serious adverse events related to vaccination occurred.

• #8 Treatment and prevention of Ebola and Sudan virus disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-ebola-virus-disease

  Infection prevention: Precautions for preventing transmission of infection […] The experience of the 2014 to 2016 West African epidemic demonstrated that the mortality associated with Ebola virus disease may be reduced through adequate supportive care […] It also accelerated the investigation of therapies and vaccines for treatment and prevention of Ebola virus disease […] In addition, the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, first found to provide significant protection in West Africa, was given to more than 300,000 people during the course of the North Kivu epidemic and to more than 30,000 people during the 2020 outbreak in the Équateur Province.

• #9 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Vaccines […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the vaccine, and several African countries have approved it for the prevention of Ebola disease caused by the Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense). […] The vaccine is administered as a single intramuscular dose. […] Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be offered vaccination with the vaccine during an active outbreak caused by Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense) in affected areas, in the context of rigorous research or in accordance with a compassionate use protocol, with informed consent. […] Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. […] People who have been exposed to the virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of symptoms followed by immediate isolation.

• #10 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. […] Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. […] Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, infection prevention and control practices, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe and dignified burials and social mobilization. […] Vaccines to protect against Ebola have been developed and have been used to help control the spread of Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). […] Pregnant and breastfeeding women with Ebola should be offered early supportive care. Likewise vaccine prevention and experimental treatment should be offered under the same conditions as for non-pregnant population.

• #11 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html

  There is an FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus (species Zaire orthoebolavirus). […] When living in or traveling to regions where viruses that spread Ebola disease may be present, take steps to protect yourself. […] Avoid contact with body fluids from people and animals, including […] Wear protective equipment if you come in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their blood and bodily fluids, or objects covered with their blood or body fluids. […] If you return from an area with an ongoing Ebola outbreak, monitor your health for 21 days. Seek medical care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola disease. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved ERVEBO for the prevention of Ebola disease (species Orthoebolavirus zairense only). Vaccination is recommended for U.S. adults 18 years and older who are at potential risk of exposure to the Ebola virus.

• #12 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #13 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #14 Ebola disease: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/prevention-ebola.html

  Preventing Ebola disease […] There are things you can do to reduce your risk if you: […] Practice good hygiene […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. […] Avoid direct contact with other people’s body fluids […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body fluids and tissues of: […] Avoid high-risk areas and activities […] Avoid all places and activities that could result in exposure. This includes places where sick people are being cared for without appropriate infection control measures. […] If you can’t avoid high-risk areas or activities, reduce your risk by taking proper precautions, such as wearing: […] Avoid unprotected sexual activity […] Avoid sexual activity with anyone who is currently sick, including oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] Follow safe burial practices […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body of a person who died of Ebola disease or an unknown illness. […] Avoid contact with wild animals […] Avoid contact with live and dead wild animals, including:

• #15 Ebola disease: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/prevention-ebola.html

  Preventing Ebola disease […] There are things you can do to reduce your risk if you: […] Practice good hygiene […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. […] Avoid direct contact with other people’s body fluids […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body fluids and tissues of: […] Avoid high-risk areas and activities […] Avoid all places and activities that could result in exposure. This includes places where sick people are being cared for without appropriate infection control measures. […] If you can’t avoid high-risk areas or activities, reduce your risk by taking proper precautions, such as wearing: […] Avoid unprotected sexual activity […] Avoid sexual activity with anyone who is currently sick, including oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] Follow safe burial practices […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body of a person who died of Ebola disease or an unknown illness. […] Avoid contact with wild animals […] Avoid contact with live and dead wild animals, including:

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #17 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #19 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #20 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #21 Ebola virus disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/ebola-and-marburg-fevers

  The risk of becoming infected is considered to be very low if infection prevention and control measures are followed, although the mortality rate is approximately 65% of diagnosed cases. […] To prevent the infection, it is recommended to: […] avoid habitats where ebolaviruses may be present […] avoid handling or eating bushmeat […] avoid close contact with wild animals in areas where ebolaviruses may be present. […] Two vaccines have been approved for use in many countries to protect against a type of Ebola virus called Zaire ebolavirus. However, there are no vaccines available against other types of Ebola virus.

• #22 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html

  There is an FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus (species Zaire orthoebolavirus). […] When living in or traveling to regions where viruses that spread Ebola disease may be present, take steps to protect yourself. […] Avoid contact with body fluids from people and animals, including […] Wear protective equipment if you come in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their blood and bodily fluids, or objects covered with their blood or body fluids. […] If you return from an area with an ongoing Ebola outbreak, monitor your health for 21 days. Seek medical care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola disease. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved ERVEBO for the prevention of Ebola disease (species Orthoebolavirus zairense only). Vaccination is recommended for U.S. adults 18 years and older who are at potential risk of exposure to the Ebola virus.

• #23 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  The following preventive measures are recommended for people living in or traveling to an area affected by an outbreak. […] Avoid contact with body and body fluids from people who are sick. […] Avoid contact with semen from someone who has recovered from Ebola disease until testing shows the virus is no longer present. […] Avoid contact with clothes, bedding, medical equipment, or other items that may have touched an infected persons body fluids. […] Avoid contact with the body of someone who is suspected or confirmed to have Ebola disease (e.g., during a funeral or burial practice). […] Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and primates, and blood, fluids, or raw meat from these animals (or other unknown animals). […] Wear protective equipment when in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their body fluids, or objects covered with their body fluids.

• #24 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html

  There is an FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus (species Zaire orthoebolavirus). […] When living in or traveling to regions where viruses that spread Ebola disease may be present, take steps to protect yourself. […] Avoid contact with body fluids from people and animals, including […] Wear protective equipment if you come in contact with people who are sick or have died from Ebola disease, their blood and bodily fluids, or objects covered with their blood or body fluids. […] If you return from an area with an ongoing Ebola outbreak, monitor your health for 21 days. Seek medical care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola disease. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved ERVEBO for the prevention of Ebola disease (species Orthoebolavirus zairense only). Vaccination is recommended for U.S. adults 18 years and older who are at potential risk of exposure to the Ebola virus.

• #25 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Monitor health for 21 days after returning from an area with an ongoing outbreak and seek immediate medical care if symptoms develop. […] If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. […] The highest risk facing healthcare workers when looking after infected patients is inadvertently touching their own faces or neck under the face shield during patient care, and removing (doffing) personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE. […] The importance of a „buddy” when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available.

• #26 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Monitor health for 21 days after returning from an area with an ongoing outbreak and seek immediate medical care if symptoms develop. […] If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. […] The highest risk facing healthcare workers when looking after infected patients is inadvertently touching their own faces or neck under the face shield during patient care, and removing (doffing) personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE. […] The importance of a „buddy” when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available.

• #27 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Vaccines […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the vaccine, and several African countries have approved it for the prevention of Ebola disease caused by the Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense). […] The vaccine is administered as a single intramuscular dose. […] Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be offered vaccination with the vaccine during an active outbreak caused by Ebola virus (species Orthoebolavirus zairense) in affected areas, in the context of rigorous research or in accordance with a compassionate use protocol, with informed consent. […] Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. […] People who have been exposed to the virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of symptoms followed by immediate isolation.

• #28 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Monitor health for 21 days after returning from an area with an ongoing outbreak and seek immediate medical care if symptoms develop. […] If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. […] The highest risk facing healthcare workers when looking after infected patients is inadvertently touching their own faces or neck under the face shield during patient care, and removing (doffing) personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE. […] The importance of a „buddy” when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available.

