Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ebola virus disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4707720/

  Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic infection caused by a virus of the Filoviridae family (genus Ebolavirus) […] Human to human transmission occurs through contact with body fluids from infected patients. The incubation period after infection is 1-21 days and patients are not considered infectious until they develop symptoms. […] The initial presentation is non-specific, which makes early clinical diagnosis difficult. […] There are typically three phases of illness, starting with a few days of non-specific fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by a gastrointestinal phase in which diarrhoea and vomiting, abdominal symptoms, and dehydration are prominent. In the second week, the patient may recover or deteriorate, with a third phase of illness including collapse, neurological manifestations, and bleeding, which is often fatal.

• #2 Ebola Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15606-ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding and more. […] Ebola usually starts with flu-like symptoms. But they can progress to severe vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding. […] Each type of Ebola causes similar symptoms. The symptoms may come in phases. You may have flu-like symptoms at first, including: chills, feeling very tired (fatigue) and weak, fever, loss of appetite, muscle pain, severe headache, sore throat. […] Severe Ebola symptoms can develop a few days later, including: black, tarry stool (melena), bleeding or bruising, confusion, diarrhea that may be bloody, rash or spots of blood under your skin (petechiae or purpura), red or bloodshot eyes, vomiting that may be bloody or look like coffee grounds (coffee ground emesis). […] Later Ebola stages can be severe. They may include: brain inflammation (encephalitis), organ failure, seizures, your body doesn’t get enough blood flow (shock).

• #3 Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Ebola disease symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after someone is exposed to the virus. […] „Dry” symptoms, like fever and weakness, occur first and can progress to „wet” symptoms, like diarrhea and vomiting. […] Symptoms of Ebola disease may appear 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus. On average, people begin showing symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure. At first, symptoms are generic and are known as „dry” symptoms. […] After four to five days of illness, patients can progress to „wet” symptoms as they become sicker. […] Other symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, red eyes, skin rash, hiccups, and seizures. […] Patients who pass away from Ebola disease usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. Patients who survive may have fever for several days and begin improving about 6 days after symptoms started.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  The symptoms of Ebola disease can be sudden and include fever, fatigue, malaise, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. These are followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain rash, and symptoms of impaired kidney and liver functions. It is important for health and care workers to be on the lookout for these symptoms. […] Despite a perception that bleeding is a common symptom, this is less frequent and can occur later in the disease. Some patients may develop internal and external bleeding, including blood in vomit and faeces, bleeding from the nose, gums and vagina. Bleeding at the sites where needles have punctured the skin can also occur. […] The impact on the central nervous system can result in confusion, irritability and aggression.

• #5 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, may develop after four to five days of illness. […] Patients with Ebola disease generally have an abrupt onset of fever and symptoms typically 8 to 10 days after exposure. Initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may include elevated body temperature or subjective fever, chills, myalgia, and fatigue. These are known as „dry” symptoms. […] Four to five days after symptom onset, patients can progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, or „wet” symptoms. „Wet” symptoms can include severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, or confusion, may develop.

• #6 Ebola virus disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4707720/

  The most common symptoms reported between symptom onset and case detection in the 2014 outbreak were fever (87.1%), fatigue (76.4%), loss of appetite (64.5%), vomiting (67.6%), diarrhoea (65.6%), headache (53.4%), abdominal pain (44.3%), and unexplained bleeding (18%). […] Signs that indicate severe or advanced infection include hiccups, hypotension, tachycardia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, confusion, and seizures.

• #7 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola is a severe and often deadly disease caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and often, death. […] The time between exposure and when symptoms occur (incubation period) is 2 to 21 days. On average, symptoms develop in 8 to 10 days. Early symptoms of Ebola include: Fever greater than or equal to 100.4°F (38.0°C), Severe headache, Sore throat, Joint pain, Muscle pain, Weakness, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Rash, Abdominal (stomach) pain, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Red eyes, Hiccups. […] Late symptoms include: Bleeding from the mouth and rectum, Bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose, Organ failure. […] A person who does not have symptoms 21 days after being exposed to Ebola will not develop the disease.

