Choroba wirusowa ebola
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba wirusowa Ebola (EVD) jest ciężką, często śmiertelną infekcją wywoływaną przez wirusy z rodzaju Orthoebolavirus (rodzina Filoviridae), z których cztery gatunki zakażają ludzi, a śmiertelność waha się od 25% do 90%, w zależności od gatunku (np. Orthoebolavirus zairense – 65-90%, Orthoebolavirus sudanense – około 50%). Naturalnym rezerwuarem są nietoperze owocożerne (Pteropodidae), a transmisja pierwotna do człowieka następuje przez kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami lub ich produktami (np. mięso bushmeat). Transmisja międzyludzka odbywa się przez kontakt z krwią, płynami ustrojowymi (krew, ślina, pot, wymiociny, kał, mocz, nasienie, mleko matki, płyn owodniowy) zakażonych osób lub ich zwłok, przy czym zakaźność pojawia się dopiero po wystąpieniu objawów. Wirus może przetrwać u ozdrowieńców w miejscach immunologicznie uprzywilejowanych, m.in. w nasieniu (do ponad 12 miesięcy), mleku matki, płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym i cieczy wodnistej oka, co stanowi ryzyko ponownej transmisji.

Etiologia i przyczyny choroby wirusowej ebola

Choroba wirusowa ebola (EVD, Ebola Virus Disease), dawniej znana jako gorączka krwotoczna Ebola, jest ciężką, często śmiertelną chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną przez wirusy z rodzaju Orthoebolavirus, należące do rodziny Filoviridae. Wirusy te charakteryzują się wydłużoną, nitkowatą strukturą o zmiennej długości i są sklasyfikowane jako patogeny kategorii BSL-4 (Biosafety Level 4), wymagające specjalnych warunków izolacji i ochrony podczas pracy laboratoryjnej12.

Gatunki wirusa Ebola

Obecnie znanych jest sześć gatunków wirusa Ebola, z czego cztery powodują chorobę u ludzi12:

  • Wirus Ebola (gatunek Orthoebolavirus zairense, dawniej Zaire ebolavirus) – odpowiedzialny za największą liczbę ognisk choroby i charakteryzujący się najwyższą śmiertelnością (65-90%)12
  • Wirus Sudan (gatunek Orthoebolavirus sudanense, dawniej Sudan ebolavirus) – o śmiertelności około 50%12
  • Wirus Bundibugyo (gatunek Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense, dawniej Bundibugyo ebolavirus) – śmiertelność wynosi około 25-35%12
  • Wirus Tai Forest (gatunek Orthoebolavirus taiense, dawniej Tai Forest ebolavirus lub Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus) – odnotowano tylko jeden przypadek u człowieka, który przeżył12

Pozostałe dwa gatunki: Wirus Reston (gatunek Orthoebolavirus restonense) i Wirus Bombali (gatunek Orthoebolavirus bombaliense) nie wywołują choroby u ludzi, ale mogą powodować choroby u innych naczelnych oraz świń12.

Warto zauważyć, że od 2018 roku terminologia związana z wirusem Ebola uległa zmianie. Obecnie terminy „wirus Ebola”, „choroba wirusowa ebola” (EVD) i „EBOV” odnoszą się konkretnie do gatunku Orthoebolavirus zairense (dawniej Zaire ebolavirus), który wywołał większość epidemii i jest najlepiej zbadany1.

Rezerwuar i przekazywanie wirusa

Naturalnym rezerwuarem wirusa Ebola są najprawdopodobniej nietoperze owocożerne z rodziny Pteropodidae, które mogą być nosicielami wirusa bez objawów choroby12. Chociaż obecność przeciwciał przeciwko wirusowi Ebola wykryto u nietoperzy podczas badań epidemiologicznych, ustalenie bezpośredniego związku przyczynowego z zachorowaniami u ludzi pozostaje nieudowodowane1.

Wirus może przenosić się na inne zwierzęta, takie jak naczelne nieludzkie (szympansy, goryle, małpy) oraz antylopy leśne, powodując u nich chorobę12. Zwierzęta te mogą następnie stanowić źródło zakażenia dla ludzi, co prowadzi do tzw. zjawiska „spillover” (przeniesienia międzygatunkowego)1.

Drogi transmisji do człowieka

Pierwotna transmisja wirusa Ebola do człowieka może nastąpić poprzez12:

  • Bezpośredni kontakt z krwią, organami lub płynami ustrojowymi zakażonych zwierząt, zarówno żywych jak i martwych
  • Polowanie i obróbkę dzikich zwierząt na mięso (tzw. „bushmeat”)
  • Spożywanie niedogotowanego mięsa zakażonych zwierząt
  • Kontakt z odchodami nietoperzy lub żywnością zanieczyszczoną ich odchodami

Badania wykazały, że wirus może być przenoszony na ludzi poprzez kontakt z szerokim spektrum dzikich zwierząt, w tym szympansów, goryli, nietoperzy owocożernych, małp, antylop leśnych i jeżozwierzy1.

Transmisja międzyludzka

Po wprowadzeniu wirusa Ebola do populacji ludzkiej, dalsze rozprzestrzenianie się choroby następuje poprzez transmisję międzyludzką1. Transmisja ta zachodzi głównie poprzez12:

  • Bezpośredni kontakt z krwią, wydzielinami, organami lub innymi płynami ustrojowymi zakażonych osób
  • Kontakt z powierzchniami i materiałami (np. pościel, ubrania, igły medyczne) zanieczyszczonymi tymi płynami
  • Kontakt z ciałami osób zmarłych na chorobę wirusową ebola

Płyny ustrojowe, które mogą przenosić wirusa Ebola, obejmują12:

  • Krew
  • Ślinę
  • Pot
  • Wymiociny
  • Kał
  • Mocz
  • Nasienie
  • Mleko matki
  • Płyn owodniowy

Istotne jest, że osoby zakażone wirusem Ebola nie są zakaźne, dopóki nie wystąpią u nich objawy choroby1. Poziom wirusa we krwi wzrasta w miarę postępu choroby, a pacjenci są najbardziej zakaźni w późniejszych stadiach, gdy pojawia się biegunka, wymioty i krwawienia1.

