Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Giant cell arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis

  Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. […] Complications can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. […] Common symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: headache, tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp, jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing), tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis, reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), acute visual loss (sudden blindness), diplopia (double vision), limb claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%). […] The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.

• #2 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Giant cell arteritis, prevalent among older individuals, affects medium to large arteries, exhibiting diverse clinical manifestations in both cranial and extracranial locations. Patients with the classic cranial phenotype present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms, headaches, jaw claudication, and an abnormal temporal artery biopsy, whereas isolated radiographic evidence of arteritis may characterize an alternative presentation. […] Clinicians should consider giant cell arteritis in individuals over 50 with new or altered headaches, jaw claudication, fever, visual disturbances, or vascular abnormalities. […] Tongue pain, although rare, significantly raises the likelihood of giant cell arteritis. […] Vascular irregularities may manifest as limb claudication, asymmetric blood pressures, an abnormal radial pulse, and temporal artery abnormalities.

• #3 Giant cell arteritis / temporal arteritis / Horton’s disease » Global Autoimmune Institute

  https://www.autoimmuneinstitute.org/autoimmune-resources/autoimmune-diseases-list/giant-cell-arteritis-temporal-arteritis-hortons-disease/

  Severe head pain and tenderness on the temples (which can randomly improve, worsen, or temporarily disappear over time), scalp tenderness, jaw pain, fever, flu-like symptoms, loss of appetite, fatigue, unintended weight loss, vision loss or double vision, as well as sudden and permanent loss of vision in one eye, and pain/stiffness in your neck, shoulders, or hips. […] GCA most commonly affects those between 70 and 80. Those under the age of 50 are rarely affected. […] Females are two to six times more at risk of incidence than males.

• #4 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may begin gradually over several weeks or abruptly. […] Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, malaise, unexplained weight loss, and sweats. Some patients are initially diagnosed as having fever of unknown origin. Eventually, most patients develop symptoms related to the affected arteries. […] Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair. […] Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). Brief periods of partial or complete vision loss (amaurosis fugax) in one eye may be rapidly followed by irreversible loss of vision. If untreated, the other eye may also be affected. However, complete bilateral blindness is uncommon. Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.

• #5 Giant Cell Arteritis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/vasculitic-disorders/giant-cell-arteritis

  Typowo, ludzie mają silny i często pulsujący ból głowy, ból w skórze głowy podczas czesania włosów oraz ból w mięśniach twarzy podczas żucia. […] Bez leczenia może wystąpić ślepota. […] Objawy zapalenia tętnic olbrzymiokomórkowej mogą zaczynać się stopniowo przez kilka tygodni lub nagle. Ludzie mogą mieć gorączkę, czuć się zmęczeni i ogólnie źle. Mogą niezamierzenie tracić na wadze i więcej się pocić. Objawy różnią się w zależności od tego, które tętnice są dotknięte. […] Typowo, duże tętnice do głowy są dotknięte, co powoduje rozwój silnego, czasami pulsującego bólu głowy w skroniach lub z tyłu głowy. […] Podwójne lub zamazane widzenie, duże martwe punkty, nagła ślepota w jednym oku, która ustępuje w ciągu kilku minut, lub inne problemy z oczami mogą się rozwinąć. Największym niebezpieczeństwem jest trwała ślepota, która może wystąpić nagle, jeśli dopływ krwi do nerwu wzrokowego zostanie zablokowany.

• #6 Giant cell arteritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372758

  Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness. […] The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness often severe that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily. […] Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area, Scalp tenderness, Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide, Fever, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss, Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain, Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye. […] If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. If you’re diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, starting treatment as soon as possible can usually help prevent vision loss.

• #7 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Headache occurs in 70% to 80% of people with giant cell arteritis. […] The presentation of GCA varies depending on which artery is affected. The onset is often insidious with weeks or even months of gradually increasing symptoms that may wax and wane before becoming more severe or permanent. Headaches occur in 70% to 80% of cases. Other symptoms include scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and vision loss in people with cranial involvement. […] Headache and scalp tenderness tend to be among the first symptoms. Headaches may be described as a dull pain that can be diffuse or localized, most commonly temporal. The pain may also be described as severe, sharp, or burning and can also be localized to the occipital, parietal, or periorbital regions. The pain and scalp tenderness can be resistant to analgesic treatment and so severe that it may interfere with sleep or wearing glasses, owing to scalp tenderness.

• #8 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0815/p789.html/1000

  Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are closely related inflammatory conditions that affect different cellular targets in genetically predisposed persons. Temporal arteritis, however, is more dangerous and can lead to sudden blindness. Temporal arteritis typically presents with many of the same findings as polymyalgia rheumatica, but patients also have headaches and tenderness to palpation over the involved artery. Early diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis can dramatically improve patients’ lives and return them to previous functional status. Patients are instructed to see their physician immediately if symptoms recur or they develop new headache, jaw claudication or visual problems. […] The characteristic symptoms of temporal arteritis result from inflammation of affected arteries. Headache is the most frequent symptom and also the most common initial symptom. The pain is typically centered over the temporal or occipital regions, but pain in other locations cannot be discounted. Scalp tenderness is present in more than one fourth of patients with temporal arteritis. Another frequent complaint in temporal arteritis is jaw claudication resulting from inflammation of the maxillary artery. Involvement of the lingual artery can result in pain and blanching of the tongue. Rarely, it can lead to gangrene of the tongue. Inflammation of the arteries supplying the eyes can lead to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which can cause blindness, the most feared complication of temporal arteritis.

• #9 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-clinical

  The onset of giant cell arteritis (GCA) may be either abrupt or insidious. GCA may begin with constitutional manifestations such as anorexia, fever, malaise, myalgia, night sweat, and weight loss. These prodromal symptoms may occur for a few days and may even stretch out to weeks. […] The most commonly reported symptoms in patients with GCA are as follows: Headache (initial symptom in 33%, present in 72%), Neck, torso, shoulder, and pelvic girdle pain that is consistent with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR; initial in 25%, present in 58%), Fatigue and malaise (initial in 20%, present in 56%), Jaw claudication (initial in 4%, present in 40%), Fever (initial in 11%, present in 35%). […] The headache of GCA has no pathognomonic features, but typically and most importantly the headache is either new, in a patient without a history of headaches, or of a new type, in a patient with a history of chronic headache. The headache is usually localized to the temporal or occipital area. Less often, the pain may be predominantly occipital or occipitonuchal; occasionally it is diffuse.

• #10 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  The common symptoms of temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) are headache, tenderness over one or both sides of the forehead, and feeling unwell. Other symptoms that may occur include pain in your jaw muscles when you chew which eases when you rest the jaw muscles, and visual loss. […] Symptoms of temporal arteritis can vary, and may depend on which blood vessel/s (artery or arteries) are mainly affected. […] Headache is the common symptom. It occurs in about two thirds of people with giant cell arteritis (GCA). This typically develops suddenly over a day or so but it sometimes develops gradually over several days or weeks. The headache can be one-sided, or on both sides. Typically, it is mainly towards the front and sides of the head. […] Tenderness of the scalp over the temporal arteries is common. You may be able to feel one or both of the inflamed temporal arteries under the skin, or see them in a mirror.

• #11 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Giant cell arteritis symptoms include headaches, scalp tenderness and jaw claudication but constitutional symptoms are also common, including malaise, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia and low-grade fever. […] Headaches are typically severe, may be unilateral or bilateral, and are usually located in the temporal area. Patients typically describe the pain as sharp, burning and severe. […] Scalp tenderness occurs in about 50% of people, in particular over the temporal and occipital arteries. […] Intermittent jaw claudication occurs in nearly half of people with giant cell arteritis, causing pain in the jaw muscles (typically over the masseter after minutes of chewing). […] Systemic features such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and depression are often present.

• #12 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Headache occurs in 70% to 80% of people with giant cell arteritis. […] The presentation of GCA varies depending on which artery is affected. The onset is often insidious with weeks or even months of gradually increasing symptoms that may wax and wane before becoming more severe or permanent. Headaches occur in 70% to 80% of cases. Other symptoms include scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and vision loss in people with cranial involvement. […] Headache and scalp tenderness tend to be among the first symptoms. Headaches may be described as a dull pain that can be diffuse or localized, most commonly temporal. The pain may also be described as severe, sharp, or burning and can also be localized to the occipital, parietal, or periorbital regions. The pain and scalp tenderness can be resistant to analgesic treatment and so severe that it may interfere with sleep or wearing glasses, owing to scalp tenderness.

• #13 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Onset of symptoms: Insidious over months or Sudden Onset. […] New Onset Headache (LR+ 3.6, LR- 0.43): Test Sensitivity 50 to 70%, Test Specificity 82%, Over temporal or occipital arteries (but may occur elsewhere), Boring ache of moderate intensity with minimal relief from Analgesics, Scalp tenderness, and touch may provoke Headache. […] Jaw Claudication (LR+ 20, LR- 0.62): Test Sensitivity: 39%, Test Specificity: 98%, Facial Muscle pain or weakness with chewing and relieved with rest, May be atypical with tooth, sinus, Tongue or Ear Pain. […] Visual symptoms (LR+ 2.5, LR- 0.81): Test Sensitivity: 28%, Test Specificity: 89%, May precede permanent Vision Loss by hours or days, Vision may be partially obscured, Visual Field cuts, Diplopia, Acute Vision Loss or Amaurosis Fugax. […] Systemic symptoms (at least one systemic symptom occurs in 75% of patients): Fever of Unknown Origin, Malaise, Fatigue, Anorexia, Weight loss. […] Sudden Vision Loss (Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy): Occurs in 8-15% of Temporal Arteritis patients, Visual deficit is permanent, May be preceded by visual changes or Headaches by hours or days, Contralateral eye is typically affected within 1-2 weeks (requires prompt management).