• #29 Clinical Guidance for Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  It is essential you wear proper PPE and take infection control measures while assessing a patient with suspect Ebola disease. […] Early consideration of Ebola disease in the differential diagnosis of a patient with consistent clinical and epidemiological factors is essential for providing appropriate and prompt patient care and preventing the spread of infection. […] This coordination can ensure proper patient care and appropriate precautions are taken to help prevent potential spread within the healthcare setting. […] Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE procedures for caring for VHF patients in U.S. hospitals. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF). […] Ebola Vaccine Product Information Healthcare providers can learn about the ERVEBO Ebola vaccine product information.

• #30 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Monitor health for 21 days after returning from an area with an ongoing outbreak and seek immediate medical care if symptoms develop. […] If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. […] The highest risk facing healthcare workers when looking after infected patients is inadvertently touching their own faces or neck under the face shield during patient care, and removing (doffing) personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE. […] The importance of a „buddy” when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available.

• #31 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  OSHA’s PPE Selection Matrix for Occupational Exposure to Ebola Virus provides task-based guidance to help employers select appropriate PPE for workers who may be exposed to ebolavirus. […] The general requirements of the PPE standards (29 CFR 1910.132) describe the basis for the effective selection and use of adequate PPE including protective garments. […] Employers must ensure that respiratory, head, face, and hand protection is provided for workers who may be splashed, sprayed, or spattered with blood or body fluids and from environmental surfaces where ebolavirus contamination is possible. […] Workers must be protected from exposure to harmful chemicals when cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood and/or body fluids suspected or confirmed to be infected with ebolavirus.

• #32 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Monitor health for 21 days after returning from an area with an ongoing outbreak and seek immediate medical care if symptoms develop. […] If infection is suspected based on initial screening, immediate isolation is warranted before any further workup is carried out. […] The highest risk facing healthcare workers when looking after infected patients is inadvertently touching their own faces or neck under the face shield during patient care, and removing (doffing) personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Healthcare workers should understand the following basic principles of using PPE. […] The importance of a „buddy” when inside the patient care area and during donning and doffing, to ensure safe practice cannot be overstated, together with guidance from independent monitors if available.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #35 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #36 Improving Ebola virus disease outbreak control through targeted post-exposure prophylaxis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39270687/

  Ebola virus disease kills more than half of people infected. […] Since the disease is transmitted via close human contact, identifying individuals at the highest risk of developing the disease is possible on the basis of the type of contact (correlated with viral exposure). […] Different candidates for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP; ie, vaccines, antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies) each have their specific benefits and limitations, which we discuss in this Viewpoint. […] Approved monoclonal antibodies have been found to reduce mortality in people with Ebola virus disease. […] As monoclonal antibodies act swiftly by directly targeting the virus, they are promising candidates for targeted PEP in contacts at high risk of developing disease. […] This intervention could save lives, halt viral transmission, and, ultimately, help curtail outbreak propagation.

• #37 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #38 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #39 Improving Ebola virus disease outbreak control through targeted post-exposure prophylaxis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39270687/

  Ebola virus disease kills more than half of people infected. […] Since the disease is transmitted via close human contact, identifying individuals at the highest risk of developing the disease is possible on the basis of the type of contact (correlated with viral exposure). […] Different candidates for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP; ie, vaccines, antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies) each have their specific benefits and limitations, which we discuss in this Viewpoint. […] Approved monoclonal antibodies have been found to reduce mortality in people with Ebola virus disease. […] As monoclonal antibodies act swiftly by directly targeting the virus, they are promising candidates for targeted PEP in contacts at high risk of developing disease. […] This intervention could save lives, halt viral transmission, and, ultimately, help curtail outbreak propagation.

• #40 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #41 Postexposure prophylaxis may prevent Ebola disease development | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/familypracticenews/article/102171/infectious-diseases/postexposure-prophylaxis-may-prevent-ebola

  Postexposure prophylaxis may prevent Ebola disease development […] A small group of health care workers at intermediate or high risk of developing Ebola virus disease after exposure to the virus did not develop the disease after being treated with postexposure prophylaxis, according to Dr. Michael Jacobs and his associates. […] Of eight health care workers evacuated to the United Kingdom between January and March 2015 and assessed using an Ebola risk calculator, four were deemed to be at intermediate or high risk for developing Ebola virus disease (EVD) and were started on postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) using oral favipiravir over 10 days. […] In addition, two of the four also were treated with monoclonal antibodies to Ebola glycoproteins. […] The favipiravir, administered in high dosages, was tolerated well by the four patients, the investigators reported in Lancet Infectious Diseases.

• #42 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #43 Ebola disease – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/prevention

  Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed. […] If exposure to body fluids from a patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of water. […] Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to be a challenge. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): […] PEP is recommended in high-risk patients (e.g., people with broken skin or mucous membrane contact with an infected patient (alive or deceased) or their body fluids, a penetrating sharps injury, or contact with contaminated gloves or clothing). […] Options to consider include passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ZMapp, MIL77), antiviral agents (e.g., favipiravir, remdesivir, BCX4430), or vaccination (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV) depending on specific patient circumstances. […] In addition to these interventions, psychologic support is needed for healthcare workers exposed to dangerous pathogens.

• #44 Postexposure prophylaxis may prevent Ebola disease development | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/familypracticenews/article/102171/infectious-diseases/postexposure-prophylaxis-may-prevent-ebola

  Postexposure prophylaxis may prevent Ebola disease development […] A small group of health care workers at intermediate or high risk of developing Ebola virus disease after exposure to the virus did not develop the disease after being treated with postexposure prophylaxis, according to Dr. Michael Jacobs and his associates. […] Of eight health care workers evacuated to the United Kingdom between January and March 2015 and assessed using an Ebola risk calculator, four were deemed to be at intermediate or high risk for developing Ebola virus disease (EVD) and were started on postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) using oral favipiravir over 10 days. […] In addition, two of the four also were treated with monoclonal antibodies to Ebola glycoproteins. […] The favipiravir, administered in high dosages, was tolerated well by the four patients, the investigators reported in Lancet Infectious Diseases.

• #45 Postexposure prophylaxis may prevent Ebola disease development | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/familypracticenews/article/102171/infectious-diseases/postexposure-prophylaxis-may-prevent-ebola

  The second half of the eight-person study group had a low risk of EVD after assessment, and patients in this group were watched carefully, receiving no other form of treatment. No EVD developed in this low-risk group. […] It cannot be known “whether or not PEP prevented the onset of Ebola virus disease in any of these individuals. […] However, two individuals had very high risk of Ebola virus transmission, and these are the first reported cases of transcutaneous, hollow-bore needlestick injuries contaminated with fresh blood that have not resulted in Ebola virus transmission,” noted Dr. Jacobs of the department of infection at Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and his associates. […] In a related comment, Dr. Mark J. Mulligan and Dr. Paul N. Siebert said, “A needed next step is the development of a consensus risk determination algorithm devised by an expert panel, drawing on all available evidence, endorsed by health organizations, and disseminated to the field.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #47 Factsheet about Ebola disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/ebola-virus-disease/facts/factsheet-about-ebola-disease

  For Zaire ebolavirus transmission by sexual contact has been documented and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that male survivors practise safe sex for at least 12 months after clinical recovery, unless their semen has tested negative on two separate occasions. […] Individuals with evidence of Ebola disease should not donate blood and other substances of human origin (SoHO). Potentially exposed individuals (those being monitored, asymptomatic travellers or residents returning from an Ebola disease-affected area) should defer donation of SoHO for eight weeks after return or from the beginning of the monitoring period. […] Significant developments have been made for the prevention of Ebola disease (Zaire ebolavirus), with two vaccines now licensed for use in several countries.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #52 Factsheet about Ebola disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/ebola-virus-disease/facts/factsheet-about-ebola-disease

  For Zaire ebolavirus transmission by sexual contact has been documented and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that male survivors practise safe sex for at least 12 months after clinical recovery, unless their semen has tested negative on two separate occasions. […] Individuals with evidence of Ebola disease should not donate blood and other substances of human origin (SoHO). Potentially exposed individuals (those being monitored, asymptomatic travellers or residents returning from an Ebola disease-affected area) should defer donation of SoHO for eight weeks after return or from the beginning of the monitoring period. […] Significant developments have been made for the prevention of Ebola disease (Zaire ebolavirus), with two vaccines now licensed for use in several countries.