Przetrwanie wirusa u ozdrowieńców

Ważnym aspektem epidemiologii wirusa Ebola jest jego zdolność do przetrwania w tzw. miejscach immunologicznie uprzywilejowanych u osób, które wyzdrowiały1. Wirus może utrzymywać się w12:

  • Nasieniu – wykrywalny nawet ponad 12 miesięcy po wyzdrowieniu, co może prowadzić do transmisji seksualnej
  • Mleku matki – u kobiet, które wyzdrowiały z EVD
  • Płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym – odnotowano przypadki zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i mózgu u ozdrowieńców
  • Cieczy wodnistej oka – opisano przypadki ciężkiego zapalenia błony naczyniowej oka związanego z przetrwałym wirusem

Przetrwanie wirusa u ozdrowieńców stanowi potencjalne ryzyko ponownego pojawienia się ognisk choroby, nawet po zakończeniu aktywnych epidemii1.

Czynniki sprzyjające rozprzestrzenianiu się epidemii

Oprócz czynników biologicznych, na rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa Ebola wpływają również czynniki społeczne, kulturowe i ekonomiczne12:

  • Tradycyjne praktyki pogrzebowe – obejmujące bliski kontakt z ciałami zmarłych
  • Niedostateczna infrastruktura ochrony zdrowia – zwłaszcza w regionach o ograniczonych zasobach
  • Zakażenia personelu medycznego – ze względu na brak odpowiednich środków ochrony osobistej
  • Czynniki kulturowe – w tym brak zaufania do oficjalnych instytucji medycznych i odwoływanie się do medycyny tradycyjnej
  • Ubóstwo – ograniczające dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej i środków zapobiegawczych

Badania wykazały, że do 80% zgonów w niektórych epidemiach Ebola można powiązać z niebezpiecznymi praktykami pogrzebowymi, co pokazuje, jak istotne są te czynniki społeczne w rozprzestrzenianiu się choroby1.

Patofizjologia zakażenia

Mechanizm chorobotwórczy wirusa Ebola jest złożony i obejmuje kilka kluczowych procesów12:

  • Wniknięcie wirusa – następuje przez uszkodzoną skórę lub błony śluzowe, takie jak oczy, nos, usta
  • Szybkie namnażanie – po infekcji wirus gwałtownie replikuje się w wielu tkankach organizmu
  • Uszkodzenie komórek śródbłonka – wirus zarówno namnaża się w komórkach wyściełających naczynia krwionośne, jak i je niszczy
  • Zaburzenia układu odpornościowego – zakażenie prowadzi do niewłaściwej odpowiedzi immunologicznej, czemu sprzyja wydzielanie glikoproteiny sekrecyjnej (sGP)
  • Zwiększona przepuszczalność naczyń – prowadząca do utraty płynów i elektrolitów
  • Zaburzenia krzepnięcia – powodujące skłonność do krwawień

U osób, które umierają na chorobę wirusową ebola, nie rozwija się odpowiedź humoralna, podczas gdy u osób, które przeżywają, można wykryć przeciwciała neutralizujące. Prawdopodobnie szeroka odpowiedź układu odpornościowego zwiększa szanse pacjenta na przeżycie zakażenia Ebola1.

Niedawne badania na myszach wykazały dwie genetyczne podatności na ciężki przebieg zakażenia wirusem Ebola1:

  • Podatność w chromosomie 8 – związana z wysokim mianem wirusa we krwi
  • Podatność w chromosomie 7 – gdzie obecność funkcjonalnego locus genetycznego TRIM5 wiązała się z ciężkim stanem zapalnym wątroby, utratą masy ciała i śmiercią

Wątroba staje się dominującym miejscem replikacji wirusa i stanu zapalnego, co prowadzi do niewydolności wątroby. Mechanizm ten związany jest z nadmierną odpowiedzią immunologiczną zwaną „burzą cytokinową”, powodującą masową śmierć komórek i stan zapalny1.

Czynniki zapobiegające transmisji wirusa

Ważne jest zrozumienie, że wirus Ebola nie przenosi się12:

  • Drogą powietrzną (w przeciwieństwie do przeziębienia czy grypy)
  • Przez wodę
  • Przez żywność (z wyjątkiem mięsa dzikich zwierząt w obszarach endemicznych)
  • Przez ukąszenia owadów (np. komary)
  • Przez przypadkowy lub odległy kontakt

Chociaż badania na naczelnych nieludzkich wykazały możliwość zakażenia drogą wziewną, nie ma dowodów na przenoszenie wirusa tą drogą u ludzi. Należy jednak rozważyć możliwość oportunistycznego przenoszenia drogą powietrzną podczas gwałtownych wymiotów lub procedur medycznych generujących aerozole1.

Znaczenie kliniczne

Choroba wirusowa ebola stanowi poważne wyzwanie dla zdrowia publicznego, szczególnie w krajach Afryki Zachodniej, Środkowej i Wschodniej, gdzie występują ogniska choroby1. Średnia śmiertelność w przypadku wszystkich ognisk Ebola wynosi ponad 50%, ale w poszczególnych epidemiach wahała się od 25% do 90%1.