• #14 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Giant cell arteritis symptoms include headaches, scalp tenderness and jaw claudication but constitutional symptoms are also common, including malaise, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia and low-grade fever. […] Headaches are typically severe, may be unilateral or bilateral, and are usually located in the temporal area. Patients typically describe the pain as sharp, burning and severe. […] Scalp tenderness occurs in about 50% of people, in particular over the temporal and occipital arteries. […] Intermittent jaw claudication occurs in nearly half of people with giant cell arteritis, causing pain in the jaw muscles (typically over the masseter after minutes of chewing). […] Systemic features such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and depression are often present.

• #15 Giant Cell Arteritis | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms may start either suddenly or slowly. They may include: […] A new headache, often near the temple or around the eye. This is the most common symptom. […] Pain in the jaw, especially when you chew. […] Vision problems such as double vision or brief loss of vision. […] Tenderness on the side of the head or scalp. The blood vessel on the temple may look swollen. And it may hurt to wear glasses or comb your hair. […] In some people, symptoms improve with treatment but then come back. This is called a relapse. It often occurs in the first 2 years of treatment or during the first year after steroid medicine is stopped. Your doctor will track your condition during this time. If you have a relapse, your doctor will increase the steroid dosage for a while. Then you can slowly lower it after your symptoms go away.

• #16 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  GCA commonly affects arteries in the head and neck. […] This condition can cause pain and tenderness in the soft part at the side of the head in between your eyes and ears, known as the temples. When the condition affects this part of the head it can be called temporal arteritis. […] People with GCA may have a number of symptoms. Most people will have some, but not all of these. The most common symptoms of GCA are: headaches, often with severe pain and tenderness over the temples and the scalp it may be painful to brush your hair or to shave. Headaches from GCA can cause pain elsewhere in the head too. […] thickening or tenderness of the blood vessels at your temples […] pain in the jaw or tongue when chewing […] severe tiredness that affects your quality of life, otherwise known as fatigue

• #17 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  Giant cell arteritis can be difficult to diagnose because its early symptoms resemble those of other common conditions. […] Often, one or both of these arteries are tender, with a reduced pulse and a hard, cordlike feel and appearance. […] If you have giant cell arteritis, the artery will often show inflammation that includes abnormally large cells, called giant cells, which give the disease its name. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. […] Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #18 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Clinicians should suspect GCA in any patient older than 50 who presents with a new headache or change in the typical features of their preexisting headache. Other scenarios that warrant suspicion in such patients are jaw claudication, unexplained fever or other constitutional symptoms, abrupt visual disturbance or loss, and signs of vascular abnormalities. […] A new headache is a primary complaint in nearly two-thirds of patients with typical GCA. […] Enlargement, nodular swelling, tenderness, and loss of pulse of the temporal artery, either unilateral or bilateral, are classically ascribed to patients with underlying cranial GCA. […] Nearly 50% of patients with cranial GCA present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, depression, anorexia, and weight loss.

• #19 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Jaw claudication, occurring in nearly 50% of patients with GCA, manifests as pain or fatigue in the mandible and occasionally the tongue, triggered by chewing, and typically subsides upon cessation of chewing. […] Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients experience visual disturbances. GCA-associated visual loss can be transient or permanent. Transient visual changes typically present as an abrupt partial field defect or as if a curtain covers the field of vision of 1 eye. Permanent vision loss, most often resulting from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, is painless and sudden, and it can be unilateral, bilateral, partial, or complete. […] The most common symptoms in patients with extracranial GCA are associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and hips.

• #20 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0815/p789.html/1000

  Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are closely related inflammatory conditions that affect different cellular targets in genetically predisposed persons. Temporal arteritis, however, is more dangerous and can lead to sudden blindness. Temporal arteritis typically presents with many of the same findings as polymyalgia rheumatica, but patients also have headaches and tenderness to palpation over the involved artery. Early diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis can dramatically improve patients’ lives and return them to previous functional status. Patients are instructed to see their physician immediately if symptoms recur or they develop new headache, jaw claudication or visual problems. […] The characteristic symptoms of temporal arteritis result from inflammation of affected arteries. Headache is the most frequent symptom and also the most common initial symptom. The pain is typically centered over the temporal or occipital regions, but pain in other locations cannot be discounted. Scalp tenderness is present in more than one fourth of patients with temporal arteritis. Another frequent complaint in temporal arteritis is jaw claudication resulting from inflammation of the maxillary artery. Involvement of the lingual artery can result in pain and blanching of the tongue. Rarely, it can lead to gangrene of the tongue. Inflammation of the arteries supplying the eyes can lead to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which can cause blindness, the most feared complication of temporal arteritis.

• #21 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Intermittent claudication (ischemic muscle pain) may occur in jaw muscles and muscles of the tongue or extremities. Jaw claudication is noted especially when firm foods are chewed. Jaw claudication and diplopia are associated with a higher risk of blindness. […] Neurologic manifestations, such as strokes and transient ischemic attacks, can result when the carotid or vertebrobasilar arteries or branches are narrowed or occluded. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection of the aorta are serious, often late complications of aortitis and may progress in the absence of other symptoms.

• #22 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-clinical

  Jaw claudication is noted as fatigue or discomfort of the jaw muscles during chewing of firm foods such as meat, chewing gum, or prolonged speaking. Jaw claudication is highly predictive of temporal arteritis, and it is a result of ischemia of the maxillary artery supplying the masseter muscles. […] Amaurosis fugax occurs in 10% overall (initially in 2%), and some degree of permanent visual loss occurs in 8% (initial symptom in 3%). […] Transient repeated episodes of blurred vision are usually reversible, but sudden irreversible loss of vision may occur, especially if treatment is not started promptly. If GCA remains untreated in patients with unilateral vision loss, the second eye may become affected within 1-2 weeks. […] Acute encephalopathy is a rare complication of GCA and is a poor prognostic sign. Many patients with this complication progress to coma and die. […] Most patients have poorly localized tenderness over the joints, especially the shoulders and hips.

• #23 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Jaw claudication, occurring in nearly 50% of patients with GCA, manifests as pain or fatigue in the mandible and occasionally the tongue, triggered by chewing, and typically subsides upon cessation of chewing. […] Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients experience visual disturbances. GCA-associated visual loss can be transient or permanent. Transient visual changes typically present as an abrupt partial field defect or as if a curtain covers the field of vision of 1 eye. Permanent vision loss, most often resulting from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, is painless and sudden, and it can be unilateral, bilateral, partial, or complete. […] The most common symptoms in patients with extracranial GCA are associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and hips.

• #24 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-clinical

  Jaw claudication is noted as fatigue or discomfort of the jaw muscles during chewing of firm foods such as meat, chewing gum, or prolonged speaking. Jaw claudication is highly predictive of temporal arteritis, and it is a result of ischemia of the maxillary artery supplying the masseter muscles. […] Amaurosis fugax occurs in 10% overall (initially in 2%), and some degree of permanent visual loss occurs in 8% (initial symptom in 3%). […] Transient repeated episodes of blurred vision are usually reversible, but sudden irreversible loss of vision may occur, especially if treatment is not started promptly. If GCA remains untreated in patients with unilateral vision loss, the second eye may become affected within 1-2 weeks. […] Acute encephalopathy is a rare complication of GCA and is a poor prognostic sign. Many patients with this complication progress to coma and die. […] Most patients have poorly localized tenderness over the joints, especially the shoulders and hips.

• #25 Temporal Arteritis – TheNNT

  https://thennt.com/lr/temporal-arteritis/

  Beaded temporal artery 4.6 […] Prominent or enlarged temporal artery 4.3 […] Jaw claudication 4.2 […] Diplopia 3.4 […] Absent temporal artery pulse 2.7 […] Tender temporal artery 2.6 […] Any temporal artery abnormality 2.0 […] ESR 100 mm/h 1.9 […] Scalp tenderness 1.6 […] Optic atrophy or ischemic optic neuropathy 1.6 […] Anemia 1.5 […] Temporal headache 1.5 […] Weight loss 1.3 […] Any headache 1.2 […] ESR 50 mm/h 1.2 […] Fatigue 1.2 […] Fever 1.2 […] Anorexia 1.2 […] ESR abnormal 1.1 […] White Race 1.1 […] Any visual symptom 1.1 […] Arthralgia 1.1 […] Any funduscopic abnormality 1.1 […] Polymyalgia rheumatica 0.97 […] Myalgia 0.93 […] Unilateral visual loss 0.85 […] Male se 0.83 […] Vertigo 0.71 […] Synovitis 0.41.

• #26 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0815/p789.html/1000

  Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are closely related inflammatory conditions that affect different cellular targets in genetically predisposed persons. Temporal arteritis, however, is more dangerous and can lead to sudden blindness. Temporal arteritis typically presents with many of the same findings as polymyalgia rheumatica, but patients also have headaches and tenderness to palpation over the involved artery. Early diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis can dramatically improve patients’ lives and return them to previous functional status. Patients are instructed to see their physician immediately if symptoms recur or they develop new headache, jaw claudication or visual problems. […] The characteristic symptoms of temporal arteritis result from inflammation of affected arteries. Headache is the most frequent symptom and also the most common initial symptom. The pain is typically centered over the temporal or occipital regions, but pain in other locations cannot be discounted. Scalp tenderness is present in more than one fourth of patients with temporal arteritis. Another frequent complaint in temporal arteritis is jaw claudication resulting from inflammation of the maxillary artery. Involvement of the lingual artery can result in pain and blanching of the tongue. Rarely, it can lead to gangrene of the tongue. Inflammation of the arteries supplying the eyes can lead to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which can cause blindness, the most feared complication of temporal arteritis.

