Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Ebola virus disease, also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.

• #2 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Ebola virus disease, also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.

• #3 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Ebola virus disease, also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.

• #4 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk. […] People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

• #5 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk. […] People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

• #6 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk. […] People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

• #7 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Ebola disease is a notifiable disease. The mainstay of treatment is early recognition of infection coupled with effective isolation and optimized supportive care in a hospital setting. […] High case fatality rates may be related to the supportive care available in resource-poor, rural settings where outbreaks have occurred, and reflect the difficulties patients in these settings have in accessing basic medical care in a healthcare structure that is overwhelmed. […] Cases imported to developed countries present a different scenario with comprehensive supportive care available in these settings, including organ support in intensive care units. […] Despite this, the lack of specific, proven therapies means that fatalities occur even in developed countries where best supportive care is available.

• #8 Treatment and prevention of Ebola and Sudan virus disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-ebola-virus-disease

  The experience of the 2014 to 2016 West African epidemic demonstrated that the mortality associated with Ebola virus disease may be reduced through adequate supportive care. […] It also accelerated the investigation of therapies and vaccines for treatment and prevention of Ebola virus disease. […] As an example, two different monoclonal antibody therapies were found to be beneficial in the „PALM” clinical trial conducted in the North Kivu epidemic in the DRC. […] In addition, the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, first found to provide significant protection in West Africa, was given to more than 300,000 people during the course of the North Kivu epidemic and to more than 30,000 people during the 2020 outbreak in the Équateur Province.

• #9 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/EbolaHealthProfessionals.aspx

  If there is suspicion of EVD in a patient based on travel history and clinical presentation, healthcare providers should immediately isolate the patient and notify their local health department (LHD) and implement the following EVD-specific infection prevention and control precautions: hospital-bed. […] Immediately isolate the patient in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Limit healthcare provider contact with the patient to providing essential patient care; any persons having contact with the patient should practice appropriate precautions and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (PDF). […] All personnel handling specimens from patients with suspected EVD should adhere to recommended infection control practices to prevent infection and transmission.

• #10 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] If the patient is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea, wear PPE according to CDCs Guidance for Persons Under Investigation for Ebola that are Clinically Unstable. If the patient is clinically stable, wear PPE according to CDCs Guidance for Clinically Stable PUIs. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program.

• #11 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #12 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #13 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #14 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #15 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #16 Ebola – Specific information for workers (by job type) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/ebola/by-job-type

  As required by the BBP standard, healthcare workers must use safe injection practices and infection control techniques and wear appropriate PPE to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. […] CDC guidance for U.S. healthcare workers caring for patients with EVD include wearing: surgical scrubs or disposable garments under PPE, dedicated washable footwear, double gloves, boot covers that are waterproof and extend to at least mid-calf or leg covers, single use fluid-resistant or impermeable gown that extends to at least mid-calf or coverall without integrated hood, disposable N95 or PAPR, disposable full-face shield, surgical hoods to ensure complete coverage of the head and neck, a waterproof apron that covers the torso to the level of the mid-calf should be used if EVD patients have vomiting or diarrhea.

• #17 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services and community engagement, including rapid detection, contact tracing of those exposed, quick access to laboratory services, care for those infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Prevention measures involve wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when in close proximity to patients and while handling potentially infected bushmeat, as well as thoroughly cooking bushmeat. […] People who care for those infected with Ebola should wear protective clothing including masks, gloves, gowns and goggles. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that the protective gear leaves no skin exposed. These measures are also recommended for those who may handle objects contaminated by an infected person’s body fluids. In 2014, the CDC began recommending that medical personnel receive training on the proper suit-up and removal of personal protective equipment (PPE); in addition, a designated person, appropriately trained in biosafety, should be watching each step of these procedures to ensure they are done correctly.

• #18 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services and community engagement, including rapid detection, contact tracing of those exposed, quick access to laboratory services, care for those infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Prevention measures involve wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when in close proximity to patients and while handling potentially infected bushmeat, as well as thoroughly cooking bushmeat. […] People who care for those infected with Ebola should wear protective clothing including masks, gloves, gowns and goggles. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that the protective gear leaves no skin exposed. These measures are also recommended for those who may handle objects contaminated by an infected person’s body fluids. In 2014, the CDC began recommending that medical personnel receive training on the proper suit-up and removal of personal protective equipment (PPE); in addition, a designated person, appropriately trained in biosafety, should be watching each step of these procedures to ensure they are done correctly.