Choroba charakteryzuje się wysoką gorączką, objawami żołądkowo-jelitowymi, niewydolnością wielonarządową i czasami krwawieniami wewnętrznymi i zewnętrznymi1. Przebieg kliniczny obejmuje następujące fazy1:

  • Dni 1-3: nagły wzrost temperatury, osłabienie, bóle mięśniowe, ból głowy i gardła
  • Dni 4-7: wysypka skórna, niewydolność nerek i wątroby, wymioty, biegunka i możliwe krwawienia wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne
  • Dni 7-10: splątanie, oznaki krwawienia, które mogą prowadzić do śpiączki, wstrząsu i śmierci

Obecnie dostępne są dwa przeciwciała monoklonalne zatwierdzone do leczenia choroby wirusowej ebola: mAb114 (ansuvimab™) i REGN-EB3 (Inmazeb™), które wykazały poprawę wyników klinicznych12. Dla innych chorób wywołanych przez wirusy Ebola, takich jak te powodowane przez wirus Sudan lub Bundibugyo, nie ma zatwierdzonych leków ani szczepionek1.

Wpływ na zdrowie publiczne

Wirusy Ebola stanowią niewielkie ryzyko dla podróżnych lub ogółu społeczeństwa poza obszarami epidemii1. Jednak z powodu wysokiej śmiertelności i potencjału do szybkiego rozprzestrzeniania się w warunkach ograniczonej opieki zdrowotnej, choroba wirusowa ebola jest klasyfikowana jako agent bioterroryzmu klasy A1.

Bezprecedensowa epidemia Ebola w Afryce Zachodniej w latach 2014-2016 (największa w historii) oraz trwające ogniska w Demokratycznej Republice Konga znacząco poprawiły zrozumienie choroby i utrzymywania się wirusa u ozdrowieńców, co doprowadziło do nowych strategii zapobiegania zakażeniom i optymalizacji postępowania klinicznego1.

Doświadczenie z epidemii w Afryce Zachodniej pokazało, że śmiertelność związana z chorobą wirusową ebola może być zmniejszona poprzez odpowiednią opiekę wspomagającą1. Przyspieszyło to również badania nad terapiami i szczepionkami do leczenia i zapobiegania chorobie.

