Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Because the cause of factitious disorder isn’t known, there’s no way to prevent it. […] Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed.

• #2 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  There is no known way to prevent Munchausen syndrome, but treating it as soon as you notice symptoms may help. […] Munchausen syndrome is difficult to treat, so a health care provider will most likely help manage the condition rather than trying to cure it.

• #3 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Theres no known way to prevent this condition. However, beginning treatment as soon as you notice symptoms may help you achieve the best outcome. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self can be dangerous, even life-threatening. If you intentionally harm yourself or take medications for symptoms you dont have, you may experience severe side effects that can affect how your body functions. Undergoing unnecessary tests or procedures can also do more harm to your body than good. […] If you or a loved one are thinking about hurting yourself or have suicidal thoughts, contact a healthcare provider or call 988 (Suicide Crisis Lifeline). If you feel like you or a loved one are in immediate danger, contact 911 or your local emergency services number.

• #4 Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self): definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-syndrome/

  How to prevent Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self)? […] There is no known way to completely prevent Munchausen syndrome. However, early intervention reduces the risk of severe complications. Recognizing warning signs, such as frequent unexplained illnesses or an intense preoccupation with medical care, allows for timely psychological support. […] Early therapeutic intervention is made possible by mental health assessments for people with a history of trauma or other psychiatric problems, helping identify persons at a greater risk. Raising awareness among families and healthcare providers about Munchausen syndrome improves recognition, allowing for early detection of concerning behaviors before escalation occurs. […] While complete prevention remains uncertain, proactive mental health care and strong support systems lessen the chances of developing the condition.

• #5 Factitious disorder imposed on self (Munchausen syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self-munchausen-syndrome

  Factitious disorder imposed on self is characterized by falsified general medical or psychiatric symptoms. Early investigation of a possible factitious disorder can prevent patient self-harm as well as iatrogenic complications arising from unnecessary tests and treatments. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of factitious disorder imposed on self.

• #6 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Little can be done directly to prevent the development of factitious disorder. Because patients often do not regard the disorder as undesirable, they have little incentive to engage in activities to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with inauthentic illness behavior. […] Deterrence and prevention involve clear documentation of patients with a known history of factitious disorder (to be distinguished from blacklisting). Other measures that may be taken are described below. […] Although surveillance of persons with factitious disorder is not currently possible in the United States, there are steps that individual physicians can take to prevent excessive and unnecessary illness behavior. […] The research literature on medically unexplained symptoms makes it clear that such symptoms are strongly and linearly associated with increasingly severe anxiety and depression. Thus, even if only a small percentage of persons with unexplained medical complaints are destined to develop severe factitious disorder, psychological intervention for all persons with medically unexplained symptoms is fully justified.

• #7 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Prevention of factitious illness behavior can also be improved by implementing several relatively minor changes in the way primary care physicians manage cases. For example, the practice of assigning official medical diagnoses in the absence of adequate evidence should be sharply curtailed. […] Educational efforts are most effective when they are targeted toward medical staff, nursing professionals, and other allied health care professionals. […] The best way of averting these undesired outcomes is to prepare the staff ahead of time for dealing with difficult cases. […] Other potentially useful strategies include training staff to raise concerns about medical deception as soon as they arise, adding medical deception to the working diagnostic hypotheses, and making careful plans for evaluating that hypothesis along with all other viable hypotheses.

• #8 Munchausen by proxy: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-by-proxy/

  How to prevent Munchausen by proxy? […] Currently, there is a lack of established strategies on how to prevent Munchausen by proxy. However, there may be possible ways to stop the disorder from getting worse. The ways on how to prevent Munchausen by proxy from worsening are listed below. […] Education and training: Educate healthcare professionals, teachers, and caregivers about the signs and risk factors of Munchausen by proxy through workshops and training. This empowers them to recognize suspicious behavior and take appropriate action when necessary. […] Regular health check-ups: Schedule regular health check-ups for children and dependent adults under the care of others. These routine evaluations help monitor their health status and detect any inconsistencies or unnecessary medical interventions, which can be early signs of Munchausen by proxy.

• #9 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] Although the condition was named in 1976 and there is now a substantial body of scientific literature about this type of abuse, to date, patient-centered approaches to early identification, intervention, and prevention have been absent from this literature. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. […] It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse.

