Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. Diagnosing this condition is difficult, but treatment is available when youre ready. […] It can be difficult for healthcare providers to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. A healthcare provider will rule out possible physical and mental health conditions and verify diagnostic criteria. There needs to be clear evidence that youre falsifying or creating symptoms. A diagnosis usually happens after several diagnostic tests and procedures. A variety of healthcare providers work together to make a diagnosis. […] There isnt a specific test to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. Testing to rule out other conditions may include blood tests, urine tests, imaging tests and more.

• #2 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. These patients are often a medical mystery to healthcare workers as their laboratory, and radiographic results may be inconsistent with the history and physical exam. […] Munchausen syndrome, also called factitious disorder imposed on self, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain (time off from work, medications). Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of gaining the appearance of a „sick patient.” These patients are often a medical mystery to healthcare workers as their laboratory, and radiographic results can be inconsistent with the history and physical exam.

• #3 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Its hard to diagnose because many other conditions need to be ruled out first. […] Diagnosis is difficult because a range of legitimate physical and mental illnesses must be ruled out first. To complicate matters further, a person with Munchausen syndrome tends to seek help from various health care providers to avoid tipping off any one doctor. Diagnosis, if it happens at all, may depend on abstract concepts such as: […] The persons symptoms dont make sense when compared with the test results. […] The person is unusually eager to undergo invasive medical procedures and operations. […] The person doesnt respond to treatments in a predictable fashion. […] Other people in the patients life dont confirm the persons symptoms.

• #4 Overview – Munchausen syndrome – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/munchausen-syndrome/overview/

  Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome can be challenging for medical professionals. […] People with the syndrome are often very convincing and skilled at manipulating and exploiting doctors. […] If a healthcare professional suspects a person may have Munchausen syndrome, they’ll look at the person’s health records to check for inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. […] Healthcare professionals can also run tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering with clinical tests. […] Munchausen syndrome can usually be diagnosed if: there’s clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms; the person’s prime motivation is to be seen as sick; there’s no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour.

• #5 Munchausen’s syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/munchausens-syndrome/

  Diagnosing Munchausens syndrome can be very challenging for medical professionals. People with the condition are often accomplished liars and are skilled at manipulating and exploiting a doctors concern for their patient, and the doctors natural curiosity in investigating unusual medical conditions. […] If a health professional does suspect a person may have Munchausens syndrome they will usually make a detailed study of that persons health records to look for any inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. They may also attempt to talk to their family and friends to see if their claims about their past are true. […] Health professionals can also run a number of clinical tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering of clinical test. For example, the persons blood can be checked for traces of medication that the person should not be taking, but which could explain their symptoms. […] A diagnosis of Munchausens syndrome can usually be confidently made if there is: clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms, the person prime motivation is to be seen as sick, there is no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour.

• #6 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome is very difficult due to the dishonesty involved. Doctors must rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome can be considered. […] If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, or if the pattern of reported physical symptoms suggests that they may be self-inflicted, then they will likely refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They use specially designed interview and assessment tools to examine a person for Munchausen syndrome. The doctor bases their diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and their observation of the patient’s attitude and behavior.

• #7 Factitious disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034

  Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves. […] Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person’s intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when: Their medical history doesn’t make sense. No believable reason exists for an illness or injury. The illness doesn’t follow the usual course. There’s no clear reason why they’re not getting better, despite the right treatment. There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results. They don’t want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members. They’re caught lying or harming themselves. […] To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals: Do a detailed interview. Require past health records. Work with family members to get more information if the person being examined gives permission. Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues.

• #8 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] In ICD-10, Munchausen syndrome is classified as F68.1: Intentional production or feigning of symptoms or disabilities, either physical or psychological. […] As the patients do not as a rule cooperate with researchers, or in a psychiatric evaluation or treatment, their motivation is usually unknown, and it is very difficult to give a precise description of and to quantify underlying psychological disorders. […] It is important to bear in mind that also patients with Munchausen syndrome may have an organic disease, like anybody else. Consequently, every patient with known Munchausen syndrome who presents with a significantly altered symptom picture has the right to a thorough diagnostic evaluation. This can only be reduced if it can be documented once again that the findings are factitious. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems.

