Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.giant-cell-arteritis-gca-care-instructions.zc1431

  Giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of blood vessels leading to your head and eyes. It usually affects people older than 50. It is more common in women. This condition is also called temporal arteritis. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you have any problems with your medicine. […] If you are on long-term steroids, talk to your doctor about taking a daily vitamin containing calcium and vitamin D. This can prevent bone thinning caused by the steroids. […] Get regular, gentle exercise to keep your bones strong and prevent bone loss. Walking is a good choice. Exercise can also help you cope with the illness.

• #2 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  See a doctor immediately if you suspect that you have temporal arteritis. People with temporal arteritis need urgent treatment with steroids. Treatment aims to prevent serious complications such as severe sight impairment which can occur soon after the disease starts. […] If temporal arteritis is suspected, treatment is usually started straightaway – even before a sample taken (a biopsy) can confirm the diagnosis. The main aim is to reduce the risk of possible complications. The second aim is to relieve the headache and any other symptoms. […] A steroid medicine such as prednisolone is the usual main treatment. Steroids work by reducing inflammation. After starting treatment, symptoms usually ease within a few days. […] In some people the condition goes away after 2-3 years, allowing the steroid treatment to be gradually withdrawn. This should always be done under supervision of a doctor. However, many people need treatment for several years, sometimes for life. […] Although the above points have to be mentioned, do not be put off about steroids. The relief of symptoms and the prevention of serious complications usually outweigh the risk of side-effects from the doses of steroids used for temporal arteritis.

• #3 Giant Cell Arteritis: A Clinical Review for Urgent Care Providers – Journal of Urgent Care Medicine

  https://www.jucm.com/giant-cell-arteritis-clinical-review-urgent-care-providers/

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA), more commonly known as temporal arteritis, is an under-recognized vasculitis of older adults that can have potentially devastating consequences, most notably permanent and profound vision loss, if missed. […] In addition to remaining vigilant for symptoms of this entity sometimes referred to as the great masquerader and being comfortable initiating timely emergency treatment, the clinician must appreciate the importance of timely involvement of the appropriate subspecialty consultants in the care of these patients. […] The overwhelming guiding principle in management of GCA is to halt the inflammatory process and attempt to prevent the morbidity associated with ischemic complications, such as permanent vision loss. […] The gold standard treatment in the management of GCA is corticosteroids.

• #4 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  The universally accepted treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) is high-dose corticosteroid therapy. The major justification for the use of corticosteroids is the impending danger of blindness in untreated patients. Patients who present with visual symptoms have a 22-fold increased chance of visual improvement if therapy is started within the first day. Damage may be irreversible if treatment is delayed beyond 48 hours. […] Few studies exist regarding dosing protocols for corticosteroids in GCA. It is generally agreed that most patients with suspected GCA should be started on oral prednisone 40-60 mg/day, with a temporal artery biopsy performed within 1 week. Prednisone doses of 80-100 mg/day have been suggested for patients with visual or neurologic symptoms of GCA. Follow-up care within 72 hours after starting therapy should be arranged.

• #5 Temporal Arteritis: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/temporal-arteritis

  Temporal arteritis is an autoimmune condition in which the temporal arteries, which supply blood to the head and brain, become inflamed or damaged. Early medical care can prevent serious complications like blindness. […] The main treatment goal is to prevent permanent visual loss and suppress inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause tissue damage. […] If a doctor suspects you have temporal arteritis, treatment should begin immediately, even if test results haven’t yet confirmed the diagnosis. […] The main treatment for temporal arteritis is corticosteroids. […] Even if the diagnosis is only suspected and the test results are still pending, your doctor may still prescribe oral corticosteroids immediately. […] Most people with temporal arteritis continue taking corticosteroids for at least a year. Some may have to take a permanent low dose.

• #6 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  The universally accepted treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) is high-dose corticosteroid therapy. The major justification for the use of corticosteroids is the impending danger of blindness in untreated patients. Patients who present with visual symptoms have a 22-fold increased chance of visual improvement if therapy is started within the first day. Damage may be irreversible if treatment is delayed beyond 48 hours. […] Few studies exist regarding dosing protocols for corticosteroids in GCA. It is generally agreed that most patients with suspected GCA should be started on oral prednisone 40-60 mg/day, with a temporal artery biopsy performed within 1 week. Prednisone doses of 80-100 mg/day have been suggested for patients with visual or neurologic symptoms of GCA. Follow-up care within 72 hours after starting therapy should be arranged.

• #7 Giant Cell Arteritis | Society for Vascular Surgery

  https://vascular.org/your-vascular-health/vascular-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis

  Temporal arteritis affects about 20 in every 100,000 women over age 50 each year. Untreated, temporal arteritis can lead to impaired vision or blindness. […] Women age 50+ and young Asian women who experience the symptoms outlined above should see a vascular surgeon for evaluation. You will be asked questions about symptoms and medical history, including questions about family members. The vascular surgeon will also perform a physical exam. […] For temporal arteritis steroid medication is usually the only treatment needed. […] There is no known way to prevent giant cell arteritis. The key to a good outcome is early diagnosis and treatment. Women age 50+ and young Asian women should be attentive to the symptoms outlined above and seek medical help if they develop.

• #8 Temporal Arteritis | Connecticut Vascular Center

  https://ctvascularcenter.com/patient-education/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis cannot be cured; therefore, the goal of treatment is to minimize tissue damage caused by the condition. […] Treatment typically lasts for one to two years. It’s important that you have regular checkups with your doctor during corticosteroid therapy, as well as after you’ve finished treatment. They’ll need to monitor how your body is reacting to the treatment, measure your progress afterwards, and make sure you don’t develop the condition again, as it can be reoccurring. […] Call your doctor immediately if you notice new symptoms. This will increase your likelihood of an early diagnosis, and subsequently decrease the risk of developing serious complications.

• #9 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] You may need to continue taking medication for one to two years or longer. After the first month, your doctor might gradually begin to lower the dosage until you reach the lowest dose of corticosteroids needed to control inflammation.

• #10 Temporal arteritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis is treated with steroid medicine, usually prednisolone. […] Treatment will be started before temporal arteritis is confirmed because of the risk of vision loss if it’s not dealt with quickly. […] You’ll have regular follow-ups to see how you’re doing and check for any side effects you may have. […] Do not suddenly stop taking steroids unless your doctor tells you to. Stopping a prescribed course of medicine could make you very ill. […] You may also need to take other types of medicine if you have temporal arteritis, including: low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack, which can happen if the arteries to your heart are affected. […] proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to lower your risk of getting a stomach problem like indigestion or a stomach ulcer, which can be a side effect of taking prednisolone. […] bisphosphonate therapy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis when taking prednisolone. […] immunosuppressants to allow steroid medicine to be reduced and help prevent temporal arteritis coming back.

• #11 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Giant cell arteritis is a medical emergency. Same-day secondary care referral should be made (usually to a rheumatologist) for an urgent specialist opinion and consideration of further investigations. […] Glucocorticoid therapy should be started if there is a clinical suspicion of giant cell arteritis, and should not be delayed whilst waiting for diagnostic imaging or a temporal artery biopsy. […] Urgent referral for specialist evaluation is recommended for all patients with suspected giant cell arteritis but this should not delay promptly starting high-dose steroid treatment. […] Once the diagnosis is suspected, treat with high-dose corticosteroid immediately: 40 mg prednisolone daily unless the patient has ischaemic symptoms (jaw or tongue claudication, or visual symptoms). […] Symptoms should improve rapidly after initiation of corticosteroids; if they do not, an alternative diagnosis should be considered.

• #12 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis treatment should begin immediately to prevent vision loss. The primary treatment is a glucocorticoid, usually prednisone. You’ll likely start taking it at a dose of 40 mg to 60 mg per day (by mouth), and your provider will gradually reduce your dosage. If you already have vision loss or other vision symptoms, your provider may treat you with a high dose of glucocorticoids through a catheter in your vein (IV). […] Since glucocorticoids can cause serious side effects, your provider will monitor your response to these medications closely. Because glucocorticoids suppress your immune system, side effects can include more frequent and more severe infections. They can also make your bones thinner, which raises your risk of fractures. […] Your provider may want to test your bone density while you’re on glucocorticoids to monitor you for bone thinning. They might recommend treatments to keep your bones strong, like exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplements and possibly medications to prevent osteoporosis.

