Atrezja przełyku i przetoka tchawiczo-przełykowa
Epidemiologia

Przełyk zarośnięty (OA) i przetoka tchawiczo-przełykowa (TEF) to wady wrodzone o częstości występowania około 1:3500-4500 żywych urodzeń globalnie, z nieco wyższą częstością w Europie (1:4000) i najwyższą w Finlandii (1:2500). Epidemiologia wskazuje na przewagę płci męskiej (62%, stosunek 1,2:1) oraz zwiększone ryzyko u młodych matek (<20 lat, OR=1,82; 95% CI 1,23-2,67). Większość przypadków jest sporadyczna, z minimalnym komponentem genetycznym (<1% rodzinnych), a około 50-55% pacjentów ma dodatkowe wady wrodzone, najczęściej serca (15-27%), odbytu, kręgosłupa i układu moczowo-płciowego. OA/TEF często współwystępuje z zespołami genetycznymi, takimi jak VACTERL, CHARGE, trisomie 18 i 21. Diagnostyka prenatalna opiera się na USG i MRI płodu, które mają ograniczoną czułość, ale wysoką swoistość (MRI swoistość 95% dla cech OA/TEF). Po urodzeniu rozpoznanie opiera się na objawach oddechowych i radiologicznych, w tym niemożności przejścia zgłębnika do żołądka i obecności powietrza w żołądku.

Epidemiologia przełyku zarośniętego i przetoki tchawiczo-przełykowej

Przełyk zarośnięty (oesophageal atresia, OA) i przetoka tchawiczo-przełykowa (tracheo-oesophageal fistula, TEF) to względnie częste wady wrodzone układu pokarmowego i oddechowego. Częstość występowania tych wad waha się w zależności od źródeł i regionów geograficznych. Globalna częstość występowania OA/TEF wynosi około 1 na 3500-4500 żywych urodzeń123. W Europie wskaźnik jest nieznacznie wyższy i wynosi około 1 na 4000 żywych urodzeń4. W niektórych krajach obserwuje się pewne różnice – najwyższą częstość występowania wady odnotowano w Finlandii, gdzie wynosi ona 1 na 2500 urodzeń5.

Badania epidemiologiczne przeprowadzone przez EUROCAT (European Registration of Congenital Anomalies and Twins) wykazały całkowitą częstość występowania TEF i OA w 15 rejestrach obejmujących 1 546 889 urodzeń w latach 1980-1988, wynoszącą 2,86 na 10 000 urodzeń6. Co ciekawe, zaobserwowano tendencję spadkową w częstości występowania tych wad na przestrzeni lat: 3,5 na 10 000 w latach 1980-1982, 2,7 w latach 1983-1985 i 2,5 w latach 1986-19887. Przyczyny tego spadku nie są znane8.

Rozkład płci i czynniki matczyne

Istnieją pewne dowody na predylekcję płciową w występowaniu OA/TEF. Dane z badania EUROCAT wskazują, że 62% przypadków stanowią płody męskie9, co potwierdza nieznaczną przewagę płci męskiej (stosunek 1,2:1)10. Jednakże niektóre źródła sugerują, że nie istnieje przekonująca predylekcja płciowa lub rasowa1112.

W odniesieniu do czynników matczynych, zaobserwowano znacząco zwiększone ryzyko wystąpienia OA/TEF u matek poniżej 20 roku życia (iloraz szans w porównaniu z matkami w wieku 25-29 lat = 1,82, 95% przedział ufności 1,23 do 2,67)13. Wiele potencjalnych ekspozycji matczynych było postulowanych jako czynniki przyczyniające się do powstania tych wad, jednak żadne z nich nie zostały jednoznacznie potwierdzone. Wśród sugerowanych czynników wymienia się cukrzycę matczyną (niewysiepieniową) w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży, starszy wiek matki, ekspozycję na dietylostilbestrol (DES), pracę ogrodniczą, alkohol i palenie tytoniu14.

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Zdecydowana większość przypadków OA/TEF występuje sporadycznie i nie ma charakteru zespołowego, chociaż niewielka liczba w tej grupie związana jest z nieprawidłowościami chromosomalnymi15. Rodzinne/zespołowe przypadki przełyku zarośniętego są niezwykle rzadkie i stanowią mniej niż 1% wszystkich przypadków16.

Dane z badań bliźniąt i rodzin sugerują, że czynniki genetyczne nie odgrywają głównej roli w etiologii tych wad17, chociaż istnieją dobrze zdefiniowane przypadki, w których czynniki genetyczne mają wyraźne znaczenie. OA/TEF występuje 2-3 razy częściej u bliźniąt18. Istnieje tylko minimalny komponent dziedziczny/genetyczny, a częstość występowania u bliźniąt i osób z wywiadem rodzinnym wynosi zaledwie około 1%19. Ogólne ryzyko ponownego wystąpienia OA/TEF u rodzeństwa dziecka z tą wadą wynosi około 1%2021. Ryzyko nawrotu w kolejnych ciążach jest bardzo niskie, jeśli wada nie jest częścią zespołu wad22.

Wady towarzyszące i zespoły związane z OA/TEF

U około 50% pacjentów z OA/TEF występują dodatkowe wady wrodzone23242526. Według niektórych źródeł odsetek ten wynosi dokładnie 55%27. Najczęstszymi towarzyszącymi wadami są:

  • Wady serca – występujące u 15-19% pacjentów28, a według niektórych źródeł nawet u 27% niemowląt z OA/TEF29. Wady serca są najczęstszymi wadami towarzyszącymi3031
  • Wady odbytu i odbytnicy
  • Wady kręgosłupa i kośćca
  • Wady układu moczowo-płciowego

OA/TEF jest często związany z kompleksami wad lub zespołami genetycznymi32, takimi jak:

  • Zespół VACTERL (Vertebral, Anus, Cardiac, Trachea, Esophagus, Renal, Limb) – zawierający wady kręgów, odbytu, serca, tchawicy, przełyku, nerek i kończyn333435
  • Zespół CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth, Genital abnormalities, Ear abnormalities) – obejmujący kolobomę, wady serca, zarośnięcie nozdrzy tylnych, opóźnienie wzrostu, nieprawidłowości narządów płciowych i nieprawidłowości uszu3637
  • Zespół Feingolda
  • Trisomie, szczególnie trisomia 18 i 2138

Dokładna zależność patologiczna między zarośnięciem dwunastnicy a OA/TEF pozostaje niejasna, ale obie te wady są znacznie częstsze u pacjentów z trisomią 2139.

Zarówno izolowane, jak i przypadki z wieloma wadami mają tendencję do przedwczesnego urodzenia i małej masy ciała w stosunku do wieku ciążowego40. Około 30% niemowląt z OA/TEF rodzi się przedwcześnie41.

Diagnostyka prenatalna i nadzór

Rozpoznanie OA/TEF może być podejrzewane w okresie prenatalnym na podstawie badania ultrasonograficznego (USG) wykonywanego około 18 tygodnia ciąży. Charakterystycznymi cechami sugerującymi zarośnięcie przełyku są mały lub niewidoczny pęcherz żołądkowy oraz wielowodzie4243.

Jednakże dokładność diagnostyczna prenatalnego USG jest ograniczona. Badania wykazały, że przedoperacyjne USG ma niską czułość, ale bardzo dobrą swoistość w diagnostyce OA/TEF44. Zaobserwowano słabą zgodność między wynikami badań prenatalnych i postnatalnych (zgodność 53,2%; współczynnik kappa Cohena=0,10, P=0,19)45.

Rezonans magnetyczny płodu (MRI) wykazuje nieco lepszą dokładność diagnostyczną w porównaniu z samym USG, jednak poprawa jest tylko marginalna. Pozytywna wartość predykcyjna dla USG wynosiła 45,5%, a dla płodowego MRI 51,7%4647. MRI płodu jest dokładne w wykluczaniu OA/TEF, ponieważ wszystkie badania MRI opisane jako prawidłowe zostały potwierdzone jako prawidłowe po porodzie, co oznacza, że nie było wyników fałszywie ujemnych48.