• #9 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Your healthcare provider(s) will refer to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) to determine if your symptoms compare to the criteria for this condition. The DSM-5 is the standard reference book for recognized mental health conditions in the United States. […] Diagnostic criteria for factitious disorder imposed on self include: Falsifying physical or psychological signs and symptoms, inducing injury or disease; Presenting to others as ill, impaired or injured; Deceptive behavior that happens without an external reward; Another mental health condition doesnt explain the behavior well.

• #10 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  The diagnosis of Munchausen disorder falls within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and requires certain criteria. This criterion includes evidence that the patient is taking steps to intentionally and falsely represent a psychiatric or general medical condition without evidence of malingering, and the behavior is independent of other medical or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. In many cases, the diagnosis is delayed.

• #11 Factitious disorder imposed on self – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self

  Once the person’s history has been thoroughly evaluated, diagnosing factitious disorder imposed on self requires a clinical assessment, typically performed by a psychiatrist. […] For a person to be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on self, they must meet the following criteria: The patient presents as sick or injured motivated by a primary gain, or internal reward of validation/attention as opposed to a secondary gain, which usually involves external benefits. […] There is evidence that the patient is inducing or falsifying their symptoms. […] There is no alternative explanation, mental disorder, or illness to explain the patient’s symptoms.

• #12 Factitious Disorder DSM-5 300.19 (F68.10)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/factitious-disorder-dsm–5-300.19-(f68.10)

  Factitious disorder is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.) diagnosis assigned to individuals who falsify illness in themselves or in another person, without any obvious gain. […] Diagnosis of factitious disorder often requires a number of investigatory steps in order to accurately identify the condition without wrongful accusation, and treatment options can be both limited and difficult to administer if the individual refuses to admit the deception. […] In order to make a diagnosis of factitious disorder, it may be necessary for a health professional to look for clues and patterns in behavior that suggest an individual is being misleading. […] There are four primary criteria for diagnosing factitious disorder. These are: Intentional induction or falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, The individual presents themselves as ill, impaired or injured to others, The deceptive behavior persists even in the absence of external incentives or rewards, Another mental disorder does not better explain the behavior.

• #13

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5875173/

  The Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are factitious disorders characterized by fabrication or induction of signs or symptoms of a disease, as well as alteration of laboratory tests. […] Although Munchausen syndrome was first described more than 60 years ago, most of studies in the literature about it are case reports and literature reviews. Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), defines factitious disorders as those imposed on self and on other (previously called factitious disorders by proxy). […] The diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 to factitious disorder imposed on self are described in chart 1, and the criteria for factitious disorder imposed on other are described in chart 2.

• #14 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] In ICD-10, Munchausen syndrome is classified as F68.1: Intentional production or feigning of symptoms or disabilities, either physical or psychological. […] As the patients do not as a rule cooperate with researchers, or in a psychiatric evaluation or treatment, their motivation is usually unknown, and it is very difficult to give a precise description of and to quantify underlying psychological disorders. […] It is important to bear in mind that also patients with Munchausen syndrome may have an organic disease, like anybody else. Consequently, every patient with known Munchausen syndrome who presents with a significantly altered symptom picture has the right to a thorough diagnostic evaluation. This can only be reduced if it can be documented once again that the findings are factitious. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems.

• #15 Factitious disorder imposed on self – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS), sometimes referred to as Munchausen syndrome, is a complex mental disorder where individuals play the role of a sick patient to receive some form of psychological validation, such as attention, sympathy, or physical care. […] Diagnosis is usually determined by meeting specific DSM-5 criteria after ruling out true illness as described below. […] Due to the behaviors involved, diagnosing factitious disorder is very difficult. Because induced symptoms may mimic those of a real disease or disorder, physicians must first rule out genuine disease. Therefore, FDIS is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. […] If the healthcare provider finds no physical reason for the symptoms, they may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist (mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses).