• #8 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, may develop after four to five days of illness. […] Patients with Ebola disease generally have an abrupt onset of fever and symptoms typically 8 to 10 days after exposure. Initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may include elevated body temperature or subjective fever, chills, myalgia, and fatigue. These are known as „dry” symptoms. […] Four to five days after symptom onset, patients can progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, or „wet” symptoms. „Wet” symptoms can include severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, or confusion, may develop.

• #9 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, may develop after four to five days of illness. […] Patients with Ebola disease generally have an abrupt onset of fever and symptoms typically 8 to 10 days after exposure. Initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may include elevated body temperature or subjective fever, chills, myalgia, and fatigue. These are known as „dry” symptoms. […] Four to five days after symptom onset, patients can progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, or „wet” symptoms. „Wet” symptoms can include severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, or confusion, may develop.

• #10 Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Ebola disease symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after someone is exposed to the virus. […] „Dry” symptoms, like fever and weakness, occur first and can progress to „wet” symptoms, like diarrhea and vomiting. […] Symptoms of Ebola disease may appear 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus. On average, people begin showing symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure. At first, symptoms are generic and are known as „dry” symptoms. […] After four to five days of illness, patients can progress to „wet” symptoms as they become sicker. […] Other symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, red eyes, skin rash, hiccups, and seizures. […] Patients who pass away from Ebola disease usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. Patients who survive may have fever for several days and begin improving about 6 days after symptoms started.

• #11 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, may develop after four to five days of illness. […] Patients with Ebola disease generally have an abrupt onset of fever and symptoms typically 8 to 10 days after exposure. Initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may include elevated body temperature or subjective fever, chills, myalgia, and fatigue. These are known as „dry” symptoms. […] Four to five days after symptom onset, patients can progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, or „wet” symptoms. „Wet” symptoms can include severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, or confusion, may develop.

• #12 Ebola virus disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4707720/

  The most common symptoms reported between symptom onset and case detection in the 2014 outbreak were fever (87.1%), fatigue (76.4%), loss of appetite (64.5%), vomiting (67.6%), diarrhoea (65.6%), headache (53.4%), abdominal pain (44.3%), and unexplained bleeding (18%). […] Signs that indicate severe or advanced infection include hiccups, hypotension, tachycardia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, confusion, and seizures.

• #13 Ebola Virus Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560579/

  Ebola virus disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, diarrhea, and vomiting. A maculopapular rash is sometimes noted. Bleeding, often manifesting as oozing from venipuncture sites, hematochezia or melena, hematemesis, or bleeding from the gums, occurs in less than 50% of cases. […] Nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, and myalgias, are common initial symptoms. Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting begin a few days later and can be severe. […] The disease can quickly progress to multiorgan system failure, leading to shock and death. The overall case-fatality rate is about 40% to 50%. […] Persons infected with an Ebola virus present with sudden fever, malaise, headache, anorexia, and myalgias. This is often followed by nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Red eyes, sore throat, and hiccups may also occur. A maculopapular rash and hemorrhagic features such as bleeding from mucosal membranes, skin, eyes, nose, and ears may appear later in this early phase. […] The main complications caused by the Ebola virus are profound hypovolemia, hemorrhage, and multisystem organ failure, leading to shock and death.

• #14 Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Ebola disease symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after someone is exposed to the virus. […] „Dry” symptoms, like fever and weakness, occur first and can progress to „wet” symptoms, like diarrhea and vomiting. […] Symptoms of Ebola disease may appear 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus. On average, people begin showing symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure. At first, symptoms are generic and are known as „dry” symptoms. […] After four to five days of illness, patients can progress to „wet” symptoms as they become sicker. […] Other symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, red eyes, skin rash, hiccups, and seizures. […] Patients who pass away from Ebola disease usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. Patients who survive may have fever for several days and begin improving about 6 days after symptoms started.

• #15 Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Ebola disease symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after someone is exposed to the virus. […] „Dry” symptoms, like fever and weakness, occur first and can progress to „wet” symptoms, like diarrhea and vomiting. […] Symptoms of Ebola disease may appear 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus. On average, people begin showing symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure. At first, symptoms are generic and are known as „dry” symptoms. […] After four to five days of illness, patients can progress to „wet” symptoms as they become sicker. […] Other symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, red eyes, skin rash, hiccups, and seizures. […] Patients who pass away from Ebola disease usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. Patients who survive may have fever for several days and begin improving about 6 days after symptoms started.