• #13 Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0401/p2061.html

  Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica are treated with corticosteroids: high dosages for giant cell arteritis (prednisone in a dosage of 40 to 60 mg per day) and lower dosages for polymyalgia rheumatica (prednisone in a dosage of 10 to 20 mg per day). […] Patients diagnosed as having giant cell arteritis should be started immediately on 40 to 60 mg of prednisone given once a day or in divided doses. Rapid initiation of therapy is thought to minimize the risk of blindness. […] Symptoms usually resolve quickly, often within two to three days of the initiation of the corticosteroid. […] Most patients with giant cell arteritis require at least two years of corticosteroid therapy. […] Patients diagnosed as having polymyalgia rheumatica should be started on 10 to 20 mg of prednisone a day.

• #14 Preventing Permanent Vision Loss: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporal Arteritis | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/preventing-permanent-vision-loss-diagnosis-and-treatment-temporal-arteritis

  Temporal arteritis is a true ocular emergency that may initially present with systemic manifestations to primary care practitioners. […] This article reviews common findings and recommended treatment courses to prevent any permanent vision loss. […] It is important to be aware of the common findings and the course on which to proceed so as to prevent any permanent vision loss. […] Temporal artery biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis of temporal arteritis and justify beginning a patient on long-term systemic steroids. […] Treatment of temporal arteritis has long been achieved with systemic steroids. […] An oral glucocorticoid dose of 40 mg/d to 60 mg/d is recommended with a long taper schedule. […] If a patient presents with vision loss, IV methylprednisolone at 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is indicated to attempt to halt further vision loss in the involved eye and prevent progression to the fellow eye.

• #15 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Urgent referral to rheumatology in all cases. […] Do not delay starting if high level of suspicion. […] Biopsy within 2 weeks of starting Corticosteroids (best within first 48-72 hours). […] Corticosteroids starting dose: Prednisone 40-60 mg (at least 0.75 mg/kg) orally daily for those without visual symptoms or Jaw Claudication. […] For visual symptoms, Jaw Claudication or other critical cranial ischemia, Solumedrol 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is recommended. […] Taper protocol typically starts after 4 weeks on Prednisone AND symptom resolution and ESR/CRP normalization. […] Symptoms and Signs remit in approximately 1 month. […] Continue Prednisone 1-2 years if ocular complications. […] Prednisone may require continuation up to 5 years in some cases. […] Follow-up with rheumatology consult one week after starting steroids, then three weeks after, and then six weeks. […] Visit at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months for follow-up. […] Self-limited course over months to years with Corticosteroids. […] Risk of permanent blindness if untreated.

• #16 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] You may need to continue taking medication for one to two years or longer. After the first month, your doctor might gradually begin to lower the dosage until you reach the lowest dose of corticosteroids needed to control inflammation.

• #17 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Getting prompt treatment can help prevent severe problems such as blindness or stroke. […] When giant cell arteritis is suspected, you will receive corticosteroids, such as prednisone, by mouth. These medicines are often started even before a biopsy is done. You may also be told to take aspirin. […] Most people begin to feel better within a few days after starting treatment. The dose of corticosteroids will be cut back very slowly. However, you will need to take medicine for 1 to 2 years. […] If the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis is made, in most people a biologic medicine called tocilizumab will be added. This medicine reduces the amount of corticosteroids needed to control the disease. […] Long-term treatment with corticosteroids can make bones thinner and increase your chance of a fracture. You will need to take the following steps to protect your bone strength.

• #18 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  The main treatment for giant cell arteritis consists of high doses of a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. Because immediate treatment is necessary to prevent vision loss, your doctor is likely to start medication even before confirming the diagnosis with a biopsy. […] You’ll likely begin to feel better within a few days of beginning treatment. If you have visual loss before starting treatment with corticosteroids, it’s unlikely that your vision will improve. However, your unaffected eye might be able to compensate for some of the visual changes. […] You may need to continue taking medication for one to two years or longer. After the first month, your doctor might gradually begin to lower the dosage until you reach the lowest dose of corticosteroids needed to control inflammation.

• #19 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Urgent referral to rheumatology in all cases. […] Do not delay starting if high level of suspicion. […] Biopsy within 2 weeks of starting Corticosteroids (best within first 48-72 hours). […] Corticosteroids starting dose: Prednisone 40-60 mg (at least 0.75 mg/kg) orally daily for those without visual symptoms or Jaw Claudication. […] For visual symptoms, Jaw Claudication or other critical cranial ischemia, Solumedrol 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is recommended. […] Taper protocol typically starts after 4 weeks on Prednisone AND symptom resolution and ESR/CRP normalization. […] Symptoms and Signs remit in approximately 1 month. […] Continue Prednisone 1-2 years if ocular complications. […] Prednisone may require continuation up to 5 years in some cases. […] Follow-up with rheumatology consult one week after starting steroids, then three weeks after, and then six weeks. […] Visit at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months for follow-up. […] Self-limited course over months to years with Corticosteroids. […] Risk of permanent blindness if untreated.

• #20 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Patients with multi-infarct dementia from GCA should not expect immediate cognitive recovery; however, longitudinal follow-up should show no further deterioration and may show modest improvement. Even with prompt treatment, visual loss may be permanent. […] High-dose steroid therapy should be maintained only long enough for symptoms to resolve. Steroids should then be tapered slowly to the lowest dose required to suppress symptoms. Both clinical signs and sequential measurements of the ESR (or C-reactive protein level) assist in monitoring the patient’s response. Patients with visual involvement usually require slower tapering of corticosteroids. […] Patients on steroid therapy may receive prophylactic treatment with the following medications: Low-dose aspirin, 81 mg per day to decrease cranial ischemic complications; Proton pump inhibitor for gastrointestinal protection; Bisphosphonate, calcium, and vitamin D for bone protection.

• #21 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. This is the point at which many people also develop symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. Such flares can usually be treated with slight increases in the corticosteroid dose. Your doctor might also suggest an immune-suppressing drug called methotrexate (Trexall). […] Corticosteroids can lead to serious side effects, such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure and muscle weakness. To counter potential side effects, your doctor is likely to monitor your bone density and might prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements or other medications to help prevent bone loss. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #22 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  You should not stop taking your steroid tablets suddenly or alter the dose unless advised by your doctor, even if your symptoms have completely cleared up. […] If the inflammation in the blood vessels returns this is called a relapse, and your steroid dose may have to be increased to deal with this. […] As with many drugs, there are some possible side effects from steroid treatment. However, GCA is potentially a very serious condition. The benefits of taking steroids for someone with GCA, and therefore successfully treating their condition, far outweigh the risks of taking steroid tablets. […] Your regular check-ups will help to identify any side effects so that they can be treated promptly. […] If you’re on steroids for longer than three months, you may need treatments to prevent thinning of the bones, including calcium and vitamin D supplements.

• #23 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  See a doctor immediately if you suspect that you have temporal arteritis. People with temporal arteritis need urgent treatment with steroids. Treatment aims to prevent serious complications such as severe sight impairment which can occur soon after the disease starts. […] If temporal arteritis is suspected, treatment is usually started straightaway – even before a sample taken (a biopsy) can confirm the diagnosis. The main aim is to reduce the risk of possible complications. The second aim is to relieve the headache and any other symptoms. […] A steroid medicine such as prednisolone is the usual main treatment. Steroids work by reducing inflammation. After starting treatment, symptoms usually ease within a few days. […] In some people the condition goes away after 2-3 years, allowing the steroid treatment to be gradually withdrawn. This should always be done under supervision of a doctor. However, many people need treatment for several years, sometimes for life. […] Although the above points have to be mentioned, do not be put off about steroids. The relief of symptoms and the prevention of serious complications usually outweigh the risk of side-effects from the doses of steroids used for temporal arteritis.