• #53

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #54 Factsheet about Ebola disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/ebola-virus-disease/facts/factsheet-about-ebola-disease

  Ebola disease is not an airborne disease and is generally not considered to be contagious before the onset of symptoms. Transmission requires direct contact with the organs, blood, secretions or other bodily fluids of infected people/animals or their dead bodies. Therefore, the risk of infection is considered to be very low if strict infection prevention and control precautions are followed. […] The risk of infection can be significantly reduced through the appropriate use of infection control precautions and adequate barrier protection. This is especially important when performing invasive procedures. […] The goal of Ebola disease outbreak control is to interrupt direct human-to-human transmission. Outbreak control activities are based on the early identification and systematic rapid isolation of cases, through appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, timely and comprehensive contact tracing, disinfection of infectious materials, and use of personal protective equipment.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #56 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. […] Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. […] Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, infection prevention and control practices, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe and dignified burials and social mobilization. […] Vaccines to protect against Ebola have been developed and have been used to help control the spread of Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). […] Pregnant and breastfeeding women with Ebola should be offered early supportive care. Likewise vaccine prevention and experimental treatment should be offered under the same conditions as for non-pregnant population.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #62 Infection prevention and control measures for Ebola disease in acute care settings – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/health-professionals-ebola/infection-prevention-control-measures-healthcare-settings.html

  This guidance document updates the previous Infection Prevention and Control Measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Healthcare Settings (August 28, 2019). This version has updated recommendations for: […] The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on the minimum level of IPC measures in healthcare settings in the event that a person under investigation for EBOD or patient with EBOD is identified within a Canadian healthcare facility. […] Public health case management relies on early identification of EBOD cases, individual isolation and care, diligent contact tracing, appropriate IPC measures, and safe burial. […] While elimination may not be possible, to mitigate risk of transmission in healthcare facilities, systems and protocols should be in place to limit the care of persons under investigation for EBOD or confirmed patients with EBOD to designated locations within a hospital (e.g., ER, ICU), or designated hospitals with dedicated personnel.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #64 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  Interruption of community and nosocomial transmission is achieved through educational and sociological measures, isolation of suspected or confirmed cases for care, strict infection control protocols, contact tracing, and vaccination. […] Safe and dignified burials help to prevent transmission while also emphasizing inclusion of family members and encouraging religious rites. […] The structure of ETUs necessarily restricts the presence of uninfected caregivers, which can create a setting that is not safe or comforting to children. Adaptations to this structure, including recruiting survivors to help with the care of children, can help to address these difficulties. […] Vaccines to protect against EVD have emerged rapidly since 2013. Currently, two regimens are being used to provide protection against EBOV: the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV regimen (sold as Ervebo) and the Janssen Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen (sold as Zabdeno/Mvabea).

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #66

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #67 Clinical Guidance for Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html

  It is essential you wear proper PPE and take infection control measures while assessing a patient with suspect Ebola disease. […] Early consideration of Ebola disease in the differential diagnosis of a patient with consistent clinical and epidemiological factors is essential for providing appropriate and prompt patient care and preventing the spread of infection. […] This coordination can ensure proper patient care and appropriate precautions are taken to help prevent potential spread within the healthcare setting. […] Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE procedures for caring for VHF patients in U.S. hospitals. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF). […] Ebola Vaccine Product Information Healthcare providers can learn about the ERVEBO Ebola vaccine product information.

• #68 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  Most workers in the U.S. are very unlikely to encounter ebolavirus or individuals with EVD. However, exposure to the virus or someone with EVD may be more likely in certain sectors, including the healthcare, mortuary/death care, and airline servicing industries. Workers who interact with people, animals, goods, and equipment arriving in the U.S. from foreign countries with current EVD outbreaks are at the greatest risk for exposure. […] Precautionary measures for preventing exposure to ebolavirus depend on the type of work, potential for ebolavirus contamination of the work environment, and what is known about other potential exposure hazards. […] Employers are responsible for ensuring their workers are protected from exposures to recognized bloodborne pathogens, including ebolaviruses, and related hazards.

• #69 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  Conduct hazard assessments for workers whose jobs may increase the likelihood of exposure to ebolavirus, with consideration given to potential sources of infection, including risks and routes of exposure associated with work procedures and job tasks. […] Select appropriate controls, including engineering controls, administrative controls, safe work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE), based on the results of the hazard analysis. […] Offer the option for vaccination to eligible workers whose jobs put them at risk for exposure to EVD. […] Early identification and isolation of potentially infectious people is a key step in preventing the spread of EVD, particularly for workers who may be exposed on the job to a person with the virus. […] When engineering or administrative and work practice controls are insufficient to prevent employee exposure to the ebolavirus, or before engineering controls can be implemented, employers must provide appropriate PPE for workers.

• #70 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  Recommendations for infection prevention and control precautions for MVD are the same as for EVD in U.S. healthcare settings. […] If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program. […] Follow CDC environmental infection control guidance for cleaning and disinfection of the patient room/area. […] Ensure that your facility has correct and sufficient PPE to use for a person confirmed as or under investigation for viral hemorrhagic fever who is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea.

• #71 Infection prevention and control measures for Ebola disease in acute care settings – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/health-professionals-ebola/infection-prevention-control-measures-healthcare-settings.html

  Each healthcare organization should develop comprehensive policies and procedures for putting on and removing personal protective equipment. […] To be effective in preventing transmission of EBOD and/or detecting cases of EBOD, administrative controls should be applied from the first encounter with a PUI and continue until the patient leaves the healthcare setting, is no longer infectious, or is deceased (note, proper post-mortem care is required). […] Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to all personal equipment and clothing recommended by the employer for use by the HCW. […] Healthcare organizations need to ensure an adequate supply of appropriate PPE to protect HCWs and that their HCWs are adept in the application, use and removal of their PPE. […] The ORA will characterize the organization’s patient population, level and intensity of health care provided and resources available, including the various skilled workers required to provide the necessary care.

• #72 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  Recommendations for infection prevention and control precautions for MVD are the same as for EVD in U.S. healthcare settings. […] If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program. […] Follow CDC environmental infection control guidance for cleaning and disinfection of the patient room/area. […] Ensure that your facility has correct and sufficient PPE to use for a person confirmed as or under investigation for viral hemorrhagic fever who is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea.

• #73 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  Recommendations for infection prevention and control precautions for MVD are the same as for EVD in U.S. healthcare settings. […] If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program. […] Follow CDC environmental infection control guidance for cleaning and disinfection of the patient room/area. […] Ensure that your facility has correct and sufficient PPE to use for a person confirmed as or under investigation for viral hemorrhagic fever who is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea.

• #74 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  Recommendations for infection prevention and control precautions for MVD are the same as for EVD in U.S. healthcare settings. […] If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program. […] Follow CDC environmental infection control guidance for cleaning and disinfection of the patient room/area. […] Ensure that your facility has correct and sufficient PPE to use for a person confirmed as or under investigation for viral hemorrhagic fever who is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea.