• #19 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #20 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #21 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #22 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #23 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #24 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #25 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #26 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #27 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #28 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #29 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #30 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #31 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #32 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #33 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #34 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Treatment is primarily supportive in nature. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be via the oral or intravenous route. These measures may include pain management, and treatment for nausea, fever, and anxiety. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen for pain management, due to the risk of bleeding associated with these medications. Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no evidence to suggest such treatment helps. Several experimental treatments are being studied.

• #35 Ebola Virus Disease | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/ebola

  Care recommendations for individuals sick with Ebola include the following: […] In the absence of or in addition to treatments for Ebola virus, other steps can be taken to care for a person who is sick and improve their chances of survival. […] Providing fluids and electrolytes (body salts) orally or intravenously (in the veins) […] Treating any other infections that occur […] Using medication to reduce vomiting and diarrhea, manage fever and pain and support blood pressure. […] Recovery from Ebola depends on the care a patient receives and the patient’s immune response. […] Once someone recovers from Ebola, they can no longer spread the virus. […] People who recover from Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years. […] People who have had Ebola are believed to have some protection from future infection with the type of Ebola that they had previously.

• #36 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Treatment is primarily supportive in nature. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be via the oral or intravenous route. These measures may include pain management, and treatment for nausea, fever, and anxiety. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen for pain management, due to the risk of bleeding associated with these medications. Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no evidence to suggest such treatment helps. Several experimental treatments are being studied.

• #37 Ebola Virus Disease

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection

  Ebola virus disease is a rare but often deadly condition that causes fever, body aches, diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. It’s caused by viruses commonly called Ebola viruses. […] Those who care for a sick person or bury someone who has died from the disease can get it if they come in contact with blood and other body fluids, either directly or through contaminated objects. […] Caregivers for a person with Ebola, health care workers, and volunteers or aid workers responding to an outbreak are at the highest risk. […] Infections are most likely when caregivers or health providers don’t use strict infection control methods, like wearing gowns, gloves, eye goggles, and respirators, and using disinfectants on contaminated surfaces. […] Ebola treatment also includes supportive measures that can relieve symptoms and improve survival. These include fluids and electrolytes, oxygen, blood pressure medication, blood transfusions, medicines to reduce vomiting and diarrhea, and medicines to reduce pain and fever. […] If you’re a health care worker, wear masks, gloves, and goggles whenever you come into contact with people who may have Ebola, and keep up standard infection control practices even when you don’t know someone’s possible diagnosis.

• #38 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #39 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Treatment is primarily supportive in nature. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be via the oral or intravenous route. These measures may include pain management, and treatment for nausea, fever, and anxiety. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen for pain management, due to the risk of bleeding associated with these medications. Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no evidence to suggest such treatment helps. Several experimental treatments are being studied.

• #40 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Treatment is primarily supportive in nature. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be via the oral or intravenous route. These measures may include pain management, and treatment for nausea, fever, and anxiety. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen for pain management, due to the risk of bleeding associated with these medications. Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no evidence to suggest such treatment helps. Several experimental treatments are being studied.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  Nutritional care of children and adults with Ebola virus disease in treatment centres […] Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is an acute infection caused by the Ebola virus. EVD starts with a flu-like syndrome, fever and profound weakness which may initially appear 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. […] Symptoms of EVD, including a lack of appetite, sore throat, and difficulty in swallowing and breathing, have a direct or indirect impact on nutrition. Vomiting, along with diarrhoea, causes additional nutritional stress through rapid loss of electrolytes, protein, other essential nutrients and fluid. […] EVD patients may have varied nutritional priorities, depending on the stage of the illness and the individual patients underlying nutritional status. It is unclear whether preceding nutritional status contributes directly to the outcome of the disease. Currently, it is unknown whether nutritional support contributes to patients survival.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #46 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  WHO guidelines should be consulted for specific recommendations on fluid and electrolyte management as well as on maintaining adequate nutrition during acute illness and the convalescent phase. […] The WHO recommends the following key management principles: Use both standard precautions and Ebola-specific infection prevention and control measures. […] Include optimized supportive care in the clinical management of all pregnant women. […] The CDC has also produced specific guidance for caring for pregnant women and neonates. […] Children should be managed by teams of health care workers with pediatric expertise. […] Healthcare workers should facilitate communication with family and friends (e.g., use of cell phones or the internet) in order to reduce psychologic distress without increasing the risk of infection.