• #24 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Getting prompt treatment can help prevent severe problems such as blindness or stroke. […] When giant cell arteritis is suspected, you will receive corticosteroids, such as prednisone, by mouth. These medicines are often started even before a biopsy is done. You may also be told to take aspirin. […] Most people begin to feel better within a few days after starting treatment. The dose of corticosteroids will be cut back very slowly. However, you will need to take medicine for 1 to 2 years. […] If the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis is made, in most people a biologic medicine called tocilizumab will be added. This medicine reduces the amount of corticosteroids needed to control the disease. […] Long-term treatment with corticosteroids can make bones thinner and increase your chance of a fracture. You will need to take the following steps to protect your bone strength.

• #25 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Urgent referral to rheumatology in all cases. […] Do not delay starting if high level of suspicion. […] Biopsy within 2 weeks of starting Corticosteroids (best within first 48-72 hours). […] Corticosteroids starting dose: Prednisone 40-60 mg (at least 0.75 mg/kg) orally daily for those without visual symptoms or Jaw Claudication. […] For visual symptoms, Jaw Claudication or other critical cranial ischemia, Solumedrol 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is recommended. […] Taper protocol typically starts after 4 weeks on Prednisone AND symptom resolution and ESR/CRP normalization. […] Symptoms and Signs remit in approximately 1 month. […] Continue Prednisone 1-2 years if ocular complications. […] Prednisone may require continuation up to 5 years in some cases. […] Follow-up with rheumatology consult one week after starting steroids, then three weeks after, and then six weeks. […] Visit at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months for follow-up. […] Self-limited course over months to years with Corticosteroids. […] Risk of permanent blindness if untreated.

• #26 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Urgent referral to rheumatology in all cases. […] Do not delay starting if high level of suspicion. […] Biopsy within 2 weeks of starting Corticosteroids (best within first 48-72 hours). […] Corticosteroids starting dose: Prednisone 40-60 mg (at least 0.75 mg/kg) orally daily for those without visual symptoms or Jaw Claudication. […] For visual symptoms, Jaw Claudication or other critical cranial ischemia, Solumedrol 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is recommended. […] Taper protocol typically starts after 4 weeks on Prednisone AND symptom resolution and ESR/CRP normalization. […] Symptoms and Signs remit in approximately 1 month. […] Continue Prednisone 1-2 years if ocular complications. […] Prednisone may require continuation up to 5 years in some cases. […] Follow-up with rheumatology consult one week after starting steroids, then three weeks after, and then six weeks. […] Visit at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months for follow-up. […] Self-limited course over months to years with Corticosteroids. […] Risk of permanent blindness if untreated.

• #27 Giant Cell Arteritis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Eye/GntClArtrts.htm

  Urgent referral to rheumatology in all cases. […] Do not delay starting if high level of suspicion. […] Biopsy within 2 weeks of starting Corticosteroids (best within first 48-72 hours). […] Corticosteroids starting dose: Prednisone 40-60 mg (at least 0.75 mg/kg) orally daily for those without visual symptoms or Jaw Claudication. […] For visual symptoms, Jaw Claudication or other critical cranial ischemia, Solumedrol 250 mg every 6 hours for 3 days is recommended. […] Taper protocol typically starts after 4 weeks on Prednisone AND symptom resolution and ESR/CRP normalization. […] Symptoms and Signs remit in approximately 1 month. […] Continue Prednisone 1-2 years if ocular complications. […] Prednisone may require continuation up to 5 years in some cases. […] Follow-up with rheumatology consult one week after starting steroids, then three weeks after, and then six weeks. […] Visit at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months for follow-up. […] Self-limited course over months to years with Corticosteroids. […] Risk of permanent blindness if untreated.

• #28 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Sequential ESR determination may assist in determining the success of corticosteroid therapy. Once the signs of clinical inflammation are suppressed and the ESR is maintained at a low level, corticosteroids may be tapered. In almost all patients, the steroid dosage can be significantly decreased; however, the inflammatory process may ebb and flow, and temporary dose increases may be needed to control disease flares. Relapse occurs in 25-60% of cases. […] Long-term corticosteroid therapy has frequent and potentially serious consequences, including diabetes mellitus, vertebral compression fractures, steroid myopathy, steroid psychosis, and immunosuppression-related infections. Indeed, the cumulative morbidity associated with long-term therapy often exceeds that of the underlying disease. […] Most patients with GCA can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospital admission may be indicated for patients with particularly severe symptoms or those unable to provide self-care at home. After resolution of acute GCA, patients require regular follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence, steroid complications during steroid therapy, and long-term complications such as aortic aneurysm.

• #29 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Sequential ESR determination may assist in determining the success of corticosteroid therapy. Once the signs of clinical inflammation are suppressed and the ESR is maintained at a low level, corticosteroids may be tapered. In almost all patients, the steroid dosage can be significantly decreased; however, the inflammatory process may ebb and flow, and temporary dose increases may be needed to control disease flares. Relapse occurs in 25-60% of cases. […] Long-term corticosteroid therapy has frequent and potentially serious consequences, including diabetes mellitus, vertebral compression fractures, steroid myopathy, steroid psychosis, and immunosuppression-related infections. Indeed, the cumulative morbidity associated with long-term therapy often exceeds that of the underlying disease. […] Most patients with GCA can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospital admission may be indicated for patients with particularly severe symptoms or those unable to provide self-care at home. After resolution of acute GCA, patients require regular follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence, steroid complications during steroid therapy, and long-term complications such as aortic aneurysm.

• #30 Giant Cell Arteritis | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms. […] Prompt treatment with high doses of corticosteroids reduces the small but definite risk of blindness. As with polymyalgia rheumatica, the symptoms of giant cell arteritis quickly disappear with treatment, but corticosteroid therapy may be necessary for months to years to keep the inflammation down. […] Proper nutrition, physical activity, rest, and following the prescribed medication regimen are important for managing the condition and combating any possible side-effects of corticosteroid therapy. GCA has been linked to an increased risk of aneurysms (a ballooned and weakened area of an artery), which can occur years after diagnosis. Doctors and caregivers should be aware of this possibility.

• #31 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

• #32 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1000/polymyalgia-rheumatica-giant-cell-arteritis.html

  Giant cell arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis, usually presents with new-onset headache, visual disturbances or changes, constitutional symptoms, scalp tenderness, and temporal artery symptoms. […] All patients with suspected giant cell arteritis should receive empiric high-dose glucocorticoids because the condition may lead to blindness if untreated. […] Tocilizumab is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for giant cell arteritis and should be considered in addition to glucocorticoids for initial therapy. […] High-dose oral glucocorticoids are the primary treatment for GCA without cranial ischemia, starting at 40 to 60 mg per day of prednisone or equivalent for one to two months, followed by individualized tapering regimens over one to five years. […] Patients undergoing high-dose glucocorticoid therapy require bone-conserving and gastroprotective therapy, including calcium and vitamin D supplementation and consideration of bisphosphonates and proton pump inhibitors. […] Glucocorticoid-sparing therapies such as tocilizumab, methotrexate, abatacept (Orencia), and other biologics can be considered in all patients based on symptom severity, patient goals and preferences, and physician experience.

• #33 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Once symptoms and abnormal test results resolve, prednisolone should be gradually tapered to zero over the next 12 to 18 months, providing there is no relapse of symptoms, signs, or laboratory markers of inflammation. […] Flare-ups and relapses usually respond to corticosteroid increases to the level at which symptoms previously were controlled. Protracted courses of therapy are often necessary. […] Glucocorticoid therapy leads to significant toxicity in over 80% of the patients. Osteoporosis prophylaxis is required for patients on long-term steroid treatment. […] Tocilizumab (a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor) is an effective glucocorticoid-sparing therapy, demonstrating sustained glucocorticoid-free remission in 56% of patients receiving weekly tocilizumab compared with 18% of patients receiving a 52-week prednisone taper. […] Methotrexate is a potential alternative to tocilizumab as a glucocorticoid-sparing therapy to reduce relapse risk.

• #34 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Getting prompt treatment can help prevent severe problems such as blindness or stroke. […] When giant cell arteritis is suspected, you will receive corticosteroids, such as prednisone, by mouth. These medicines are often started even before a biopsy is done. You may also be told to take aspirin. […] Most people begin to feel better within a few days after starting treatment. The dose of corticosteroids will be cut back very slowly. However, you will need to take medicine for 1 to 2 years. […] If the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis is made, in most people a biologic medicine called tocilizumab will be added. This medicine reduces the amount of corticosteroids needed to control the disease. […] Long-term treatment with corticosteroids can make bones thinner and increase your chance of a fracture. You will need to take the following steps to protect your bone strength.