• #75 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  OSHA’s PPE Selection Matrix for Occupational Exposure to Ebola Virus provides task-based guidance to help employers select appropriate PPE for workers who may be exposed to ebolavirus. […] The general requirements of the PPE standards (29 CFR 1910.132) describe the basis for the effective selection and use of adequate PPE including protective garments. […] Employers must ensure that respiratory, head, face, and hand protection is provided for workers who may be splashed, sprayed, or spattered with blood or body fluids and from environmental surfaces where ebolavirus contamination is possible. […] Workers must be protected from exposure to harmful chemicals when cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood and/or body fluids suspected or confirmed to be infected with ebolavirus.

• #76 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  Disinfectants proven effective against ebolavirus are described on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) List L: Disinfectants for Use Against Ebola Virus and List Q: Disinfectants for Emerging Viral Pathogens (EVP). […] Prevention of the most commonly occurring ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), is possible with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®). […] In addition, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends pre-exposure prophylaxis vaccination with Ervebo® for adults 18 years of age or older in the U.S. population who are at potential occupational risk of exposure to EBOV. […] All workers with potential exposure to ebolaviruses should take the following precautions: […] If you believe that you may have been exposed to ebolavirus, tell your employer, and monitor your health for 21 days.

• #77 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  OSHA’s PPE Selection Matrix for Occupational Exposure to Ebola Virus provides task-based guidance to help employers select appropriate PPE for workers who may be exposed to ebolavirus. […] The general requirements of the PPE standards (29 CFR 1910.132) describe the basis for the effective selection and use of adequate PPE including protective garments. […] Employers must ensure that respiratory, head, face, and hand protection is provided for workers who may be splashed, sprayed, or spattered with blood or body fluids and from environmental surfaces where ebolavirus contamination is possible. […] Workers must be protected from exposure to harmful chemicals when cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood and/or body fluids suspected or confirmed to be infected with ebolavirus.

• #78 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  Disinfectants proven effective against ebolavirus are described on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) List L: Disinfectants for Use Against Ebola Virus and List Q: Disinfectants for Emerging Viral Pathogens (EVP). […] Prevention of the most commonly occurring ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), is possible with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo®). […] In addition, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends pre-exposure prophylaxis vaccination with Ervebo® for adults 18 years of age or older in the U.S. population who are at potential occupational risk of exposure to EBOV. […] All workers with potential exposure to ebolaviruses should take the following precautions: […] If you believe that you may have been exposed to ebolavirus, tell your employer, and monitor your health for 21 days.

• #79 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  Recommendations for infection prevention and control precautions for MVD are the same as for EVD in U.S. healthcare settings. […] If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program. […] Follow CDC environmental infection control guidance for cleaning and disinfection of the patient room/area. […] Ensure that your facility has correct and sufficient PPE to use for a person confirmed as or under investigation for viral hemorrhagic fever who is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea.

• #80 What Is Ebola? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/

  Measures that may prevent the spread of Ebola include the following: […] Avoid visiting areas with known outbreaks. […] Isolate infected patients from anyone who doesn’t have Ebola. […] Have healthcare workers wear protective gear, including gloves, masks, goggles, gowns, and other clothing, while caring for Ebola patients. […] Decontaminate or destroy any surfaces or materials a patient has had contact with, including syringes, needles, and other medical equipment. […] Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based sanitizer. […] Avoid handling or eating bushmeat. […] Monitor anyone who comes into contact with an Ebola patient. […] The Ebola virus can survive for several hours on dry surfaces, like doorknobs and countertops. […] And it can live for up to several days at room temperature in body fluids.

• #81 What Is Ebola? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/

  The virus can be killed using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered hospital disinfectant with a label for a nonenveloped virus. […] Spotting cases of Ebola early on may be the key to stopping outbreaks. […] Contact tracing is one tactic that experts use to identify people who have been exposed to someone with Ebola. […] These contacts are watched for signs of Ebola for 21 days from the last day they were around the infected patient. […] If a contact develops a fever or other classic symptoms of Ebola, they will be immediately isolated and tested for the virus. […] The WHO considers an Ebola outbreak to be over after 42 days (or two incubation periods) have passed without any new infections, according to the CDC.

• #82 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  OSHA’s PPE Selection Matrix for Occupational Exposure to Ebola Virus provides task-based guidance to help employers select appropriate PPE for workers who may be exposed to ebolavirus. […] The general requirements of the PPE standards (29 CFR 1910.132) describe the basis for the effective selection and use of adequate PPE including protective garments. […] Employers must ensure that respiratory, head, face, and hand protection is provided for workers who may be splashed, sprayed, or spattered with blood or body fluids and from environmental surfaces where ebolavirus contamination is possible. […] Workers must be protected from exposure to harmful chemicals when cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood and/or body fluids suspected or confirmed to be infected with ebolavirus.

• #83 Ebola Virus Disease

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/disease-information/ebola-virus-disease.html

  Avoid contact with animals or with raw meat. […] Avoid hospitals where Ebola patients are being treated. The U.S. Embassy or consulate is often able to provide advice on facilities that are suitable for your needs. […] People who have traveled to a country where Ebola is being spread should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, headache, achiness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash or red eyes within 21 days of traveling. Call your provider ahead of time to let them know of your symptoms and travel history to a place where Ebola is being spread.

• #84 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  OSHA’s PPE Selection Matrix for Occupational Exposure to Ebola Virus provides task-based guidance to help employers select appropriate PPE for workers who may be exposed to ebolavirus. […] The general requirements of the PPE standards (29 CFR 1910.132) describe the basis for the effective selection and use of adequate PPE including protective garments. […] Employers must ensure that respiratory, head, face, and hand protection is provided for workers who may be splashed, sprayed, or spattered with blood or body fluids and from environmental surfaces where ebolavirus contamination is possible. […] Workers must be protected from exposure to harmful chemicals when cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood and/or body fluids suspected or confirmed to be infected with ebolavirus.

• #85 Ebola – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/control-prevention

  Conduct hazard assessments for workers whose jobs may increase the likelihood of exposure to ebolavirus, with consideration given to potential sources of infection, including risks and routes of exposure associated with work procedures and job tasks. […] Select appropriate controls, including engineering controls, administrative controls, safe work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE), based on the results of the hazard analysis. […] Offer the option for vaccination to eligible workers whose jobs put them at risk for exposure to EVD. […] Early identification and isolation of potentially infectious people is a key step in preventing the spread of EVD, particularly for workers who may be exposed on the job to a person with the virus. […] When engineering or administrative and work practice controls are insufficient to prevent employee exposure to the ebolavirus, or before engineering controls can be implemented, employers must provide appropriate PPE for workers.

• #86 EMS Strategies for Ebola | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/10/19/ems-strategies-for-ebola/

  Inform others that the person that they are caring for might be infected with a high consequence infectious disease. […] To protect yourself from exposure to infectious bodily fluids, EMS personnel should implement standard, contact, and droplet precautions, as well as airborne precautions if an aerosol generated procedure is anticipated. […] Implementation of a hierarchy of controls is a method of creating environmental changes, changes in administrative policies and work practices, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent exposure to infectious bodily fluids. […] If you have a patient that has confirmed EVD, the CDC recommends an impermeable gown or coverall, the use of a full face shield, a NIOSH-approved, fit tested N95 respirator or higher protection, double gloves, boot covers, and an apron.