• #47 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  WHO guidelines should be consulted for specific recommendations on fluid and electrolyte management as well as on maintaining adequate nutrition during acute illness and the convalescent phase. […] The WHO recommends the following key management principles: Use both standard precautions and Ebola-specific infection prevention and control measures. […] Include optimized supportive care in the clinical management of all pregnant women. […] The CDC has also produced specific guidance for caring for pregnant women and neonates. […] Children should be managed by teams of health care workers with pediatric expertise. […] Healthcare workers should facilitate communication with family and friends (e.g., use of cell phones or the internet) in order to reduce psychologic distress without increasing the risk of infection.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  The Ebola virus is present in breast milk and cases of infants of breastfeeding mothers contracting EVD have been noted. However, the transmission mechanism (whether via pregnancy and delivery, breast milk or the close contact with the mother with Ebola, which might include contact with other body fluids) is not clear. […] The 2014 WHO interim guideline lays out some basic principles of optimal nutritional care for adults and paediatric patients during treatment and convalescence in Ebola treatment units, community care centres or other centres where Ebola patients are receiving care and support. Further guidance on breastfeeding can be found in the 2016 pocket guide. […] Breastfeeding should be stopped if acute EVD is suspected or confirmed in lactating women or in a breastfeeding child. The child should be separated from the breastfeeding woman and provided a breastmilk substitute as needed.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  The Ebola virus is present in breast milk and cases of infants of breastfeeding mothers contracting EVD have been noted. However, the transmission mechanism (whether via pregnancy and delivery, breast milk or the close contact with the mother with Ebola, which might include contact with other body fluids) is not clear. […] The 2014 WHO interim guideline lays out some basic principles of optimal nutritional care for adults and paediatric patients during treatment and convalescence in Ebola treatment units, community care centres or other centres where Ebola patients are receiving care and support. Further guidance on breastfeeding can be found in the 2016 pocket guide. […] Breastfeeding should be stopped if acute EVD is suspected or confirmed in lactating women or in a breastfeeding child. The child should be separated from the breastfeeding woman and provided a breastmilk substitute as needed.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  The Ebola virus is present in breast milk and cases of infants of breastfeeding mothers contracting EVD have been noted. However, the transmission mechanism (whether via pregnancy and delivery, breast milk or the close contact with the mother with Ebola, which might include contact with other body fluids) is not clear. […] The 2014 WHO interim guideline lays out some basic principles of optimal nutritional care for adults and paediatric patients during treatment and convalescence in Ebola treatment units, community care centres or other centres where Ebola patients are receiving care and support. Further guidance on breastfeeding can be found in the 2016 pocket guide. […] Breastfeeding should be stopped if acute EVD is suspected or confirmed in lactating women or in a breastfeeding child. The child should be separated from the breastfeeding woman and provided a breastmilk substitute as needed.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/nutrition-ebola

  A woman who has recovered from EVD, cleared viremia and wants to continue breastfeeding should wait until after two consecutive negative EBOV breastmilk tests by RT-PCR, separated by 24 hours. During this time, the child should be given a breastmilk substitute. […] Until further evidence is available, patients should be provided with a minimum of the recommended daily allowance for each nutrient. […] During convalescence, patients should be encouraged to eat as much as they can. […] Patients should be provided with food if they are conscious and can swallow. […] The nutritional needs and approach to nutritional care in any individual will be determined by the patients preceding nutritional status, severity of illness and age.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/pccmjournal/fulltext/2015/02000/care_of_the_child_with_ebola_virus_disease_.1.aspx

  Hospitals should consider initially admitting children with suspected EVD to the PICU even if they do not otherwise meet PICU admission criteria. […] Given the profound importance of limiting secondary cases, children with confirmed EVD may need to be separated from their caregivers. […] Patients with EVD may present with hypovolemia requiring aggressive initial volume resuscitation. […] Clinicians should consider early placement of a central venous catheter or peripherally inserted central catheter to decrease the risk of exposure to blood from multiple phlebotomies and IV catheter placements. […] Psychosocial support of children and their caregivers are essential components of high-quality care for patients infected with highly virulent emerging pathogens such as Ebola virus. […] EVD is a severe multisystem disease with high mortality in children and adults. Hospitals and clinicians must prepare to provide care for patients with EVD before such patients present for care, with particular attention to rigorous infection control in order to limit secondary cases.