• #27 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Giant cell arteritis, prevalent among older individuals, affects medium to large arteries, exhibiting diverse clinical manifestations in both cranial and extracranial locations. Patients with the classic cranial phenotype present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms, headaches, jaw claudication, and an abnormal temporal artery biopsy, whereas isolated radiographic evidence of arteritis may characterize an alternative presentation. […] Clinicians should consider giant cell arteritis in individuals over 50 with new or altered headaches, jaw claudication, fever, visual disturbances, or vascular abnormalities. […] Tongue pain, although rare, significantly raises the likelihood of giant cell arteritis. […] Vascular irregularities may manifest as limb claudication, asymmetric blood pressures, an abnormal radial pulse, and temporal artery abnormalities.

• #28 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Jaw claudication, occurring in nearly 50% of patients with GCA, manifests as pain or fatigue in the mandible and occasionally the tongue, triggered by chewing, and typically subsides upon cessation of chewing. […] Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients experience visual disturbances. GCA-associated visual loss can be transient or permanent. Transient visual changes typically present as an abrupt partial field defect or as if a curtain covers the field of vision of 1 eye. Permanent vision loss, most often resulting from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, is painless and sudden, and it can be unilateral, bilateral, partial, or complete. […] The most common symptoms in patients with extracranial GCA are associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and hips.

• #29 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory condition that can cause vision loss, double vision, fever, new persistent headaches, scalp tenderness, and jaw pain with chewing. […] Vision loss in one or both eyes occurs in 20-50% of patients. Approximately 1/3 of patients who lose vision from GCA experience transient vision loss in one eye 7-10 days prior to the permanent vision loss. If not recognized and treated promptly, the second eye will lose vision within 7-10 days in 70% of cases. Vision loss is typically severe and almost always irreversible, even with treatment. […] The most common initial GCA symptom is a new persistent headache, which is present in 40-90% of patients. Scalp tenderness is also common and often noticed when brushing or washing hair, or sleeping on one side of the head.

• #30 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may begin gradually over several weeks or abruptly. […] Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, malaise, unexplained weight loss, and sweats. Some patients are initially diagnosed as having fever of unknown origin. Eventually, most patients develop symptoms related to the affected arteries. […] Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair. […] Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). Brief periods of partial or complete vision loss (amaurosis fugax) in one eye may be rapidly followed by irreversible loss of vision. If untreated, the other eye may also be affected. However, complete bilateral blindness is uncommon. Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.

• #31 Temporal Arteritis: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/temporal-arteritis

  Temporal arteritis is an autoimmune condition in which the temporal arteries, which supply blood to the head and brain, become inflamed or damaged. […] People who have this condition are at risk of serious complications. Sudden blindness can occur due to a lack of blood flow to the part of the eye called the optic nerve. […] The symptoms of temporal arteritis can include: double vision, sudden, painless visual disturbance, including temporary or permanent loss of vision in one eye or rarely both eyes, new headache or change from baseline headache, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, jaw pain that occurs with chewing or talking, cough, tongue pain, sore throat or hoarse voice, numbness, tingling, weakness, or coolness of the arms or legs, fever, unintentional weight loss, shoulder pain, hip pain, and stiffness, tenderness in the scalp and temple areas often noticed after brushing your hair.

• #32 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  The most common symptoms of GCA are new, persistent headaches and tenderness of the temples due to inflammation of the temporal arteries on either side of the head. Severe throbbing pain is often accompanied by tenderness and swelling of the temporal artery and tenderness of the scalp. Other common symptoms include flu-like symptoms at onset including fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite, jaw pain when chewing, sudden vision loss in one or both eyes, visual blurriness in one or both eyes, double vision, arm pain, numbness, or weakness, leg pain, numbness, or weakness, aching and stiffness of shoulder and/or hip joints (worse in the morning), dizziness, and weight loss. […] Left untreated, GCA can result in serious complications including blindness, stroke, or aortic aneurysm. A burst aneurysm can be life-threatening.

• #33 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may begin gradually over several weeks or abruptly. […] Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, malaise, unexplained weight loss, and sweats. Some patients are initially diagnosed as having fever of unknown origin. Eventually, most patients develop symptoms related to the affected arteries. […] Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair. […] Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). Brief periods of partial or complete vision loss (amaurosis fugax) in one eye may be rapidly followed by irreversible loss of vision. If untreated, the other eye may also be affected. However, complete bilateral blindness is uncommon. Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.

• #34 Giant cell arteritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372758

  Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness. […] The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness often severe that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily. […] Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area, Scalp tenderness, Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide, Fever, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss, Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain, Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye. […] If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. If you’re diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, starting treatment as soon as possible can usually help prevent vision loss.

• #35 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Onset of symptoms: Insidious over months or Sudden Onset. […] New Onset Headache (LR+ 3.6, LR- 0.43): Test Sensitivity 50 to 70%, Test Specificity 82%, Over temporal or occipital arteries (but may occur elsewhere), Boring ache of moderate intensity with minimal relief from Analgesics, Scalp tenderness, and touch may provoke Headache. […] Jaw Claudication (LR+ 20, LR- 0.62): Test Sensitivity: 39%, Test Specificity: 98%, Facial Muscle pain or weakness with chewing and relieved with rest, May be atypical with tooth, sinus, Tongue or Ear Pain. […] Visual symptoms (LR+ 2.5, LR- 0.81): Test Sensitivity: 28%, Test Specificity: 89%, May precede permanent Vision Loss by hours or days, Vision may be partially obscured, Visual Field cuts, Diplopia, Acute Vision Loss or Amaurosis Fugax. […] Systemic symptoms (at least one systemic symptom occurs in 75% of patients): Fever of Unknown Origin, Malaise, Fatigue, Anorexia, Weight loss. […] Sudden Vision Loss (Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy): Occurs in 8-15% of Temporal Arteritis patients, Visual deficit is permanent, May be preceded by visual changes or Headaches by hours or days, Contralateral eye is typically affected within 1-2 weeks (requires prompt management).

• #36 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #37 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Many people with GCA have only nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, generalized malaise, fever, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss or decreased appetite. Other neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, hearing loss, or dizziness. […] GCA is primarily treated with high-dose steroids. The disease is typically active for 1-2 years, but in some cases, can last up to 10+ years. Therefore, people with GCA may take steroids for a long time. Headache and pain usually improve within 24-72 hours of starting treatment. Unfortunately, vision does not typically improve, and may even worsen despite treatment. The goal of prompt treatment is to prevent further visual loss and other serious complications of GCA like stroke and heart attack. […] Unfortunately, vision loss is typically permanent regardless of treatment. The goal of treatment is to avoid vision loss in the other eye, to limit worsening of vision, and to prevent damage to other organs.

• #38 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Jaw claudication, occurring in nearly 50% of patients with GCA, manifests as pain or fatigue in the mandible and occasionally the tongue, triggered by chewing, and typically subsides upon cessation of chewing. […] Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients experience visual disturbances. GCA-associated visual loss can be transient or permanent. Transient visual changes typically present as an abrupt partial field defect or as if a curtain covers the field of vision of 1 eye. Permanent vision loss, most often resulting from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, is painless and sudden, and it can be unilateral, bilateral, partial, or complete. […] The most common symptoms in patients with extracranial GCA are associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and hips.

• #39 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory condition that can cause vision loss, double vision, fever, new persistent headaches, scalp tenderness, and jaw pain with chewing. […] Vision loss in one or both eyes occurs in 20-50% of patients. Approximately 1/3 of patients who lose vision from GCA experience transient vision loss in one eye 7-10 days prior to the permanent vision loss. If not recognized and treated promptly, the second eye will lose vision within 7-10 days in 70% of cases. Vision loss is typically severe and almost always irreversible, even with treatment. […] The most common initial GCA symptom is a new persistent headache, which is present in 40-90% of patients. Scalp tenderness is also common and often noticed when brushing or washing hair, or sleeping on one side of the head.

• #40 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://rheumatology.org/patients/giant-cell-arteritis

  The most common symptom of GCA is a new headache, usually around the temples, but headache can occur anywhere. Other symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, or flu-like feeling. There may be pain in the jaw from chewing. If GCA spreads to the blood supply of the eye, eyesight can be affected. Permanent loss of vision in GCA can occur suddenly, but proper treatment can prevent this complication. […] It is vital that patients who have active or inactive PMR report any symptoms of new headache, changes in vision, or jaw pain to their doctors.

• #41 Giant cell arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis

  Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. […] Complications can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. […] Common symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: headache, tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp, jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing), tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis, reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), acute visual loss (sudden blindness), diplopia (double vision), limb claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%). […] The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.

• #42 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Giant cell arteritis symptoms include headaches, scalp tenderness and jaw claudication but constitutional symptoms are also common, including malaise, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia and low-grade fever. […] Headaches are typically severe, may be unilateral or bilateral, and are usually located in the temporal area. Patients typically describe the pain as sharp, burning and severe. […] Scalp tenderness occurs in about 50% of people, in particular over the temporal and occipital arteries. […] Intermittent jaw claudication occurs in nearly half of people with giant cell arteritis, causing pain in the jaw muscles (typically over the masseter after minutes of chewing). […] Systemic features such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and depression are often present.

• #43 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Other symptoms may occur if the arteries going to these parts of the body are inflamed, become narrowed and reduce the blood supply to these areas. These include: […] Pain in the jaw muscles (jaw claudication) while eating or talking. This occurs in nearly half of affected people. The pain eases when you rest the jaw muscles. […] Visual disturbances: permanent partial or complete loss of vision in one or both eyes occurs in up to 1 in 5 affected people and is often an early symptom. People who are affected typically report a feeling of a shade covering one eye, which can progress to total loss of vision. The eye is not painful. If untreated, the second eye is likely to become affected within 1-2 weeks, although it can be affected within 24 hours. Urgent treatment is therefore essential. A temporary loss of vision in one eye or double vision (diplopia) may occur as a 'warning’ symptom before any permanent visual loss. […] Some general symptoms also commonly occur. These include tiredness, depression, night sweats, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. These may develop gradually and may be present for weeks or even months before a specific symptom such as headache or visual loss develops.