Ocena poszczególnych wyników MRI wykazała, że brak żołądka, rozszerzony przełyk i niemożność uwidocznienia dolnego przełyku są wysoce diagnostyczne dla OA/TEF ze swoistością 95%49.

Diagnostyka postnatalna

OA/TEF jest zazwyczaj diagnozowane po urodzeniu, gdy pojawiają się pierwsze objawy50. Objawy OA/TEF obejmują:

  • Trudności w oddychaniu
  • Kaszel lub dławienie się podczas karmienia
  • Pieniste białe bąbelki wokół ust
  • Wymioty
  • Spuchnięty, okrągły brzuch z powodu uwięzionych gazów
  • Sinawe zabarwienie skóry, szczególnie podczas karmienia51

Zarośnięcie przełyku można zdiagnozować radiograficznie, gdy zgłębnik nie może przejść z gardła do żołądka, a w przypadku braku przetoki tchawiczo-przełykowej, przez brak powietrza w żołądku52. Ze względu na zmienność objawów, diagnoza TEF bez zarośnięcia przełyku może być opóźniona o tygodnie, miesiące, a nawet lata53.

Długoterminowy nadzór i powikłania

OA/TEF nie jest już tylko neonatalnym problemem chirurgicznym, ale problemem trwającym całe życie54. Pacjenci z OA/TEF doświadczają problemów żołądkowo-jelitowych, chirurgicznych, oddechowych, otolaryngologicznych, żywieniowych, psychologicznych oraz związanych z jakością życia nie tylko w pierwszych latach życia, ale także w okresie dojrzewania i dorosłości55.

Obecnie brakuje systematycznego podejścia do opieki nad tymi pacjentami w okresie dojrzewania, podczas przejścia do dorosłości i w wieku dorosłym5657. Grupa Robocza ds. Przejścia Międzynarodowej Sieci ds. Zarośnięcia Przełyku (INoEA) została powołana w celu opracowania jednolitych wytycznych opartych na dowodach dotyczących postępowania w przypadku powikłań w okresie przejścia z okresu dojrzewania do dorosłości58.

Zgodnie z wytycznymi, pacjenci ze stabilnym OA/TEF powinni być badani przez gastroenterologa co najmniej co 2 lata w wieku 18-34 lat i co roku od 35 roku życia59. Nadzór endoskopowy z pobieraniem próbek biopsyjnych i obrazowaniem wąskopasmowym, o ile jest dostępny, powinien być przeprowadzany co 5 lat w wieku 18-28 lat, co 3 lata w wieku 28-40 lat, co 2 lata w wieku 40-50 lat, a następnie co roku60.

Powikłania długoterminowe

Długoterminowe powikłania po leczeniu OA/TEF obejmują:

  • Chorobę refluksową przełyku (GERD) – częstość występowania GERD jest wysoka u pacjentów z OA/TEF. Konsekwencje nieleczonej GERD obejmują zapalenie przełyku, zwężenia i przełyk Barretta61. Subiektywne objawy są niewiarygodnym wskaźnikiem obecności lub nasilenia GERD, dlatego potrzebne są testy diagnostyczne w celu oceny zdrowia przełyku i monitorowania skuteczności leczenia przeciwrefluksowego62
  • Przełyk Barretta – częstość występowania metaplazji żołądkowej i jelitowej przełyku (przełyk Barretta) jest zwiększona u dorosłych z OA/TEF w porównaniu z populacją ogólną63
  • Rak przełyku – rzeczywista częstość występowania i zapadalność na raka przełyku (gruczolakoraka i raka płaskonabłonkowego) u dorosłych z OA/TEF jest niejasna, ale rak przełyku pozostaje problemem6465
  • Zwężenie przełyku – w niektórych przypadkach przełyk może stać się wąski w miejscu połączenia. Jest to nazywane zwężeniem66
  • Eozynofilowe zapalenie przełyku (EoE) – dzieci z OA/TEF są narażone na rozwój alergicznego zapalenia przełyku67. EoE ma zgłaszaną częstość występowania 1/10 000, jednak doniesienia o EoE związanym z OA nie są rzadkie; jedna seria przypadków wykazała częstość występowania 17%68
  • Tchawica miękka (tracheomalacja) – dzieci z OA/TEF mogą mieć również tchawicę miękką69
  • Problemy z motoryką przełyku – problemy z motoryką, trawieniem i odżywianiem są częstymi kwestiami w długoterminowej obserwacji tych pacjentów; dlatego skupienie się na wczesnym wykrywaniu i leczeniu jest niezbędne do zachowania jakości życia70
  • Nawracające infekcje dróg oddechowych – dzieci z OA/TEF mogą mieć częste przeziębienia lub zapalenia płuc z powodu słabej tchawicy, która utrudnia oczyszczanie śluzu71
  • Nawrotowa przetoka tchawiczo-przełykowa (recTEF) – ogólna częstość nawrotu przetoki wynosi 5-10%72. Dobrze opisane czynniki ryzyka nawrotu TEF to nieodpowiednie podwiązanie pierwotnej TEF, powikłania zespolenia, w tym przeciek, zwężenie i niedokrwienie, urazy tchawicy podczas pierwotnej naprawy oraz zestawienie linii szwów przełyku i tchawicy73

Diagnoza nawrotowej TEF jest również wyzwaniem. Pacjenci z OA bardzo często doświadczają różnych objawów oddechowych, takich jak kaszel, dławienie lub nawracające infekcje dróg oddechowych. Ponieważ wszyscy pacjenci z refluksem żołądkowo-przełykowym, tchawicą miękką lub nawrotową TEF doświadczają podobnych objawów, trudno jest rozróżnić, które z powikłań związanych z OA jest przyczyną tych objawów. Dlatego wszyscy pacjenci z kaszlem, dławieniem lub nawracającymi infekcjami dróg oddechowych po operacji OA powinni być badani pod kątem obecności nawrotowej TEF74.

Przeżywalność i rokowanie

Wskaźniki przeżycia pacjentów z OA/TEF znacznie się poprawiły na przestrzeni lat. Obecnie ogólny wskaźnik przeżycia przekracza 90% w wyspecjalizowanych ośrodkach7576. Analiza ogólnokrajowa opublikowana w 2014 roku wykazała, że wskaźnik przeżywalności dla wszystkich pacjentów wynosi 91% – ogromna poprawa w porównaniu ze 100% śmiertelnością przed latami 40. XX wieku77.

Na podstawie danych z 2006 roku z dużego pediatrycznego ośrodka referencyjnego, przeżywalność dzieci z OA/TEF z masą urodzeniową większą niż 1500 g i bez poważnych wad serca wynosi obecnie ponad 98%78. Generalnie śmiertelność jest bezpośrednio związana z masą urodzeniową i obecnością poważnej wady serca79. Niemowlęta ważące ponad 1500 g i niemające poważnych problemów z sercem mają prawie 100% wskaźnik przeżywalności, ale wskaźnik przeżywalności zmniejsza się w obecności dodatkowych czynników ryzyka80.

Niestabilne niemowlęta mają zwiększony wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu potencjalnie śmiertelnych towarzyszących wrodzonych i sercowych wad, wcześniactwa i/lub przedoperacyjnej niewydolności oddechowej wymagającej wentylacji81. Istnieje silna korelacja między masą urodzeniową, wiekiem ciążowym a śmiertelnością82.