• #16 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Bleeding is not universally present. However, it can manifest later in the course of disease as petechiae, ecchymosis or oozing from venipuncture sites, mucosal hemorrhage, or blood in stool or vomitus. In general, unexplained bleeding is reported in 40% of patients. […] Patients may develop a mixture of flat and raised lesions on the skin, which are red in color, by days 5 to 7, usually involving the neck, trunk, and arms, that can peel or flake off. […] The most common signs and symptoms reported during the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak include fever (87%), fatigue (76%), vomiting (68%), diarrhea (66%), and loss of appetite (65%). […] Patients with fatal disease usually develop more severe clinical signs early during infection and die typically between days 6 and 16 of complications, including multiorgan failure and septic shock (mean of 7.5 days from symptoms onset to death during the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa). In nonfatal cases, patients may have fever for several days and improve, typically around day 6. Patients who survive can have a prolonged convalescence.

• #17 Ebola Virus Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-clinical

  In patients who have Ebola virus infection, 2 types of exposure history are recognized: primary and secondary. […] Physical findings depend on the stage of disease at the time of presentation. Early in the disease, patients may present with fever, pharyngitis, and severe constitutional signs and symptoms. A maculopapular rash, more easily seen on white skin than on dark skin, may be present around day 5 of infection and is most evident on the trunk. Bilateral conjunctival injection is also common. […] The onset of clinical symptoms is sudden. Severe headache (50-74%), arthralgias or myalgias (50-79%), fever with or without chills (95%), anorexia (45%), and asthenia (85-95%) occur early in the disease. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain (65%), nausea and vomiting (68-73%), and diarrhea (85%), soon follow. Evidence of mucous membrane involvement includes conjunctivitis (45%), odynophagia or dysphagia (57%), and bleeding from multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  The symptoms of Ebola disease can be sudden and include fever, fatigue, malaise, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. These are followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain rash, and symptoms of impaired kidney and liver functions. It is important for health and care workers to be on the lookout for these symptoms. […] Despite a perception that bleeding is a common symptom, this is less frequent and can occur later in the disease. Some patients may develop internal and external bleeding, including blood in vomit and faeces, bleeding from the nose, gums and vagina. Bleeding at the sites where needles have punctured the skin can also occur. […] The impact on the central nervous system can result in confusion, irritability and aggression.

• #19 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Bleeding is not universally present. However, it can manifest later in the course of disease as petechiae, ecchymosis or oozing from venipuncture sites, mucosal hemorrhage, or blood in stool or vomitus. In general, unexplained bleeding is reported in 40% of patients. […] Patients may develop a mixture of flat and raised lesions on the skin, which are red in color, by days 5 to 7, usually involving the neck, trunk, and arms, that can peel or flake off. […] The most common signs and symptoms reported during the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak include fever (87%), fatigue (76%), vomiting (68%), diarrhea (66%), and loss of appetite (65%). […] Patients with fatal disease usually develop more severe clinical signs early during infection and die typically between days 6 and 16 of complications, including multiorgan failure and septic shock (mean of 7.5 days from symptoms onset to death during the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa). In nonfatal cases, patients may have fever for several days and improve, typically around day 6. Patients who survive can have a prolonged convalescence.

• #20 Ebola Virus Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560579/

  Ebola virus disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, diarrhea, and vomiting. A maculopapular rash is sometimes noted. Bleeding, often manifesting as oozing from venipuncture sites, hematochezia or melena, hematemesis, or bleeding from the gums, occurs in less than 50% of cases. […] Nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, and myalgias, are common initial symptoms. Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting begin a few days later and can be severe. […] The disease can quickly progress to multiorgan system failure, leading to shock and death. The overall case-fatality rate is about 40% to 50%. […] Persons infected with an Ebola virus present with sudden fever, malaise, headache, anorexia, and myalgias. This is often followed by nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Red eyes, sore throat, and hiccups may also occur. A maculopapular rash and hemorrhagic features such as bleeding from mucosal membranes, skin, eyes, nose, and ears may appear later in this early phase. […] The main complications caused by the Ebola virus are profound hypovolemia, hemorrhage, and multisystem organ failure, leading to shock and death.