• #35 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro

  Once symptoms and abnormal test results resolve, prednisolone should be gradually tapered to zero over the next 12 to 18 months, providing there is no relapse of symptoms, signs, or laboratory markers of inflammation. […] Flare-ups and relapses usually respond to corticosteroid increases to the level at which symptoms previously were controlled. Protracted courses of therapy are often necessary. […] Glucocorticoid therapy leads to significant toxicity in over 80% of the patients. Osteoporosis prophylaxis is required for patients on long-term steroid treatment. […] Tocilizumab (a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor) is an effective glucocorticoid-sparing therapy, demonstrating sustained glucocorticoid-free remission in 56% of patients receiving weekly tocilizumab compared with 18% of patients receiving a 52-week prednisone taper. […] Methotrexate is a potential alternative to tocilizumab as a glucocorticoid-sparing therapy to reduce relapse risk.

• #36 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. This is the point at which many people also develop symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. Such flares can usually be treated with slight increases in the corticosteroid dose. Your doctor might also suggest an immune-suppressing drug called methotrexate (Trexall). […] Corticosteroids can lead to serious side effects, such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure and muscle weakness. To counter potential side effects, your doctor is likely to monitor your bone density and might prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements or other medications to help prevent bone loss. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #37 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1000/polymyalgia-rheumatica-giant-cell-arteritis.html

  Giant cell arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis, usually presents with new-onset headache, visual disturbances or changes, constitutional symptoms, scalp tenderness, and temporal artery symptoms. […] All patients with suspected giant cell arteritis should receive empiric high-dose glucocorticoids because the condition may lead to blindness if untreated. […] Tocilizumab is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for giant cell arteritis and should be considered in addition to glucocorticoids for initial therapy. […] High-dose oral glucocorticoids are the primary treatment for GCA without cranial ischemia, starting at 40 to 60 mg per day of prednisone or equivalent for one to two months, followed by individualized tapering regimens over one to five years. […] Patients undergoing high-dose glucocorticoid therapy require bone-conserving and gastroprotective therapy, including calcium and vitamin D supplementation and consideration of bisphosphonates and proton pump inhibitors. […] Glucocorticoid-sparing therapies such as tocilizumab, methotrexate, abatacept (Orencia), and other biologics can be considered in all patients based on symptom severity, patient goals and preferences, and physician experience.

• #38 Temporal arteritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis is treated with steroid medicine, usually prednisolone. […] Treatment will be started before temporal arteritis is confirmed because of the risk of vision loss if it’s not dealt with quickly. […] You’ll have regular follow-ups to see how you’re doing and check for any side effects you may have. […] Do not suddenly stop taking steroids unless your doctor tells you to. Stopping a prescribed course of medicine could make you very ill. […] You may also need to take other types of medicine if you have temporal arteritis, including: low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack, which can happen if the arteries to your heart are affected. […] proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to lower your risk of getting a stomach problem like indigestion or a stomach ulcer, which can be a side effect of taking prednisolone. […] bisphosphonate therapy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis when taking prednisolone. […] immunosuppressants to allow steroid medicine to be reduced and help prevent temporal arteritis coming back.

• #39 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Patients with multi-infarct dementia from GCA should not expect immediate cognitive recovery; however, longitudinal follow-up should show no further deterioration and may show modest improvement. Even with prompt treatment, visual loss may be permanent. […] High-dose steroid therapy should be maintained only long enough for symptoms to resolve. Steroids should then be tapered slowly to the lowest dose required to suppress symptoms. Both clinical signs and sequential measurements of the ESR (or C-reactive protein level) assist in monitoring the patient’s response. Patients with visual involvement usually require slower tapering of corticosteroids. […] Patients on steroid therapy may receive prophylactic treatment with the following medications: Low-dose aspirin, 81 mg per day to decrease cranial ischemic complications; Proton pump inhibitor for gastrointestinal protection; Bisphosphonate, calcium, and vitamin D for bone protection.

• #40 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  Because steroids reduce the activity of the immune system, you may be more likely to develop infections, and they can be more serious. […] If you’re on steroid treatment, you should always carry a steroid card that says what dose you’re on. […] Steroids are the first-line treatment to get GCA under control and prevent any serious complications. At present, there isn’t an alternative first-line treatment available. […] Your doctor may suggest low-strength aspirin as it helps to protect against loss of vision in GCA. You need to discuss this with your doctor to ensure it is safe for you to take aspirin. […] If fatigue becomes a problem, it might help to have an appointment with a specialist nurse or an occupational therapist.

• #41 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis treatment should begin immediately to prevent vision loss. The primary treatment is a glucocorticoid, usually prednisone. You’ll likely start taking it at a dose of 40 mg to 60 mg per day (by mouth), and your provider will gradually reduce your dosage. If you already have vision loss or other vision symptoms, your provider may treat you with a high dose of glucocorticoids through a catheter in your vein (IV). […] Since glucocorticoids can cause serious side effects, your provider will monitor your response to these medications closely. Because glucocorticoids suppress your immune system, side effects can include more frequent and more severe infections. They can also make your bones thinner, which raises your risk of fractures. […] Your provider may want to test your bone density while you’re on glucocorticoids to monitor you for bone thinning. They might recommend treatments to keep your bones strong, like exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplements and possibly medications to prevent osteoporosis.

• #42 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Avoid smoking and excess alcohol intake. […] Take extra calcium and vitamin D (based on your provider’s advice). […] Start walking or other forms of weight-bearing exercises. […] Have your bones checked with a bone mineral density (BMD) test or DEXA scan. […] Take a bisphosphonate medicine, such as alendronate (Fosamax), as prescribed by your provider.

• #43 Temporal arteritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/temporal-arteritis

  Avoid smoking and excess alcohol intake. […] Take extra calcium and vitamin D (based on your provider’s advice). […] Start walking or other forms of weight-bearing exercises. […] Have your bones checked with a bone mineral density (BMD) test or DEXA scan. […] Take a bisphosphonate medicine, such as alendronate (Fosamax), as prescribed by your provider.

• #44 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1000/polymyalgia-rheumatica-giant-cell-arteritis.html

  Giant cell arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis, usually presents with new-onset headache, visual disturbances or changes, constitutional symptoms, scalp tenderness, and temporal artery symptoms. […] All patients with suspected giant cell arteritis should receive empiric high-dose glucocorticoids because the condition may lead to blindness if untreated. […] Tocilizumab is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for giant cell arteritis and should be considered in addition to glucocorticoids for initial therapy. […] High-dose oral glucocorticoids are the primary treatment for GCA without cranial ischemia, starting at 40 to 60 mg per day of prednisone or equivalent for one to two months, followed by individualized tapering regimens over one to five years. […] Patients undergoing high-dose glucocorticoid therapy require bone-conserving and gastroprotective therapy, including calcium and vitamin D supplementation and consideration of bisphosphonates and proton pump inhibitors. […] Glucocorticoid-sparing therapies such as tocilizumab, methotrexate, abatacept (Orencia), and other biologics can be considered in all patients based on symptom severity, patient goals and preferences, and physician experience.

• #45 Temporal arteritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis is treated with steroid medicine, usually prednisolone. […] Treatment will be started before temporal arteritis is confirmed because of the risk of vision loss if it’s not dealt with quickly. […] You’ll have regular follow-ups to see how you’re doing and check for any side effects you may have. […] Do not suddenly stop taking steroids unless your doctor tells you to. Stopping a prescribed course of medicine could make you very ill. […] You may also need to take other types of medicine if you have temporal arteritis, including: low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack, which can happen if the arteries to your heart are affected. […] proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to lower your risk of getting a stomach problem like indigestion or a stomach ulcer, which can be a side effect of taking prednisolone. […] bisphosphonate therapy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis when taking prednisolone. […] immunosuppressants to allow steroid medicine to be reduced and help prevent temporal arteritis coming back.