Ogólnie, śmiertelność w przypadku OA/TEF pozostaje w spadku w świecie rozwiniętym, obecnie 1,5% dla pacjentów bez poważnych wad serca i z masą urodzeniową 1500 g83.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Esophageal Atresia With or Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/935858-overview
    The incidence of esophageal atresia is 1 case in 3000-4500 births. This frequency may be decreasing for unknown reasons. […] Internationally, the highest incidence of this disorder is reported in Finland, where it is 1 case in 2500 births.
  • #2 Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?lang=us
    Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection. […] In just over half of cases, there are other associated congenital abnormalities, including cardiac anomalies (15-19%). […] Prognosis is often most affected by the presence of associated congenital chromosomal or cardiac anomalies.
  • #3 Congenital anomalies of the intrathoracic airways and tracheoesophageal fistula – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula
    Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a common congenital anomaly of the respiratory tract, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 to 1 in 4500 live births. […] TEF typically occurs with esophageal atresia (EA). EA and TEF are classified according to their anatomic configuration. […] There are associated anomalies in approximately one-half of the cases of TEF and EA, often as part of the VACTERL association or CHARGE syndrome and, especially, with congenital heart or genitourinary defects. […] TEF and EA are caused by a defect in the lateral septation of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea.
  • #4 Orphanet: Esophageal atresia
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1199
    A rare congenital malformation characterized by an interruption in the continuity of the esophagus, with or without persistent communication with the trachea. The clinical presentation varies according to the anatomy, and can lead to the inability to swallow or, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress. […] Esophageal atresia (EA) occurs in approximately 1/5000 live births worldwide. The birth prevalence in Europe is slightly higher at 1/4,000. […] In 50% of cases, EA is associated with other anomalies, the majority involving one or more of the VACTERL association anomalies (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb defects). […] The diagnosis may be suspected prenatally by a small or absent stomach bubble on ultrasound scan at around 18 weeks of gestation. The likelihood of an atresia is increased by the presence of polyhydramnios.
  • #5 Esophageal Atresia With or Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/935858-overview
    The incidence of esophageal atresia is 1 case in 3000-4500 births. This frequency may be decreasing for unknown reasons. […] Internationally, the highest incidence of this disorder is reported in Finland, where it is 1 case in 2500 births.
  • #6 The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. | Archives of Disease in Childhood
    https://adc.bmj.com/content/68/6/743
    The total prevalence rate of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in 15 EUROCAT registries covering 1,546,889 births during 1980-8 was 2.86 per 10,000. […] There was a decreasing prevalence rate over time (3.5 per 10,000 in 1980-2, 2.7 in 1983-5, 2.5 in 1986-8). […] Ten per cent of cases were associated with chromosomal anomalies and of the remaining cases, half were multiply malformed. […] Sixty two per cent of cases were males. […] There was a significantly increased risk for mothers of less than 20 years of age (odds ratio compared with mothers of 25-29 = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.67). […] There were no apparent epidemiological differences between isolated and multiply malformed cases in secular trend, sex ratio, or maternal age. […] Both isolated and multiply malformed cases tended to be premature and small for gestational age. […] There was variation between centres in survival of affected liveborn children up to 1 year of age.
  • #7 The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. | Archives of Disease in Childhood
    https://adc.bmj.com/content/68/6/743
    The total prevalence rate of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in 15 EUROCAT registries covering 1,546,889 births during 1980-8 was 2.86 per 10,000. […] There was a decreasing prevalence rate over time (3.5 per 10,000 in 1980-2, 2.7 in 1983-5, 2.5 in 1986-8). […] Ten per cent of cases were associated with chromosomal anomalies and of the remaining cases, half were multiply malformed. […] Sixty two per cent of cases were males. […] There was a significantly increased risk for mothers of less than 20 years of age (odds ratio compared with mothers of 25-29 = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.67). […] There were no apparent epidemiological differences between isolated and multiply malformed cases in secular trend, sex ratio, or maternal age. […] Both isolated and multiply malformed cases tended to be premature and small for gestational age. […] There was variation between centres in survival of affected liveborn children up to 1 year of age.
  • #8 Esophageal Atresia With or Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/935858-overview
    The incidence of esophageal atresia is 1 case in 3000-4500 births. This frequency may be decreasing for unknown reasons. […] Internationally, the highest incidence of this disorder is reported in Finland, where it is 1 case in 2500 births.
  • #9 The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. | Archives of Disease in Childhood
    https://adc.bmj.com/content/68/6/743
    The total prevalence rate of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in 15 EUROCAT registries covering 1,546,889 births during 1980-8 was 2.86 per 10,000. […] There was a decreasing prevalence rate over time (3.5 per 10,000 in 1980-2, 2.7 in 1983-5, 2.5 in 1986-8). […] Ten per cent of cases were associated with chromosomal anomalies and of the remaining cases, half were multiply malformed. […] Sixty two per cent of cases were males. […] There was a significantly increased risk for mothers of less than 20 years of age (odds ratio compared with mothers of 25-29 = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.67). […] There were no apparent epidemiological differences between isolated and multiply malformed cases in secular trend, sex ratio, or maternal age. […] Both isolated and multiply malformed cases tended to be premature and small for gestational age. […] There was variation between centres in survival of affected liveborn children up to 1 year of age.
  • #10 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #11 Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?lang=us
    Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection. […] In just over half of cases, there are other associated congenital abnormalities, including cardiac anomalies (15-19%). […] Prognosis is often most affected by the presence of associated congenital chromosomal or cardiac anomalies.
  • #12 Congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.pngfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=gb
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection.
  • #13 The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. | Archives of Disease in Childhood
    https://adc.bmj.com/content/68/6/743
    The total prevalence rate of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in 15 EUROCAT registries covering 1,546,889 births during 1980-8 was 2.86 per 10,000. […] There was a decreasing prevalence rate over time (3.5 per 10,000 in 1980-2, 2.7 in 1983-5, 2.5 in 1986-8). […] Ten per cent of cases were associated with chromosomal anomalies and of the remaining cases, half were multiply malformed. […] Sixty two per cent of cases were males. […] There was a significantly increased risk for mothers of less than 20 years of age (odds ratio compared with mothers of 25-29 = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.67). […] There were no apparent epidemiological differences between isolated and multiply malformed cases in secular trend, sex ratio, or maternal age. […] Both isolated and multiply malformed cases tended to be premature and small for gestational age. […] There was variation between centres in survival of affected liveborn children up to 1 year of age.
  • #14 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #15 Oesophageal atresia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-24
    Oesophageal atresia is a relatively common congenital malformation occurring in one in 2500-3000 live births. The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of the total. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. […] The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. The overall risk of oesophageal atresia recurrence in a sibling of an affected child is about 1%.
  • #16 Oesophageal atresia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-24
    Oesophageal atresia is a relatively common congenital malformation occurring in one in 2500-3000 live births. The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of the total. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. […] The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. The overall risk of oesophageal atresia recurrence in a sibling of an affected child is about 1%.
  • #17 Oesophageal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, and the VACTERL association: review of genetics and epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16299066/
    Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula are relatively common malformations occurring in approximately 1 in 3500 births. […] In around half of the cases (syndromic oesophageal atresia), there are associated anomalies, with cardiac malformations being the most common. […] Data from twin and family studies suggest that genetic factors do not play a major role, and yet there are well-defined instances of this malformation where genetic factors clearly are important. […] This paper reviews current knowledge of the genetics and epidemiology of the different oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula syndromes and associations.
  • #18 Oesophageal atresia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-24
    Oesophageal atresia is a relatively common congenital malformation occurring in one in 2500-3000 live births. The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of the total. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. […] The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. The overall risk of oesophageal atresia recurrence in a sibling of an affected child is about 1%.
  • #19 Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?lang=us
    Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection. […] In just over half of cases, there are other associated congenital abnormalities, including cardiac anomalies (15-19%). […] Prognosis is often most affected by the presence of associated congenital chromosomal or cardiac anomalies.
  • #20 Oesophageal atresia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-24