• #44 Clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA, also known as Horton disease, cranial arteritis, and temporal arteritis) is categorized as a vasculitis of large- and medium-sized vessels because it can involve the aorta and great vessels. Systemic symptoms are common in GCA and vascular involvement can be widespread, causing stenosis and aneurysm of affected vessels. The most feared complication, visual loss, is one potential consequence of the cranial phenotype of GCA. […] The onset of symptoms in giant cell arteritis (GCA) tends to be subacute, but abrupt presentations over a few days can occur. Although many of the clinical manifestations of GCA are nonspecific, some characteristic findings strongly suggest the diagnosis. […] Systemic symptoms associated with GCA are frequent and include fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Fevers occur in up to one-half of patients with GCA and are usually low-grade. However, in approximately 15 percent of patients, fevers exceed 39°C (102.2°F), often leading to misdiagnoses of infections.

• #45 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body and arms. It is also called temporal arteritis. […] Some common symptoms of this problem are: New throbbing headache on one side of the head or the back of the head, Tenderness when touching the scalp. […] Other symptoms may include: Jaw pain that occurs when chewing (called jaw claudication), Pain in the arm after using it, Muscle aches, Pain and stiffness in the neck, upper arms, shoulder, and hips (polymyalgia rheumatica), Weakness, excessive tiredness, Fever, General ill feeling. […] Problems with eyesight may occur, and at times may begin suddenly. These problems include: Blurred vision, Double vision, Sudden reduced vision (blindness in one or both eyes). […] Most people make a full recovery, but treatment may be needed for 1 to 2 years or longer. The condition may return at a later date. […] Damage to other blood vessels in the body, such as aneurysms (ballooning of the blood vessels), may occur. This damage can lead to a stroke in the future.

• #46 Temporal arteritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5765614/

  Temporal or giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of medium and small extracranial vessels that may result in ocular ischemia, an aortitis followed by aortic dissection and peripheral limb ischemia. […] While the presentation of temporal arteritis can vary, the most important complication is ocular ischemia leading to blindness. […] The most common manifestations include headache, an abnormal temporal artery with temporal artery pulsation and pain, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, and constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss. […] The most feared complication is related to an arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), which can result in permanent visual loss. […] In 30% of individuals, neurologic manifestations occur such as mononeuropathies or polyneuropathies, an altered mental status or memory dysfunction, depression, and dementia.

• #47 Giant cell arteritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372758

  Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness. […] The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness often severe that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily. […] Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area, Scalp tenderness, Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide, Fever, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss, Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain, Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye. […] If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. If you’re diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, starting treatment as soon as possible can usually help prevent vision loss.

• #48 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  flu-like symptoms, such as a mild fever […] sweats, during the day or night […] weight loss […] double vision […] rarely, loss of sight, which can occur suddenly. This may be partial, but it can sometimes be total. Its usually temporary in the early stages. […] If left untreated these symptoms can lead to permanent sight loss or a stroke. […] Serious problems can usually be avoided with prompt steroid treatment. […] Less commonly, GCA can affect other large blood vessels that could lead to pain when using the arm muscles or in the calves when walking. […] Rarely, if someone has had GCA or PMR for a long time, they may develop aneurysms. This is when artery walls increase in size and can bulge and become weak.

• #49 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body and arms. It is also called temporal arteritis. […] Some common symptoms of this problem are: New throbbing headache on one side of the head or the back of the head, Tenderness when touching the scalp. […] Other symptoms may include: Jaw pain that occurs when chewing (called jaw claudication), Pain in the arm after using it, Muscle aches, Pain and stiffness in the neck, upper arms, shoulder, and hips (polymyalgia rheumatica), Weakness, excessive tiredness, Fever, General ill feeling. […] Problems with eyesight may occur, and at times may begin suddenly. These problems include: Blurred vision, Double vision, Sudden reduced vision (blindness in one or both eyes). […] Most people make a full recovery, but treatment may be needed for 1 to 2 years or longer. The condition may return at a later date. […] Damage to other blood vessels in the body, such as aneurysms (ballooning of the blood vessels), may occur. This damage can lead to a stroke in the future.

• #50 Introduction to temporal arteritis: symptoms and treatment

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/a-real-pain-in-the-neck-and-head-an-intro-to-temporal-arteritis

  Earlier symptoms of temporal arteritis can appear to be flu-like, such as fever, night sweats, lack of appetite, and fatigue. […] After weeks or months, more symptoms will emerge, such as headaches, scalp tension and tenderness, ranging from moderate to severe, jaw soreness, especially whilst eating, deterioration of vision, due to lack of blood flow to the eye. This can manifest as double, blurry, or blackening vision, or as periods of sight loss, feelings of dizziness and disorientation when engaged in activity, and unintentional weight loss. […] At the worst stages of the disease, patients may experience strokes, heart attacks, or become permanently blinded, which is why it is important to get treated for temporal arteritis as soon as possible.

• #51 Giant Cell Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis can begin suddenly or gradually with nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weight loss, depression, and fatigue or with the classic symptoms of headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual changes, or polymyalgia rheumatica. […] Patients dramatically improve within 24 to 72 hours of beginning therapy, and the ESR usually normalizes within 1 month.

• #52 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may begin gradually over several weeks or abruptly. […] Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, malaise, unexplained weight loss, and sweats. Some patients are initially diagnosed as having fever of unknown origin. Eventually, most patients develop symptoms related to the affected arteries. […] Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair. […] Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). Brief periods of partial or complete vision loss (amaurosis fugax) in one eye may be rapidly followed by irreversible loss of vision. If untreated, the other eye may also be affected. However, complete bilateral blindness is uncommon. Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.

• #53 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Features of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), such as proximal muscle pain, stiffness, and tenderness) are present in about 40% of people with giant cell arteritis. […] Neurological features occur in about 30% of people and include mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy of the arms or legs. […] Giant cell arteritis may occasionally present with audio-vestibular symptoms or respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and hoarseness. […] Symptoms should improve rapidly after initiation of corticosteroids; if they do not, an alternative diagnosis should be considered. […] Most people with giant cell arteritis respond rapidly to treatment with glucocorticoids. However, relapses are common and occur in up to 50% despite appropriate treatment.

• #54 Giant cell arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis

  Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. […] Complications can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. […] Common symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: headache, tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp, jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing), tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis, reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), acute visual loss (sudden blindness), diplopia (double vision), limb claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%). […] The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.

• #55 Temporal arteritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporal-arteritis/

  The symptoms of temporal arteritis depend on which arteries are affected. The main symptoms are: frequent, severe headaches […] pain or tenderness at the side of your head (temples) or on the scalp […] jaw pain while eating or talking […] vision problems, such as double vision or loss of vision in 1 or both eyes. More general symptoms are also common for example, flu-like symptoms, unintentional weight loss, depression and tiredness. Some people with temporal arteritis also develop polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). This causes pain, stiffness and inflammation in the muscles around the shoulders, neck and hips.

• #56 Giant Cell Arteritis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/vasculitic-disorders/giant-cell-arteritis

  Typowo, mięśnie żuchwy bolą i stają się zmęczone wkrótce po rozpoczęciu żucia. […] Czasami zapalenie uszkadza aortę, powodując jej rozerwanie (rozwarstwienie) lub powstanie tętniaka w jej ścianie. […] Jeśli obecna jest również polimialgia reumatyczna, może wystąpić silny ból i sztywność w szyi, ramionach i biodrze, które są gorsze w nocy i rano.

• #57 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Jaw claudication, occurring in nearly 50% of patients with GCA, manifests as pain or fatigue in the mandible and occasionally the tongue, triggered by chewing, and typically subsides upon cessation of chewing. […] Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients experience visual disturbances. GCA-associated visual loss can be transient or permanent. Transient visual changes typically present as an abrupt partial field defect or as if a curtain covers the field of vision of 1 eye. Permanent vision loss, most often resulting from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, is painless and sudden, and it can be unilateral, bilateral, partial, or complete. […] The most common symptoms in patients with extracranial GCA are associated with polymyalgia rheumatica, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and hips.

• #58 Giant cell arteritis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis

  You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. This is the point at which many people also develop symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. Such flares can usually be treated with slight increases in the corticosteroid dose.

• #59 Temporal arteritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5765614/

  Temporal or giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of medium and small extracranial vessels that may result in ocular ischemia, an aortitis followed by aortic dissection and peripheral limb ischemia. […] While the presentation of temporal arteritis can vary, the most important complication is ocular ischemia leading to blindness. […] The most common manifestations include headache, an abnormal temporal artery with temporal artery pulsation and pain, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, and constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss. […] The most feared complication is related to an arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), which can result in permanent visual loss. […] In 30% of individuals, neurologic manifestations occur such as mononeuropathies or polyneuropathies, an altered mental status or memory dysfunction, depression, and dementia.

• #60 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Features of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), such as proximal muscle pain, stiffness, and tenderness) are present in about 40% of people with giant cell arteritis. […] Neurological features occur in about 30% of people and include mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy of the arms or legs. […] Giant cell arteritis may occasionally present with audio-vestibular symptoms or respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and hoarseness. […] Symptoms should improve rapidly after initiation of corticosteroids; if they do not, an alternative diagnosis should be considered. […] Most people with giant cell arteritis respond rapidly to treatment with glucocorticoids. However, relapses are common and occur in up to 50% despite appropriate treatment.