• #46 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Patients with multi-infarct dementia from GCA should not expect immediate cognitive recovery; however, longitudinal follow-up should show no further deterioration and may show modest improvement. Even with prompt treatment, visual loss may be permanent. […] High-dose steroid therapy should be maintained only long enough for symptoms to resolve. Steroids should then be tapered slowly to the lowest dose required to suppress symptoms. Both clinical signs and sequential measurements of the ESR (or C-reactive protein level) assist in monitoring the patient’s response. Patients with visual involvement usually require slower tapering of corticosteroids. […] Patients on steroid therapy may receive prophylactic treatment with the following medications: Low-dose aspirin, 81 mg per day to decrease cranial ischemic complications; Proton pump inhibitor for gastrointestinal protection; Bisphosphonate, calcium, and vitamin D for bone protection.

• #47 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Sequential ESR determination may assist in determining the success of corticosteroid therapy. Once the signs of clinical inflammation are suppressed and the ESR is maintained at a low level, corticosteroids may be tapered. In almost all patients, the steroid dosage can be significantly decreased; however, the inflammatory process may ebb and flow, and temporary dose increases may be needed to control disease flares. Relapse occurs in 25-60% of cases. […] Long-term corticosteroid therapy has frequent and potentially serious consequences, including diabetes mellitus, vertebral compression fractures, steroid myopathy, steroid psychosis, and immunosuppression-related infections. Indeed, the cumulative morbidity associated with long-term therapy often exceeds that of the underlying disease. […] Most patients with GCA can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospital admission may be indicated for patients with particularly severe symptoms or those unable to provide self-care at home. After resolution of acute GCA, patients require regular follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence, steroid complications during steroid therapy, and long-term complications such as aortic aneurysm.

• #48 Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.giant-cell-arteritis-gca-care-instructions.zc1431

  Don’t smoke, and avoid being around tobacco smoke. […] Make sure you get all recommended vaccines. Taking steroids can weaken your immune system, and vaccines can help protect you from getting sick. […] Tell any health professional that cares for you that you are taking steroids. You may want to wear medical alert jewelry that lists this medicine. You can buy this at most drugstores.

• #49 Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.giant-cell-arteritis-gca-care-instructions.zc1431

  Don’t smoke, and avoid being around tobacco smoke. […] Make sure you get all recommended vaccines. Taking steroids can weaken your immune system, and vaccines can help protect you from getting sick. […] Tell any health professional that cares for you that you are taking steroids. You may want to wear medical alert jewelry that lists this medicine. You can buy this at most drugstores.

• #50 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Living with GCA can be challenging. To manage your condition and the side effects that you may experience from glucocorticoids, make sure that you: Eat healthy, nutritious foods, like lean meats, whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables; Get enough vitamin D and calcium to protect your bones; Stay active with some sort of physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day; Get at least seven to eight hours of sleep every night; Take your prescribed medications as directed; Visit your healthcare provider regularly; Take steps to reduce your risk of infection. […] There are certain things you should avoid if you have GCA. These include: Factors that increase your risk of getting sick. The medications used to treat GCA weaken your immune system, putting you at greater risk of infection. To avoid getting sick, make sure to wash your hands, stay away from people who are sick and ask your healthcare provider about other measures that may decrease your risk of infection.

• #51 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Regular follow-up care after a successful initial management of the acute process is considered a standard of care. Routine follow-up should include asking about symptoms of upper extremity claudication or ischemia, listening for bruits, and taking blood pressure in both arms. Ongoing monitoring of symptoms and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is mandatory. […] During corticosteroid therapy, monitoring for complications of long-term use of these drugs is indicated. Patients should be screened for diabetes, hypertension, and cataracts. Given the high risk of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis, patients should have baseline bone densitometry at the start of therapy. All patients on corticosteroids need adequate calcium and vitamin D for protection against osteoporosis.

• #52 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Sequential ESR determination may assist in determining the success of corticosteroid therapy. Once the signs of clinical inflammation are suppressed and the ESR is maintained at a low level, corticosteroids may be tapered. In almost all patients, the steroid dosage can be significantly decreased; however, the inflammatory process may ebb and flow, and temporary dose increases may be needed to control disease flares. Relapse occurs in 25-60% of cases. […] Long-term corticosteroid therapy has frequent and potentially serious consequences, including diabetes mellitus, vertebral compression fractures, steroid myopathy, steroid psychosis, and immunosuppression-related infections. Indeed, the cumulative morbidity associated with long-term therapy often exceeds that of the underlying disease. […] Most patients with GCA can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospital admission may be indicated for patients with particularly severe symptoms or those unable to provide self-care at home. After resolution of acute GCA, patients require regular follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence, steroid complications during steroid therapy, and long-term complications such as aortic aneurysm.

• #53 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Regular follow-up care after a successful initial management of the acute process is considered a standard of care. Routine follow-up should include asking about symptoms of upper extremity claudication or ischemia, listening for bruits, and taking blood pressure in both arms. Ongoing monitoring of symptoms and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is mandatory. […] During corticosteroid therapy, monitoring for complications of long-term use of these drugs is indicated. Patients should be screened for diabetes, hypertension, and cataracts. Given the high risk of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis, patients should have baseline bone densitometry at the start of therapy. All patients on corticosteroids need adequate calcium and vitamin D for protection against osteoporosis.

• #54 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  The following suggestions might help you manage your condition and cope with side effects of your medication: […] Get checkups. See your doctor regularly to check for side effects of treatment and development of complications. […] Learning everything you can about giant cell arteritis and its treatment can help you feel more in control of your condition. Your health care team can answer your questions, and online support groups might also be of help. Know the possible side effects of the medications you take, and report any changes in your health to your doctor.

• #55 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  The following suggestions might help you manage your condition and cope with side effects of your medication: […] Get checkups. See your doctor regularly to check for side effects of treatment and development of complications. […] Learning everything you can about giant cell arteritis and its treatment can help you feel more in control of your condition. Your health care team can answer your questions, and online support groups might also be of help. Know the possible side effects of the medications you take, and report any changes in your health to your doctor.

• #56 Temporal Arteritis: Key Facts You Need to Know

  https://rheumatologyde.com/temporal-arteritis/

  At the Rheumatology Center of Delaware, we specialize in providing comprehensive care for temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA). Our expert team is committed to offering accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and long-term management to help patients achieve optimal outcomes. […] Treatment typically involves high doses of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Prompt medical intervention can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition. […] Follow Treatment: Take prescribed medications like corticosteroids as directed. […] Monitor Symptoms: Report any new or worsening symptoms, especially vision changes, to your doctor. […] Regular Check-Ups: Attend follow-ups to adjust treatment and monitor inflammation. […] Emotional Support: Join support groups or seek counseling to cope with the condition. […] Early diagnosis, prompt treatment with corticosteroids, and regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are essential in reducing the risk of complications.

• #57 Temporal arteritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis is treated with steroid medicine, usually prednisolone. […] Treatment will be started before temporal arteritis is confirmed because of the risk of vision loss if it’s not dealt with quickly. […] You’ll have regular follow-ups to see how you’re doing and check for any side effects you may have. […] Do not suddenly stop taking steroids unless your doctor tells you to. Stopping a prescribed course of medicine could make you very ill. […] You may also need to take other types of medicine if you have temporal arteritis, including: low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack, which can happen if the arteries to your heart are affected. […] proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to lower your risk of getting a stomach problem like indigestion or a stomach ulcer, which can be a side effect of taking prednisolone. […] bisphosphonate therapy to reduce the risk of osteoporosis when taking prednisolone. […] immunosuppressants to allow steroid medicine to be reduced and help prevent temporal arteritis coming back.

• #58 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  You should not stop taking your steroid tablets suddenly or alter the dose unless advised by your doctor, even if your symptoms have completely cleared up. […] If the inflammation in the blood vessels returns this is called a relapse, and your steroid dose may have to be increased to deal with this. […] As with many drugs, there are some possible side effects from steroid treatment. However, GCA is potentially a very serious condition. The benefits of taking steroids for someone with GCA, and therefore successfully treating their condition, far outweigh the risks of taking steroid tablets. […] Your regular check-ups will help to identify any side effects so that they can be treated promptly. […] If you’re on steroids for longer than three months, you may need treatments to prevent thinning of the bones, including calcium and vitamin D supplements.