• #87 Infection prevention and control measures for Ebola disease in acute care settings – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/health-professionals-ebola/infection-prevention-control-measures-healthcare-settings.html

  Environmental cleaning staff should, at minimum, wear the same level of protection as HCWs providing care to the patient. […] Patients, their visitors, families and decision makers should be educated about the additional precautions being used, the duration of precautions, as well as the prevention of transmission of disease to others, with a particular focus on hand hygiene and respiratory hygiene. […] The decision to discontinue precautions for PUIs or patients with confirmed EBOD should be made on a case-by-case basis, jointly in consultation with the IPC program, infectious disease specialists, and public health officials.

• #88

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #89

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #90 Epidemiology and Prevention of Ebola Virus Disease: Challenges and Strategies

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/epidemiology-and-prevention-of-ebola-virus-disease-challenges-and-strategies-132129.html

  Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus, which primarily affects humans and non-human primates. […] The spread of Ebola virus can be significantly reduced through a combination of public health measures and individual protective actions. The most effective methods of prevention include: […] Rapid identification of individuals with symptoms of EVD and their immediate isolation can help reduce transmission. […] In recent years, a vaccine known as rVSV-ZEBOV has been developed and shown to be highly effective in preventing EVD. […] Public education campaigns are important for raising awareness about how EVD spreads and the steps people can take to protect themselves.

• #91

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #92

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Community engagement is key to successfully controlling any outbreak. Outbreak control relies on using a range of interventions, such as clinical care, surveillance and contact tracing, laboratory services, infection prevention and control in health facilities, safe and dignified burials, vaccination (only for Ebola virus disease) and social mobilization. […] Raising awareness of risk factors and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors: […] Reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission arising from direct or close contact with infected people, particularly with their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Patients should be isolated in a designated treatment center for early care and to avoid transmission at home.

• #93 Epidemiology and Prevention of Ebola Virus Disease: Challenges and Strategies

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/epidemiology-and-prevention-of-ebola-virus-disease-challenges-and-strategies-132129.html

  Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus, which primarily affects humans and non-human primates. […] The spread of Ebola virus can be significantly reduced through a combination of public health measures and individual protective actions. The most effective methods of prevention include: […] Rapid identification of individuals with symptoms of EVD and their immediate isolation can help reduce transmission. […] In recent years, a vaccine known as rVSV-ZEBOV has been developed and shown to be highly effective in preventing EVD. […] Public education campaigns are important for raising awareness about how EVD spreads and the steps people can take to protect themselves.

• #94 Our fight against Ebola | Malteser International

  https://www.malteser-international.org/en/current-issues/our-response/health/what-is-ebola.html

  Vaccination of medical staff […] Ring vaccinations to protect relatives and other contacts of Ebola infected persons […] Educational measures are therefore among the most important long-term preventive measures. […] By spreading knowledge about protection against the disease, its symptoms and how to deal with a possible infection, future epidemics can be avoided. […] In terms of prevention, we regularly conduct further training for medical staff and set up protective measures in cities threatened by outbreaks in order to prevent infections and to be able to detect first symptoms at an early stage.

• #95 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) | UNICEF Uganda

  https://www.unicef.org/uganda/ebola-virus-disease-evd

  UNICEF continues to leverage educational structures as avenues for information dissemination, community engagement, and engagement with community-based early learning centres, and primary and secondary schools to pass Ebola messages during school assemblies and parent-teacher association meetings. […] To prevent Ebola transmission in health facilities, institutions and communities, UNICEF and partners continue to support rapid assessments, procurement and distribution of essential Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) supplies, orient and mentor health workers and WASH resource persons on infection, prevention and control (IPC).

• #96 Our fight against Ebola | Malteser International

  https://www.malteser-international.org/en/current-issues/our-response/health/what-is-ebola.html

  Vaccination of medical staff […] Ring vaccinations to protect relatives and other contacts of Ebola infected persons […] Educational measures are therefore among the most important long-term preventive measures. […] By spreading knowledge about protection against the disease, its symptoms and how to deal with a possible infection, future epidemics can be avoided. […] In terms of prevention, we regularly conduct further training for medical staff and set up protective measures in cities threatened by outbreaks in order to prevent infections and to be able to detect first symptoms at an early stage.

• #97 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) | UNICEF Uganda

  https://www.unicef.org/uganda/ebola-virus-disease-evd

  UNICEF continues to leverage educational structures as avenues for information dissemination, community engagement, and engagement with community-based early learning centres, and primary and secondary schools to pass Ebola messages during school assemblies and parent-teacher association meetings. […] To prevent Ebola transmission in health facilities, institutions and communities, UNICEF and partners continue to support rapid assessments, procurement and distribution of essential Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) supplies, orient and mentor health workers and WASH resource persons on infection, prevention and control (IPC).

• #98 Ebola Outbreaks: Causes, Prevention, and Control

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/outbreaks/

  Because Ebola has the potential to rapidly spread severe illness, keeping the disease contained and preventing outbreaks is vital to global health. […] The CDC moved to educate healthcare providers on how to identify patients suspected of having Ebola and isolate them. […] In Sierra Leone during the 2014 outbreak, workers went door to door to reach 1.5 million households and share information on ways families could protect themselves against Ebola virus disease, helping to slow transmission. […] Since 2019, two vaccine options have been developed for those at high risk of exposure to Ebola: Ervebo and Zabdeno. […] CDC researchers found that Ervebo has likely played an important role in limiting Ebola illnesses and deaths since its introduction. […] The organization Global Ebola Response says that countries large and small have stepped up to provide doctors, mobile clinics, and funding to help combat the virus.

• #99

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  Outbreak containment measures include safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola disease and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patients. Maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment are also important. […] Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe and dignified burial practices. […] Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patients blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.

• #100 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Contaminated objects of patients, like clothes and towels, should be also disinfected or burned without delay. […] Military forces should respond in a timely manner to EVD outbreak if it becomes an increasing threat to the international society. […] Thus, effective control of EVD outbreak is not only an emergency issue to medical community, but also a health protection mission to military force. […] All hospitals, laboratories and other health care facilities should follow the established standard procedure when treating patients as well as collecting and handling patients specimens. […] The adequate use of personal protective equipment recommended by the U.S. CDC is an obligation for health care providers to ensure that no skin is exposed to any possible source of infection.

• #101 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Contaminated objects of patients, like clothes and towels, should be also disinfected or burned without delay. […] Military forces should respond in a timely manner to EVD outbreak if it becomes an increasing threat to the international society. […] Thus, effective control of EVD outbreak is not only an emergency issue to medical community, but also a health protection mission to military force. […] All hospitals, laboratories and other health care facilities should follow the established standard procedure when treating patients as well as collecting and handling patients specimens. […] The adequate use of personal protective equipment recommended by the U.S. CDC is an obligation for health care providers to ensure that no skin is exposed to any possible source of infection.

• #102 Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus Infections – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/ebola-virus-and-marburg-virus-infections

  Staff members caring for people with Ebola must be completely covered in protective clothing, including head gear equipped with a respirator. Even though the infections are not thought to be spread through the air, precautions against such spread are taken. Other staff members must be available to help those wearing protective clothing remove the protective clothing. […] Diligently cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment that may be contaminated is crucial, as is making sure that body fluids (such as blood, sweat, vomit, feces, and urine) are handled safely. […] For people who have traveled to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, the following is recommended: Using good hygiene, such as washing their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and avoiding contact with other people’s blood and body fluids

• #103 EMS Strategies for Ebola | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/10/19/ems-strategies-for-ebola/

  For a person under investigation (PUI) for EVD and who is unstablethey have unstable vital signs, vomiting, diarrhea or are otherwise likely to spread bodily fluidsthe same PPE applies. […] After transfer of care to the receiving facility the ambulance will need to be cleaned and disinfected. […] The U.S. Department of Transportation considers waste from Ebola virus disease patients to be Category A. […] Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment for patients with Ebola virus disease and if provided early can greatly increase chances of recovery. […] There are monoclonal antibody therapies that are effective against Ebola.