• #61 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-overview

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is a systemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs in older persons and can result in a wide variety of systemic, neurologic, and ophthalmologic complications. Common signs and symptoms of GCA reflect the involvement of the temporal artery and other medium-sized arteries of the head and the neck and include visual disturbances, headache, jaw claudication, neck pain, and scalp tenderness. Constitutional manifestations, such as fatigue, malaise, and fever, may also be present. GCA should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a new-onset headache in patients 50 years of age or older with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Visual loss is one of the most significant causes of morbidity in GCA. Permanent visual impairment may occur in as many as 20% of patients, and, in some cases, GCA can cause bilateral blindness. Prompt initiation of treatment may prevent blindness and other potentially irreversible ischemic sequelae of GCA. The typical patient with GCA remains on steroid therapy for roughly 2 years. The prognosis for patients with untreated GCA is extremely poor. These patients may suffer blindness, or death from myocardial infarction, stroke, or dissecting aortic aneurysm. Visual loss in GCA is often irreversible, but may be temporary; may be partial or complete; and may involve one or both eyes. Progression of vision loss despite the initiation of high-dose corticosteroid therapy typically occurs within the first 5-6 days of treatment if therapy is going to fail. Risk factors for progressive visual loss despite steroid therapy include older age, elevated CRP level, and optic disc swelling. Nervous system alterations are found in as many as 30% of patients; 14% have either mononeuritis or polyneuropathy, and 7% have transient ischemic attacks or strokes.

• #62 Giant Cell Arteritis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/g/giant-cell-arteritis.html

  Symptoms of GCA can vary depending on the location of the inflammation and may include: […] Loss of vision […] Double vision […] Fever […] Unexplained weight loss […] Dizziness […] Difficulty with coordination […] Difficulty with balance.

• #63 Giant cell arteritis: When a headache might be something more | Aging | Eyes and Vision | Women’s Health | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/giant-cell-arteritis/

  The most common symptom of giant cell arteritis is a headache, which can occur anywhere but is usually centered around the temples. There can be pain or tenderness of the scalp, particularly over the temples. […] Early symptoms of GCA can be nonspecific and resemble those of influenza, such as fever and fatigue. The most common symptom of GCA is a headache, which can occur anywhere but usually is focused over the temples. The headache may get progressively worse or come and go. […] Other symptoms may include: Pain or tenderness over the scalp, particularly over the temples, Double vision or vision loss, Dizziness or problems with balance and coordination, Jaw pain when chewing. […] If you develop a new, persistent headache or any other of the above symptoms, see your doctor right away. Its better to be safe and prevent serious complications such as vision loss or stroke.

• #64 Clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-giant-cell-arteritis

  To date, no definite ways of stratifying risk factors for permanent visual loss in GCA have been established. Age, hypertension, thrombocytosis, jaw claudication, and other features have been proposed as risk factors. However, in most studies, only prior transient visual loss has been identified as the strongest predictor for subsequent permanent visual loss. […] Permanent loss of vision in GCA results from arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), central or branch retinal artery occlusion (CRAO/BRAO), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), or, rarely, cerebral ischemia. […] The clinical phenotype of LV-GCA differs somewhat from that of cranial arteritis. […] A variety of unusual presentations of GCA have been reported, including dysarthria, sensorineural hearing loss, and other atypical features.

• #65 Temporal arteritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5765614/

  Temporal or giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of medium and small extracranial vessels that may result in ocular ischemia, an aortitis followed by aortic dissection and peripheral limb ischemia. […] While the presentation of temporal arteritis can vary, the most important complication is ocular ischemia leading to blindness. […] The most common manifestations include headache, an abnormal temporal artery with temporal artery pulsation and pain, jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, and constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss. […] The most feared complication is related to an arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), which can result in permanent visual loss. […] In 30% of individuals, neurologic manifestations occur such as mononeuropathies or polyneuropathies, an altered mental status or memory dysfunction, depression, and dementia.

• #66 Giant cell arteritis: An updated review of an old disease | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/7/465

  Large-vessel involvement in GCA is common and refers to involvement of the aorta and its proximal branches. […] Depending on the imaging study, large-vessel involvement has been found in 30% to 80% of cases of GCA. It is often associated with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, weight loss, chills, and malaise, but it can also cause more specific symptoms such as unilateral extremity claudication. […] The finding of aortitis should prompt the clinician to question the patient about other symptoms of GCA and to order imaging of the whole vascular tree. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica is another rheumatologic condition that can occur independently or in conjunction with GCA. It is characterized by stiffness and pain in the proximal joints such as the hips and shoulders, typically worse in the morning and better with activity.

• #67 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Large vessel involvement in GCA generally refers to the aorta and its major proximal branches, especially in the upper extremities. Initial symptoms may be upper extremity claudication, back or chest pain due to aortitis, or aortic dissection. […] Transient ischemic attacks or strokes, especially involving the posterior circulation, may be associated with GCA. […] The presence of a strong inflammatory response at the time of presentation is a risk factor for a protracted treatment course and a high relapse rate. Symptoms such as fever, weight loss, ESR 85 mm/h, and hemoglobin 11 g/dL indicate a strong inflammatory response. […] Vision loss can progress despite glucocorticoid therapy in nearly 10% of patients.

• #68 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Intermittent claudication (ischemic muscle pain) may occur in jaw muscles and muscles of the tongue or extremities. Jaw claudication is noted especially when firm foods are chewed. Jaw claudication and diplopia are associated with a higher risk of blindness. […] Neurologic manifestations, such as strokes and transient ischemic attacks, can result when the carotid or vertebrobasilar arteries or branches are narrowed or occluded. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection of the aorta are serious, often late complications of aortitis and may progress in the absence of other symptoms.

• #69 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Giant cell arteritis, prevalent among older individuals, affects medium to large arteries, exhibiting diverse clinical manifestations in both cranial and extracranial locations. Patients with the classic cranial phenotype present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms, headaches, jaw claudication, and an abnormal temporal artery biopsy, whereas isolated radiographic evidence of arteritis may characterize an alternative presentation. […] Clinicians should consider giant cell arteritis in individuals over 50 with new or altered headaches, jaw claudication, fever, visual disturbances, or vascular abnormalities. […] Tongue pain, although rare, significantly raises the likelihood of giant cell arteritis. […] Vascular irregularities may manifest as limb claudication, asymmetric blood pressures, an abnormal radial pulse, and temporal artery abnormalities.

• #70 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Large vessel involvement in GCA generally refers to the aorta and its major proximal branches, especially in the upper extremities. Initial symptoms may be upper extremity claudication, back or chest pain due to aortitis, or aortic dissection. […] Transient ischemic attacks or strokes, especially involving the posterior circulation, may be associated with GCA. […] The presence of a strong inflammatory response at the time of presentation is a risk factor for a protracted treatment course and a high relapse rate. Symptoms such as fever, weight loss, ESR 85 mm/h, and hemoglobin 11 g/dL indicate a strong inflammatory response. […] Vision loss can progress despite glucocorticoid therapy in nearly 10% of patients.

• #71 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Intermittent claudication (ischemic muscle pain) may occur in jaw muscles and muscles of the tongue or extremities. Jaw claudication is noted especially when firm foods are chewed. Jaw claudication and diplopia are associated with a higher risk of blindness. […] Neurologic manifestations, such as strokes and transient ischemic attacks, can result when the carotid or vertebrobasilar arteries or branches are narrowed or occluded. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection of the aorta are serious, often late complications of aortitis and may progress in the absence of other symptoms.

• #72 Giant Cell Arteritis – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/vasculitic-disorders/giant-cell-arteritis

  Typowo, mięśnie żuchwy bolą i stają się zmęczone wkrótce po rozpoczęciu żucia. […] Czasami zapalenie uszkadza aortę, powodując jej rozerwanie (rozwarstwienie) lub powstanie tętniaka w jej ścianie. […] Jeśli obecna jest również polimialgia reumatyczna, może wystąpić silny ból i sztywność w szyi, ramionach i biodrze, które są gorsze w nocy i rano.

• #73 Atypical Manifestations of Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1101/p1765a.html

  The most common systemic vasculitis in adults is temporal arteritis. Its classic manifestations headache, polymyalgia rheumatica, jaw claudication, and vision changes are well known to most physicians. More than 70 percent of patients complain of headache (although perhaps not as the initial symptom); however, the headache is often described as being different from a patient’s usual headache or as a new-onset headache. Some patients even develop an occipital headache caused by inflammation of the occipital artery. […] Pain in the facial muscles caused by chewing (jaw claudication) occurs in many patients with temporal arteritis, although only one half of them have typical jaw claudication. Some complain of a nonspecific dental discomfort or a pain in the sinus or ear region. Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), which is closely linked to temporal arteritis, presents with pain and weakness in the hip girdle, shoulders, and neck, with pain being the predominant complaint. Patients with PMR may have difficulty getting out of bed. Other common findings include an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) greater than 50 mm per Hg and, in one half of patients, an abnormal temporal artery on physical examination.

• #74 Atypical Manifestations of Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1101/p1765a.html

  The most worrisome complication of temporal arteritis is blindness caused by anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. This feature develops, on average, five months after the initial symptoms of temporal arteritis. Because visual symptoms are rarely the presenting symptoms, blindness can usually be prevented if the other presentations of this condition are recognized. Approximately 10 percent of patients have respiratory symptoms (e.g., dry cough, sore throat, tongue pain, hoarseness, a choking sensation), and these symptoms are the presenting complaint in about 4 percent of patients. However, a dry cough is never the only symptom in a patient with temporal arteritis. A respiratory work-up, including chest radiography, will be normal in patients with respiratory symptoms and temporal arteritis. Another finding is fever of unknown origin. Patients with temporal arteritis and fever of unknown origin have normal white blood cell counts. It is not clear why some patients with temporal arteritis develop certain sets of symptoms.