• #16 Factitious disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034

  Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves. […] Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person’s intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when: Their medical history doesn’t make sense. No believable reason exists for an illness or injury. The illness doesn’t follow the usual course. There’s no clear reason why they’re not getting better, despite the right treatment. There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results. They don’t want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members. They’re caught lying or harming themselves. […] To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals: Do a detailed interview. Require past health records. Work with family members to get more information if the person being examined gives permission. Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues.

• #17 Overview – Munchausen syndrome – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/munchausen-syndrome/overview/

  Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome can be challenging for medical professionals. […] People with the syndrome are often very convincing and skilled at manipulating and exploiting doctors. […] If a healthcare professional suspects a person may have Munchausen syndrome, they’ll look at the person’s health records to check for inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. […] Healthcare professionals can also run tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering with clinical tests. […] Munchausen syndrome can usually be diagnosed if: there’s clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms; the person’s prime motivation is to be seen as sick; there’s no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour.

• #18 Munchausen’s syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/munchausens-syndrome/

  Diagnosing Munchausens syndrome can be very challenging for medical professionals. People with the condition are often accomplished liars and are skilled at manipulating and exploiting a doctors concern for their patient, and the doctors natural curiosity in investigating unusual medical conditions. […] If a health professional does suspect a person may have Munchausens syndrome they will usually make a detailed study of that persons health records to look for any inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. They may also attempt to talk to their family and friends to see if their claims about their past are true. […] Health professionals can also run a number of clinical tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering of clinical test. For example, the persons blood can be checked for traces of medication that the person should not be taking, but which could explain their symptoms. […] A diagnosis of Munchausens syndrome can usually be confidently made if there is: clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms, the person prime motivation is to be seen as sick, there is no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour.

• #19 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. Diagnosing this condition is difficult, but treatment is available when youre ready. […] It can be difficult for healthcare providers to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. A healthcare provider will rule out possible physical and mental health conditions and verify diagnostic criteria. There needs to be clear evidence that youre falsifying or creating symptoms. A diagnosis usually happens after several diagnostic tests and procedures. A variety of healthcare providers work together to make a diagnosis. […] There isnt a specific test to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. Testing to rule out other conditions may include blood tests, urine tests, imaging tests and more.

• #20 Munchausen Syndrome & by Proxy: Cases, Meaning, Test & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/munchausen_syndrome/article.htm

  How is Munchausen syndrome diagnosed? […] The diagnosis, now referred to as factitious disorder as indicated by the widely accepted criteria set by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) requires that the sufferer exhibit the following: […] There is no specific definitive test, like an X-ray or a blood test, which can assess that a person has Munchausen syndrome. Therefore, practitioners perform a mental-health interview that looks for the presence of the symptoms previously described. […] As with any mental health evaluation, the professional will work toward ruling out other mental conditions and ensuring that the individual does not have a primary medical illness or from medical issues that may cause emotional problems. […] It is also important for the practitioner to review any available medical records and talk to other people who are in the person’s life (like current or previous treating professionals, the spouse, or other family members) in order to explore the possibility that there is a pattern of the individual lying and/or faking symptoms in the past.

• #21 Factitious disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034

  Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves. […] Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person’s intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when: Their medical history doesn’t make sense. No believable reason exists for an illness or injury. The illness doesn’t follow the usual course. There’s no clear reason why they’re not getting better, despite the right treatment. There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results. They don’t want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members. They’re caught lying or harming themselves. […] To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals: Do a detailed interview. Require past health records. Work with family members to get more information if the person being examined gives permission. Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues.

• #22 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-differential

  Factitious disorder appears in the differential diagnosis for many illnesses. […] When routine examination and testing fail to confirm any of the most obvious diagnostic possibilities, factitious disorder should be excluded. […] The initial presentation of patients with factitious disorder always suggests a medical or psychiatric problem, exhibiting features compatible with the ailment being feigned or produced. […] In creating a working list of hypotheses for the diagnosis of a puzzling medical case, it is important to follow base-rate information about the frequency of each diagnostic possibility. […] Factitious disorder and Munchausen syndrome must be distinguished from certain related types of clinical psychiatric problems. […] In practice, diagnosis almost always requires a weighing of internal and external incentives, because the sick role itself almost always includes rewards and dispensations of various kinds.