• #21 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  In some cases, internal and external bleeding may occur. This typically begins five to seven days after the first symptoms. All infected people show some decreased blood clotting. Bleeding from mucous membranes or from sites of needle punctures has been reported in 40-50% of cases. This may cause vomiting blood, coughing up of blood, or blood in stool. Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses or haematomas (especially around needle injection sites). […] Recovery may begin between seven and 14 days after first symptoms. Death, if it occurs, follows typically six to sixteen days from first symptoms and is often due to shock from fluid loss. In general, bleeding often indicates a worse outcome, and blood loss may result in death. People are often in a coma near the end of life.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease

  The symptoms of Ebola disease can be sudden and include fever, fatigue, malaise, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. These are followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain rash, and symptoms of impaired kidney and liver functions. It is important for health and care workers to be on the lookout for these symptoms. […] Despite a perception that bleeding is a common symptom, this is less frequent and can occur later in the disease. Some patients may develop internal and external bleeding, including blood in vomit and faeces, bleeding from the nose, gums and vagina. Bleeding at the sites where needles have punctured the skin can also occur. […] The impact on the central nervous system can result in confusion, irritability and aggression.

• #23 Ebola virus disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4707720/

  Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic infection caused by a virus of the Filoviridae family (genus Ebolavirus) […] Human to human transmission occurs through contact with body fluids from infected patients. The incubation period after infection is 1-21 days and patients are not considered infectious until they develop symptoms. […] The initial presentation is non-specific, which makes early clinical diagnosis difficult. […] There are typically three phases of illness, starting with a few days of non-specific fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by a gastrointestinal phase in which diarrhoea and vomiting, abdominal symptoms, and dehydration are prominent. In the second week, the patient may recover or deteriorate, with a third phase of illness including collapse, neurological manifestations, and bleeding, which is often fatal.

• #24 Ebola virus disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4707720/

  Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic infection caused by a virus of the Filoviridae family (genus Ebolavirus) […] Human to human transmission occurs through contact with body fluids from infected patients. The incubation period after infection is 1-21 days and patients are not considered infectious until they develop symptoms. […] The initial presentation is non-specific, which makes early clinical diagnosis difficult. […] There are typically three phases of illness, starting with a few days of non-specific fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by a gastrointestinal phase in which diarrhoea and vomiting, abdominal symptoms, and dehydration are prominent. In the second week, the patient may recover or deteriorate, with a third phase of illness including collapse, neurological manifestations, and bleeding, which is often fatal.

• #25 Ebola Virus Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560579/

  Ebola virus disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, diarrhea, and vomiting. A maculopapular rash is sometimes noted. Bleeding, often manifesting as oozing from venipuncture sites, hematochezia or melena, hematemesis, or bleeding from the gums, occurs in less than 50% of cases. […] Nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, and myalgias, are common initial symptoms. Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting begin a few days later and can be severe. […] The disease can quickly progress to multiorgan system failure, leading to shock and death. The overall case-fatality rate is about 40% to 50%. […] Persons infected with an Ebola virus present with sudden fever, malaise, headache, anorexia, and myalgias. This is often followed by nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Red eyes, sore throat, and hiccups may also occur. A maculopapular rash and hemorrhagic features such as bleeding from mucosal membranes, skin, eyes, nose, and ears may appear later in this early phase. […] The main complications caused by the Ebola virus are profound hypovolemia, hemorrhage, and multisystem organ failure, leading to shock and death.

• #26 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. […] Symptoms usually begin with a sudden influenza-like stage characterised by fatigue, fever, weakness, decreased appetite, muscular pain, joint pain, headache, and sore throat. The fever is usually higher than 38.3 C (101 F). This is often followed by nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and sometimes hiccups. The combination of severe vomiting and diarrhoea often leads to severe dehydration. Next, shortness of breath and chest pain may occur, along with swelling, headaches, and confusion. In about half of the cases, the skin may develop a maculopapular rash, a flat red area covered with small bumps, five to seven days after symptoms begin.