• #75 Atypical Manifestations of Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1101/p1765a.html

  The most worrisome complication of temporal arteritis is blindness caused by anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. This feature develops, on average, five months after the initial symptoms of temporal arteritis. Because visual symptoms are rarely the presenting symptoms, blindness can usually be prevented if the other presentations of this condition are recognized. Approximately 10 percent of patients have respiratory symptoms (e.g., dry cough, sore throat, tongue pain, hoarseness, a choking sensation), and these symptoms are the presenting complaint in about 4 percent of patients. However, a dry cough is never the only symptom in a patient with temporal arteritis. A respiratory work-up, including chest radiography, will be normal in patients with respiratory symptoms and temporal arteritis. Another finding is fever of unknown origin. Patients with temporal arteritis and fever of unknown origin have normal white blood cell counts. It is not clear why some patients with temporal arteritis develop certain sets of symptoms.

• #76 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #77 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #78 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #79 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis is a kind of vasculitis, which is inflammation of your blood vessels. Its also known as temporal arteritis. The most common symptom of giant cell arteritis is a throbbing headache. […] Temporal arteritis causes inflammation in your temporal arteries (the blood vessels near your temples). […] The most common symptom of giant cell arteritis is a throbbing, continuous headache on one or both sides of your forehead. Other symptoms may include: Tenderness at your scalp or temples, Jaw pain that becomes worse with chewing, Vision problems, like double vision, blurry vision or temporary vision loss, Fatigue, Fever, Loss of appetite or weight loss, Muscle aches in your upper arms and shoulders, hips, upper thighs, lower back and buttocks. […] If not diagnosed and treated quickly, giant cell arteritis can cause: Damage to your eyesight, including sudden vision loss or blindness in one or both eyes, Damage to your blood vessels, like an aneurysm, Other disorders, including stroke or transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes). […] Without early treatment, the GCA can lead to permanent vision loss, and life-threatening complications, such as aneurysms and stroke. Its important to see your healthcare provider right away if you experience any of the symptoms associated with GCA.

• #80 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  The most common symptoms of GCA are new, persistent headaches and tenderness of the temples due to inflammation of the temporal arteries on either side of the head. Severe throbbing pain is often accompanied by tenderness and swelling of the temporal artery and tenderness of the scalp. Other common symptoms include flu-like symptoms at onset including fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite, jaw pain when chewing, sudden vision loss in one or both eyes, visual blurriness in one or both eyes, double vision, arm pain, numbness, or weakness, leg pain, numbness, or weakness, aching and stiffness of shoulder and/or hip joints (worse in the morning), dizziness, and weight loss. […] Left untreated, GCA can result in serious complications including blindness, stroke, or aortic aneurysm. A burst aneurysm can be life-threatening.

• #81 Giant Cell Arteritis: Symptoms & Treatment | Massachusetts General Hospital

  https://www.massgeneral.org/medicine/rheumatology/treatments-and-services/giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis is the most common form of vasculitis affecting patients older than 50 years of age. Giant cell arteritis symptoms include new onset headaches often in the temporal area, scalp sensitivity, claudication (jaw pain or tiredness with chewing) and often pain and stiffness affecting the bilateral shoulders and hips. Untreated giant cell arteritis can lead to permanent vision loss in 10-20% of patients. Vision loss is usually preceded by transient episodes of blurred vision, double vision or vision loss. […] Our providers aim to establish early diagnosis and implement treatment plans with the goal of rapidly controlling symptoms and preventing subsequent disease relapses.

• #82

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/june/arteritis.aspx

  Giant cell arteritis, also referred to as temporal arteritis, is a form of vasculitis which predominantly affects older people. It must be treated urgently, as it is associated with a significant risk of permanent visual loss, stroke, aneurysm and possible death. […] Symptoms of giant cell arteritis include headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication or other orofacial pain, neck or shoulder pain, visual disturbances and systemic symptoms, such as sweats, fever and anorexia. There may be palpable changes to the temporal artery on examination. An acute phase response is usually seen on laboratory assessment, and a temporal artery biopsy will show inflammation and multinucleated cells with involvement of the internal elastic lamina. […] Visual loss, due to ischaemic optic neuropathy, is an early manifestation and can be a presenting symptom. This occurs in 20 50% of people with giant cell arteritis if they are untreated.

• #83 Giant Cell Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis/

  GCA commonly causes headaches, joint pain, facial pain, fever, and difficulties with vision, and sometimes permanent visual loss in one or both eyes. […] The most common symptoms of GCA are headache, pain in the shoulders and hips (called polymyalgia rheumatica), pain in the jaw after chewing (called jaw claudication), fever, and blurred vision. Other symptoms can include tenderness of scalp (it hurts to comb the hair), cough, throat pain, tongue pain, weight loss, depression, stroke, or pain in the arms during exercise. […] Blindness the most feared complication can develop if the disease is not treated in a timely fashion. […] Irreversible blindness, the most commonly feared complication, results from necrosis of the posterior ciliary branch of the ophthalmic artery and is usually preventable by early diagnosis and corticosteroid treatment.

• #84 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  The most common symptoms of GCA are new, persistent headaches and tenderness of the temples due to inflammation of the temporal arteries on either side of the head. Severe throbbing pain is often accompanied by tenderness and swelling of the temporal artery and tenderness of the scalp. Other common symptoms include flu-like symptoms at onset including fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite, jaw pain when chewing, sudden vision loss in one or both eyes, visual blurriness in one or both eyes, double vision, arm pain, numbness, or weakness, leg pain, numbness, or weakness, aching and stiffness of shoulder and/or hip joints (worse in the morning), dizziness, and weight loss. […] Left untreated, GCA can result in serious complications including blindness, stroke, or aortic aneurysm. A burst aneurysm can be life-threatening.

• #85 Clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-giant-cell-arteritis

  Headache is a common presentation of GCA, occurring in more than two-thirds of patients. The quality of headache in GCA, apart from the occasional specific complaint of tenderness of the scalp to touch, has no defining characteristics. Its salient feature is that it is new. […] Nearly one-half of GCA patients experience jaw claudication, a symptom that involves mandibular pain or fatigue brought on by mastication and relieved by stopping. […] Transient monocular (and, rarely, binocular) impairment of vision can be an early manifestation of GCA. […] Unquestionably the most feared complication of GCA remains that of permanent loss of vision, which commonly is painless and sudden, may be partial or complete, and may be unilateral or bilateral. […] It has been estimated that within one week, further loss of vision in the unaffected eye ensues in 25 to 50 percent of untreated patients.

• #86 Patient’s Guide to Temporal Arteritis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/neuro-ophthalmology/temporal-arteritis

  A new headache, tenderness of the scalp, muscle aches, weight loss, and fevers are characteristic symptoms of temporal arteritis. […] Visual loss occurs in about 25% of patients with temporal arteritis. The episodes of blurred or darkened vision can be brief and temporary, and usually affect one eye. In some cases visual loss can be quite sudden and severe. Because temporal arteritis can quickly progress to cause severe, irreversible visual loss in both eyes, prompt medical attention is extremely important when this condition is suspected. […] Usually the visual loss that occurs due to temporal arteritis is permanent. The reason it is so important to make an early diagnosis and start treatment as soon as possible is to try to stop the inflammation before it progresses to cause severe visual loss in both eyes. Unfortunately, there are no known treatments to repair the optic nerve after it has been damaged.

• #87 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body and arms. It is also called temporal arteritis. […] Some common symptoms of this problem are: New throbbing headache on one side of the head or the back of the head, Tenderness when touching the scalp. […] Other symptoms may include: Jaw pain that occurs when chewing (called jaw claudication), Pain in the arm after using it, Muscle aches, Pain and stiffness in the neck, upper arms, shoulder, and hips (polymyalgia rheumatica), Weakness, excessive tiredness, Fever, General ill feeling. […] Problems with eyesight may occur, and at times may begin suddenly. These problems include: Blurred vision, Double vision, Sudden reduced vision (blindness in one or both eyes). […] Most people make a full recovery, but treatment may be needed for 1 to 2 years or longer. The condition may return at a later date. […] Damage to other blood vessels in the body, such as aneurysms (ballooning of the blood vessels), may occur. This damage can lead to a stroke in the future.

• #88 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #89 Giant cell arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis

  Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. […] Complications can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. […] Common symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: headache, tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp, jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing), tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis, reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), acute visual loss (sudden blindness), diplopia (double vision), limb claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%). […] The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.

• #90 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #91 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  flu-like symptoms, such as a mild fever […] sweats, during the day or night […] weight loss […] double vision […] rarely, loss of sight, which can occur suddenly. This may be partial, but it can sometimes be total. Its usually temporary in the early stages. […] If left untreated these symptoms can lead to permanent sight loss or a stroke. […] Serious problems can usually be avoided with prompt steroid treatment. […] Less commonly, GCA can affect other large blood vessels that could lead to pain when using the arm muscles or in the calves when walking. […] Rarely, if someone has had GCA or PMR for a long time, they may develop aneurysms. This is when artery walls increase in size and can bulge and become weak.

• #92 Temporal Arteritis Treatment – Prof. Dr. Dilek Necioğlu Örken | TURKEY

  https://www.dilekneciogluorken.com/en/temporal-arteritis-treatment/

  Headache is seen in more than two-thirds of patients. The pain, which can be mild or severe, tends to be located above the temples but can occur anywhere in the front or back of the skull. Some people also notice sensitivity in the scalp. Half of the patients experience jaw pain when chewing, which is due to insufficient blood flow to the muscles involved in chewing. When this symptom is observed, it is diagnostic. Temporary vision loss in one eye can occur in the early stages of the disease and should be treated rapidly to prevent permanent vision loss. More than 90% of visual loss is due to arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Other symptoms that may occur include fever (less than 38C), fatigue, weight loss, a new cough and unexplained tooth or facial pain. […] A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs when the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart, develops a weak spot and bulges outwards. Aneurysms do not cause symptoms but can be life-threatening if they burst. Although rare, this condition is slightly more common in patients with DHA.