• #23 Signs and symptoms – Munchausen syndrome – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/munchausen-syndrome/symptoms/

  Signs and symptoms of Munchausen syndrome may include pretending to be ill, or self-harming to aggravate or induce illness. […] Some clues that a person may have Munchausen syndrome include: having symptoms that do not match test results. […] Signs that suggest someone’s online posts may not be genuine include: reports of having symptoms that appear to be much more severe than most people would experience.

• #24

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/munchausens-syndrome/

  Munchausen’s syndrome is a serious mental disorder where a person deceives others by appearing to be sick, getting sick on purpose, or causing self-harm. […] People with Munchausen’s syndrome know they are causing their symptoms. […] Their main intention may be to assume the 'sick role’ so that people care for them and they are the centre of attention. […] Some people with Munchausen’s syndrome may undergo painful and sometimes life-threatening surgery, even though they know it’s unnecessary. […] Signs that a person may have Munchausen’s syndrome include: making frequent visits to hospitals in different areas, claiming to have a history of complex and serious medical conditions, having symptoms that do not match with test results, having symptoms that get worse for no clear reason, having very good medical knowledge, being willing to undergo often painful or dangerous tests and procedures, reporting symptoms that are vague and inconsistent, telling unbelievable and often very elaborate stories about their past.

• #25 Munchausen Syndrome: Mental Disorder, Symptoms, Test & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/munchausen_syndrome/article_em.htm

  People with Munchausen syndrome intentionally cause signs and symptoms of an illness or injury by inflicting medical harm to their body, often to the point of having to be hospitalized. […] Munchausen syndrome most appropriately describes people who have a chronic variant of a factitious disorder with mostly physical signs and symptoms, although there are reports in the literature regarding psychological Munchausen syndrome, meaning that the simulated symptoms are psychiatric in nature. […] Individuals with Munchausen syndrome intentionally produce or exaggerate symptoms. They may lie about or fake symptoms, self-induce injury to cause symptoms, or alter the results of tests by contaminating samples such as a urine samples. Signs and symptoms of Munchausen syndrome may include, dramatic medical history of serious illness, often with inconsistent details of the problem, symptoms that fit a diagnosis too perfectly or lack of signs that go with symptoms (for example, no sign of dehydration yet the person complains of diarrhea and vomiting), symptom that change or worsen once treatment is begun, history of seeking care at numerous other doctors, offices, or hospitals, eagerness to undergo exams, tests, and procedures, reluctance to let health care professionals contact previous health care professionals or family and friends, and evidence of multiple surgical scars.

• #26 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  The behaviour is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (eg, schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder). […] If the diagnosis is suspected then investigation should be kept to a minimum. However, basic procedures for responding to the patient’s symptoms and signs generally need to be followed. […] Patients may interfere with samples – for example, putting blood in urine. They may also interfere with charts. […] They may ingest or inject themselves with toxic substances to produce abnormality. […] Be alert to inconsistencies in the history and symptoms and signs that do not seem to fit. […] Also remember that even people with Mnchhausen’s syndrome can suffer from genuine organic disease.

• #27 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  The behaviour is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (eg, schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorder). […] If the diagnosis is suspected then investigation should be kept to a minimum. However, basic procedures for responding to the patient’s symptoms and signs generally need to be followed. […] Patients may interfere with samples – for example, putting blood in urine. They may also interfere with charts. […] They may ingest or inject themselves with toxic substances to produce abnormality. […] Be alert to inconsistencies in the history and symptoms and signs that do not seem to fit. […] Also remember that even people with Mnchhausen’s syndrome can suffer from genuine organic disease.