Zrozumienie etiologii i mechanizmów choroby wirusowej ebola jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii kontroli, leczenia i zapobiegania przyszłym epidemiom.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Ebola Virus | BCM
    https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/ebola-virus
    Ebola virus is a class A bioterrorism agent, known to cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fever. […] Because the Ebola virus is so hazardous, it is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent – the level assigned to the most dangerous agents known. […] There is still no cure for Ebola virus disease and no established drug therapy to treat Ebola infection. […] There is no approved vaccine that can protect humans against Ebola, although an unlicensed vaccine has been shown to be effective. […] Scientists still need a more thorough understanding about how the virus is transmitted and how it causes disease.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Disease
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection
    Ebola virus disease is a rare but often deadly condition that causes fever, body aches, diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. It’s caused by viruses commonly called Ebola viruses. […] The viruses are found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. They are thought to live mostly in fruit bats, which seem to live with the Ebola viruses without getting sick. But they can spread to other animals and humans, who do get sick from them. It’s not clear why Ebola disease showed up in humans when it did. […] There are four species of orthoebolaviruses that cause Ebola disease in people. […] Ebola isn’t as contagious as more common viruses like colds, influenza, or measles. You can’t get it by breathing the air. Instead, outbreaks start when it infects people who come in contact with the blood, secretions, or organs of an infected animal, like a monkey, chimp, or fruit bat.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola disease is caused by viruses that belong to the Orthoebolavirus genus of the filoviridae family. […] Three different viruses are known to cause large Ebola disease outbreaks: Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Bundibugyo virus. […] While there are licensed vaccines and therapeutics for Ebola virus disease, there is no approved vaccine or treatment for other Ebola diseases, such as SVD or BVD. […] For Ebola virus disease, WHO made strong recommendations for treatment with mAb114 (ansuvimabTM) or REGN-EB3 (InmazebTM) that are both monoclonal antibodies. […] For other Ebola diseases, such as SVD or BVD, there are no approved therapeutics, but candidate products are under development and a CORE protocol for clinical trials is available. […] Orthoebolaviruses are known to persist in immune-privileged sites in some people who have recovered.
  • #1 Treatment and prevention of Ebola and Sudan virus disease – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-ebola-and-sudan-virus-disease
    The family Filoviridae includes the genera Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus, which are among the most virulent pathogens of humans. The genus Orthoebolavirus consists of six species: Zairense, Sudanense, Bundibugyoense, Taiense, Restonense, and Bombaliense. Of these, only the first four have caused recognized Ebola disease in humans. […] The Zairense species, now termed Ebola virus, was the first to be discovered. From 1976 through 2013, it caused multiple outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries in Central Africa, with case fatality rates often approaching 90 percent. […] The Sudanense species, termed Sudan virus, was also discovered in 1976. In five outbreaks in Uganda and Sudan, including one that ended in January 2023, case fatality rates have averaged approximately 50 percent.
  • #1 Ebola | Cause, Symptoms, Treatment, & Transmission | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/science/Ebola
    Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Outbreaks in primatesincluding gorillas, chimpanzees, and humansand domestic pigs have been recorded. The disease is characterized by extreme fever, rash, and profuse hemorrhaging. In humans, ebolaviruses cause fatality in 25 to 90 percent of cases. […] Ebolaviruses take their name from the Ebola River in the northern Congo basin of central Africa, where they first emerged in 1976. Ebolaviruses are closely related to species in the genus Marburgvirus, which was discovered in 1967, and the two are the only members of the Filoviridae that cause epidemic human disease. […] EBOV causes death in 40 to 90 percent of cases, and SUDV causes death in 50 percent of cases. TAFV, found in dead chimpanzees in Ta National Park in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, can infect humans, although only one human case has been documented, and the individual survived. […] The fifth species, BDBV, was discovered in November 2007 in an outbreak in Bundibugyo district of Uganda, near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo; it causes death in roughly 25 to 35 percent of cases.
  • #1
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ebola-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines/ebola-overview-history-origins-and-transmission
    Ebola disease (EBOD) is a severe disease caused by orthoebolaviruses, members of the filoviridae family, which occurs in humans and other primates. […] 4 species of orthoebolavirus are known to cause disease in humans: […] Ebola virus disease (EVD): caused by Ebola (Zaire) virus (orthoebolavirus zairense, EBOV) […] Sudan virus disease (SVD): caused by Sudan virus (orthoebolavirus sudanense, SUDV) […] Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD): caused by Bundibugyo virus (orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense, BDBV) […] Tai Forest (formerly Ivory Coast) virus (orthoebolavirus taiense, TAFV). […] The natural reservoir for Orthoebolaviruses is believed to be fruit bats from the Pteropodidae family. […] Orthoebolaviruses are introduced into the human population through contact with blood, organs, or other bodily fluids of an infected animal.
  • #1 Ebola – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola
    Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. […] EVD in humans is caused by four of six viruses of the genus Ebolavirus. The four are Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Ta Forest virus (TAFV) and one simply called Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly Zaire Ebola virus). […] EBOV, species Zaire ebolavirus, is the most dangerous of the known EVD-causing viruses, and is responsible for the largest number of outbreaks. […] The fifth and sixth viruses, Reston virus (RESTV) and Bombali virus (BOMV), are not thought to cause disease in humans, but have caused disease in other primates. […] All six viruses are closely related to marburgviruses.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560579/
    No appreciable difference in virulence is observed across outbreaks induced by different subtypes. […] The renaming of Ebola virus terms over time has complicated the filovirus taxonomy. Since 2018, Ebola virus, Ebola virus disease (EVD), and EBOV have explicitly referred to the Zaire subtype of Ebola viruses. […] Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) has caused most Ebola virus outbreaks and is thus the most studied of the Ebolavirus types.
  • #1 Ebola disease – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/aetiology
    Orthoebolaviruses belong to the Filoviridae family (genus Orthoebolavirus; order: Mononegavirales). These viruses are elongated, filamentous structures of variable length. The virus is thought to be initially acquired from exposure to body fluids or tissue from infected animals such as bats and nonhuman primates; however, the natural reservoir and mode of transmission to humans has not been confirmed. Laboratory testing of reservoir competence shows that successful infection is possible in bats and rodents, but not in plants or arthropods. Animal-to-human transmission may occur during hunting and consumption of the reservoir species or infected nonhuman primates. The local practice of eating bush meat or food contaminated with bat feces (3 species of tree-roosting bats have been implicated as a reservoir) is also thought to contribute.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560579/