• #93 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/giant-cell-arteritis

  Unilateral or bilateral vision loss occurs in approximately 30% of cases and is usually a later finding. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) can result from GCA via occlusion of the short posterior ciliary arteries or the ophthalmic artery. The resultant optic nerve ischemia causes permanent vision loss in 10% to 20% of people affected. […] Extracranial artery involvement may present with an aortic arch syndrome affecting the upper extremities and presenting as limb weakness, wasting syndrome, or fever of unknown origin. […] Polymyalgia rheumatica in the form of muscle weakness and morning stiffness, typically affects large shoulder and pelvic muscles and occurs in more than 50% of cases. Other findings may include sore throat (from ischemia of the pharynx), tongue pain or claudication, trismus, choking sensations, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some cases, the large-vessel involvement may cause limb claudication, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), vertebrobasilar insufficiency, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, or aortic rupture. Sudden-onset weakness, dizziness, balance abnormalities, vertigo, and ocular muscle palsies may occur and there can be significant morbidity and even death.

• #94 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  There is no cure at this time for GCA, but with early treatment and careful monitoring, most patients with GCA have a good prognosis. Symptoms generally improve within days of starting treatment, and with proper medical care the disease can run its course in one to two years. Left untreated, however, GCA can lead to serious complications including blindness, stroke, and aneurysms.

• #95 Giant cell arteritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis

  The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #96 Giant Cell Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis can begin suddenly or gradually with nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weight loss, depression, and fatigue or with the classic symptoms of headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual changes, or polymyalgia rheumatica. […] Patients dramatically improve within 24 to 72 hours of beginning therapy, and the ESR usually normalizes within 1 month.

• #97 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Many people with GCA have only nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, generalized malaise, fever, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss or decreased appetite. Other neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, hearing loss, or dizziness. […] GCA is primarily treated with high-dose steroids. The disease is typically active for 1-2 years, but in some cases, can last up to 10+ years. Therefore, people with GCA may take steroids for a long time. Headache and pain usually improve within 24-72 hours of starting treatment. Unfortunately, vision does not typically improve, and may even worsen despite treatment. The goal of prompt treatment is to prevent further visual loss and other serious complications of GCA like stroke and heart attack. […] Unfortunately, vision loss is typically permanent regardless of treatment. The goal of treatment is to avoid vision loss in the other eye, to limit worsening of vision, and to prevent damage to other organs.

• #98 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  Giant cell arteritis can be difficult to diagnose because its early symptoms resemble those of other common conditions. […] Often, one or both of these arteries are tender, with a reduced pulse and a hard, cordlike feel and appearance. […] If you have giant cell arteritis, the artery will often show inflammation that includes abnormally large cells, called giant cells, which give the disease its name. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. […] Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #99 Giant Cell Arteritis : Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center

  https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis can begin suddenly or gradually with nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weight loss, depression, and fatigue or with the classic symptoms of headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual changes, or polymyalgia rheumatica. […] Patients dramatically improve within 24 to 72 hours of beginning therapy, and the ESR usually normalizes within 1 month.

• #100 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Many people with GCA have only nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, generalized malaise, fever, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss or decreased appetite. Other neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, hearing loss, or dizziness. […] GCA is primarily treated with high-dose steroids. The disease is typically active for 1-2 years, but in some cases, can last up to 10+ years. Therefore, people with GCA may take steroids for a long time. Headache and pain usually improve within 24-72 hours of starting treatment. Unfortunately, vision does not typically improve, and may even worsen despite treatment. The goal of prompt treatment is to prevent further visual loss and other serious complications of GCA like stroke and heart attack. […] Unfortunately, vision loss is typically permanent regardless of treatment. The goal of treatment is to avoid vision loss in the other eye, to limit worsening of vision, and to prevent damage to other organs.

• #101 Giant cell arteritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis

  The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #102 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  There is no cure at this time for GCA, but with early treatment and careful monitoring, most patients with GCA have a good prognosis. Symptoms generally improve within days of starting treatment, and with proper medical care the disease can run its course in one to two years. Left untreated, however, GCA can lead to serious complications including blindness, stroke, and aneurysms.

• #103 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Many people with GCA have only nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, generalized malaise, fever, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss or decreased appetite. Other neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, hearing loss, or dizziness. […] GCA is primarily treated with high-dose steroids. The disease is typically active for 1-2 years, but in some cases, can last up to 10+ years. Therefore, people with GCA may take steroids for a long time. Headache and pain usually improve within 24-72 hours of starting treatment. Unfortunately, vision does not typically improve, and may even worsen despite treatment. The goal of prompt treatment is to prevent further visual loss and other serious complications of GCA like stroke and heart attack. […] Unfortunately, vision loss is typically permanent regardless of treatment. The goal of treatment is to avoid vision loss in the other eye, to limit worsening of vision, and to prevent damage to other organs.

• #104 Temporal arteritis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312614

  Symptoms include a persistent headache. Without treatment, it can lead to permanent vision loss. […] The main symptom is a severe, persistent, and possibly throbbing headache, usually on the side or at the front of the head. […] Further symptoms include: tender temples, mouth-related pain, especially affecting the jaw, that may be felt when eating, pain in the tongue, throat, or face, pain or swelling on top of the head, or scalp, blurry or double vision. […] A flu-like feeling, with a loss of appetite, weight loss, sweating, fever, and malaise affects one in three people with GCA. […] Anyone who experiences these symptoms should see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. If vision problems occur, immediate medical help is needed. […] Without treatment, the outlook is poor, but with modern medicine, symptoms of GCA usually improve within days of starting treatment, and vision loss is now rare. […] However, the time needed for a full recovery can vary widely. The average length of treatment is 2 years, but for some people, treatment will continue for 5 years or longer.

• #105 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is inflammation and damage to the blood vessels that supply blood to the head, neck, upper body and arms. It is also called temporal arteritis. […] Some common symptoms of this problem are: New throbbing headache on one side of the head or the back of the head, Tenderness when touching the scalp. […] Other symptoms may include: Jaw pain that occurs when chewing (called jaw claudication), Pain in the arm after using it, Muscle aches, Pain and stiffness in the neck, upper arms, shoulder, and hips (polymyalgia rheumatica), Weakness, excessive tiredness, Fever, General ill feeling. […] Problems with eyesight may occur, and at times may begin suddenly. These problems include: Blurred vision, Double vision, Sudden reduced vision (blindness in one or both eyes). […] Most people make a full recovery, but treatment may be needed for 1 to 2 years or longer. The condition may return at a later date. […] Damage to other blood vessels in the body, such as aneurysms (ballooning of the blood vessels), may occur. This damage can lead to a stroke in the future.

• #106 Giant Cell Arteritis | North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

  https://www.nanosweb.org/giantcellarteritis/

  Many people with GCA have only nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, generalized malaise, fever, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss or decreased appetite. Other neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, hearing loss, or dizziness. […] GCA is primarily treated with high-dose steroids. The disease is typically active for 1-2 years, but in some cases, can last up to 10+ years. Therefore, people with GCA may take steroids for a long time. Headache and pain usually improve within 24-72 hours of starting treatment. Unfortunately, vision does not typically improve, and may even worsen despite treatment. The goal of prompt treatment is to prevent further visual loss and other serious complications of GCA like stroke and heart attack. […] Unfortunately, vision loss is typically permanent regardless of treatment. The goal of treatment is to avoid vision loss in the other eye, to limit worsening of vision, and to prevent damage to other organs.

• #107 Giant cell arteritis: An updated review of an old disease | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/7/465

  Suspect a relapse of GCA if the patients initial symptoms recur, if inflammatory markers become elevated, or if classic symptoms of GCA or polymyalgia rheumatica occur. […] The incidence of relapses of GCA in multiple tertiary care centers has been reported to vary between 34% and 75%. Most relapses occur at prednisone dosages of less than 20 mg orally daily and within the first year after diagnosis. The most common symptoms are limb ischemia, jaw claudication, constitutional symptoms, headaches, and polymyalgia rheumatica.

• #108

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/june/arteritis.aspx

  Jaw claudication in the muscles of the tongue and jaw, e.g. while chewing, occurs in approximately one-quarter of people with giant cell arteritis. […] Visual symptoms are less common at initial presentation, but are of critical importance. Symptoms may include transient loss of vision in one eye, blurring and diplopia. Complete loss of vision can also occur. […] Relapse of symptoms is relatively common in people with giant cell arteritis, particularly once the dose of prednisone is low, e.g. under 15 mg per day. Relapse should be suspected in patients with a return of symptoms, ischaemic complications, unexplained fever or polymyalgic symptoms.

• #109 Giant cell arteritis: An updated review of an old disease | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/7/465

  Suspect a relapse of GCA if the patients initial symptoms recur, if inflammatory markers become elevated, or if classic symptoms of GCA or polymyalgia rheumatica occur. […] The incidence of relapses of GCA in multiple tertiary care centers has been reported to vary between 34% and 75%. Most relapses occur at prednisone dosages of less than 20 mg orally daily and within the first year after diagnosis. The most common symptoms are limb ischemia, jaw claudication, constitutional symptoms, headaches, and polymyalgia rheumatica.

• #110 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Temporal Arteritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0815/p789.html/1000

  Both polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis tend to run a self-limited course of several months to as long as five years. Relapses are most likely to occur in the first 18 months of therapy or within 12 months after the cessation of corticosteroid treatment. Relapse rates may be as high as 25 percent.