• #10 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

  https://ideas.repec.org/h/ito/pchaps/109427.html

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. […] It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] The Haddon matrix, a public health framework, is applied to MSbP abuse in order to guide the development of recommendations of patient-centered approaches that should be implemented to reduce the healthcare system’s contribution to the morbidity and mortality that MSbP victims face.

• #11 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/munchausen-syndrome-proxy/

  Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent MSP. The caregiver must recognize that their feelings about illness are not normal. In those situations, seeking help could prevent them from harming a child. […] It is usually up to others to recognize the behavior and stop it before it escalates. If you believe a child is in danger or is currently a victim of MSP, contact a health care professional, the police, or child protective services.

• #12 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Warnings

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-by-proxy

  Can Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Be Prevented? […] There is no known way to prevent this disorder.

• #13 Munchausen syndrome by proxy | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/m/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/001555

  Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #14 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Warning Signs and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-2860410

  There is no known way to prevent this disorder. However, once a diagnosis is clearly established, the safety of the child becomes paramount. Removing the child or other victims from the care of the person with Munchausen syndrome by proxy may be necessary to prevent further harm to the victim. […] If you recognize symptoms of abuse, you can help prevent continued abuse. Putting an end the abuse may also mean preventing unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #15 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  Theres no way to predict who will develop MSP, and theres no known way to prevent it. However, if MSP is suspected, there are ways to prevent the disorder from escalating. […] If you have symptoms of MSP, seek psychiatric counseling immediately, before you hurt your child. If you think a child is being abused, contact the police or Child Protective Services. Call 911 if any child is in immediate danger due to abuse or neglect.

• #16 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Treatment – Anew Treatment Center

  https://anewtreatmentcenter.com/manchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy, or factitious disorder imposed on another, is a mental health disorder and form of abuse. […] There is no way to prevent or avoid Munchausen syndrome by proxy. […] However, negative side effects resulting from the disorder can be avoided by catching onto the symptoms early. Caregivers or those around them can recognize the warning signs early, helping to instate treatment sooner.

• #17 Procedures, placement, and risks of further abuse after Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9613350/

  Objectives: To investigate outcome, management, and prevention in Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation. […] Conclusions: This type of abuse is severe with high mortality, morbidity, family disruption, reabuse, and harm to siblings. A very cautious approach for child protection with reintroduction to home only if circumstances are especially favourable is advised. Paediatric follow up by an expert in child protection should also occur.

• #18 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  The Haddon matrix encourages consideration of actions that can be taken pre-event, or before the healthcare system participates in MSbP abuse, during the event of the healthcare system participating in MSbP abuse, and post-event, after MSbP abuse is identified in the healthcare system. […] Federal regulation of the TTI can prevent MSbP abuse by providers in that setting, while state regulation can hold healthcare facilities accountable for having established protocols for intervening on identified MSbP cases as well as holding healthcare providers accountable for proceeding through these protocols when indicated, thus ensuring victim safety after abuse is identified.

• #19 Munchausen by proxy: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-by-proxy/

  Open communication: It is important to promote honest and open dialogue with those in care, whether they are children or adults. Making them feel comfortable talking about their problems will help you spot any abnormal behavior or fabricated symptoms. […] Protective services: Protect those who are vulnerable by implementing protective services. This may entail obligatory reporting of suspected neglect or abuse, promptly followed by comprehensive investigations to safeguard the well-being of the individuals involved. […] Support systems: Establish robust support networks for caregivers who may be susceptible to Munchausen by proxy. By offering emotional and mental health assistance, the probability of this detrimental behavior is diminished as underlying issues are attended to. […] Legal consequences: Individuals who commit Munchausen by proxy should face legal consequences. These consequences can function as a deterrent and contribute to the safeguarding of potential victims from harm.

• #20 Munchausen by proxy: definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-by-proxy/

  Public awareness campaigns: Spread the word through public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the signs and dangers of Munchausen by proxy. These initiatives aim to make people more watchful and prompt them to report any concerning behavior, ultimately nurturing a community that’s alert and caring.

• #21 Factitious disorder | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/factitious-disorder

  Because the cause of factitious disorder isn’t known, there’s no way to prevent it. Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed. […] Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves.

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