• #54 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  WHO guidelines should be consulted for specific recommendations on fluid and electrolyte management as well as on maintaining adequate nutrition during acute illness and the convalescent phase. […] The WHO recommends the following key management principles: Use both standard precautions and Ebola-specific infection prevention and control measures. […] Include optimized supportive care in the clinical management of all pregnant women. […] The CDC has also produced specific guidance for caring for pregnant women and neonates. […] Children should be managed by teams of health care workers with pediatric expertise. […] Healthcare workers should facilitate communication with family and friends (e.g., use of cell phones or the internet) in order to reduce psychologic distress without increasing the risk of infection.

• #55 Nursing Care Plan of A Patient With Ebola Virus Disease | PDF | Pain | Nursing

  https://www.scribd.com/document/537173484/NURSING-CARE-PLAN-OF-A-PATIENT-WITH-EBOLA-VIRUS-DISEASE

  The patient has Ebola virus disease as evidenced by body aches, fever, diarrhea, and diagnostic test results. […] The nursing care plan focuses on managing the patient’s pain, which is currently a 7 out of 10, as well as risks of bleeding and electrolyte imbalances. […] Nursing interventions include rest, pain medication, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and education. […] The goals are to decrease the patient’s pain level and improve well-being within 1-8 hours through nursing care and monitoring of symptoms, intake and output.

• #56 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #57 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #58 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk. […] People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

• #59 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #60 Nursing Care Plan of A Patient With Ebola Virus Disease | PDF | Pain | Nursing

  https://www.scribd.com/document/537173484/NURSING-CARE-PLAN-OF-A-PATIENT-WITH-EBOLA-VIRUS-DISEASE

  The patient has Ebola virus disease as evidenced by body aches, fever, diarrhea, and diagnostic test results. […] The nursing care plan focuses on managing the patient’s pain, which is currently a 7 out of 10, as well as risks of bleeding and electrolyte imbalances. […] Nursing interventions include rest, pain medication, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and education. […] The goals are to decrease the patient’s pain level and improve well-being within 1-8 hours through nursing care and monitoring of symptoms, intake and output.

• #61 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #62 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Volume loss can be significant in EVD during the gastrointestinal phase with up to 10 L of fluid loss in a 24-h period. Matching this volume loss with oral rehydration or intravenous fluids is challenging. However, it should be the goal of fluid replacement to maintain intravascular volume to avoid shock. […] The GI phase of the disease is where significant morbidity and mortality happens with EVD. […] Antiemetic medications can help reduce the amount of vomiting experienced by patients. Clinicians should be proactive when using antiemetic medications especially if they have to rely heavily on oral rehydration. […] Hemorrhage is historically a hallmark of EVD. In studies which have examined the correlation, there is an association between hemorrhage and mortality. Therefore, correcting coagulopathy is a goal of supportive care in EVD.

• #63 Ebola virus disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ebola-virus-disease

  Ebola can only spread between humans by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen. […] Health care workers and people caring for sick relatives are at high risk for developing Ebola because they are more likely to come in to direct contact with body fluids. The proper use of personal protective equipment personal protective equipment (PPE) greatly reduces this risk. […] People with Ebola must be treated in a hospital. There, they can be isolated so the disease cannot spread. Health care providers will treat the symptoms of the disease. […] Health care workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps: Wear PPE, including protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

• #64 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #65

  https://www.utmb.edu/hce/pathogens/ebola

  Staff should screen all patients for Ebola at all access points according to Epic protocol, which will launch when a patient chart is opened. […] If the patient’s symptoms are consistent with Ebola and they have traveled to a CDC-identified country with widespread Ebola transmission in the last 21 days or may have had contact with an EVD-infected individual within the last 21 days of illness onset, and do the following: […] Isolate the patient – Place patient in private room and initiate Standard, Contact and Droplet precautions. […] Use full PPE – Please refer to Policy 4.01 Infection Control for the Care of Patients with Diagnosed or Suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) for details. […] Immediately contact Healthcare Epidemiology – Immediately page Healthcare Epidemiology at 409-643-3133 (24/7).