• #59 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  You should not stop taking your steroid tablets suddenly or alter the dose unless advised by your doctor, even if your symptoms have completely cleared up. […] If the inflammation in the blood vessels returns this is called a relapse, and your steroid dose may have to be increased to deal with this. […] As with many drugs, there are some possible side effects from steroid treatment. However, GCA is potentially a very serious condition. The benefits of taking steroids for someone with GCA, and therefore successfully treating their condition, far outweigh the risks of taking steroid tablets. […] Your regular check-ups will help to identify any side effects so that they can be treated promptly. […] If you’re on steroids for longer than three months, you may need treatments to prevent thinning of the bones, including calcium and vitamin D supplements.

• #60 Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.giant-cell-arteritis-gca-care-instructions.zc1431

  Don’t smoke, and avoid being around tobacco smoke. […] Make sure you get all recommended vaccines. Taking steroids can weaken your immune system, and vaccines can help protect you from getting sick. […] Tell any health professional that cares for you that you are taking steroids. You may want to wear medical alert jewelry that lists this medicine. You can buy this at most drugstores.

• #61 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Living with GCA can be challenging. To manage your condition and the side effects that you may experience from glucocorticoids, make sure that you: Eat healthy, nutritious foods, like lean meats, whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables; Get enough vitamin D and calcium to protect your bones; Stay active with some sort of physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day; Get at least seven to eight hours of sleep every night; Take your prescribed medications as directed; Visit your healthcare provider regularly; Take steps to reduce your risk of infection. […] There are certain things you should avoid if you have GCA. These include: Factors that increase your risk of getting sick. The medications used to treat GCA weaken your immune system, putting you at greater risk of infection. To avoid getting sick, make sure to wash your hands, stay away from people who are sick and ask your healthcare provider about other measures that may decrease your risk of infection.

• #62 How to Manage Giant Cell Arteritis Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/10-tips-to-manage-giant-cell-arteritis-pain

  Report any side effects you have to your doctor. […] Keep a journal of your symptoms. Let your doctor know right away if your pain starts to increase. […] Call your doctor or go to an emergency room immediately if you develop serious symptoms, like pain in your jaw or tongue when you eat, or vision changes like double vision. […] Ask your doctor if you should take calcium and vitamin D supplements. […] When you work out, your body releases natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins that help you feel better. […] The pain from GCA stems from inflammation. Bringing down inflammation with diet is one way to help yourself feel better. […] Starting on prednisone as soon as possible will help control your pain. Within a few days of taking this medication, you should start to feel a lot better.

• #63 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis): Signs & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

  Living with GCA can be challenging. To manage your condition and the side effects that you may experience from glucocorticoids, make sure that you: Eat healthy, nutritious foods, like lean meats, whole grains and fresh fruits and vegetables; Get enough vitamin D and calcium to protect your bones; Stay active with some sort of physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day; Get at least seven to eight hours of sleep every night; Take your prescribed medications as directed; Visit your healthcare provider regularly; Take steps to reduce your risk of infection. […] There are certain things you should avoid if you have GCA. These include: Factors that increase your risk of getting sick. The medications used to treat GCA weaken your immune system, putting you at greater risk of infection. To avoid getting sick, make sure to wash your hands, stay away from people who are sick and ask your healthcare provider about other measures that may decrease your risk of infection.

• #64 Giant Cell Arteritis – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/giant-cell-arteritis/

  GCA is a medical emergency and as such should be treated as soon as the diagnosis is suspected because it can lead to blindness. Care for giant cell arteritis focuses on protecting vision, limiting end-organ damage, and reducing toxicity and morbidity due to treatment with glucocorticoids. […] Patients with large vessel vasculitis should be given the best therapy possible, which should be based on shared decision-making among the patient and the rheumatologist and considering efficacy, safety, and cost. […] Acute treatment of complicated giant cell arteritis may necessitate admission to the hospital. […] Dietary or lifestyle adjustments have not been found to reduce the risk of giant cell arteritis complications. Patients on corticosteroids should be encouraged to exercise and limit their salt intake to minimize weight gain and fluid retention associated with the class of medication.

• #65 How to Manage Giant Cell Arteritis Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/10-tips-to-manage-giant-cell-arteritis-pain

  Report any side effects you have to your doctor. […] Keep a journal of your symptoms. Let your doctor know right away if your pain starts to increase. […] Call your doctor or go to an emergency room immediately if you develop serious symptoms, like pain in your jaw or tongue when you eat, or vision changes like double vision. […] Ask your doctor if you should take calcium and vitamin D supplements. […] When you work out, your body releases natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins that help you feel better. […] The pain from GCA stems from inflammation. Bringing down inflammation with diet is one way to help yourself feel better. […] Starting on prednisone as soon as possible will help control your pain. Within a few days of taking this medication, you should start to feel a lot better.

• #66 How to Manage Giant Cell Arteritis Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/10-tips-to-manage-giant-cell-arteritis-pain

  Report any side effects you have to your doctor. […] Keep a journal of your symptoms. Let your doctor know right away if your pain starts to increase. […] Call your doctor or go to an emergency room immediately if you develop serious symptoms, like pain in your jaw or tongue when you eat, or vision changes like double vision. […] Ask your doctor if you should take calcium and vitamin D supplements. […] When you work out, your body releases natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins that help you feel better. […] The pain from GCA stems from inflammation. Bringing down inflammation with diet is one way to help yourself feel better. […] Starting on prednisone as soon as possible will help control your pain. Within a few days of taking this medication, you should start to feel a lot better.

• #67 How to Manage Giant Cell Arteritis Pain

  https://www.healthline.com/health/10-tips-to-manage-giant-cell-arteritis-pain

  Report any side effects you have to your doctor. […] Keep a journal of your symptoms. Let your doctor know right away if your pain starts to increase. […] Call your doctor or go to an emergency room immediately if you develop serious symptoms, like pain in your jaw or tongue when you eat, or vision changes like double vision. […] Ask your doctor if you should take calcium and vitamin D supplements. […] When you work out, your body releases natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins that help you feel better. […] The pain from GCA stems from inflammation. Bringing down inflammation with diet is one way to help yourself feel better. […] Starting on prednisone as soon as possible will help control your pain. Within a few days of taking this medication, you should start to feel a lot better.

• #68 Temporal Arteritis: Key Facts You Need to Know

  https://rheumatologyde.com/temporal-arteritis/

  At the Rheumatology Center of Delaware, we specialize in providing comprehensive care for temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA). Our expert team is committed to offering accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and long-term management to help patients achieve optimal outcomes. […] Treatment typically involves high doses of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Prompt medical intervention can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition. […] Follow Treatment: Take prescribed medications like corticosteroids as directed. […] Monitor Symptoms: Report any new or worsening symptoms, especially vision changes, to your doctor. […] Regular Check-Ups: Attend follow-ups to adjust treatment and monitor inflammation. […] Emotional Support: Join support groups or seek counseling to cope with the condition. […] Early diagnosis, prompt treatment with corticosteroids, and regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are essential in reducing the risk of complications.

• #69 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  Because steroids reduce the activity of the immune system, you may be more likely to develop infections, and they can be more serious. […] If you’re on steroid treatment, you should always carry a steroid card that says what dose you’re on. […] Steroids are the first-line treatment to get GCA under control and prevent any serious complications. At present, there isn’t an alternative first-line treatment available. […] Your doctor may suggest low-strength aspirin as it helps to protect against loss of vision in GCA. You need to discuss this with your doctor to ensure it is safe for you to take aspirin. […] If fatigue becomes a problem, it might help to have an appointment with a specialist nurse or an occupational therapist.

• #70 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  Because steroids reduce the activity of the immune system, you may be more likely to develop infections, and they can be more serious. […] If you’re on steroid treatment, you should always carry a steroid card that says what dose you’re on. […] Steroids are the first-line treatment to get GCA under control and prevent any serious complications. At present, there isn’t an alternative first-line treatment available. […] Your doctor may suggest low-strength aspirin as it helps to protect against loss of vision in GCA. You need to discuss this with your doctor to ensure it is safe for you to take aspirin. […] If fatigue becomes a problem, it might help to have an appointment with a specialist nurse or an occupational therapist.