    Ebola viruses are contagious, lethal viruses that are the causative agents of rare Ebola virus disease. […] Ebola viruses, named after the Ebola River, emerged in 1976. The viruses appear episodically in animal populations in regions close to the African equator. They are highly transmissible between humans and primates, including chimpanzees, apes, and gorillas. […] Ebolavirus and Ebola virus antibodies can also be found in bats, which are considered asymptomatic reservoirs. […] Although bats with Ebola virus antibodies have been discovered in surveillance studies during outbreaks, establishing a causal relationship with human illness remains unproven. […] The 5 subtypes of Ebola virus that cause clinical disease in humans are named based on topographic discovery: Zaire/Ebola (EBOV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), Sudan (SUDV), and more recently, Tai Forest (TAFV), and Bombali (BOMV).
  • #1 Ebola virus disease | Communicable Diseases Agency
    https://www.moh.gov.sg/seeking-healthcare/overview-of-diseases/communicable-diseases/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare disease which causes severe illness, often leading to death. […] It is thought that fruit bats are the primary natural carriers of the ebola virus. Humans can contract the disease through contact with the bodily fluids or tissues from infected animals, including fruit bats, primates, forest antelope or porcupines. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person, or with objects contaminated with infected bodily fluids. […] Infected individuals become infectious once they begin to develop symptoms. They remain infectious as long as the virus is present in the blood. […] EVD can also persist in semen of survivors and be transmitted sexually after recovery. Pregnant women who get acute EVD and recover may still carry the virus in breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues. […] The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is approved to protect against the most common type of ebola caused by the Zaire species of the ebola virus. However, the vaccine does not provide cross protection against other types of ebola.
  • #1 Ebola: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/48311-ebola-causes-symptoms-treatment.html
    Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe and often fatal infection caused by viruses in the genus Ebolavirus. […] EVD is caused by viruses in the genus Ebolavirus within the family Filoviridae; these viruses most commonly cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates, including monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees, according to the CDC. […] To date, six species of Ebolavirus have been identified, four of which cause severe disease in humans. […] Ebola viruses are zoonotic, meaning they spread to humans from infected animals during what’s called a „spillover event.” […] Current evidence suggests that African fruit bats likely serve as the natural „reservoir” for Ebola viruses in the wild, according to the CDC. […] While fruit bats are suspected to be the virus’ reservoir host, however, scientists have not pinpointed a specific species that serves as the main host.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) – Symptoms and Causes | familydoctor.org
    https://familydoctor.org/condition/ebola-virus-disease/
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but serious disease caused by infection by the Ebola virus. There are five known strains of the virus. Four of them affect people. One affects only nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees) and pigs. […] EVD is caused by the Ebola virus. It’s origin or how it started is unknown. Scientists believe that it is animal-borne and most likely comes from bats, which transmit the virus to other animals and humans. There is no proof that mosquitos or other insects can transmit the virus. Once infected, a person can spread the virus to other people. […] The Ebola virus is not as contagious as common viruses, such as colds or the flu. It is not spread through air, water, or food. The virus is spread through direct contact with: Blood of a person infected with the virus, Body fluids, such as breast milk, stool, saliva, semen, sweat, urine, or vomit, of a person infected with the virus, Objects, such as needles or syringes, that are contaminated with the virus, Animals, such as bats and primates, that are infected with the virus.
  • #1 Ebola: Symptoms, treatment, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280598
    Ebola virus disease is a serious, often fatal condition in humans and nonhuman primates. Ebola is one of several viral hemorrhagic fevers, caused by infection with a virus of the Filoviridae family, genus Ebolavirus. […] Ebola is caused by viruses in the Ebolavirus and Filoviridae family. Ebola is considered a zoonosis, meaning that the virus is present in animals and is transmitted to humans. […] In Africa, people have developed Ebola after handling infected animals found ill or dead, including chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope, and porcupines.
  • #1 Ebola : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
    https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/ebola?language=fr
    The Ebola virus causes high fever and bleeding that can often prove fatal. […] Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus. […] Fruit bats are thought to be the natural hosts of the Ebola virus. […] The virus then spreads among populations by human-to-human transmission. […] In humans, the Ebola virus can be transmitted through direct contact with the blood or bodily fluids of sufferers, or through indirect contact with environments that have been contaminated by these fluids. […] Epidemics are caused by secondary human-to-human transmission. […] The only way to curb epidemics and human-to-human transmission is to take appropriate precautions to avoid infection, including regular hand-washing, isolating patients and not allowing skin or mucosa to come into contact with infected fluids.
  • #1 Ebola disease – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/aetiology
    Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with body fluids from infected patients or objects contaminated with infected body fluids. In the early epidemics, the reuse of nonsterile injections was responsible for many healthcare-associated transmissions. However, while this still remains a risk, most cases result from close physical contact or contact with body fluids (e.g., sweat, blood, feces, vomit, saliva, genital secretions [including semen], amniotic fluid, and breast milk) of infected patients. […] The level of virus in the blood increases during the course of illness and patients are most infectious in the later stages of the disease (i.e., during diarrhea, vomiting, and hemorrhage). Large amounts of virus can be found in the skin and, as sweat may also contain the virus, touching an infected patient may result in transmission.
  • #1 Ebola Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15606-ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola is a serious, life-threatening type of viral hemorrhagic fever a viral infection that damages your blood vessels. […] Ebola outbreaks develop in countries of West, Central and East Africa. Ebola viruses start in: Antelope, Fruit bats, Nonhuman primates (apes and monkeys). […] Orthoebolaviruses spread through contact with body fluids of infected animals (spillover event) or humans. Body fluids include: Amniotic fluid, Breast milk, Pee (urine), Poop (stool), Semen, Spit (saliva), Sweat. […] Yes, there are Ebola treatments. Healthcare providers use two monoclonal antibody treatments for Ebola virus disease. […] The average survival rate from all Ebola outbreaks is over 50%.
  • #1 Ebola virus disease – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola is a severe and often deadly disease caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and often, death. […] Ebola can occur in humans and other primates (gorillas, monkeys, and chimpanzees). […] The virus poses a very low risk to people in the United States. […] Ebola was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. […] Ebola does not spread as easily as more common illnesses such as colds, the flu, or measles. There is no evidence that the virus that causes Ebola is spread through the air or water. […] A person who has Ebola can’t spread the disease until symptoms appear. […] Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen.
  • #1 Ebola disease – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/aetiology