    Oesophageal atresia is a relatively common congenital malformation occurring in one in 2500-3000 live births. The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of the total. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. […] The overwhelming majority of cases of oesophageal atresia are sporadic/non-syndromic, although a small number within this non-familial group are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Familial/syndromic cases of oesophageal atresia are extremely rare. Oesophageal atresia is 2 to 3 times more common in twins. The overall risk of oesophageal atresia recurrence in a sibling of an affected child is about 1%.
  • #21 Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula in a preterm neonate in Limbe, Cameroon: case report & brief literature review | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
    https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-692
    Oesophageal atresia is a congenital anomaly in which there is interruption of the oesophageal lumen resulting in an upper and lower segment. […] A high index of suspicion for Oesophageal atresia/trachea-oesophageal fistula should prevail when faced with a neonate with the triad: respiratory distress during feeds, regurgitation and persistent frothy salivation. […] Their prevalence ranges from 1% to over 4% depending on the place and population studied. […] Oesophageal atresia (OA) is a congenital malformation in which the oesophageal lumen is found to be interrupted, resulting in an upper and lower segment. […] The birth of an infant with OA/TOF in a family without a previous history of this condition is associated with a recurrence risk of~1%. […] The diagnosis of OA/TOF can be made in the antenatal period with the help of an Ultrasound scan which will show polyhydramnios and the proximal dilated blind ending oesophageal pouch.
  • #22 Oesophageal Atresia | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-atresia
    Oesophageal atresia has a worldwide prevalence of 2.4 to 3.2 per 10000 live births. […] The recurrence risk in subsequent pregnancies of oesophageal atresia/TOF that is not part of a syndrome of problems is very low. […] After repair of oesophageal atresia in infancy, gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophageal dysmotility and respiratory problems are common and significant oesophageal morbidity extends into adulthood. […] Overall survival now exceeds 90% in dedicated centres.
  • #23 Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?lang=us
    Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection. […] In just over half of cases, there are other associated congenital abnormalities, including cardiac anomalies (15-19%). […] Prognosis is often most affected by the presence of associated congenital chromosomal or cardiac anomalies.
  • #24 Congenital anomalies of the intrathoracic airways and tracheoesophageal fistula – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula
    Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a common congenital anomaly of the respiratory tract, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 to 1 in 4500 live births. […] TEF typically occurs with esophageal atresia (EA). EA and TEF are classified according to their anatomic configuration. […] There are associated anomalies in approximately one-half of the cases of TEF and EA, often as part of the VACTERL association or CHARGE syndrome and, especially, with congenital heart or genitourinary defects. […] TEF and EA are caused by a defect in the lateral septation of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea.
  • #25 Orphanet: Esophageal atresia
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1199
    A rare congenital malformation characterized by an interruption in the continuity of the esophagus, with or without persistent communication with the trachea. The clinical presentation varies according to the anatomy, and can lead to the inability to swallow or, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress. […] Esophageal atresia (EA) occurs in approximately 1/5000 live births worldwide. The birth prevalence in Europe is slightly higher at 1/4,000. […] In 50% of cases, EA is associated with other anomalies, the majority involving one or more of the VACTERL association anomalies (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb defects). […] The diagnosis may be suspected prenatally by a small or absent stomach bubble on ultrasound scan at around 18 weeks of gestation. The likelihood of an atresia is increased by the presence of polyhydramnios.
  • #26 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #27 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal (esophageal) atresia is a congenital malformation characterized by the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch that does not connect to the stomach. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF or TOF) consists of a communication between the oesophagus and the trachea that is not normally present. Although it might occur alone, TEF is commonly associated with oesophageal atresia. […] Oesophageal atresia is frequently (55%) associated with additional birth defects that include: Other unrelated birth defects, particularly cardiac, anorectal, skeletal/vertebral and urogenital. Anomaly complexes (e.g. OAVS [oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum], VATER or VACTERL association [vertebral, anus, cardiac, trachea, oesophagus, renal, limb]). Genetic syndromes (e.g. trisomies 18 and 21, CHARGE [coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, ear abnormalities] syndrome, Feingold syndrome).
  • #28 Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-tracheo-esophageal-fistula?lang=us
    Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia have a combined incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 live births. […] There is only a minimal hereditary/genetic component with an incidence in twins and those with family history being only approximately 1%. […] There is no convincing gender or racial predilection. […] In just over half of cases, there are other associated congenital abnormalities, including cardiac anomalies (15-19%). […] Prognosis is often most affected by the presence of associated congenital chromosomal or cardiac anomalies.
  • #29 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #30 Oesophageal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, and the VACTERL association: review of genetics and epidemiology – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16299066/
    Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula are relatively common malformations occurring in approximately 1 in 3500 births. […] In around half of the cases (syndromic oesophageal atresia), there are associated anomalies, with cardiac malformations being the most common. […] Data from twin and family studies suggest that genetic factors do not play a major role, and yet there are well-defined instances of this malformation where genetic factors clearly are important. […] This paper reviews current knowledge of the genetics and epidemiology of the different oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula syndromes and associations.
  • #31 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia – Don’t Forget the Bubbles
    https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-and-oesophageal-atresia/
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a common congenital malformation involving a communication (fistula) between the trachea and oesophagus. It typically occurs with oesophageal atresia (OA), with the upper end of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch. TOF/ OA is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in approximately 1:3000-4500 live births. […] Around 30% of TOF/ OA infants are born prematurely. […] Approximately 50% of cases of TOF and OA are associated with other anomalies. […] Around 20% of infants born with oesophageal atresia will have some sort of congenital heart disease. […] The survival rate for stable infants with TOF/OA nowadays exceeds 90% owing to earlier diagnosis, advances in neonatal anaesthesia and perioperative care, advanced ICU management, and early treatment of surgery. Unstable infants have an increased mortality rate owing to potentially fatal associated congenital and cardiac anomalies, prematurity, and/or pre-operative respiratory compromise with ventilatory requirements. […] Motility, digestive and nutritional problems are frequent issues in the long-term follow-up of these patients; thus, focusing on early detection and management is essential in preserving quality of life.
  • #32 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal (esophageal) atresia is a congenital malformation characterized by the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch that does not connect to the stomach. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF or TOF) consists of a communication between the oesophagus and the trachea that is not normally present. Although it might occur alone, TEF is commonly associated with oesophageal atresia. […] Oesophageal atresia is frequently (55%) associated with additional birth defects that include: Other unrelated birth defects, particularly cardiac, anorectal, skeletal/vertebral and urogenital. Anomaly complexes (e.g. OAVS [oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum], VATER or VACTERL association [vertebral, anus, cardiac, trachea, oesophagus, renal, limb]). Genetic syndromes (e.g. trisomies 18 and 21, CHARGE [coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, ear abnormalities] syndrome, Feingold syndrome).
  • #33 Congenital anomalies of the intrathoracic airways and tracheoesophageal fistula – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula
    Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a common congenital anomaly of the respiratory tract, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 to 1 in 4500 live births. […] TEF typically occurs with esophageal atresia (EA). EA and TEF are classified according to their anatomic configuration. […] There are associated anomalies in approximately one-half of the cases of TEF and EA, often as part of the VACTERL association or CHARGE syndrome and, especially, with congenital heart or genitourinary defects. […] TEF and EA are caused by a defect in the lateral septation of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea.
  • #34 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #35 Welcome to Esophageal Atresia Care | Columbia Surgery
    https://columbiasurgery.org/esophageal-atresia-care
    The collaborative format of the EA program also addresses an important need for patients and their families: the need to see multiple specialists for complicated, multi-system birth defects in the spectrum known as VACTERL. […] Our ongoing research focuses on three main areas: to identify gene mutations that will help us better understand development of EA/TEF and its associated defects and serve as a target for future therapeutic modality. […] To identify the best treatment and surveillance plan that will optimize esophageal function, minimize esophageal injury and avoid unnecessary treatment using a multidisciplinary care approach. […] Surveillance in Patients with Esophageal Atresia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017 Jan;19(1):4.