• #104 Ebola disease: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/prevention-ebola.html

  Preventing Ebola disease […] There are things you can do to reduce your risk if you: […] Practice good hygiene […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. […] Avoid direct contact with other people’s body fluids […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body fluids and tissues of: […] Avoid high-risk areas and activities […] Avoid all places and activities that could result in exposure. This includes places where sick people are being cared for without appropriate infection control measures. […] If you can’t avoid high-risk areas or activities, reduce your risk by taking proper precautions, such as wearing: […] Avoid unprotected sexual activity […] Avoid sexual activity with anyone who is currently sick, including oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] Follow safe burial practices […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body of a person who died of Ebola disease or an unknown illness. […] Avoid contact with wild animals […] Avoid contact with live and dead wild animals, including:

• #105 Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus Infections – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/ebola-virus-and-marburg-virus-infections

  Staff members caring for people with Ebola must be completely covered in protective clothing, including head gear equipped with a respirator. Even though the infections are not thought to be spread through the air, precautions against such spread are taken. Other staff members must be available to help those wearing protective clothing remove the protective clothing. […] Diligently cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment that may be contaminated is crucial, as is making sure that body fluids (such as blood, sweat, vomit, feces, and urine) are handled safely. […] For people who have traveled to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, the following is recommended: Using good hygiene, such as washing their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and avoiding contact with other people’s blood and body fluids

• #106 Ebola disease: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/ebola/prevention-ebola.html

  Preventing Ebola disease […] There are things you can do to reduce your risk if you: […] Practice good hygiene […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available. […] Avoid direct contact with other people’s body fluids […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body fluids and tissues of: […] Avoid high-risk areas and activities […] Avoid all places and activities that could result in exposure. This includes places where sick people are being cared for without appropriate infection control measures. […] If you can’t avoid high-risk areas or activities, reduce your risk by taking proper precautions, such as wearing: […] Avoid unprotected sexual activity […] Avoid sexual activity with anyone who is currently sick, including oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] Follow safe burial practices […] Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the body of a person who died of Ebola disease or an unknown illness. […] Avoid contact with wild animals […] Avoid contact with live and dead wild animals, including:

• #107 Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus Infections – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/ebola-virus-and-marburg-virus-infections

  Staff members caring for people with Ebola must be completely covered in protective clothing, including head gear equipped with a respirator. Even though the infections are not thought to be spread through the air, precautions against such spread are taken. Other staff members must be available to help those wearing protective clothing remove the protective clothing. […] Diligently cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment that may be contaminated is crucial, as is making sure that body fluids (such as blood, sweat, vomit, feces, and urine) are handled safely. […] For people who have traveled to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, the following is recommended: Using good hygiene, such as washing their hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and avoiding contact with other people’s blood and body fluids

• #108 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) | UNICEF Uganda

  https://www.unicef.org/uganda/ebola-virus-disease-evd

  Ebola is very infectious, kills in a short time BUT can be prevented through early treatment with trained health professionals. […] Report all suspected cases to the nearest health facility immediately. […] People who are suspected to have died from Ebola must be buried immediately, by a trained Ministry of Health burial team to prevent the spread of Ebola. […] Disinfect the bedding and clothing of any person suspected to have died from Ebola with JIK. […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and clean water after handling a patient infected with Ebola or the body of a person who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid direct contact with body fluids of a person suspected to be suffering from Ebola by using protective materials e.g. gloves and masks. […] People handling the body of a person who is suspected to have died of Ebola should wear strong protective materials like gloves and masks.

• #109 Ebola Virus Disease – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare, severe infection that occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is mainly transmitted through direct skin or mucous-membrane contact with the blood or bodily fluids of infected patients or corpses or via contact with surfaces and objects contaminated with bodily fluids of infected persons. […] Prevention includes avoiding risk behaviors. […] Personal protective measures (regardless of vaccination status) remain the key prevention strategy. Avoid the risk behaviors described above. No antivirals for self-treatment are available. […] Additionally, if traveling to affected countries: Avoid direct contact with infected bodily fluids from persons with a current or recent EVD diagnosis, with surfaces or items that were contaminated by EVD patients (live or deceased), with corpses, nonhuman primates, bats (including caves and other places where bats congregate), and with health care environments that may have become contaminated.

• #110 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #111 What Is Ebola? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/

  Measures that may prevent the spread of Ebola include the following: […] Avoid visiting areas with known outbreaks. […] Isolate infected patients from anyone who doesn’t have Ebola. […] Have healthcare workers wear protective gear, including gloves, masks, goggles, gowns, and other clothing, while caring for Ebola patients. […] Decontaminate or destroy any surfaces or materials a patient has had contact with, including syringes, needles, and other medical equipment. […] Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based sanitizer. […] Avoid handling or eating bushmeat. […] Monitor anyone who comes into contact with an Ebola patient. […] The Ebola virus can survive for several hours on dry surfaces, like doorknobs and countertops. […] And it can live for up to several days at room temperature in body fluids.

• #112 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | ACDC | LACDPH

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/viralhemorrhagicfevers/index.htm

  VHFs can spread through contact with infected animals, infected insects or contact with the body or body fluids of an infected person depending on the type of VHF. In general VHF can spread by: […] […] Avoid traveling to areas with active outbreaks. […] […] Before travel, check the CDC Travel Health Notices site for recommendations. […] […] Travelers visiting risk areas should: […] […] Avoid physical contact with ill people and dead bodies. […] […] Avoid contact with sick or dead animals. […] […] Avoid contact with rodents, bats, primates and other animals that can carry VHFs. […] […] Avoid handling, cooking, or eating raw or undercooked bushmeat or animal products. […] […] Use insect repellents, bed nets, and protective clothing to avoid mosquito and tick bites.

• #113 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #114 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #115 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #116 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #117 What Is Ebola? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/

  Measures that may prevent the spread of Ebola include the following: […] Avoid visiting areas with known outbreaks. […] Isolate infected patients from anyone who doesn’t have Ebola. […] Have healthcare workers wear protective gear, including gloves, masks, goggles, gowns, and other clothing, while caring for Ebola patients. […] Decontaminate or destroy any surfaces or materials a patient has had contact with, including syringes, needles, and other medical equipment. […] Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based sanitizer. […] Avoid handling or eating bushmeat. […] Monitor anyone who comes into contact with an Ebola patient. […] The Ebola virus can survive for several hours on dry surfaces, like doorknobs and countertops. […] And it can live for up to several days at room temperature in body fluids.

• #118 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  A vaccine (Ervebo) is available to prevent Ebola virus disease in people who live in the most at-risk countries during an outbreak. If you plan to travel to one of the countries where Ebola is present, the CDC recommends taking the following steps to prevent illness: […] Practice careful hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with blood and body fluids. […] Avoid contact with people who have a fever, are vomiting, or appear ill. […] Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This includes clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment. […] Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola. […] Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.

• #119 Ebola virus disease – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease

  Avoid hospitals in West Africa where Ebola patients are being treated. If you need medical care, the United States embassy or consulate is often able to provide advice about facilities. […] After you return, pay attention to your health for 21 days. Seek medical care right away if you develop symptoms of Ebola, such as a fever. Tell your provider that you have been to a country where Ebola is present. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: […] Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection. […] Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures. […] Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients. […] Avoid direct contact with the bodies of people who have died from Ebola. […] Notify health officials if you have had direct contact with the blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola.