    The virus can still be detected in semen more than 12 months after recovery from infection, possibly due to testicular tissue being an immunologically protected site. This means that sexual transmission may be possible long after the infection has resolved, and such cases were confirmed during and following the 2014 outbreak. […] Infection via the inhalation route has been shown to be possible in nonhuman primates; however, there is no evidence for airborne transmission in humans. The possibility of opportunistic airborne transmission of the virus during forceful vomiting (similar to that seen with norovirus infection), and during aerosol-generating procedures associated with critical care interventions, should still be considered.
  • #1 Treatment and prevention of Ebola and Sudan virus disease – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-ebola-and-sudan-virus-disease
    Epidemics typically begin when a human comes into contact with an infected animal or its body fluids. However, the persistence of virus in persons who have recovered from Ebola virus disease may potentially be a source of infection for new outbreaks. […] The experience of the 2014 to 2016 West African epidemic demonstrated that the mortality associated with Ebola virus disease may be reduced through adequate supportive care. It also accelerated the investigation of therapies and vaccines for treatment and prevention of Ebola virus disease.
  • #1 Social and Economic Factors Behind Ebola in Sierra Leonne
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-6-086.php?jid=iaphcm
    The initial transmission was zoonotic- humans coming into contact with animals such as bats, rats, and other bush animals; the virus then propagated from human to human through contact with bodily fluids. […] The 2014-2016 epidemic stemmed from Meliandou- a village in the Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea, as a result of zoonotic transmission from the contact of an eighteen-month-old child with a group of bats in December 2013. […] While the initial zoonotic transmission of the Ebola virus explains the initial few cases, biology alone cannot account for the massive influx of cases seen during the epidemic. Many other social, behavioral, and economic factors also contributed to the compounding of the infection count, and stand to explain how the outbreaks morphed into an epidemic. […] The economy of Sierra Leone has been a consistently weak one.
  • #1 Social and Economic Factors Behind Ebola in Sierra Leonne
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-6-086.php?jid=iaphcm
    The continued existence of a corrupt, inactive, and unstable state from its inception and through the epidemic period, resulted in a huge mistrust in the government bodies and thus, drove the public to prominently ignore any initial Ebola warnings or information tried to be disseminated by them, allowing the infection numbers to rise unhindered. […] Unsafe burials were among the foremost factors in the spread of Ebola, forcing the government to place a ban on the traditional way of burying the dead. […] Up to 80% of the deaths in Sierra Leone are linked to individuals following unsafe burials, showing how this social factor was a primary contributor to the prevalence of Ebola.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-overview
    Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The genus Ebolavirus currently is classified into 5 separate species: Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest (Ivory Coast) ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. […] The family Filoviridae resides in the order Mononegavirales and contains the largest genome within the order. This family contains 2 genera: Ebolavirus (containing 5 species) and the antigenically distinct Marburgvirus (containing a single species). […] In patients who have Ebola virus infection, exposure to the virus may be either primary (involving presence in an Ebolavirus-endemic area) or secondary (involving human-to-human or primate-to-human transmission). […] Studies have demonstrated that patients who die of Ebola viral infection do not develop a humoral immune response. However, in survivors neutralizing antibody can be detected. It is likely that a broad humoral immune response can increase the likelihood of an infected patient surviving Ebola.
  • #1 Genetic discoveries in mice shed light on vulnerability to Ebola virus disease – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
    https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/genetic-discoveries-in-mice-shed-light-on-vulnerability-to-ebola-virus-disease/
    The virus that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) has seen rare but repeated outbreaks, particularly in African countries. […] These genetic vulnerabilities, found in chromosomes eight and seven, are linked to high amounts of virus in the blood and severe inflammation, particularly in the liver. […] While the virus is transmitted by contact with infected bodily fluids, the liver becomes a dominant site for virus replication and inflammation. […] Baric noted that Alexs work has revealed an entirely new understanding of how Ebola virus causes lethal infections, providing new opportunities for diagnostics, therapeutic intervention and control. […] In this new study, researchers found one host vulnerability in chromosome eight, which regulates viral load, or the amount of virus in the blood.
  • #1 Genetic discoveries in mice shed light on vulnerability to Ebola virus disease – UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
    https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/genetic-discoveries-in-mice-shed-light-on-vulnerability-to-ebola-virus-disease/
    The team also found a second host vulnerability in chromosome seven, where the presence of a functional genetic region (locus) called TRIM5 was linked to severe liver inflammation, weight loss and eventual death. […] However, the researchers found that in the case of Ebola virus infection, the presence of a functional TRIM5 locus actually led to worse outcomes and eventual death because the virus provoked an overactive immune response called a cytokine storm, causing massive cell death, inflammation and liver failure. […] Schaefer says that because so much of Ebolas damage is concentrated in the liver, their next goal is to investigate the exact mechanism that TRIM5 genes use to cause liver failure and lethal disease. […] Understanding the mechanism that drives disease, she said, will provide opportunities to do something about it.
  • #1 Ebola transmission: Can Ebola spread through the air?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/can-ebola-spread-through-air/faq-20115575
    No, the virus that causes Ebola is not transmitted through the air. Unlike a cold or the flu, the Ebola virus is not spread by tiny droplets that remain in the air after an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Ebola is spread between humans when an uninfected person has direct contact with body fluids of a person who is sick with the disease or has died. People become contagious when they develop symptoms. […] Research suggests that fruit bats are most likely the original hosts of the Ebola virus. Other animals that have been infected include chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines. […] The virus enters a person through a break in the skin or through the mucous membranes, such as the tissues of the eyes, nose, throat or vagina. For example, you could become infected if you touched infected body fluids and then touched your eyes.
  • #1 Ebola Virus Disease – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/topics/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. […] The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. […] The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
  • #1 Ebola virus disease | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0147-3
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). […] EVD outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by human-to-human transmission via direct contact or contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated fomites. […] EVD has a high case fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. […] The results of a randomized clinical trial of investigational therapeutics for EVD demonstrated survival benefits from two monoclonal antibody products targeting the EBOV membrane glycoprotein. […] New observations emerging from the unprecedented 2013-2016 Western African EVD outbreak (the largest in history) and the ongoing EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have substantially improved the understanding of EVD and viral persistence in survivors of EVD, resulting in new strategies toward prevention of infection and optimization of clinical management, acute illness outcomes and attendance to the clinical care needs of patients.
  • #1 Predicting the combined effects of case isolation, safe funeral practices, and contact tracing during Ebola virus disease outbreaks | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0276351