• #27 Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/marburg-and-ebola-virus-infections

  Loss of electrolytes can cause severe hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. Cardiac arrhythmias can result. […] During the 2nd week of symptoms, either defervescence occurs and patients begin recovery, or patients develop fatal multiple organ failure. Recovery is prolonged and may be complicated by recurrent hepatitis, transverse myelitis, and orchitis. The case fatality rate ranges from 25 to 90%. […] Eye lesions (eg, severe cataracts in children) may develop after recovery from Ebola virus infection. In one adult, severe acute unilateral uveitis developed during the convalescent phase after infection. […] A recent follow-up study of patients during convalescence after Ebola virus infection reported that many survivors had major limitations in cognition and vision and in mobility due to joint pain. […] Ebola virus can persist in the central nervous system and ultimately cause a relapse.

• #28

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ebola-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines/ebola-overview-history-origins-and-transmission

  The incubation period of EBOD ranges from 2 to 21 days, with an average of 8 to 10 days. […] The onset of illness is usually sudden, with symptoms of fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain and a sore throat. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting usually follow after a few days. Some patients may develop a rash, cough, shortness of breath, red eyes, hiccups, impaired kidney and liver function and internal and external bleeding. […] Between 25 to 90% of all clinically ill cases of EBOD are fatal, depending on the virus species, patients age and other factors. […] The diagram below outlines how a persons infectiousness changes over time, following infection with orthoebolaviruses. When a person is displaying no symptoms, or early symptoms such as fever, the level of virus in the body is very low, and therefore poses a very low risk to others. Once an individual becomes unwell with symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting, then all body fluids are considered to be infectious, particularly blood, faeces and vomit which may contain high levels of the virus. When someone reaches the point at which they are most infectious, they are unlikely to be well enough to move or interact socially. Therefore, the greatest risk at this stage of infection is to people involved in their care. Skin is likely to be contaminated in the late stage of disease, because of the difficulty of maintaining good hygiene.

• #29

  https://www.idsociety.org/public-health/ebola/ebola-resources/ebola-facts/

  Fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and unexplained bleeding are symptoms of Ebola. […] Without prompt and appropriate treatment, as many as 80% to 90% of people who become sick with Ebola virus disease may die.

• #30 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Bleeding is not universally present. However, it can manifest later in the course of disease as petechiae, ecchymosis or oozing from venipuncture sites, mucosal hemorrhage, or blood in stool or vomitus. In general, unexplained bleeding is reported in 40% of patients. […] Patients may develop a mixture of flat and raised lesions on the skin, which are red in color, by days 5 to 7, usually involving the neck, trunk, and arms, that can peel or flake off. […] The most common signs and symptoms reported during the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak include fever (87%), fatigue (76%), vomiting (68%), diarrhea (66%), and loss of appetite (65%). […] Patients with fatal disease usually develop more severe clinical signs early during infection and die typically between days 6 and 16 of complications, including multiorgan failure and septic shock (mean of 7.5 days from symptoms onset to death during the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa). In nonfatal cases, patients may have fever for several days and improve, typically around day 6. Patients who survive can have a prolonged convalescence.

• #31 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  In some cases, internal and external bleeding may occur. This typically begins five to seven days after the first symptoms. All infected people show some decreased blood clotting. Bleeding from mucous membranes or from sites of needle punctures has been reported in 40-50% of cases. This may cause vomiting blood, coughing up of blood, or blood in stool. Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses or haematomas (especially around needle injection sites). […] Recovery may begin between seven and 14 days after first symptoms. Death, if it occurs, follows typically six to sixteen days from first symptoms and is often due to shock from fluid loss. In general, bleeding often indicates a worse outcome, and blood loss may result in death. People are often in a coma near the end of life.

• #32 Signs and Symptoms of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Ebola disease symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after someone is exposed to the virus. […] „Dry” symptoms, like fever and weakness, occur first and can progress to „wet” symptoms, like diarrhea and vomiting. […] Symptoms of Ebola disease may appear 2 to 21 days after contact with the virus. On average, people begin showing symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure. At first, symptoms are generic and are known as „dry” symptoms. […] After four to five days of illness, patients can progress to „wet” symptoms as they become sicker. […] Other symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, red eyes, skin rash, hiccups, and seizures. […] Patients who pass away from Ebola disease usually develop more severe symptoms early in the illness. Patients who survive may have fever for several days and begin improving about 6 days after symptoms started.