• #66 Ebola disease – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1210/management-approach

  Systematic assessment and reassessment of patients. […] Fluid resuscitation. […] Electrolyte monitoring and correction. […] Glucose monitoring and management. […] Management of potential co-infections. […] Nutrition. […] Symptomatic care. […] Prevention and management of complications. […] Each patient should be assessed systematically each day using a suitable checklist. […] The high frequency of vomiting and diarrhea means that patients are often dehydrated and hypovolemic, particularly if they present late. […] Oral rehydration solutions can be used for patients who can tolerate oral administration and who are not severely dehydrated, but the majority of patients require intravenous fluid replacement with either normal saline or lactated Ringer solution. […] Close supervision and frequent monitoring are required as it is important to assess response and prevent fluid overload.

• #67 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Treatment is primarily supportive in nature. Early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment improves survival. Rehydration may be via the oral or intravenous route. These measures may include pain management, and treatment for nausea, fever, and anxiety. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends avoiding aspirin or ibuprofen for pain management, due to the risk of bleeding associated with these medications. Blood products such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no evidence to suggest such treatment helps. Several experimental treatments are being studied.

• #68 Nursing Care Plan of A Patient With Ebola Virus Disease | PDF | Pain | Nursing

  https://www.scribd.com/document/537173484/NURSING-CARE-PLAN-OF-A-PATIENT-WITH-EBOLA-VIRUS-DISEASE

  The patient has Ebola virus disease as evidenced by body aches, fever, diarrhea, and diagnostic test results. […] The nursing care plan focuses on managing the patient’s pain, which is currently a 7 out of 10, as well as risks of bleeding and electrolyte imbalances. […] Nursing interventions include rest, pain medication, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and education. […] The goals are to decrease the patient’s pain level and improve well-being within 1-8 hours through nursing care and monitoring of symptoms, intake and output.

• #69 For Healthcare Providers – Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease/healthcare-providers

  If a person has a possible exposure to EVD or MVD and symptoms, follow the identify, isolate, and inform strategy to reduce exposure in your health care facility. […] The person should immediately be placed in a private room with an in-room bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] Minimize the number of personnel in contact with the patient and maintain a log of all people entering the patient’s room. […] Perform only necessary tests and procedures and avoid aerosol-generating procedures. […] If the patient is clinically unstable or is bleeding, vomiting, or has diarrhea, wear PPE according to CDCs Guidance for Persons Under Investigation for Ebola that are Clinically Unstable. If the patient is clinically stable, wear PPE according to CDCs Guidance for Clinically Stable PUIs. […] Inform your local health jurisdiction and your facilitys infection control program.

• #70

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=2715842&Journal_ID=54013&Issue_ID=2715780

  Following our leadership team’s commitment to patient and staff safety, we implemented staff training. […] Simulation exercises in full PPE included nursing and medical procedures, waste management procedures, communication strategies, and equipment handling and documentation requirements. […] With experience, three important aspects of care emerged. The first was the type of PPE used. […] The second aspect was the level of staffing. […] The last important aspect was decontamination. […] Based on the knowledge that we gleaned from providing care to this first patient with suspected EVD, we made changes to staffing, PPE, and waste procedures.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-016-0087-3

  The 2014 Ebola epidemic provided unique insight into how modern hospitals must prepare to handle a disease associated with high transmissibility and mortality. […] Effective patient screening at points of entry should be prioritized by all hospitals during an Ebola epidemic. […] Emphasis should be placed on healthcare worker training in safety protocols (particularly doffing personal protective equipment) and preparing to manage significant volumes of highly infectious waste. […] Preparing a hospital to care for an ebola virus disease (EVD) patient is a complex effort with multiple logistical challenges and an iterative process that requires flexibility and ingenuity to respond to a dynamic environment. […] Despite the many challenges, hospital preparedness for Ebola will better prepare us for the next highly communicable disease threat.