    The current outbreak in Uganda is due to the Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), which also caused a significant outbreak in Uganda in 2000/2001, and the first recorded EVD outbreak in 1976 in Sudan. […] The symptomatic phase of EVD is characterized by a sudden rise in temperature, weakness, muscular pain, headache, and pain in the throat during days 1-3. During days 4-7 cutaneous eruptions, renal and hepatic insufficiency, internal and external bleeding can occur after the appearance of vomiting and diarrhea. Finally, infected individuals may present with confusion and may exhibit signs of internal and/or visible bleeding, potentially progressing towards coma, shock, and death during days 7-10. […] So far, no approved drug treatment exists for the EVD. However, some treatments are associated with improved clinical outcomes. Re-hydration therapy and infusions are known to reduce the severity of symptoms. […] Contact tracing and quarantine strategies are the most important pillars of managing EVD outbreaks. Moreover, safe funeral practices are fundamental. […] The model introduced here is not just applicable to EVD, but also to other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as the MVD or the Lassa fever.
  • #1 Ebola Disease Basics | Ebola | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html
    Ebola disease is caused by an infection with an orthoebolavirus. […] Ebola disease is caused by a group of viruses, known as orthoebolaviruses (formerly ebolavirus). […] There are four orthoebolaviruses that cause illness in people: Ebola virus (species orthoebolavirus zairense) causes Ebola virus disease. […] The viruses that cause Ebola disease pose little risk to travelers or the general public.
  • #2 Factsheet about Ebola disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/ebola-virus-disease/facts/factsheet-about-ebola-disease
    Ebola disease is caused by a group of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus. […] The Ebolavirus genus is a member of the Filoviridae family. […] It includes four distinct species that are pathogenic to humans: Zaire ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Ta Forest ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus. […] Ebolaviruses are classified as a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen and require special containment and barrier protection measures for laboratory personnel and anyone taking care of potentially infected patients or handling dead bodies. […] Ebola disease due to Zaire ebolavirus is referred as Ebola virus disease. […] Ebola disease due to Sudan ebolavirus is referred as Sudan virus disease. […] Ebola disease due to Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Ta Forest ebolavirus is referred to as Bundibugyo virus disease and Ta Forest virus disease, respectively.
  • #2 Ebola – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola
    Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. […] EVD in humans is caused by four of six viruses of the genus Ebolavirus. The four are Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Ta Forest virus (TAFV) and one simply called Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly Zaire Ebola virus). […] EBOV, species Zaire ebolavirus, is the most dangerous of the known EVD-causing viruses, and is responsible for the largest number of outbreaks. […] The fifth and sixth viruses, Reston virus (RESTV) and Bombali virus (BOMV), are not thought to cause disease in humans, but have caused disease in other primates. […] All six viruses are closely related to marburgviruses.
  • #2 Ebola Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-overview
    The known members of the family Filoviridae are the genera Ebolavirus (Ebola virus) and Marburgvirus (Marburg virus). According to the 2012 virus taxonomy of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Ebolavirus is classified into the following 5 separate species: Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. […] After infection, human and nonhuman primates experience an early period of rapid viral multiplication that, in lethal cases, is associated with an ineffective immunologic response. […] The 5 Ebolavirus species were named for the locations where they caused documented human or animal disease. Two African species, Sudan ebolavirus and Zaire ebolavirus, have been responsible for most of the reported deaths. Clinical disease due to African-derived Ebola virus is severe and, with the exception of a patient who survived infection with a third African species, Ivory Coast ebolavirus, is associated with a mortality ranging from 65% (Sudan, 1979) to 89% (Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC], December 2002-April 2003).
  • #2
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ebola-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines/ebola-overview-history-origins-and-transmission
    Ebola disease (EBOD) is a severe disease caused by orthoebolaviruses, members of the filoviridae family, which occurs in humans and other primates. […] 4 species of orthoebolavirus are known to cause disease in humans: […] Ebola virus disease (EVD): caused by Ebola (Zaire) virus (orthoebolavirus zairense, EBOV) […] Sudan virus disease (SVD): caused by Sudan virus (orthoebolavirus sudanense, SUDV) […] Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD): caused by Bundibugyo virus (orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense, BDBV) […] Tai Forest (formerly Ivory Coast) virus (orthoebolavirus taiense, TAFV). […] The natural reservoir for Orthoebolaviruses is believed to be fruit bats from the Pteropodidae family. […] Orthoebolaviruses are introduced into the human population through contact with blood, organs, or other bodily fluids of an infected animal.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola disease is caused by viruses that belong to the Orthoebolavirus genus of the filoviridae family. […] Three different viruses are known to cause large Ebola disease outbreaks: Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Bundibugyo virus. […] While there are licensed vaccines and therapeutics for Ebola virus disease, there is no approved vaccine or treatment for other Ebola diseases, such as SVD or BVD. […] For Ebola virus disease, WHO made strong recommendations for treatment with mAb114 (ansuvimabTM) or REGN-EB3 (InmazebTM) that are both monoclonal antibodies. […] For other Ebola diseases, such as SVD or BVD, there are no approved therapeutics, but candidate products are under development and a CORE protocol for clinical trials is available. […] Orthoebolaviruses are known to persist in immune-privileged sites in some people who have recovered.
  • #2 Ebola | Cause, Symptoms, Treatment, & Transmission | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/science/Ebola
    Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Outbreaks in primatesincluding gorillas, chimpanzees, and humansand domestic pigs have been recorded. The disease is characterized by extreme fever, rash, and profuse hemorrhaging. In humans, ebolaviruses cause fatality in 25 to 90 percent of cases. […] Ebolaviruses take their name from the Ebola River in the northern Congo basin of central Africa, where they first emerged in 1976. Ebolaviruses are closely related to species in the genus Marburgvirus, which was discovered in 1967, and the two are the only members of the Filoviridae that cause epidemic human disease. […] EBOV causes death in 40 to 90 percent of cases, and SUDV causes death in 50 percent of cases. TAFV, found in dead chimpanzees in Ta National Park in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, can infect humans, although only one human case has been documented, and the individual survived. […] The fifth species, BDBV, was discovered in November 2007 in an outbreak in Bundibugyo district of Uganda, near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo; it causes death in roughly 25 to 35 percent of cases.
  • #2 Social and Economic Factors Behind Ebola in Sierra Leonne
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-6-086.php?jid=iaphcm