• #28 Munchausen’s syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/munchausens-syndrome/

  Diagnosing Munchausens syndrome can be very challenging for medical professionals. People with the condition are often accomplished liars and are skilled at manipulating and exploiting a doctors concern for their patient, and the doctors natural curiosity in investigating unusual medical conditions. […] If a health professional does suspect a person may have Munchausens syndrome they will usually make a detailed study of that persons health records to look for any inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. They may also attempt to talk to their family and friends to see if their claims about their past are true. […] Health professionals can also run a number of clinical tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering of clinical test. For example, the persons blood can be checked for traces of medication that the person should not be taking, but which could explain their symptoms. […] A diagnosis of Munchausens syndrome can usually be confidently made if there is: clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms, the person prime motivation is to be seen as sick, there is no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour.

• #29 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. Diagnosing this condition is difficult, but treatment is available when youre ready. […] It can be difficult for healthcare providers to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. A healthcare provider will rule out possible physical and mental health conditions and verify diagnostic criteria. There needs to be clear evidence that youre falsifying or creating symptoms. A diagnosis usually happens after several diagnostic tests and procedures. A variety of healthcare providers work together to make a diagnosis. […] There isnt a specific test to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on self. Testing to rule out other conditions may include blood tests, urine tests, imaging tests and more.

• #30 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome is very difficult due to the dishonesty involved. Doctors must rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome can be considered. […] If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, or if the pattern of reported physical symptoms suggests that they may be self-inflicted, then they will likely refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They use specially designed interview and assessment tools to examine a person for Munchausen syndrome. The doctor bases their diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and their observation of the patient’s attitude and behavior.

• #31 Factitious disorders – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/695

  Factitious disorders are uncommon disorders in which the patient intentionally fabricates physical or psychological symptoms primarily for the purpose of deceiving healthcare providers and/or others. […] Munchausen syndrome is an extreme form. […] Distinguishing factitious disorder from related conditions can be a difficult task, particularly because they can sometimes co-exist in the same patient. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, history of unexplained complaints or inconsistency over time, and unusual presentation relative to demographics. […] Other diagnostic factors include symptoms more exaggerated while aware of being observed, presentation for care at many different hospitals, eyewitness evidence of the patient manipulating findings, dramatic history of travel and acute illness (Munchausen subtype), multiple abdominal scars (Munchausen subtype), and medications or medical paraphernalia found in an unusual location in a patient’s room. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical history and examination. […] Investigations to consider include cultures (e.g., blood or wound), serum C-peptide, urine sulphonylureas, urine electrolytes, urine protein, and serum thyroglobulin.

• #32 Munchausen Syndrome: Mental Disorder, Symptoms, Test & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/munchausen_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Test results that are inconsistent or atypical of the claimed illness may be an indication of Munchausen syndrome. Imaging studies (such as X-rays or scans) may be helpful in diagnosing Munchausen syndrome. Many claimed medical problems, such as tumors, can be easily viewed with imaging tests. […] Initially, the medical care of people with Munchausen syndrome is aimed at relieving the claimed symptoms and any injury made by the person to induce the symptoms. Treating people who have Munchausen syndrome is difficult because they are often unwilling to admit they have it. […] Medications can be useful if conditions exist along with the Munchausen syndrome. […] People with Munchausen syndrome can induce or develop authentic illnesses requiring surgery, but further surgical procedures should be treated with great caution.

• #33 Causes, Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Treatment of Munchausen Syndrome | Hospital Addiction Syndrome

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/causes-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-munchausen-syndrome.htm

  Munchausen syndrome diagnosis is difficult but vital, as the condition could be life-threatening. […] Munchausen syndrome diagnosis is a difficult task as those with the disease are good at faking situations and symptoms. However, they do suffer from life-threatening conditions, even if those conditions are self-inflicted. […] A doctor who suspects a Munchausen syndrome in an individual may have to resort to indirect means such as talking to the family, checking medical records or searching the hospital room of the patient for clues. […] The doctor must take great care not to humiliate the patient by directly accusing him of faking symptoms, as this would result in the patient severing all ties with the doctor and seeking help elsewhere. The doctor must tactfully steer the patient towards seeking help from a psychologist.