• #72 Ebola Information | Disaster Preparedness | ANA Enterprise

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/ebola-information/

  Develop a preparedness plan that provides specific information on procedures and protocols to be used in your hospital or healthcare setting for identifying and caring for a patient with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). A preparedness plan should include: […] Early identification of Ebola Virus Disease through effective triage is critical to preventing the spread of infection. Paramedics, RNs, physicians and other personnel employed at health clinics and medical offices may be the first health care professionals to come in contact with patients with suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). […] Hospitals may encounter patients with suspected and/or confirmed Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) at any time. Updated CDC guidelines released on October 20th, 2014 remind all health care facilities that a preparedness plan that includes rigorous education, drilling and practice of any staff that directly interact with or care for patients is critical to ensure safe management of patients with EVD, particularly with PPE donning and doffing procedures.

• #73 Ebola Information | Disaster Preparedness | ANA Enterprise

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/ebola-information/

  Develop a preparedness plan that provides specific information on procedures and protocols to be used in your hospital or healthcare setting for identifying and caring for a patient with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). A preparedness plan should include: […] Early identification of Ebola Virus Disease through effective triage is critical to preventing the spread of infection. Paramedics, RNs, physicians and other personnel employed at health clinics and medical offices may be the first health care professionals to come in contact with patients with suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). […] Hospitals may encounter patients with suspected and/or confirmed Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) at any time. Updated CDC guidelines released on October 20th, 2014 remind all health care facilities that a preparedness plan that includes rigorous education, drilling and practice of any staff that directly interact with or care for patients is critical to ensure safe management of patients with EVD, particularly with PPE donning and doffing procedures.

• #74

  https://www.utmb.edu/hce/pathogens/ebola

  Staff should screen all patients for Ebola at all access points according to Epic protocol, which will launch when a patient chart is opened. […] If the patient’s symptoms are consistent with Ebola and they have traveled to a CDC-identified country with widespread Ebola transmission in the last 21 days or may have had contact with an EVD-infected individual within the last 21 days of illness onset, and do the following: […] Isolate the patient – Place patient in private room and initiate Standard, Contact and Droplet precautions. […] Use full PPE – Please refer to Policy 4.01 Infection Control for the Care of Patients with Diagnosed or Suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) for details. […] Immediately contact Healthcare Epidemiology – Immediately page Healthcare Epidemiology at 409-643-3133 (24/7).

• #75 Ebola Information | Disaster Preparedness | ANA Enterprise

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/ebola-information/

  Develop a preparedness plan that provides specific information on procedures and protocols to be used in your hospital or healthcare setting for identifying and caring for a patient with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). A preparedness plan should include: […] Early identification of Ebola Virus Disease through effective triage is critical to preventing the spread of infection. Paramedics, RNs, physicians and other personnel employed at health clinics and medical offices may be the first health care professionals to come in contact with patients with suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). […] Hospitals may encounter patients with suspected and/or confirmed Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) at any time. Updated CDC guidelines released on October 20th, 2014 remind all health care facilities that a preparedness plan that includes rigorous education, drilling and practice of any staff that directly interact with or care for patients is critical to ensure safe management of patients with EVD, particularly with PPE donning and doffing procedures.

• #76

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-016-0087-3

  The 2014 Ebola epidemic provided unique insight into how modern hospitals must prepare to handle a disease associated with high transmissibility and mortality. […] Effective patient screening at points of entry should be prioritized by all hospitals during an Ebola epidemic. […] Emphasis should be placed on healthcare worker training in safety protocols (particularly doffing personal protective equipment) and preparing to manage significant volumes of highly infectious waste. […] Preparing a hospital to care for an ebola virus disease (EVD) patient is a complex effort with multiple logistical challenges and an iterative process that requires flexibility and ingenuity to respond to a dynamic environment. […] Despite the many challenges, hospital preparedness for Ebola will better prepare us for the next highly communicable disease threat.

• #77 I was a nurse on the front lines of Ebola, and I saw that nurses need support for the trauma and pain they experience

  https://theconversation.com/i-was-a-nurse-on-the-front-lines-of-ebola-and-i-saw-that-nurses-need-support-for-the-trauma-and-pain-they-experience-133148

  Since the beginning of the profession, nurses have played pivotal roles during outbreaks of disease, delivering care throughout even the bleakest of public health emergencies. […] I was drawn to serve in Sierra Leone at the height of the epidemic because of the duty to care that we nurses believe is part of our profession. […] Nurses have an ethical obligation to care for themselves. If nurses dont take care of themselves, how will they be able to care for others? […] During disease outbreaks, nurses levels of preparedness and experience help them decide adroitly how much care they can provide to patients while also taking care of themselves. […] Education and training are critical to preparedness during disease outbreaks. […] Nurses should not work in uncertain, unsafe and morally distressing conditions with limited resources. […] Nurses more than any other health care workers, constitute the major taskforce in responding to the disease outbreaks. For their sake and society, they need institutional support to ensure that they are trained, well prepare and ready to step into an epidemic response role.