    The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) or the Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) is a highly fatal disease caused by infection of the Ebola family of viruses (EBV). An EBV infection most commonly affects humans and non-human primates such as Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and monkeys. The EBV family consists of six strains namely- Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus), Sudan virus (species Sudan ebolavirus), Taï Forest virus (species Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus (species Bundibugyo ebolavirus), Reston virus (species Reston ebolavirus), and the Bombali virus (species Bombali ebolavirus). Out of these, the first four (Zaire, Sudan, Taï, and Bundibugyo) viruses lead to disease progression in humans. While the Reston virus infects only non-human primates and pigs, the Bombali virus infects bats with no known infections in humans. EVD becomes observable anytime from six days to twenty-one days after exposure to the virus. The most common Ebola virus symptoms are fever, headache, sore throat, and muscle pain. Untreated, symptoms progress to diarrhea, vomiting, and decreased liver, and kidney functioning. In its gruesome climax Ebola causes internal bleeding (most often in the liver, brain, or kidneys) and in rare cases external bleeding (the virus has been shown to reduce platelet count which inhibits clotting mechanisms). The shock from extreme fluid loss is seen as the cause of death due to this disease, which has a high fatality rate of an average of 50%
  • #2 Ebola Information | NCDHHS
    https://www.ncdhhs.gov/divisions/public-health/ebola-information
    Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. […] Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. […] The natural reservoir host of Ebola virus remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animal-borne and that bats are the most likely reservoir.
  • #2 Ebola Virus Infection: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-overview
    A likely reservoir for filoviruses has been identified. In 1996, members of the National Institute for Virology of South Africa went to Kikwit, DRC, and evaluated the infectivity of Ebola virus for 24 species of plants and 19 species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Insectivorous bats and fruit bats were found to support Ebola virus replication without dying. […] African-derived filovirus infections are characterized by transmission from an unknown host (possibly bats) to humans or nonhuman primates, presumably via direct contact with body fluids such as saliva or blood or other infected tissues. Evidence in nonhuman primates indicates that Sudan ebolavirus and Zaire ebolavirus may be transmitted by contact with mucous membranes, conjunctiva, pharyngeal and gastrointestinal surfaces; through small breaks in the skin; and, at least experimentally, by aerosol.
  • #2 Ebola virus disease Fact Sheet | Africa Health Organisation
    https://aho.org/fact-sheets/ebola-virus-disease-fact-sheet/
    The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. […] Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. […] The virus family Filoviridae includes three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. […] The virus causing the 2014–2016 West African outbreak belongs to the Zaire ebolavirus species. […] It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. […] Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. […] Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.
  • #2 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola is a severe and often deadly disease caused by a virus. […] Ebola can occur in humans and other primates (gorillas, monkeys, and chimpanzees). […] Ebola does not spread as easily as more common illnesses such as colds, the flu, or measles. There is no evidence that the virus that causes Ebola is spread through the air or water. […] A person who has Ebola can’t spread the disease until symptoms appear. […] Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] The virus can enter the body through a break in the skin or through mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose, and mouth. […] In Africa, Ebola may also be spread by handling infected wild animals hunted for food (bushmeat). […] Ebola does not spread through air, water, food, or insects (mosquitoes).
  • #2 How Ebola Disease Spreads | Ebola | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/causes/index.html
    Ebola disease is caused by a group of viruses, known as orthoebolaviruses. […] Scientists believe African fruit bats are involved in the spread of orthoebolaviruses. These fruit bats may be the source of the virus. […] There is no evidence that orthoebolaviruses spread through contact with vaginal fluids from someone who has had Ebola disease. […] Advances in treatment mean more people are surviving Ebola disease. […] Scientists continue to study the long-term effects of infection.
  • #2 Ebola virus disease | Communicable Diseases Agency
    https://www.moh.gov.sg/seeking-healthcare/overview-of-diseases/communicable-diseases/ebola-virus-disease
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare disease which causes severe illness, often leading to death. […] It is thought that fruit bats are the primary natural carriers of the ebola virus. Humans can contract the disease through contact with the bodily fluids or tissues from infected animals, including fruit bats, primates, forest antelope or porcupines. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person, or with objects contaminated with infected bodily fluids. […] Infected individuals become infectious once they begin to develop symptoms. They remain infectious as long as the virus is present in the blood. […] EVD can also persist in semen of survivors and be transmitted sexually after recovery. Pregnant women who get acute EVD and recover may still carry the virus in breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues. […] The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is approved to protect against the most common type of ebola caused by the Zaire species of the ebola virus. However, the vaccine does not provide cross protection against other types of ebola.
  • #2 Please Consider Donating
    https://www.e-ir.info/2015/04/22/the-ebola-virus-disease-problems-consequences-causes-and-recommendations/
    Although the first recorded Ebola outbreak occurred in 1976, the source of the outbreak is still unknown. Ongoing investigations have found that the disease may have originated in bats hunted for meat in forested areas where the initial cases were reported. Scientists have yet to come to a consensus as to the specific bat species which serves as the host of the virus. It is likely, according to Dr. Eric Leroy, that the current outbreak originated in a single infection from a bat that then triggered multiple cycles of human-to-human transmission. […] The destructive nature of the current epidemic can also be attributed to the combination of several intersecting factors, including fear, infection and death of healthcare workers, traditional funeral practices, poverty, and international indifference.
  • #2 Causes, symptoms and treatment of Ebola virus disease
    https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease-evd
    The Ebola virus as a member of this family consists of a non-segmented negative-stranded RNA genome. […] Once an infection takes place in either human or non-human species, rapid viral proliferation (multiplication) occurs in multiple tissues and results in a defective immunologic response in the body within a short period of time. […] Non-structural secretory glycoprotein (sGP) which is secreted as a result of infection is currently believed to play a key role in the lack of sufficient immune response (i.e. the bodys inability to fend off of infection) in a host (infected people or animals). […] Once the virus is present in the body, its course of action is to both replicate within and demolish the endothelial cells (single-layered, squamous cells which line the interior wall linings of blood and lymphatic vessels).
  • #2 Ebola virus disease | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0147-3
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). […] EVD outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by human-to-human transmission via direct contact or contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated fomites. […] EVD has a high case fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. […] The results of a randomized clinical trial of investigational therapeutics for EVD demonstrated survival benefits from two monoclonal antibody products targeting the EBOV membrane glycoprotein. […] New observations emerging from the unprecedented 2013-2016 Western African EVD outbreak (the largest in history) and the ongoing EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have substantially improved the understanding of EVD and viral persistence in survivors of EVD, resulting in new strategies toward prevention of infection and optimization of clinical management, acute illness outcomes and attendance to the clinical care needs of patients.