• #120 Ebola Virus Disease

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/disease-information/ebola-virus-disease.html

  Avoid contact with animals or with raw meat. […] Avoid hospitals where Ebola patients are being treated. The U.S. Embassy or consulate is often able to provide advice on facilities that are suitable for your needs. […] People who have traveled to a country where Ebola is being spread should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, headache, achiness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash or red eyes within 21 days of traveling. Call your provider ahead of time to let them know of your symptoms and travel history to a place where Ebola is being spread.

• #121 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Since there are no specific medications broadly available to cure EVD, the most important thing is to prevent susceptible people from the infection and restrict spreading. This requires the government, public health facilities, medical units, and individuals to make concerted efforts. Military forces are indispensable when local public health systems are overwhelmed or in the case where the EVD epidemic goes out of control. […] Sufficient political support from the government is crucial for the prevention and control of the Ebola epidemic. First, a strong public health infrastructure and medical reserve should be established and improved. Most severe EVD epidemics occurred in areas where the health systems were overwhelmed or failed to identify and isolate the infection cases in a timely fashion.

• #122 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  PAHO is working with countries in the region to strengthen their preparedness to detect and quickly respond to a possible imported case of Ebola. […] The Director of PAHO created a task force and an operational working group that advises and supports the implementation of the International Emergency Committee of the International Health Regulations (IHR) recommendations and coordinates the response to the possible introduction of Ebola virus disease in the Americas.

• #123 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  PAHO is working with countries in the region to strengthen their preparedness to detect and quickly respond to a possible imported case of Ebola. […] The Director of PAHO created a task force and an operational working group that advises and supports the implementation of the International Emergency Committee of the International Health Regulations (IHR) recommendations and coordinates the response to the possible introduction of Ebola virus disease in the Americas.

• #124 Ebola preparedness and response | UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa

  https://www.unicef.org/esa/ebola-preparedness-and-response

  The quick and effective response in Uganda has demonstrated the value of investing in preparedness. The three confirmed cases were rapidly detected and isolated. […] In Uganda, vaccinations, expanding preparedness to all priority districts, and ramping-up community engagement, all remain paramount for mitigating the risk. And yet all are under-resourced. […] UNICEF works with partners on three broad areas to respond support the overarching goal of ultimately defeating Ebola and getting to zero cases. Risk communication and community engagement to inform, protect and engage communities. […] Infection prevention and control to help prevent further spread of the disease. We have installed handwashing units in health facilities, schools and critical transit sites. We distribute supplies, including thermometers and chlorine to treat water. And we’ve enabled people to gain access to safe water.

• #125 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  PAHO is working with countries in the region to strengthen their preparedness to detect and quickly respond to a possible imported case of Ebola. […] The Director of PAHO created a task force and an operational working group that advises and supports the implementation of the International Emergency Committee of the International Health Regulations (IHR) recommendations and coordinates the response to the possible introduction of Ebola virus disease in the Americas.

• #126 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease

  PAHO is working with countries in the region to strengthen their preparedness to detect and quickly respond to a possible imported case of Ebola. […] The Director of PAHO created a task force and an operational working group that advises and supports the implementation of the International Emergency Committee of the International Health Regulations (IHR) recommendations and coordinates the response to the possible introduction of Ebola virus disease in the Americas.

• #127 Ebola preparedness and response | UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa

  https://www.unicef.org/esa/ebola-preparedness-and-response

  The quick and effective response in Uganda has demonstrated the value of investing in preparedness. The three confirmed cases were rapidly detected and isolated. […] In Uganda, vaccinations, expanding preparedness to all priority districts, and ramping-up community engagement, all remain paramount for mitigating the risk. And yet all are under-resourced. […] UNICEF works with partners on three broad areas to respond support the overarching goal of ultimately defeating Ebola and getting to zero cases. Risk communication and community engagement to inform, protect and engage communities. […] Infection prevention and control to help prevent further spread of the disease. We have installed handwashing units in health facilities, schools and critical transit sites. We distribute supplies, including thermometers and chlorine to treat water. And we’ve enabled people to gain access to safe water.

• #128 Ebola Outbreaks: Causes, Prevention, and Control

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/ebola/guide/outbreaks/

  Because Ebola has the potential to rapidly spread severe illness, keeping the disease contained and preventing outbreaks is vital to global health. […] The CDC moved to educate healthcare providers on how to identify patients suspected of having Ebola and isolate them. […] In Sierra Leone during the 2014 outbreak, workers went door to door to reach 1.5 million households and share information on ways families could protect themselves against Ebola virus disease, helping to slow transmission. […] Since 2019, two vaccine options have been developed for those at high risk of exposure to Ebola: Ervebo and Zabdeno. […] CDC researchers found that Ervebo has likely played an important role in limiting Ebola illnesses and deaths since its introduction. […] The organization Global Ebola Response says that countries large and small have stepped up to provide doctors, mobile clinics, and funding to help combat the virus.

• #129 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Since there are no specific medications broadly available to cure EVD, the most important thing is to prevent susceptible people from the infection and restrict spreading. This requires the government, public health facilities, medical units, and individuals to make concerted efforts. Military forces are indispensable when local public health systems are overwhelmed or in the case where the EVD epidemic goes out of control. […] Sufficient political support from the government is crucial for the prevention and control of the Ebola epidemic. First, a strong public health infrastructure and medical reserve should be established and improved. Most severe EVD epidemics occurred in areas where the health systems were overwhelmed or failed to identify and isolate the infection cases in a timely fashion.

• #130 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Contaminated objects of patients, like clothes and towels, should be also disinfected or burned without delay. […] Military forces should respond in a timely manner to EVD outbreak if it becomes an increasing threat to the international society. […] Thus, effective control of EVD outbreak is not only an emergency issue to medical community, but also a health protection mission to military force. […] All hospitals, laboratories and other health care facilities should follow the established standard procedure when treating patients as well as collecting and handling patients specimens. […] The adequate use of personal protective equipment recommended by the U.S. CDC is an obligation for health care providers to ensure that no skin is exposed to any possible source of infection.

• #131 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Contaminated objects of patients, like clothes and towels, should be also disinfected or burned without delay. […] Military forces should respond in a timely manner to EVD outbreak if it becomes an increasing threat to the international society. […] Thus, effective control of EVD outbreak is not only an emergency issue to medical community, but also a health protection mission to military force. […] All hospitals, laboratories and other health care facilities should follow the established standard procedure when treating patients as well as collecting and handling patients specimens. […] The adequate use of personal protective equipment recommended by the U.S. CDC is an obligation for health care providers to ensure that no skin is exposed to any possible source of infection.

• #132 Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4

  Contaminated objects of patients, like clothes and towels, should be also disinfected or burned without delay. […] Military forces should respond in a timely manner to EVD outbreak if it becomes an increasing threat to the international society. […] Thus, effective control of EVD outbreak is not only an emergency issue to medical community, but also a health protection mission to military force. […] All hospitals, laboratories and other health care facilities should follow the established standard procedure when treating patients as well as collecting and handling patients specimens. […] The adequate use of personal protective equipment recommended by the U.S. CDC is an obligation for health care providers to ensure that no skin is exposed to any possible source of infection.