• #33 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Bleeding is not universally present. However, it can manifest later in the course of disease as petechiae, ecchymosis or oozing from venipuncture sites, mucosal hemorrhage, or blood in stool or vomitus. In general, unexplained bleeding is reported in 40% of patients. […] Patients may develop a mixture of flat and raised lesions on the skin, which are red in color, by days 5 to 7, usually involving the neck, trunk, and arms, that can peel or flake off. […] The most common signs and symptoms reported during the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak include fever (87%), fatigue (76%), vomiting (68%), diarrhea (66%), and loss of appetite (65%). […] Patients with fatal disease usually develop more severe clinical signs early during infection and die typically between days 6 and 16 of complications, including multiorgan failure and septic shock (mean of 7.5 days from symptoms onset to death during the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa). In nonfatal cases, patients may have fever for several days and improve, typically around day 6. Patients who survive can have a prolonged convalescence.

• #34 Ebola Virus Disease | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/ebola

  Recovery from Ebola depends on the care a patient receives and the patient’s immune response. Once someone recovers from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus. People who recover from Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years. […] After acute infection, Ebola viruses can stay in certain areas of the body where the individual’s immune system cannot clear them. These areas include the testes, interior of the eyes, placenta, and central nervous system particularly the cerebrospinal fluid. Because of this, Ebola viruses can persist in bodily fluids including semen, breast milk, ocular fluid and spinal column fluid for a period of time after recovery. […] While reinfection with Ebola is unlikely, many Ebola survivors experience health issues after their initial recovery, including the following: Tiredness, Headaches, Muscle and joint pain, Eye and vision problems such as blurry vision, pain, redness and light sensitivity, Weight gain, Stomach pain or loss of appetite.

• #35 Ebola Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15606-ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola symptoms may appear as early as two days after exposure to as late as three weeks. […] If you’re sick with Ebola, it’s best to avoid being around other people (isolate) until you’re no longer capable of spreading the virus. […] After a full recovery, your immune system develops antibodies that will keep you immune from Ebola for about 10 years. […] Ebola can live in semen for a long time between two and three months after you recover.

• #36 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Those who survive often have ongoing muscular and joint pain, liver inflammation, and decreased hearing, and may have continued tiredness, continued weakness, decreased appetite, and difficulty returning to pre-illness weight. Problems with vision may develop. It is recommended that survivors of EVD wear condoms for at least twelve months after initial infection or until the semen of a male survivor tests negative for Ebola virus on two separate occasions. […] Survivors develop antibodies against Ebola that last at least 10 years, but it is unclear whether they are immune to additional infections.

• #37 Ebola Virus Disease | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/ebola

  Recovery from Ebola depends on the care a patient receives and the patient’s immune response. Once someone recovers from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus. People who recover from Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years. […] After acute infection, Ebola viruses can stay in certain areas of the body where the individual’s immune system cannot clear them. These areas include the testes, interior of the eyes, placenta, and central nervous system particularly the cerebrospinal fluid. Because of this, Ebola viruses can persist in bodily fluids including semen, breast milk, ocular fluid and spinal column fluid for a period of time after recovery. […] While reinfection with Ebola is unlikely, many Ebola survivors experience health issues after their initial recovery, including the following: Tiredness, Headaches, Muscle and joint pain, Eye and vision problems such as blurry vision, pain, redness and light sensitivity, Weight gain, Stomach pain or loss of appetite.

• #38 Ebola Virus Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-clinical

  A rash, which in survivors desquamates during convalescence, is seen in approximately 15% of patients. Terminally ill patients often are obtunded, anuric, tachypneic, normothermic, and in shock. […] Although the mechanism is unclear, hiccups were noted in fatal cases of Ebola virus disease in both the 1976 and the 1995 outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). […] Ocular complications were reported in 3 (15%) of 20 survivors of the 1995 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Patients reported ocular pain, photophobia, increased lacrimation, and decreased visual acuity. All had documented uveitis, and all improved with topical application of 1% atropine and steroids. […] Survivors of Ebola virus disease have developed the following late manifestations: Myalgias, Asymmetric and migratory arthralgias, Headache, Fatigue, Bulimia, Amenorrhea, Hearing loss, Tinnitus, Unilateral orchitis, Suppurative parotitis.