• #34 Munchausen Syndrome: Mental Disorder, Symptoms, Test & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/munchausen_syndrome/article_em.htm

  Test results that are inconsistent or atypical of the claimed illness may be an indication of Munchausen syndrome. Imaging studies (such as X-rays or scans) may be helpful in diagnosing Munchausen syndrome. Many claimed medical problems, such as tumors, can be easily viewed with imaging tests. […] Initially, the medical care of people with Munchausen syndrome is aimed at relieving the claimed symptoms and any injury made by the person to induce the symptoms. Treating people who have Munchausen syndrome is difficult because they are often unwilling to admit they have it. […] Medications can be useful if conditions exist along with the Munchausen syndrome. […] People with Munchausen syndrome can induce or develop authentic illnesses requiring surgery, but further surgical procedures should be treated with great caution.

• #35 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  The diagnosis of Munchausen disorder falls within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and requires certain criteria. This criterion includes evidence that the patient is taking steps to intentionally and falsely represent a psychiatric or general medical condition without evidence of malingering, and the behavior is independent of other medical or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. In many cases, the diagnosis is delayed.

• #36

  https://annales.sum.edu.pl/Choroba-zapomniana-ale-grozna-Wyzwania-diagnostyczne-u-pacjentki-z-zespolem-Munchhausena,79326,0,2.html

  Munchausen syndrome is a mental disorder classified as an F68.1 diagnosis code Intentional production or feigning of symptoms or disabilities, either physical or psychological [factitious disorder]. […] The presented case study concerns a young patient repeatedly hospitalized due to numerous somatic complaints. Despite many physical examinations, including imaging and treatment no diagnosis could be made which would explain all of the symptoms. Only psychiatric hospitalization, with full analysis of the patients medical history, made it possible to diagnose the Munchausen syndrome and to treat the patient accordingly. […] Proper understanding of the symptoms presented by the patient could have lead to a faster diagnosis. However, the later fatal symptoms show that one cannot focus on only one diagnosis. Properly planned imaging seems to play a huge role.

• #37 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  The diagnosis of Munchausen disorder falls within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and requires certain criteria. This criterion includes evidence that the patient is taking steps to intentionally and falsely represent a psychiatric or general medical condition without evidence of malingering, and the behavior is independent of other medical or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. In many cases, the diagnosis is delayed.

• #38 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 to factitious disorder imposed on self are described in chart 1, and the criteria for factitious disorder imposed on other are described in chart 2. […] In general, treatment for factitious disorder is not based on controlled and randomized studies. […] So far, no biologic or psychological therapy has shown efficacy based on reviews and empiric reports of clinicians with experience on this field. […] The adequate diagnosis, management and referral of patients with factitious disorder upon hospital admission is fundamental for good prognosis and reduction of injuries and/or severe adverse events during hospitalization of these individuals. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #39 Factitious Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/factitious

  For example, there may be deceptive reports of neurological symptoms (e.g. – seizures, dizziness), manipulation of laboratory tests (e.g. – adding blood to urine tests), falsification of medical records to indicate an illness, ingestion of a substance (e.g. – insulin) to induce an abnormal laboratory result or illness (e.g. – hypoglycemia), or physically injure themselves or induce illness in themselves or another (e.g. – by injecting fecal material to cause sepsis). […] Management often requires a team that includes social workers, foster care organizations, and law enforcement in addition to the healthcare providers.

• #40 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome is very difficult due to the dishonesty involved. Doctors must rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome can be considered. […] If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, or if the pattern of reported physical symptoms suggests that they may be self-inflicted, then they will likely refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Psychiatrists and psychologists are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They use specially designed interview and assessment tools to examine a person for Munchausen syndrome. The doctor bases their diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and their observation of the patient’s attitude and behavior.

• #41 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  The diagnosis of Munchausen disorder falls within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and requires certain criteria. This criterion includes evidence that the patient is taking steps to intentionally and falsely represent a psychiatric or general medical condition without evidence of malingering, and the behavior is independent of other medical or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. In many cases, the diagnosis is delayed.