• #133 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Prevention.aspx

  When traveling or staying in an area affected by Ebola outbreak, it is important to adhere to three key preventive interventions in order to minimize the risk of infection. A single lapse in proper infection control can set in motion another chain of transmission and worsen the outbreak. […] First, meticulous infection control should be implemented wherever possible. The greatest risk of viral transmission does not arise from diagnosed patients, but from the delayed detection and isolation of the infected individuals. […] Second, meat from hunted wild animals should be avoided (so-called bush meat). In places where consumption of such meat continues, it is necessary to encourage safer slaughter and handling procedures. […] Third, there is a dire need for modification of the traditional funeral practices, which often represent sources of infection due to the contact with bodily fluids of the deceased individuals. As this is a culturally sensitive matter, appropriate outreach, education and support are crucial.

• #134 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Prevention.aspx

  When traveling or staying in an area affected by Ebola outbreak, it is important to adhere to three key preventive interventions in order to minimize the risk of infection. A single lapse in proper infection control can set in motion another chain of transmission and worsen the outbreak. […] First, meticulous infection control should be implemented wherever possible. The greatest risk of viral transmission does not arise from diagnosed patients, but from the delayed detection and isolation of the infected individuals. […] Second, meat from hunted wild animals should be avoided (so-called bush meat). In places where consumption of such meat continues, it is necessary to encourage safer slaughter and handling procedures. […] Third, there is a dire need for modification of the traditional funeral practices, which often represent sources of infection due to the contact with bodily fluids of the deceased individuals. As this is a culturally sensitive matter, appropriate outreach, education and support are crucial.

• #135 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Prevention.aspx

  When traveling or staying in an area affected by Ebola outbreak, it is important to adhere to three key preventive interventions in order to minimize the risk of infection. A single lapse in proper infection control can set in motion another chain of transmission and worsen the outbreak. […] First, meticulous infection control should be implemented wherever possible. The greatest risk of viral transmission does not arise from diagnosed patients, but from the delayed detection and isolation of the infected individuals. […] Second, meat from hunted wild animals should be avoided (so-called bush meat). In places where consumption of such meat continues, it is necessary to encourage safer slaughter and handling procedures. […] Third, there is a dire need for modification of the traditional funeral practices, which often represent sources of infection due to the contact with bodily fluids of the deceased individuals. As this is a culturally sensitive matter, appropriate outreach, education and support are crucial.

• #136 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  Interruption of community and nosocomial transmission is achieved through educational and sociological measures, isolation of suspected or confirmed cases for care, strict infection control protocols, contact tracing, and vaccination. […] Safe and dignified burials help to prevent transmission while also emphasizing inclusion of family members and encouraging religious rites. […] The structure of ETUs necessarily restricts the presence of uninfected caregivers, which can create a setting that is not safe or comforting to children. Adaptations to this structure, including recruiting survivors to help with the care of children, can help to address these difficulties. […] Vaccines to protect against EVD have emerged rapidly since 2013. Currently, two regimens are being used to provide protection against EBOV: the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV regimen (sold as Ervebo) and the Janssen Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen (sold as Zabdeno/Mvabea).

• #137 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  Interruption of community and nosocomial transmission is achieved through educational and sociological measures, isolation of suspected or confirmed cases for care, strict infection control protocols, contact tracing, and vaccination. […] Safe and dignified burials help to prevent transmission while also emphasizing inclusion of family members and encouraging religious rites. […] The structure of ETUs necessarily restricts the presence of uninfected caregivers, which can create a setting that is not safe or comforting to children. Adaptations to this structure, including recruiting survivors to help with the care of children, can help to address these difficulties. […] Vaccines to protect against EVD have emerged rapidly since 2013. Currently, two regimens are being used to provide protection against EBOV: the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV regimen (sold as Ervebo) and the Janssen Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen (sold as Zabdeno/Mvabea).

• #138 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Prevention.aspx

  When traveling or staying in an area affected by Ebola outbreak, it is important to adhere to three key preventive interventions in order to minimize the risk of infection. A single lapse in proper infection control can set in motion another chain of transmission and worsen the outbreak. […] First, meticulous infection control should be implemented wherever possible. The greatest risk of viral transmission does not arise from diagnosed patients, but from the delayed detection and isolation of the infected individuals. […] Second, meat from hunted wild animals should be avoided (so-called bush meat). In places where consumption of such meat continues, it is necessary to encourage safer slaughter and handling procedures. […] Third, there is a dire need for modification of the traditional funeral practices, which often represent sources of infection due to the contact with bodily fluids of the deceased individuals. As this is a culturally sensitive matter, appropriate outreach, education and support are crucial.

• #139 Factsheet about Ebola disease

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/ebola-virus-disease/facts/factsheet-about-ebola-disease

  In previous outbreaks, isolation of infected patients and the implementation of appropriate IPC measures has been shown to effectively stop the spread of disease. […] It is advisable to avoid habitats that may be populated by bats, such as caves or mines in areas/countries where ebolaviruses might be present. The handling or consumption of any type of bushmeat should be avoided, as should close contact with wild animals (such as monkeys, forest antelopes, rodents and bats – alive or dead). […] The appropriate use of infection control precautions and the application of strict barrier nursing procedures are critical to preventing nosocomial transmission. Implementation of appropriate infection control measures in healthcare settings, including use of personal protective equipment, will minimise the risk of transmission of ebolaviruses.

• #140 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  Interruption of community and nosocomial transmission is achieved through educational and sociological measures, isolation of suspected or confirmed cases for care, strict infection control protocols, contact tracing, and vaccination. […] Safe and dignified burials help to prevent transmission while also emphasizing inclusion of family members and encouraging religious rites. […] The structure of ETUs necessarily restricts the presence of uninfected caregivers, which can create a setting that is not safe or comforting to children. Adaptations to this structure, including recruiting survivors to help with the care of children, can help to address these difficulties. […] Vaccines to protect against EVD have emerged rapidly since 2013. Currently, two regimens are being used to provide protection against EBOV: the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV regimen (sold as Ervebo) and the Janssen Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen (sold as Zabdeno/Mvabea).

• #141 Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-023-02873-y

  Interruption of community and nosocomial transmission is achieved through educational and sociological measures, isolation of suspected or confirmed cases for care, strict infection control protocols, contact tracing, and vaccination. […] Safe and dignified burials help to prevent transmission while also emphasizing inclusion of family members and encouraging religious rites. […] The structure of ETUs necessarily restricts the presence of uninfected caregivers, which can create a setting that is not safe or comforting to children. Adaptations to this structure, including recruiting survivors to help with the care of children, can help to address these difficulties. […] Vaccines to protect against EVD have emerged rapidly since 2013. Currently, two regimens are being used to provide protection against EBOV: the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV regimen (sold as Ervebo) and the Janssen Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo regimen (sold as Zabdeno/Mvabea).

• #142

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  To mitigate the risk of this transmission, a semen testing programme should be implemented to: […] offer counselling to male survivors and their sexual partners to inform them of the potential risk and support them adhering to safer sex practices (including condom provision and good hand and personal hygiene); […] offer monthly semen testing until they have had two consecutive negative test results; and […] after two consecutive negative tests, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices with minimized risk of virus transmission. […] In the absence of a semen testing programme, male survivors should follow safer sex practices for 12 months. […] Survivor care programmes should encompass care for pregnant and breastfeeding women after their recovery.

• #143 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) | UNICEF Uganda

  https://www.unicef.org/uganda/ebola-virus-disease-evd

  UNICEF continues to leverage educational structures as avenues for information dissemination, community engagement, and engagement with community-based early learning centres, and primary and secondary schools to pass Ebola messages during school assemblies and parent-teacher association meetings. […] To prevent Ebola transmission in health facilities, institutions and communities, UNICEF and partners continue to support rapid assessments, procurement and distribution of essential Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) supplies, orient and mentor health workers and WASH resource persons on infection, prevention and control (IPC).

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