• #39 Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/marburg-and-ebola-virus-infections

  Loss of electrolytes can cause severe hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. Cardiac arrhythmias can result. […] During the 2nd week of symptoms, either defervescence occurs and patients begin recovery, or patients develop fatal multiple organ failure. Recovery is prolonged and may be complicated by recurrent hepatitis, transverse myelitis, and orchitis. The case fatality rate ranges from 25 to 90%. […] Eye lesions (eg, severe cataracts in children) may develop after recovery from Ebola virus infection. In one adult, severe acute unilateral uveitis developed during the convalescent phase after infection. […] A recent follow-up study of patients during convalescence after Ebola virus infection reported that many survivors had major limitations in cognition and vision and in mobility due to joint pain. […] Ebola virus can persist in the central nervous system and ultimately cause a relapse.

• #40 Ebola Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15606-ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola symptoms may appear as early as two days after exposure to as late as three weeks. […] If you’re sick with Ebola, it’s best to avoid being around other people (isolate) until you’re no longer capable of spreading the virus. […] After a full recovery, your immune system develops antibodies that will keep you immune from Ebola for about 10 years. […] Ebola can live in semen for a long time between two and three months after you recover.

• #41 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Those who survive often have ongoing muscular and joint pain, liver inflammation, and decreased hearing, and may have continued tiredness, continued weakness, decreased appetite, and difficulty returning to pre-illness weight. Problems with vision may develop. It is recommended that survivors of EVD wear condoms for at least twelve months after initial infection or until the semen of a male survivor tests negative for Ebola virus on two separate occasions. […] Survivors develop antibodies against Ebola that last at least 10 years, but it is unclear whether they are immune to additional infections.

• #42 Clinical Signs of Ebola Disease | Ebola | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, may develop after four to five days of illness. […] Patients with Ebola disease generally have an abrupt onset of fever and symptoms typically 8 to 10 days after exposure. Initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific and may include elevated body temperature or subjective fever, chills, myalgia, and fatigue. These are known as „dry” symptoms. […] Four to five days after symptom onset, patients can progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, or „wet” symptoms. „Wet” symptoms can include severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, or confusion, may develop.

• #43 Ebola disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210

  Ebola disease is non-specific in the early stages, which makes the differential diagnosis broad; therefore, clinical suspicion of the infection with prompt isolation is very important in the context of a history of exposure. […] Key diagnostic factors include fever, myalgia, conjunctival injection, and the presence of risk factors such as exposure to an orthoebolavirus in the previous 21 days. […] Other diagnostic factors include fatigue, anorexia, diarrhoea, vomiting, severe headache, abdominal pain or heartburn, cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, sore throat, prostration, tachypnoea, maculopapular rash, bleeding, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hiccups, tachycardia, hypotension, and neurological signs. […] Case fatality rates range from 25% to 90%, but the average rate was approximately 50% in the 2014 outbreak in West Africa, and 66% in the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Survivors often have prolonged ill health with significant disability.

• #44 Ebola disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210

  Ebola disease is non-specific in the early stages, which makes the differential diagnosis broad; therefore, clinical suspicion of the infection with prompt isolation is very important in the context of a history of exposure. […] Key diagnostic factors include fever, myalgia, conjunctival injection, and the presence of risk factors such as exposure to an orthoebolavirus in the previous 21 days. […] Other diagnostic factors include fatigue, anorexia, diarrhoea, vomiting, severe headache, abdominal pain or heartburn, cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, sore throat, prostration, tachypnoea, maculopapular rash, bleeding, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hiccups, tachycardia, hypotension, and neurological signs. […] Case fatality rates range from 25% to 90%, but the average rate was approximately 50% in the 2014 outbreak in West Africa, and 66% in the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Survivors often have prolonged ill health with significant disability.

• #45 Ebola virus disease | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0147-3

  Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). EVD has a high case fatality rate; it is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. […] Diagnosis requires a combination of case definition and laboratory tests, typically real-time reverse transcription PCR to detect viral RNA or rapid diagnostic tests based on immunoassays to detect EBOV antigens. […] New observations emerging from the unprecedented 2013-2016 Western African EVD outbreak (the largest in history) and the ongoing EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have substantially improved the understanding of EVD and viral persistence in survivors of EVD, resulting in new strategies toward prevention of infection and optimization of clinical management, acute illness outcomes and attendance to the clinical care needs of patients.

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