  • #36 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal (esophageal) atresia is a congenital malformation characterized by the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch that does not connect to the stomach. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF or TOF) consists of a communication between the oesophagus and the trachea that is not normally present. Although it might occur alone, TEF is commonly associated with oesophageal atresia. […] Oesophageal atresia is frequently (55%) associated with additional birth defects that include: Other unrelated birth defects, particularly cardiac, anorectal, skeletal/vertebral and urogenital. Anomaly complexes (e.g. OAVS [oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum], VATER or VACTERL association [vertebral, anus, cardiac, trachea, oesophagus, renal, limb]). Genetic syndromes (e.g. trisomies 18 and 21, CHARGE [coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, ear abnormalities] syndrome, Feingold syndrome).
  • #37 Congenital anomalies of the intrathoracic airways and tracheoesophageal fistula – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-anomalies-of-the-intrathoracic-airways-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula
    Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a common congenital anomaly of the respiratory tract, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 to 1 in 4500 live births. […] TEF typically occurs with esophageal atresia (EA). EA and TEF are classified according to their anatomic configuration. […] There are associated anomalies in approximately one-half of the cases of TEF and EA, often as part of the VACTERL association or CHARGE syndrome and, especially, with congenital heart or genitourinary defects. […] TEF and EA are caused by a defect in the lateral septation of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea.
  • #38 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal (esophageal) atresia is a congenital malformation characterized by the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch that does not connect to the stomach. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF or TOF) consists of a communication between the oesophagus and the trachea that is not normally present. Although it might occur alone, TEF is commonly associated with oesophageal atresia. […] Oesophageal atresia is frequently (55%) associated with additional birth defects that include: Other unrelated birth defects, particularly cardiac, anorectal, skeletal/vertebral and urogenital. Anomaly complexes (e.g. OAVS [oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum], VATER or VACTERL association [vertebral, anus, cardiac, trachea, oesophagus, renal, limb]). Genetic syndromes (e.g. trisomies 18 and 21, CHARGE [coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, ear abnormalities] syndrome, Feingold syndrome).
  • #39 Gross Type C Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Duodenal Atresia, Distal Esophageal Stenosis, and Eosinophilic Esophagitis | ACS
    https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v2n6/laird-gross/
    Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation resulting in a blind-end esophagus within the mediastinum which most often presents with a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), an abnormal esophageal communication to the trachea. EA/TEF occurs in about 1 in every 2500-5000 births, and the most common variant, Gross Type C, accounts for about 85% of cases and is associated with a TEF from the trachea to the proximal end of the distal esophagus. […] Roughly half of EA/TEF cases present with other major malformations, most commonly cardiac, skeletal, and anal abnormalities. […] The exact pathological association between duodenal atresia and EA/TEF remains unclear, but both conditions are substantially more common in patients with trisomy 21. […] Congenital esophageal stenosis has been associated in infants presenting with EA/TEF, separate from narrowing at the esophageal anastomosis.
  • #40 The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe. EUROCAT Working Group. | Archives of Disease in Childhood
    https://adc.bmj.com/content/68/6/743
    The total prevalence rate of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in 15 EUROCAT registries covering 1,546,889 births during 1980-8 was 2.86 per 10,000. […] There was a decreasing prevalence rate over time (3.5 per 10,000 in 1980-2, 2.7 in 1983-5, 2.5 in 1986-8). […] Ten per cent of cases were associated with chromosomal anomalies and of the remaining cases, half were multiply malformed. […] Sixty two per cent of cases were males. […] There was a significantly increased risk for mothers of less than 20 years of age (odds ratio compared with mothers of 25-29 = 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.67). […] There were no apparent epidemiological differences between isolated and multiply malformed cases in secular trend, sex ratio, or maternal age. […] Both isolated and multiply malformed cases tended to be premature and small for gestational age. […] There was variation between centres in survival of affected liveborn children up to 1 year of age.
  • #41 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia – Don’t Forget the Bubbles
    https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-and-oesophageal-atresia/
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a common congenital malformation involving a communication (fistula) between the trachea and oesophagus. It typically occurs with oesophageal atresia (OA), with the upper end of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch. TOF/ OA is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in approximately 1:3000-4500 live births. […] Around 30% of TOF/ OA infants are born prematurely. […] Approximately 50% of cases of TOF and OA are associated with other anomalies. […] Around 20% of infants born with oesophageal atresia will have some sort of congenital heart disease. […] The survival rate for stable infants with TOF/OA nowadays exceeds 90% owing to earlier diagnosis, advances in neonatal anaesthesia and perioperative care, advanced ICU management, and early treatment of surgery. Unstable infants have an increased mortality rate owing to potentially fatal associated congenital and cardiac anomalies, prematurity, and/or pre-operative respiratory compromise with ventilatory requirements. […] Motility, digestive and nutritional problems are frequent issues in the long-term follow-up of these patients; thus, focusing on early detection and management is essential in preserving quality of life.
  • #42 Orphanet: Esophageal atresia
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1199
    A rare congenital malformation characterized by an interruption in the continuity of the esophagus, with or without persistent communication with the trachea. The clinical presentation varies according to the anatomy, and can lead to the inability to swallow or, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress. […] Esophageal atresia (EA) occurs in approximately 1/5000 live births worldwide. The birth prevalence in Europe is slightly higher at 1/4,000. […] In 50% of cases, EA is associated with other anomalies, the majority involving one or more of the VACTERL association anomalies (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb defects). […] The diagnosis may be suspected prenatally by a small or absent stomach bubble on ultrasound scan at around 18 weeks of gestation. The likelihood of an atresia is increased by the presence of polyhydramnios.
  • #43 Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula in a preterm neonate in Limbe, Cameroon: case report & brief literature review | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
    https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-692
    Oesophageal atresia is a congenital anomaly in which there is interruption of the oesophageal lumen resulting in an upper and lower segment. […] A high index of suspicion for Oesophageal atresia/trachea-oesophageal fistula should prevail when faced with a neonate with the triad: respiratory distress during feeds, regurgitation and persistent frothy salivation. […] Their prevalence ranges from 1% to over 4% depending on the place and population studied. […] Oesophageal atresia (OA) is a congenital malformation in which the oesophageal lumen is found to be interrupted, resulting in an upper and lower segment. […] The birth of an infant with OA/TOF in a family without a previous history of this condition is associated with a recurrence risk of~1%. […] The diagnosis of OA/TOF can be made in the antenatal period with the help of an Ultrasound scan which will show polyhydramnios and the proximal dilated blind ending oesophageal pouch.
  • #44 Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for the prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10075
    Ultrasound is recommended as a firstline requirement prior to MRI or amniotic fluid analysis, which have high diagnostic accuracy for esophageal atresia (EA). […] The results of the present study indicate that preoperative ultrasound has poor sensitivity but very good specificity for the diagnosis of EA/TOF. […] Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation characterized by a gap in the esophagus, which ends in a closed pouch and is not able to deliver food or saliva to the stomach. Most commonly, instead of a simple disruption, the defect presents as an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea known as a tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF). […] It has a prevalence of ~2.44 per 10,000 births according to the pooled analysis of 18 international birth defect surveillance programs.
  • #45 Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for the prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10075
    A weak agreement was detected between the results of the prenatal and postnatal examinations (agreement, 53.2%; Cohen’s kappa=0.10, P=0.19). […] The findings of the present study expand the limited information available regarding the diagnostic accuracy of prenatal ultrasonography and its application to fetuses with suspected EA/TOF. […] However, since the results indicate that prenatal ultrasonography lacks a strong agreement with postnatal examinations and provides low diagnostic accuracy, it is recommended that clinicians should explore other diagnostic techniques to improve the accuracy of early diagnoses.
  • #46 Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful? | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03503-x
    Oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) affects 2.75 per 10,000 births within the UK. […] The positive predictive value for USS was 45.5% and 51.7% for fetal MRI. […] Fetal MRI can accurately exclude TOF/OA but only has marginally improved positive predictive value over ultrasound. […] There are several features on imaging that raise the suspicion of TOF/OA. […] Fetal MRI has some improved diagnostic accuracy compared with antenatal ultrasound alone; however, it is only marginally better. […] Absence of stomach bubble and presence of oesophageal dilatation combined on fetal MRI are more diagnostic of TOF/OA. […] Accurate and early diagnosis of TOF/OA is vital for perinatal counselling for families and appropriate planning for place of delivery and surgical management.
  • #47 Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful? | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03503-x