• #71 Temporal Arteritis | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/infection-prevention-and-control/temporal-arteritis-12-08-2003/

  – As many eye conditions are asymptomatic it is essential to emphasise the importance of having regular eye tests. […] – Any changes in sight must be followed up immediately as most major causes of blindness can be treated if identified at an early stage.

• #72 Temporal Arteritis | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/infection-prevention-and-control/temporal-arteritis-12-08-2003/

  – As many eye conditions are asymptomatic it is essential to emphasise the importance of having regular eye tests. […] – Any changes in sight must be followed up immediately as most major causes of blindness can be treated if identified at an early stage.

• #73 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  Living with GCA can be challenging at times. […] Sharing your experience with family and friends, connecting with others through a support group, or talking with a mental health professional can help. […] There is no cure at this time for GCA, but with early treatment and careful monitoring, most patients with GCA have a good prognosis.

• #74 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  Living with GCA can be challenging at times. […] Sharing your experience with family and friends, connecting with others through a support group, or talking with a mental health professional can help. […] There is no cure at this time for GCA, but with early treatment and careful monitoring, most patients with GCA have a good prognosis.

• #75 Temporal Arteritis: Key Facts You Need to Know

  https://rheumatologyde.com/temporal-arteritis/

  At the Rheumatology Center of Delaware, we specialize in providing comprehensive care for temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA). Our expert team is committed to offering accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and long-term management to help patients achieve optimal outcomes. […] Treatment typically involves high doses of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Prompt medical intervention can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected by this condition. […] Follow Treatment: Take prescribed medications like corticosteroids as directed. […] Monitor Symptoms: Report any new or worsening symptoms, especially vision changes, to your doctor. […] Regular Check-Ups: Attend follow-ups to adjust treatment and monitor inflammation. […] Emotional Support: Join support groups or seek counseling to cope with the condition. […] Early diagnosis, prompt treatment with corticosteroids, and regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are essential in reducing the risk of complications.

• #76 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  GCA is typically treated with high doses of glucocorticoids such as prednisone, and sometimes with other medications that also suppress the immune system, to control inflammation. […] Prompt treatment usually relieves symptoms, however GCA is a chronic condition with periods of relapse and remission, so ongoing medical care is usually necessary. […] Even with effective treatment, relapse of GCA is common. […] Regular doctor visits and ongoing monitoring of laboratory and imaging tests are important in detecting relapses early. […] Effective treatment of GCA may require the coordinated efforts and ongoing care of a team of medical providers and specialists. […] The best way to manage your disease is to actively partner with your health care providers. […] If you have concerns about your treatment plan, speak up.

• #77 Giant Cell Arteritis – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/rheumatology/giantcellarteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is also known as temporal arteritis. It is a type of systemic vasculitis affecting the medium and large arteries. The key complication of giant cell arteritis is vision loss, which is often irreversible. […] Steroids are the mainstay of treatment. They are started immediately, before confirming the diagnosis, to reduce the risk of vision loss. There is usually a rapid and significant response to steroid treatment. Initial treatment is: 40-60mg prednisolone daily with no visual symptoms or jaw claudication; 500mg-1000mg methylprednisolone daily with visual symptoms or jaw claudication. Once the diagnosis is confirmed and the condition is controlled, the steroid dose is slowly weaned over 1-2 years. […] A combination of specialties manages patients with GCA: Rheumatology for specialist diagnosis and management; Vascular surgeons for a temporal artery biopsy; Ophthalmology review for visual symptoms.

• #78 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  GCA is typically treated with high doses of glucocorticoids such as prednisone, and sometimes with other medications that also suppress the immune system, to control inflammation. […] Prompt treatment usually relieves symptoms, however GCA is a chronic condition with periods of relapse and remission, so ongoing medical care is usually necessary. […] Even with effective treatment, relapse of GCA is common. […] Regular doctor visits and ongoing monitoring of laboratory and imaging tests are important in detecting relapses early. […] Effective treatment of GCA may require the coordinated efforts and ongoing care of a team of medical providers and specialists. […] The best way to manage your disease is to actively partner with your health care providers. […] If you have concerns about your treatment plan, speak up.

• #79 Giant Cell Arteritis – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/rheumatology/giantcellarteritis/

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is also known as temporal arteritis. It is a type of systemic vasculitis affecting the medium and large arteries. The key complication of giant cell arteritis is vision loss, which is often irreversible. […] Steroids are the mainstay of treatment. They are started immediately, before confirming the diagnosis, to reduce the risk of vision loss. There is usually a rapid and significant response to steroid treatment. Initial treatment is: 40-60mg prednisolone daily with no visual symptoms or jaw claudication; 500mg-1000mg methylprednisolone daily with visual symptoms or jaw claudication. Once the diagnosis is confirmed and the condition is controlled, the steroid dose is slowly weaned over 1-2 years. […] A combination of specialties manages patients with GCA: Rheumatology for specialist diagnosis and management; Vascular surgeons for a temporal artery biopsy; Ophthalmology review for visual symptoms.

• #80 Giant Cell Arteritis: Symptoms & Treatment | Massachusetts General Hospital

  https://www.massgeneral.org/medicine/rheumatology/treatments-and-services/giant-cell-arteritis

  The aim of the program is to provide high-quality, rapid and longitudinal care to patients with giant cell arteritis and other large vessel vasculitides. […] Our team of experts is dedicated to excellence in patient care through early diagnosis, personalized treatment and leading-edge research in giant cell arteritis. […] Due to the concern for vision loss, rapid diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis is imperative. […] The key components of the program are a clinical evaluation by a provider with expertise in giant cell arteritis and a temporal artery ultrasound that is done at the point of care in the rheumatology office. […] Our providers aim to establish early diagnosis and implement treatment plans with the goal of rapidly controlling symptoms and preventing subsequent disease relapses. […] To maximize the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize medication side effects, our approach relies on developing a personalized treatment plan for each patient in a timely manner.

• #81 Giant Cell Arteritis: Symptoms & Treatment | Massachusetts General Hospital

  https://www.massgeneral.org/medicine/rheumatology/treatments-and-services/giant-cell-arteritis

  The aim of the program is to provide high-quality, rapid and longitudinal care to patients with giant cell arteritis and other large vessel vasculitides. […] Our team of experts is dedicated to excellence in patient care through early diagnosis, personalized treatment and leading-edge research in giant cell arteritis. […] Due to the concern for vision loss, rapid diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis is imperative. […] The key components of the program are a clinical evaluation by a provider with expertise in giant cell arteritis and a temporal artery ultrasound that is done at the point of care in the rheumatology office. […] Our providers aim to establish early diagnosis and implement treatment plans with the goal of rapidly controlling symptoms and preventing subsequent disease relapses. […] To maximize the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize medication side effects, our approach relies on developing a personalized treatment plan for each patient in a timely manner.

• #82 Giant Cell Arteritis: A Clinical Review for Urgent Care Providers – Journal of Urgent Care Medicine

  https://www.jucm.com/giant-cell-arteritis-clinical-review-urgent-care-providers/

  Treatment with steroids should be started as soon as the diagnosis is entertained. […] Subspecialty consultant guidance should be obtained early in the patient encounter, as soon as the diagnosis of GCA is entertained. […] Patients with other comorbidities, especially diabetes, should also be transferred to an ED or admitted directly through a consultant, as high-dose steroids will likely result in worsening disease which will benefit from in-hospital monitoring.

• #83 Giant cell arteritis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giant-cell-arteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372764

  Some symptoms, particularly headaches, may return during this tapering period. This is the point at which many people also develop symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. Such flares can usually be treated with slight increases in the corticosteroid dose. Your doctor might also suggest an immune-suppressing drug called methotrexate (Trexall). […] Corticosteroids can lead to serious side effects, such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure and muscle weakness. To counter potential side effects, your doctor is likely to monitor your bone density and might prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplements or other medications to help prevent bone loss. […] When giant cell arteritis is diagnosed and treated early, the prognosis is usually excellent. Your symptoms will likely improve quickly after beginning corticosteroid treatment, and your vision isn’t likely to be affected.