• #78

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=2715842&Journal_ID=54013&Issue_ID=2715780

  Following our leadership team’s commitment to patient and staff safety, we implemented staff training. […] Simulation exercises in full PPE included nursing and medical procedures, waste management procedures, communication strategies, and equipment handling and documentation requirements. […] With experience, three important aspects of care emerged. The first was the type of PPE used. […] The second aspect was the level of staffing. […] The last important aspect was decontamination. […] Based on the knowledge that we gleaned from providing care to this first patient with suspected EVD, we made changes to staffing, PPE, and waste procedures.

• #79 Ebola Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/216288-treatment

  Guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that healthcare personnel who care for patients infected with Ebola virus (ie, physicians, nurses, other clinicians) wear personal protective equipment (PPE) that does not expose any skin. This includes a surgical hood that covers the head and neck and a single-use full face shield (rather than goggles), in addition to either a N95 respirator or powered air-purifying respirator instead of a mask. […] The CDC now recommends that clinicians train rigorously at donning and doffing PPE in a stepwise manner and demonstrate competency. A trained monitor should oversee each time a clinician puts on and takes off this gear.

• #80

  https://www.utmb.edu/hce/pathogens/ebola

  UTMBs protocol for the identification, isolation and care for patients that might present to our facilities can be found in Policy 4.01 Infection Control for the Care of Patients with Diagnosed or Suspected Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). […] We have developed protocols, processes and training collaboratively with the safety of our healthcare workers and our employees as a top priority. […] Particular emphasis for training will be first with those who will be in direct care contact with such a patient; those will screen patients in our clinics and by phone. […] Other care areas should continue to use their PPE as previously trained.

• #81 Providing nursing care to Ebola patients on the national stage: The National Institutes of Health experience

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4402233/

  Exquisitely exact barrier protections are essential to prevent transmission to care providers or environmental contamination. […] Procedures to care for EVD within isolation are not simple and not likely to be learned through a 1-hour video and demonstration. Intensive practice and observation as well as a chance to experience working in full gear are needed. […] Volunteerism is a critical element in first response to this crisis, both in America and in Africa. […] Our nurses were deeply affected by the experience of caring for a nurse who had cared for an infected patient and had contracted EVD.

• #82 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Like most viral illnesses in humans, supportive care of the patient is the mainstay of clinical care for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). The goal is to maintain and sustain the patient until a specific immune response develops and clears the viral infection. Clearly, antiviral therapy may eventually help speed recovery, but supportive care will likely always be the centerpiece of care of the patient with EVD. […] Regardless of the care setting, resource-rich or resource-constrained, it is beneficial to have an established team of care providers. This team should consist of nurses and physicians who are familiar with clinical care of patients with EVD and have demonstrated competency using necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Given the severity of illness many patients with EVD have, it is important to have an almost expectant management philosophy. Expectant management means anticipating potential problems and pitfalls and taking corrective action before they actually arise. In this way, problems can be avoided or mitigated.

• #83 Clinical Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in High-Resource Settings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7120076/

  Like most viral illnesses in humans, supportive care of the patient is the mainstay of clinical care for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). The goal is to maintain and sustain the patient until a specific immune response develops and clears the viral infection. Clearly, antiviral therapy may eventually help speed recovery, but supportive care will likely always be the centerpiece of care of the patient with EVD. […] Regardless of the care setting, resource-rich or resource-constrained, it is beneficial to have an established team of care providers. This team should consist of nurses and physicians who are familiar with clinical care of patients with EVD and have demonstrated competency using necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Given the severity of illness many patients with EVD have, it is important to have an almost expectant management philosophy. Expectant management means anticipating potential problems and pitfalls and taking corrective action before they actually arise. In this way, problems can be avoided or mitigated.