    This study has shown that fetal MRI has improved diagnostic accuracy over antenatal ultrasound alone, as seen in previous studies. […] Evaluation of individual MRI findings has shown that absent stomach, dilated oesophagus and inability to visualise the lower oesophagus are highly diagnostic of TOF/OA with specificity of 95%. […] The overall diagnostic accuracy for USS was 45.5% (15/33) and 51.7% (15/29) for fetal MRI. […] This study shows that fetal MRI is accurate at ruling out TOF/OA as all MRIs reported as normal were confirmed as normal after delivery, meaning there were no false negative results.
  • #48 Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful? | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03503-x
    This study has shown that fetal MRI has improved diagnostic accuracy over antenatal ultrasound alone, as seen in previous studies. […] Evaluation of individual MRI findings has shown that absent stomach, dilated oesophagus and inability to visualise the lower oesophagus are highly diagnostic of TOF/OA with specificity of 95%. […] The overall diagnostic accuracy for USS was 45.5% (15/33) and 51.7% (15/29) for fetal MRI. […] This study shows that fetal MRI is accurate at ruling out TOF/OA as all MRIs reported as normal were confirmed as normal after delivery, meaning there were no false negative results.
  • #49 Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula/oesophageal atresia: is MRI helpful? | Pediatric Research
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03503-x
    This study has shown that fetal MRI has improved diagnostic accuracy over antenatal ultrasound alone, as seen in previous studies. […] Evaluation of individual MRI findings has shown that absent stomach, dilated oesophagus and inability to visualise the lower oesophagus are highly diagnostic of TOF/OA with specificity of 95%. […] The overall diagnostic accuracy for USS was 45.5% (15/33) and 51.7% (15/29) for fetal MRI. […] This study shows that fetal MRI is accurate at ruling out TOF/OA as all MRIs reported as normal were confirmed as normal after delivery, meaning there were no false negative results.
  • #50 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (EA/TEF) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/esophageal-atresia-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula-eatef
    Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are rare conditions that develop before birth. They often occur together and affect the development of the esophagus (food pipe), trachea (windpipe) or both. These conditions can be life-threatening and must be treated shortly after birth. […] The direct cause of EA/TEF is not known. Research suggests there is a genetic component because around half of the babies born with EA or TEF are also born with other health concerns. […] For babies born with both esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), symptoms appear almost immediately after birth. […] Most babies with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are diagnosed shortly after birth when symptoms first appear. […] Most babies with EA/TEF are diagnosed after birth. However, as prenatal imaging has improved, some babies with EA/TEF are now being diagnosed before birth with high-resolution fetal ultrasound.
  • #51 Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/oatof-oesophageal-atresia-andor-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-factsheet
    Oesophageal atresia is a condition where the oesophagus doesn’t develop properly, preventing food from reaching the stomach, while tracheo-oesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and oesophagus that causes breathing and swallowing issues. […] Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) are rare congenital abnormalities. […] OA/TOF affects the oesophagus the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach trachea the tube that carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs. […] OA and TOF often happen together, but not always. The cause is unknown. […] OA/TOF symptoms usually appear right after birth, including difficulty breathing, coughing or choking when feeding, frothy white bubbles around the mouth, vomiting, a swollen, round belly from trapped gas, bluish skin, especially during feeding.
  • #52 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal atresia can be diagnosed radiographically when a feeding tube cannot pass from the pharynx into the stomach and, if there is no TEF, by absence of air in the stomach. Because of the variability in symptoms, the diagnosis of TEF without oesophageal atresia may be delayed for weeks, months, or even years.
  • #53 Congen Anom of the Dig Sys: Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula | NCBDDD | CDC
    https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/oesophageal-atresia-tracheo-fesophageal-fistula.html
    Oesophageal atresia can be diagnosed radiographically when a feeding tube cannot pass from the pharynx into the stomach and, if there is no TEF, by absence of air in the stomach. Because of the variability in symptoms, the diagnosis of TEF without oesophageal atresia may be delayed for weeks, months, or even years.
  • #54 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon. […] EA-TEF is no longer just a neonatal surgical problem but a lifelong problem. […] Gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and QOL issues are prevalent not only in the first years of life but also in adolescence and adulthood. […] There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood. […] Patients with stable EA-TEF should be reviewed by a gastroenterologist at least every 2 years between 18 and 34 years of age and annually from the age of 35 years onwards. […] Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy samples and narrow-band imaging, where available, should be performed every 5 years between 18 and 28 years of age, every 3 years between 28 and 40 years of age, every 2 years between 40 and 50 years of age, and annually onwards.
  • #55 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon. […] EA-TEF is no longer just a neonatal surgical problem but a lifelong problem. […] Gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and QOL issues are prevalent not only in the first years of life but also in adolescence and adulthood. […] There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood. […] Patients with stable EA-TEF should be reviewed by a gastroenterologist at least every 2 years between 18 and 34 years of age and annually from the age of 35 years onwards. […] Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy samples and narrow-band imaging, where available, should be performed every 5 years between 18 and 28 years of age, every 3 years between 28 and 40 years of age, every 2 years between 40 and 50 years of age, and annually onwards.
  • #56 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    Oesophageal atresiatracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a common congenital digestive disease. Patients with EA-TEF face gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life issues in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. […] A systematic approach to the care of these patients in adolescence, during transition to adulthood and in adulthood is currently lacking. […] The Transition Working Group of the International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) was charged with the task of developing uniform evidence-based guidelines for the management of complications through the transition from adolescence into adulthood. […] Forty-two questions addressing the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life complications that patients with EA-TEF face during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood were formulated.
  • #57 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon. […] EA-TEF is no longer just a neonatal surgical problem but a lifelong problem. […] Gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and QOL issues are prevalent not only in the first years of life but also in adolescence and adulthood. […] There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood. […] Patients with stable EA-TEF should be reviewed by a gastroenterologist at least every 2 years between 18 and 34 years of age and annually from the age of 35 years onwards. […] Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy samples and narrow-band imaging, where available, should be performed every 5 years between 18 and 28 years of age, every 3 years between 28 and 40 years of age, every 2 years between 40 and 50 years of age, and annually onwards.
  • #58 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    Oesophageal atresiatracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a common congenital digestive disease. Patients with EA-TEF face gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life issues in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. […] A systematic approach to the care of these patients in adolescence, during transition to adulthood and in adulthood is currently lacking. […] The Transition Working Group of the International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) was charged with the task of developing uniform evidence-based guidelines for the management of complications through the transition from adolescence into adulthood. […] Forty-two questions addressing the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life complications that patients with EA-TEF face during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood were formulated.
  • #59 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon. […] EA-TEF is no longer just a neonatal surgical problem but a lifelong problem. […] Gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and QOL issues are prevalent not only in the first years of life but also in adolescence and adulthood. […] There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood. […] Patients with stable EA-TEF should be reviewed by a gastroenterologist at least every 2 years between 18 and 34 years of age and annually from the age of 35 years onwards. […] Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy samples and narrow-band imaging, where available, should be performed every 5 years between 18 and 28 years of age, every 3 years between 28 and 40 years of age, every 2 years between 40 and 50 years of age, and annually onwards.
  • #60 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon. […] EA-TEF is no longer just a neonatal surgical problem but a lifelong problem. […] Gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and QOL issues are prevalent not only in the first years of life but also in adolescence and adulthood. […] There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood. […] Patients with stable EA-TEF should be reviewed by a gastroenterologist at least every 2 years between 18 and 34 years of age and annually from the age of 35 years onwards. […] Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy samples and narrow-band imaging, where available, should be performed every 5 years between 18 and 28 years of age, every 3 years between 28 and 40 years of age, every 2 years between 40 and 50 years of age, and annually onwards.
  • #61
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-017-0541-5
    Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a congenital aerodigestive anomaly with high survival rates after surgical repair. Care should now be focused on prevention of long-term complications using appropriate surveillance techniques. […] The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is high in patients with EA/TEF. Consequences of untreated GERD include esophagitis, strictures, and Barrett esophagus. Subjective symptoms are an unreliable indicator of presence or severity of GERD, and therefore, diagnostic testing is needed to assess esophageal heath and monitor the effectiveness of anti-reflux treatment. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy remains the primary surveillance tool, but is invasive and not without risks. Less-invasive modalities such as multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring to assess GERD appear to correlate strongly with esophageal histology and may provide sufficient information to guide treatment.
  • #62
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-017-0541-5
    Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a congenital aerodigestive anomaly with high survival rates after surgical repair. Care should now be focused on prevention of long-term complications using appropriate surveillance techniques. […] The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is high in patients with EA/TEF. Consequences of untreated GERD include esophagitis, strictures, and Barrett esophagus. Subjective symptoms are an unreliable indicator of presence or severity of GERD, and therefore, diagnostic testing is needed to assess esophageal heath and monitor the effectiveness of anti-reflux treatment. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy remains the primary surveillance tool, but is invasive and not without risks. Less-invasive modalities such as multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring to assess GERD appear to correlate strongly with esophageal histology and may provide sufficient information to guide treatment.
  • #63 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The incidence of oesophageal gastric and intestinal metaplasia (Barrett oesophagus) is increased in adults with EA-TEF as compared with the general population. […] The real prevalence and incidence of oesophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) in adults with EA-TEF is unclear but oesophageal cancer remains a concern.
  • #64 The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia–tracheoesophageal fistula | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w
    The incidence of oesophageal gastric and intestinal metaplasia (Barrett oesophagus) is increased in adults with EA-TEF as compared with the general population. […] The real prevalence and incidence of oesophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) in adults with EA-TEF is unclear but oesophageal cancer remains a concern.
  • #65 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617262/all/Tracheoesophageal_Fistula_and_Esophageal_Atresia
    Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a congenital condition of incomplete formation of the esophagus. In most cases, the atretic (blind-ending) esophagus has an aberrant fistula to the trachea (TEF). The prevalence of EA-TEF is 1 in 2,500 to 4,000 live births. This frequency appears to be consistent worldwide. Slight male predominance (1.2:1) […] Many maternal exposures have been postulated to contribute, but none are well established. Maternal diabetes (nongestational) during first trimester, older age, maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, horticultural work, alcohol, and smoking have all been implicated. […] Up to 50% are associated with another anomaly. Congenital heart disease is most common (found in 27% of EA-TEF babies). EA-TEF is associated with the VACTERL sequence of congenital anomalies. […] EA-TEF patients require long-term follow-up for GERD, dysphagia, and esophageal motility issues. Surveillance endoscopy may be considered in young adulthood for risk of esophageal cancer, but this strategy is not yet established.
  • #66 Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/oatof-oesophageal-atresia-andor-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-factsheet
    OA/TOF may be detected before birth with an ultrasound but is usually diagnosed after birth. […] The treatment for OA/TOF usually includes both supportive care and surgery. […] Surgery is the only way to fix OA/TOF. It is usually done within the first few days after birth. […] Babies born with OA/TOF who have no other associated health issues have an excellent outlook. […] Children with OA/TOF often have trouble feeding, but this usually gets better as they grow. […] In some cases, the oesophagus can become narrow where it was joined together. This is called a stricture. […] Children with OA/TOF may develop gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus. […] Children with OA/TOF are at risk of developing allergic inflammation of the oesophagus. This is called Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). […] Children with OA/TOF may also have tracheomalacia. […] Children with OA/TOF may have frequent colds or pneumonia due to a weak windpipe that makes it hard to clear mucus.
  • #67 Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/oatof-oesophageal-atresia-andor-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-factsheet
    OA/TOF may be detected before birth with an ultrasound but is usually diagnosed after birth. […] The treatment for OA/TOF usually includes both supportive care and surgery. […] Surgery is the only way to fix OA/TOF. It is usually done within the first few days after birth. […] Babies born with OA/TOF who have no other associated health issues have an excellent outlook. […] Children with OA/TOF often have trouble feeding, but this usually gets better as they grow. […] In some cases, the oesophagus can become narrow where it was joined together. This is called a stricture. […] Children with OA/TOF may develop gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus. […] Children with OA/TOF are at risk of developing allergic inflammation of the oesophagus. This is called Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). […] Children with OA/TOF may also have tracheomalacia. […] Children with OA/TOF may have frequent colds or pneumonia due to a weak windpipe that makes it hard to clear mucus.
  • #68 Gross Type C Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Duodenal Atresia, Distal Esophageal Stenosis, and Eosinophilic Esophagitis | ACS
    https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v2n6/laird-gross/
    EE has a reported prevalence of 1/10,000; yet reports of EE associated with EA are not infrequent; once case series reported an incidence of 17%. […] This case shows an atypical presentation of EA/TEF associated with a distal CES, eosinophilic esophagitis, and a duodenal atresia, and underscores the importance of additional workup for unexpected intraoperative findings.
  • #69 Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/oatof-oesophageal-atresia-andor-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-factsheet
    OA/TOF may be detected before birth with an ultrasound but is usually diagnosed after birth. […] The treatment for OA/TOF usually includes both supportive care and surgery. […] Surgery is the only way to fix OA/TOF. It is usually done within the first few days after birth. […] Babies born with OA/TOF who have no other associated health issues have an excellent outlook. […] Children with OA/TOF often have trouble feeding, but this usually gets better as they grow. […] In some cases, the oesophagus can become narrow where it was joined together. This is called a stricture. […] Children with OA/TOF may develop gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus. […] Children with OA/TOF are at risk of developing allergic inflammation of the oesophagus. This is called Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). […] Children with OA/TOF may also have tracheomalacia. […] Children with OA/TOF may have frequent colds or pneumonia due to a weak windpipe that makes it hard to clear mucus.
  • #70 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia – Don’t Forget the Bubbles
    https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-and-oesophageal-atresia/
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a common congenital malformation involving a communication (fistula) between the trachea and oesophagus. It typically occurs with oesophageal atresia (OA), with the upper end of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch. TOF/ OA is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in approximately 1:3000-4500 live births. […] Around 30% of TOF/ OA infants are born prematurely. […] Approximately 50% of cases of TOF and OA are associated with other anomalies. […] Around 20% of infants born with oesophageal atresia will have some sort of congenital heart disease. […] The survival rate for stable infants with TOF/OA nowadays exceeds 90% owing to earlier diagnosis, advances in neonatal anaesthesia and perioperative care, advanced ICU management, and early treatment of surgery. Unstable infants have an increased mortality rate owing to potentially fatal associated congenital and cardiac anomalies, prematurity, and/or pre-operative respiratory compromise with ventilatory requirements. […] Motility, digestive and nutritional problems are frequent issues in the long-term follow-up of these patients; thus, focusing on early detection and management is essential in preserving quality of life.
  • #71 Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network
    https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/oatof-oesophageal-atresia-andor-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-factsheet
    OA/TOF may be detected before birth with an ultrasound but is usually diagnosed after birth. […] The treatment for OA/TOF usually includes both supportive care and surgery. […] Surgery is the only way to fix OA/TOF. It is usually done within the first few days after birth. […] Babies born with OA/TOF who have no other associated health issues have an excellent outlook. […] Children with OA/TOF often have trouble feeding, but this usually gets better as they grow. […] In some cases, the oesophagus can become narrow where it was joined together. This is called a stricture. […] Children with OA/TOF may develop gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus. […] Children with OA/TOF are at risk of developing allergic inflammation of the oesophagus. This is called Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). […] Children with OA/TOF may also have tracheomalacia. […] Children with OA/TOF may have frequent colds or pneumonia due to a weak windpipe that makes it hard to clear mucus.
  • #72 Tracheoesophageal fistula after esophageal atresia repair: recurrent, missed or acquired – Boybeyi-Turer – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery
    https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/45919/html