• #84

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/june/arteritis.aspx

  The need for biopsy should never delay treatment. […] Most guidelines recommend oral prednisone 40-60 mg, once daily, for patients with giant cell arteritis, with the higher dose used in patients with ischaemic symptoms. […] The first dose of prednisone should be taken as soon as reasonably possible. […] A follow-up consultation should be scheduled to ensure there are no signs or symptoms of relapse of giant cell arteritis, and to monitor the adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment. […] Relapse of symptoms is relatively common in people with giant cell arteritis, particularly once the dose of prednisone is low. […] The majority of patients respond rapidly to the initial treatment with prednisone, and visual loss in treated patients is rare, generally under 1%. […] Patients should be informed of these adverse effects and may need to be advised to make lifestyle changes to lower their risk of these complications.

• #85 Temporal Arteritis | Kadrmas Eye Care New England – Kadrmas Eye Care New England

  http://www.kadrmaseyecare.com/temporal-arteritis.html

  If your doctor suspects that you have temporal arteritis, he will normally begin treatment with oral corticosteroid medication, even before a temporal biopsy confirms the diagnosis. This is to prevent further vision loss. […] Corticosteroids are very effective at reducing inflammation. However, long term use can lead to complications including high blood pressure, cataracts and glaucoma. In this case, the benefits far out-weigh the risks. […] Your eye doctor will work closely with your internist or rheumatologist in monitor your overall health and vision. It should be noted that the use of corticosteroids and other medications is unlikely to restore vision that has been lost, but is crucial in preventing loss of vision in the unaffected eye. This is why it is important for you to see your doctor as soon as you experience symptoms of temporal arteritis. If the disease can be effectively treated before AION impacts your optic nerve, preventing vision loss and even blindness is possible.

• #86 Giant Cell Arteritis – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/giant-cell-arteritis/

  GCA is typically treated with high doses of glucocorticoids such as prednisone, and sometimes with other medications that also suppress the immune system, to control inflammation. […] Prompt treatment usually relieves symptoms, however GCA is a chronic condition with periods of relapse and remission, so ongoing medical care is usually necessary. […] Even with effective treatment, relapse of GCA is common. […] Regular doctor visits and ongoing monitoring of laboratory and imaging tests are important in detecting relapses early. […] Effective treatment of GCA may require the coordinated efforts and ongoing care of a team of medical providers and specialists. […] The best way to manage your disease is to actively partner with your health care providers. […] If you have concerns about your treatment plan, speak up.

• #87

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2013/june/arteritis.aspx

  The need for biopsy should never delay treatment. […] Most guidelines recommend oral prednisone 40-60 mg, once daily, for patients with giant cell arteritis, with the higher dose used in patients with ischaemic symptoms. […] The first dose of prednisone should be taken as soon as reasonably possible. […] A follow-up consultation should be scheduled to ensure there are no signs or symptoms of relapse of giant cell arteritis, and to monitor the adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment. […] Relapse of symptoms is relatively common in people with giant cell arteritis, particularly once the dose of prednisone is low. […] The majority of patients respond rapidly to the initial treatment with prednisone, and visual loss in treated patients is rare, generally under 1%. […] Patients should be informed of these adverse effects and may need to be advised to make lifestyle changes to lower their risk of these complications.

• #88 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Sequential ESR determination may assist in determining the success of corticosteroid therapy. Once the signs of clinical inflammation are suppressed and the ESR is maintained at a low level, corticosteroids may be tapered. In almost all patients, the steroid dosage can be significantly decreased; however, the inflammatory process may ebb and flow, and temporary dose increases may be needed to control disease flares. Relapse occurs in 25-60% of cases. […] Long-term corticosteroid therapy has frequent and potentially serious consequences, including diabetes mellitus, vertebral compression fractures, steroid myopathy, steroid psychosis, and immunosuppression-related infections. Indeed, the cumulative morbidity associated with long-term therapy often exceeds that of the underlying disease. […] Most patients with GCA can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospital admission may be indicated for patients with particularly severe symptoms or those unable to provide self-care at home. After resolution of acute GCA, patients require regular follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence, steroid complications during steroid therapy, and long-term complications such as aortic aneurysm.

• #89 Temporal Arteritis | Connecticut Vascular Center

  https://ctvascularcenter.com/patient-education/temporal-arteritis/

  Temporal arteritis cannot be cured; therefore, the goal of treatment is to minimize tissue damage caused by the condition. […] Treatment typically lasts for one to two years. It’s important that you have regular checkups with your doctor during corticosteroid therapy, as well as after you’ve finished treatment. They’ll need to monitor how your body is reacting to the treatment, measure your progress afterwards, and make sure you don’t develop the condition again, as it can be reoccurring. […] Call your doctor immediately if you notice new symptoms. This will increase your likelihood of an early diagnosis, and subsequently decrease the risk of developing serious complications.

• #90 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Alternatives to Corticosteroids, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332483-treatment

  Regular follow-up care after a successful initial management of the acute process is considered a standard of care. Routine follow-up should include asking about symptoms of upper extremity claudication or ischemia, listening for bruits, and taking blood pressure in both arms. Ongoing monitoring of symptoms and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is mandatory. […] During corticosteroid therapy, monitoring for complications of long-term use of these drugs is indicated. Patients should be screened for diabetes, hypertension, and cataracts. Given the high risk of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis, patients should have baseline bone densitometry at the start of therapy. All patients on corticosteroids need adequate calcium and vitamin D for protection against osteoporosis.

• #91 Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)

  https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/temporal-arteritis-giant-cell-arteritis

• #92 Giant Cell Arteritis | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/giant-cell-arteritis

  Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease affecting the large blood vessels of the scalp, neck and arms. […] Prompt treatment with high doses of corticosteroids reduces the small but definite risk of blindness. As with polymyalgia rheumatica, the symptoms of giant cell arteritis quickly disappear with treatment, but corticosteroid therapy may be necessary for months to years to keep the inflammation down. […] Proper nutrition, physical activity, rest, and following the prescribed medication regimen are important for managing the condition and combating any possible side-effects of corticosteroid therapy. GCA has been linked to an increased risk of aneurysms (a ballooned and weakened area of an artery), which can occur years after diagnosis. Doctors and caregivers should be aware of this possibility.

• #93 Temporal Arteritis | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/infection-prevention-and-control/temporal-arteritis-12-08-2003/

  – As many eye conditions are asymptomatic it is essential to emphasise the importance of having regular eye tests. […] – Any changes in sight must be followed up immediately as most major causes of blindness can be treated if identified at an early stage.

• #94 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  Because steroids reduce the activity of the immune system, you may be more likely to develop infections, and they can be more serious. […] If you’re on steroid treatment, you should always carry a steroid card that says what dose you’re on. […] Steroids are the first-line treatment to get GCA under control and prevent any serious complications. At present, there isn’t an alternative first-line treatment available. […] Your doctor may suggest low-strength aspirin as it helps to protect against loss of vision in GCA. You need to discuss this with your doctor to ensure it is safe for you to take aspirin. […] If fatigue becomes a problem, it might help to have an appointment with a specialist nurse or an occupational therapist.

• #95 Temporal Arteritis | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/infection-prevention-and-control/temporal-arteritis-12-08-2003/

  – As many eye conditions are asymptomatic it is essential to emphasise the importance of having regular eye tests. […] – Any changes in sight must be followed up immediately as most major causes of blindness can be treated if identified at an early stage.

• #96 Giant cell arteritis (GCA) | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-gca/

  Because steroids reduce the activity of the immune system, you may be more likely to develop infections, and they can be more serious. […] If you’re on steroid treatment, you should always carry a steroid card that says what dose you’re on. […] Steroids are the first-line treatment to get GCA under control and prevent any serious complications. At present, there isn’t an alternative first-line treatment available. […] Your doctor may suggest low-strength aspirin as it helps to protect against loss of vision in GCA. You need to discuss this with your doctor to ensure it is safe for you to take aspirin. […] If fatigue becomes a problem, it might help to have an appointment with a specialist nurse or an occupational therapist.

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