• #84

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=2715842&Journal_ID=54013&Issue_ID=2715780

  We had multiple additional questions that needed answers before we would be ready to care for a patient with EVD. […] Depending on the condition of each patient, we needed to ensure that we had staffing to provide ICU-level nursing care. […] We also needed to build capacity by having SCSU nurses who specialize in infectious disease, as well as two other specially trained nurses to provide safety observation and environmental support for each patient. […] The WatSan was a healthcare provider whose role was to instruct the staff when donning and doffing PPE. […] At the time of our first admission, the evidence was expert opinion and the consensus of our interdisciplinary team, which included infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, intensivists, and nurses who shared a commitment to ensuring staff safety while providing quality care.

• #85

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=2715842&Journal_ID=54013&Issue_ID=2715780

  We had multiple additional questions that needed answers before we would be ready to care for a patient with EVD. […] Depending on the condition of each patient, we needed to ensure that we had staffing to provide ICU-level nursing care. […] We also needed to build capacity by having SCSU nurses who specialize in infectious disease, as well as two other specially trained nurses to provide safety observation and environmental support for each patient. […] The WatSan was a healthcare provider whose role was to instruct the staff when donning and doffing PPE. […] At the time of our first admission, the evidence was expert opinion and the consensus of our interdisciplinary team, which included infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, intensivists, and nurses who shared a commitment to ensuring staff safety while providing quality care.

• #86 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  During the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, supportive care was the only non-experimental treatment option for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). […] The objective of this study was to document and deepen understanding of barriers to provision of supportive care in Ebola treatment units (ETUs) as perceived by those involved in care delivery during the outbreak. […] Participants emphasized three interconnected barriers to providing high-quality supportive care during the outbreak: 1) lack of material and human resources in ETUs; 2) ETU organizational structure limiting the provision of supportive clinical care; and 3) delayed and poorly coordinated policies limiting the effectiveness of global and national responses. […] Our findings identified potentially modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in West Africa.

• #87 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  During the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, supportive care was the only non-experimental treatment option for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). […] The objective of this study was to document and deepen understanding of barriers to provision of supportive care in Ebola treatment units (ETUs) as perceived by those involved in care delivery during the outbreak. […] Participants emphasized three interconnected barriers to providing high-quality supportive care during the outbreak: 1) lack of material and human resources in ETUs; 2) ETU organizational structure limiting the provision of supportive clinical care; and 3) delayed and poorly coordinated policies limiting the effectiveness of global and national responses. […] Our findings identified potentially modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in West Africa.

• #88 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  During the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, supportive care was the only non-experimental treatment option for patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). […] The objective of this study was to document and deepen understanding of barriers to provision of supportive care in Ebola treatment units (ETUs) as perceived by those involved in care delivery during the outbreak. […] Participants emphasized three interconnected barriers to providing high-quality supportive care during the outbreak: 1) lack of material and human resources in ETUs; 2) ETU organizational structure limiting the provision of supportive clinical care; and 3) delayed and poorly coordinated policies limiting the effectiveness of global and national responses. […] Our findings identified potentially modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in West Africa.

• #89 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  Participants reported three main barriers to supportive care for EVD patients in ETUs: 1) lack of material and human resources; 2) organizational structure limiting the provision of supportive clinical care; and 3) delayed and poorly coordinated policies limiting the efficiency of the global and national responses. […] In summary, our participants discussed organizational barriers, such as lack of standardization of care and deficient management structures in ETUs, that prevented patients with EVD from receiving adequate supportive and patient-centred care during the outbreak. […] Participants recognized that the magnitude of the EVD outbreak presented unprecedented challenges for healthcare organizations as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations. […] Participants identified numerous flaws in outbreak response policies, including a delayed international response, lack of communication and data-sharing among organizations, and inadequate community engagement.

• #90 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  Our findings identified modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in the West African context. […] Addressing these barriers in the inter-outbreak period will be useful in establishing health systems that will improve patient care and outcomes during inevitable future outbreaks.

• #91 Barriers to supportive care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: Results of a qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201091

  Our findings identified modifiable barriers to the delivery of supportive care to patients with EVD in the West African context. […] Addressing these barriers in the inter-outbreak period will be useful in establishing health systems that will improve patient care and outcomes during inevitable future outbreaks.

• #92 Ebola – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola

  Ebola virus disease, also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.

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