• #111 Giant Cell Arteritis | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms may start either suddenly or slowly. They may include: […] A new headache, often near the temple or around the eye. This is the most common symptom. […] Pain in the jaw, especially when you chew. […] Vision problems such as double vision or brief loss of vision. […] Tenderness on the side of the head or scalp. The blood vessel on the temple may look swollen. And it may hurt to wear glasses or comb your hair. […] In some people, symptoms improve with treatment but then come back. This is called a relapse. It often occurs in the first 2 years of treatment or during the first year after steroid medicine is stopped. Your doctor will track your condition during this time. If you have a relapse, your doctor will increase the steroid dosage for a while. Then you can slowly lower it after your symptoms go away.

• #112 Giant cell arteritis: An updated review of an old disease | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/86/7/465

  Suspect a relapse of GCA if the patients initial symptoms recur, if inflammatory markers become elevated, or if classic symptoms of GCA or polymyalgia rheumatica occur. […] The incidence of relapses of GCA in multiple tertiary care centers has been reported to vary between 34% and 75%. Most relapses occur at prednisone dosages of less than 20 mg orally daily and within the first year after diagnosis. The most common symptoms are limb ischemia, jaw claudication, constitutional symptoms, headaches, and polymyalgia rheumatica.

• #113 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Large vessel involvement in GCA generally refers to the aorta and its major proximal branches, especially in the upper extremities. Initial symptoms may be upper extremity claudication, back or chest pain due to aortitis, or aortic dissection. […] Transient ischemic attacks or strokes, especially involving the posterior circulation, may be associated with GCA. […] The presence of a strong inflammatory response at the time of presentation is a risk factor for a protracted treatment course and a high relapse rate. Symptoms such as fever, weight loss, ESR 85 mm/h, and hemoglobin 11 g/dL indicate a strong inflammatory response. […] Vision loss can progress despite glucocorticoid therapy in nearly 10% of patients.

• #114 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Large vessel involvement in GCA generally refers to the aorta and its major proximal branches, especially in the upper extremities. Initial symptoms may be upper extremity claudication, back or chest pain due to aortitis, or aortic dissection. […] Transient ischemic attacks or strokes, especially involving the posterior circulation, may be associated with GCA. […] The presence of a strong inflammatory response at the time of presentation is a risk factor for a protracted treatment course and a high relapse rate. Symptoms such as fever, weight loss, ESR 85 mm/h, and hemoglobin 11 g/dL indicate a strong inflammatory response. […] Vision loss can progress despite glucocorticoid therapy in nearly 10% of patients.

• #115 Clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-giant-cell-arteritis

  To date, no definite ways of stratifying risk factors for permanent visual loss in GCA have been established. Age, hypertension, thrombocytosis, jaw claudication, and other features have been proposed as risk factors. However, in most studies, only prior transient visual loss has been identified as the strongest predictor for subsequent permanent visual loss. […] Permanent loss of vision in GCA results from arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), central or branch retinal artery occlusion (CRAO/BRAO), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), or, rarely, cerebral ischemia. […] The clinical phenotype of LV-GCA differs somewhat from that of cranial arteritis. […] A variety of unusual presentations of GCA have been reported, including dysarthria, sensorineural hearing loss, and other atypical features.

• #116 Giant Cell Arteritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/giant-cell-arteritis

  Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may begin gradually over several weeks or abruptly. […] Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever (usually low-grade), fatigue, malaise, unexplained weight loss, and sweats. Some patients are initially diagnosed as having fever of unknown origin. Eventually, most patients develop symptoms related to the affected arteries. […] Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair. […] Visual disturbances include diplopia, scotomas, ptosis, blurred vision, and loss of vision (which is an ominous sign). Brief periods of partial or complete vision loss (amaurosis fugax) in one eye may be rapidly followed by irreversible loss of vision. If untreated, the other eye may also be affected. However, complete bilateral blindness is uncommon. Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.

• #117 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459376/

  Large vessel involvement in GCA generally refers to the aorta and its major proximal branches, especially in the upper extremities. Initial symptoms may be upper extremity claudication, back or chest pain due to aortitis, or aortic dissection. […] Transient ischemic attacks or strokes, especially involving the posterior circulation, may be associated with GCA. […] The presence of a strong inflammatory response at the time of presentation is a risk factor for a protracted treatment course and a high relapse rate. Symptoms such as fever, weight loss, ESR 85 mm/h, and hemoglobin 11 g/dL indicate a strong inflammatory response. […] Vision loss can progress despite glucocorticoid therapy in nearly 10% of patients.

• #118 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-overview

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is a systemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs in older persons and can result in a wide variety of systemic, neurologic, and ophthalmologic complications. Common signs and symptoms of GCA reflect the involvement of the temporal artery and other medium-sized arteries of the head and the neck and include visual disturbances, headache, jaw claudication, neck pain, and scalp tenderness. Constitutional manifestations, such as fatigue, malaise, and fever, may also be present. GCA should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a new-onset headache in patients 50 years of age or older with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Visual loss is one of the most significant causes of morbidity in GCA. Permanent visual impairment may occur in as many as 20% of patients, and, in some cases, GCA can cause bilateral blindness. Prompt initiation of treatment may prevent blindness and other potentially irreversible ischemic sequelae of GCA. The typical patient with GCA remains on steroid therapy for roughly 2 years. The prognosis for patients with untreated GCA is extremely poor. These patients may suffer blindness, or death from myocardial infarction, stroke, or dissecting aortic aneurysm. Visual loss in GCA is often irreversible, but may be temporary; may be partial or complete; and may involve one or both eyes. Progression of vision loss despite the initiation of high-dose corticosteroid therapy typically occurs within the first 5-6 days of treatment if therapy is going to fail. Risk factors for progressive visual loss despite steroid therapy include older age, elevated CRP level, and optic disc swelling. Nervous system alterations are found in as many as 30% of patients; 14% have either mononeuritis or polyneuropathy, and 7% have transient ischemic attacks or strokes.

• #119 Giant cell arteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis

  Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. […] Complications can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. […] Common symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: headache, tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp, jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing), tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis, reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), acute visual loss (sudden blindness), diplopia (double vision), limb claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%). […] The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. […] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.

• #120 Giant cell arteritis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giant-cell-arteritis/

  If clinical suspicion for GCA is high, initiate high-dose glucocorticoids before the diagnostic workup to minimize the risk of complications such as vision loss or stroke. […] Immediate administration of high-dose glucocorticoids is crucial to lowering the risk of permanent vision loss in patients with GCA.

• #121 Giant cell arteritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness. […] The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness often severe that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, come and go, or subside temporarily. […] Generally, signs and symptoms of giant cell arteritis include: Persistent, severe head pain, usually in your temple area, Scalp tenderness, Jaw pain when you chew or open your mouth wide, Fever, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss, Vision loss or double vision, particularly in people who also have jaw pain, Sudden, permanent loss of vision in one eye. […] If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. If you’re diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, starting treatment as soon as possible can usually help prevent vision loss.

• #122 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Other symptoms may occur if the arteries going to these parts of the body are inflamed, become narrowed and reduce the blood supply to these areas. These include: […] Pain in the jaw muscles (jaw claudication) while eating or talking. This occurs in nearly half of affected people. The pain eases when you rest the jaw muscles. […] Visual disturbances: permanent partial or complete loss of vision in one or both eyes occurs in up to 1 in 5 affected people and is often an early symptom. People who are affected typically report a feeling of a shade covering one eye, which can progress to total loss of vision. The eye is not painful. If untreated, the second eye is likely to become affected within 1-2 weeks, although it can be affected within 24 hours. Urgent treatment is therefore essential. A temporary loss of vision in one eye or double vision (diplopia) may occur as a 'warning’ symptom before any permanent visual loss. […] Some general symptoms also commonly occur. These include tiredness, depression, night sweats, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. These may develop gradually and may be present for weeks or even months before a specific symptom such as headache or visual loss develops.

• #123 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  There is no cure at this time for GCA, but with early treatment and careful monitoring, most patients with GCA have a good prognosis. Symptoms generally improve within days of starting treatment, and with proper medical care the disease can run its course in one to two years. Left untreated, however, GCA can lead to serious complications including blindness, stroke, and aneurysms.

• #124 Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/giant-cell-arteritis-temporal-arteritis.html

  Giant cell arteritis typically lasts at least several years. However, improvement usually begins within days of starting therapy. Some people are able to discontinue treatment within six months, but longer treatment over two to three years is more usual. Occasionally, the disease returns after it has gone away for a prolonged period. […] If you have any symptoms of giant cell arteritis, especially a new headache, unexplained fever, or visual symptoms, you should contact your doctor.

• #125 Patient education: Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polymyalgia-rheumatica-and-giant-cell-arteritis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Giant cell arteritis diagnosis — If you are an adult over the age of 50 years and you have some of the symptoms listed above, your provider will order tests for GCA. They will perform an examination and will order some blood tests, especially tests for inflammation, ie, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or „sed rate”) and C-reactive protein (CRP). If GCA is suspected, the diagnosis must be confirmed, either by biopsy of the temporal artery or with imaging tests (ultrasound, CT, MRI, or positron emission tomography [PET] scanning). […] Giant cell arteritis treatment — Glucocorticoids — High doses of glucocorticoids (steroids) are used for the management of GCA because such treatment controls symptoms and, if started promptly, will prevent loss of vision. If GCA is strongly suspected, treatment may be started before the diagnosis has been confirmed.

• #126 Giant cell arteritis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giant-cell-arteritis/

  If clinical suspicion for GCA is high, initiate high-dose glucocorticoids before the diagnostic workup to minimize the risk of complications such as vision loss or stroke. […] Immediate administration of high-dose glucocorticoids is crucial to lowering the risk of permanent vision loss in patients with GCA.

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