    Overall, incidence of fistula recurrence is between 510%. […] The well-described risk factors for TEF recurrences are inadequate ligation of original TEF, anastomotic complications including leak, stricture and ischemia, tracheal injuries at the primary repair, and juxtapositioning of esophageal and tracheal suture lines. […] The diagnosis of recTEF is also challenging. The patients with EA very commonly experience several respiratory symptoms such as coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections. Since all of the patients either with gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia or recTEF experience similar symptoms, it is difficult to distinguish which of the EA-related complications is the cause of these symptoms. Therefore, all patients having coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections after EA repair should be investigated for the presence of recTEF.
  • #73 Tracheoesophageal fistula after esophageal atresia repair: recurrent, missed or acquired – Boybeyi-Turer – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery
    https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/45919/html
    Overall, incidence of fistula recurrence is between 510%. […] The well-described risk factors for TEF recurrences are inadequate ligation of original TEF, anastomotic complications including leak, stricture and ischemia, tracheal injuries at the primary repair, and juxtapositioning of esophageal and tracheal suture lines. […] The diagnosis of recTEF is also challenging. The patients with EA very commonly experience several respiratory symptoms such as coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections. Since all of the patients either with gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia or recTEF experience similar symptoms, it is difficult to distinguish which of the EA-related complications is the cause of these symptoms. Therefore, all patients having coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections after EA repair should be investigated for the presence of recTEF.
  • #74 Tracheoesophageal fistula after esophageal atresia repair: recurrent, missed or acquired – Boybeyi-Turer – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery
    https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/45919/html
    Overall, incidence of fistula recurrence is between 510%. […] The well-described risk factors for TEF recurrences are inadequate ligation of original TEF, anastomotic complications including leak, stricture and ischemia, tracheal injuries at the primary repair, and juxtapositioning of esophageal and tracheal suture lines. […] The diagnosis of recTEF is also challenging. The patients with EA very commonly experience several respiratory symptoms such as coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections. Since all of the patients either with gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia or recTEF experience similar symptoms, it is difficult to distinguish which of the EA-related complications is the cause of these symptoms. Therefore, all patients having coughing, chocking or recurrent respiratory tract infections after EA repair should be investigated for the presence of recTEF.
  • #75 Oesophageal Atresia | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-atresia
    Oesophageal atresia has a worldwide prevalence of 2.4 to 3.2 per 10000 live births. […] The recurrence risk in subsequent pregnancies of oesophageal atresia/TOF that is not part of a syndrome of problems is very low. […] After repair of oesophageal atresia in infancy, gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophageal dysmotility and respiratory problems are common and significant oesophageal morbidity extends into adulthood. […] Overall survival now exceeds 90% in dedicated centres.
  • #76 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia – Don’t Forget the Bubbles
    https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-and-oesophageal-atresia/
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a common congenital malformation involving a communication (fistula) between the trachea and oesophagus. It typically occurs with oesophageal atresia (OA), with the upper end of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch. TOF/ OA is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in approximately 1:3000-4500 live births. […] Around 30% of TOF/ OA infants are born prematurely. […] Approximately 50% of cases of TOF and OA are associated with other anomalies. […] Around 20% of infants born with oesophageal atresia will have some sort of congenital heart disease. […] The survival rate for stable infants with TOF/OA nowadays exceeds 90% owing to earlier diagnosis, advances in neonatal anaesthesia and perioperative care, advanced ICU management, and early treatment of surgery. Unstable infants have an increased mortality rate owing to potentially fatal associated congenital and cardiac anomalies, prematurity, and/or pre-operative respiratory compromise with ventilatory requirements. […] Motility, digestive and nutritional problems are frequent issues in the long-term follow-up of these patients; thus, focusing on early detection and management is essential in preserving quality of life.
  • #77 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula | Pediatric Surgery NaT
    https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829035/all/Esophageal_Atresia_and_Tracheoesophageal_Fistula
    The surgical management of infants born with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) represents one of the major triumphs of pediatric surgery in the twentieth century. […] Since this initial success, advances in surgical technique and neonatal care have steadily improved survival rates in infants born with EA/TEF. […] Based on 2006 data from a major pediatric referral center, survival of EA/TEF children with birth weights greater than 1500 gm and no major cardiac anomalies is now over 98%. […] A nationwide analysis published in 2014 discovered that all comers have a survival rate of 91% – a vast improvement from the 100% mortality rate prior to the 1940s. […] They identified a strong correlation between birth weight, gestational age and mortality.
  • #78 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula | Pediatric Surgery NaT
    https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829035/all/Esophageal_Atresia_and_Tracheoesophageal_Fistula
    The surgical management of infants born with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) represents one of the major triumphs of pediatric surgery in the twentieth century. […] Since this initial success, advances in surgical technique and neonatal care have steadily improved survival rates in infants born with EA/TEF. […] Based on 2006 data from a major pediatric referral center, survival of EA/TEF children with birth weights greater than 1500 gm and no major cardiac anomalies is now over 98%. […] A nationwide analysis published in 2014 discovered that all comers have a survival rate of 91% – a vast improvement from the 100% mortality rate prior to the 1940s. […] They identified a strong correlation between birth weight, gestational age and mortality.
  • #79 Orphanet: Esophageal atresia
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1199
    Definitive management involves disconnection of the tracheooesophageal fistula, closure of the tracheal defect and primary anastomosis of the esophagus during the neonatal period. […] Survival is directly related to birth weight and to the presence of a major cardiac defect. Infants weighing over 1500 g and having no major cardiac problems have a near 100% survival rate, but the survival rate decreases in the presence of additional risk factors. Dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease are common long-term sequelae.
  • #80 Orphanet: Esophageal atresia
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1199
    Definitive management involves disconnection of the tracheooesophageal fistula, closure of the tracheal defect and primary anastomosis of the esophagus during the neonatal period. […] Survival is directly related to birth weight and to the presence of a major cardiac defect. Infants weighing over 1500 g and having no major cardiac problems have a near 100% survival rate, but the survival rate decreases in the presence of additional risk factors. Dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux disease are common long-term sequelae.
  • #81 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia – Don’t Forget the Bubbles
    https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-and-oesophageal-atresia/
    Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a common congenital malformation involving a communication (fistula) between the trachea and oesophagus. It typically occurs with oesophageal atresia (OA), with the upper end of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch. TOF/ OA is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in approximately 1:3000-4500 live births. […] Around 30% of TOF/ OA infants are born prematurely. […] Approximately 50% of cases of TOF and OA are associated with other anomalies. […] Around 20% of infants born with oesophageal atresia will have some sort of congenital heart disease. […] The survival rate for stable infants with TOF/OA nowadays exceeds 90% owing to earlier diagnosis, advances in neonatal anaesthesia and perioperative care, advanced ICU management, and early treatment of surgery. Unstable infants have an increased mortality rate owing to potentially fatal associated congenital and cardiac anomalies, prematurity, and/or pre-operative respiratory compromise with ventilatory requirements. […] Motility, digestive and nutritional problems are frequent issues in the long-term follow-up of these patients; thus, focusing on early detection and management is essential in preserving quality of life.
  • #82 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula | Pediatric Surgery NaT
    https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829035/all/Esophageal_Atresia_and_Tracheoesophageal_Fistula
    The surgical management of infants born with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) represents one of the major triumphs of pediatric surgery in the twentieth century. […] Since this initial success, advances in surgical technique and neonatal care have steadily improved survival rates in infants born with EA/TEF. […] Based on 2006 data from a major pediatric referral center, survival of EA/TEF children with birth weights greater than 1500 gm and no major cardiac anomalies is now over 98%. […] A nationwide analysis published in 2014 discovered that all comers have a survival rate of 91% – a vast improvement from the 100% mortality rate prior to the 1940s. […] They identified a strong correlation between birth weight, gestational age and mortality.
  • #83 Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula in a preterm neonate in Limbe, Cameroon: case report & brief literature review | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
    https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-692
    Surgical correction is advised to be urgent as delay increases the risk of aspiration of saliva from the upper pouch or reflux of gastric acid through the lower pouch and a TOF causing pneumonitis. […] The complications in the post-operative period are vast, including structural and functional problems. […] Generally, the mortality rate for OA/TOF remains on the decline in the developed world currently 1.5% for patients without major cardiac anomalies and with birth weight of 1500 g.