• #42 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-differential

  Factitious disorder appears in the differential diagnosis for many illnesses. […] When routine examination and testing fail to confirm any of the most obvious diagnostic possibilities, factitious disorder should be excluded. […] The initial presentation of patients with factitious disorder always suggests a medical or psychiatric problem, exhibiting features compatible with the ailment being feigned or produced. […] In creating a working list of hypotheses for the diagnosis of a puzzling medical case, it is important to follow base-rate information about the frequency of each diagnostic possibility. […] Factitious disorder and Munchausen syndrome must be distinguished from certain related types of clinical psychiatric problems. […] In practice, diagnosis almost always requires a weighing of internal and external incentives, because the sick role itself almost always includes rewards and dispensations of various kinds.

• #43 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-differential

  Typically, a malingering patient will abide only as much testing and treatment as is necessary to achieve his or her aims. In contrast, a person with factitious disorder imposed on self will actively attempt to maintain the sick role and will willingly undergo as much testing and treatment as possible. […] Other related conditions from which factitious disorder must be distinguished are somatic symptom and related disorders, particularly illness anxiety disorder. […] In its typical form, this presentation is not easily confused with factitious disorder; however, in rare instances, the patient is so strongly convinced of being gravely ill that he or she resorts to simulation or self-injury as a means of soliciting further diagnostic testing. […] Factitious disorder must also be distinguished from somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder.

• #44 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-differential

  In general, the distinction is made on the basis of the belief that patients with the latter disorders do not intentionally exaggerate or feign illness. […] Patients with other psychiatric diagnoses can also present with somatic preoccupation that is not supported by findings from physical examination, laboratory testing, or imaging.

• #45

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5875173/

  Factitious disorder diagnosis must be differentiated from general real medical conditions and evident mental disorder. […] In general, treatment for factitious disorder is not based on controlled and randomized studies. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #46 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-differential

  Factitious disorder appears in the differential diagnosis for many illnesses. […] When routine examination and testing fail to confirm any of the most obvious diagnostic possibilities, factitious disorder should be excluded. […] The initial presentation of patients with factitious disorder always suggests a medical or psychiatric problem, exhibiting features compatible with the ailment being feigned or produced. […] In creating a working list of hypotheses for the diagnosis of a puzzling medical case, it is important to follow base-rate information about the frequency of each diagnostic possibility. […] Factitious disorder and Munchausen syndrome must be distinguished from certain related types of clinical psychiatric problems. […] In practice, diagnosis almost always requires a weighing of internal and external incentives, because the sick role itself almost always includes rewards and dispensations of various kinds.

• #47 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] To diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy, providers have to see the clues. They have to review the child’s medical record to see what has happened with the child over time. Very often, Munchausen syndrome by proxy goes undiagnosed. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #48 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Factitious disorder imposed on another, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a mental health condition where you claim that someone within your care needs medical attention even though they dont. […] Yes. In the past, factitious disorder imposed on another was called Munchausen syndrome by proxy. This name referred to a historical figure named Baron Munchausen, who was known for exaggerated stories. The change provides a more accurate description of a persons behavior. […] Its difficult for healthcare providers to diagnose factitious disorder imposed on another because the condition involves dishonesty. A provider will first rule out any possible conditions related to the symptoms presented by the person within your care before considering an FDIA diagnosis for you. This can take time.

• #49 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Warnings

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-by-proxy

  Diagnosing MSP is very difficult because of the dishonesty that is involved. […] Doctors must rule out any possible physical illness as the cause of the child’s symptoms before a diagnosis of MSP can be made. […] If a physical cause of the symptoms is not found, a thorough review of the child’s medical history, as well as a review of the family history and the parent’s medical history (many have Munchausen syndrome themselves) may provide clues to suggest MSP. Remember, it is the adult, not the child, who is diagnosed with MSP.

• #50 Munchausen syndrome by proxy Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] To diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy, providers have to see the clues. They have to review the child’s medical record to see what has happened with the child over time. Very often, Munchausen syndrome by proxy goes undiagnosed.

• #51 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  Since a parent or caretaker with MSP often appears to be caring and attentive, doctors usually dont suspect any wrongdoing. Diagnosis can also be difficult due to the persons ability to manipulate doctors and induce symptoms in the child. […] Its likely that the doctor will first try to diagnose the child with a specific illness. If a child repeatedly presents with unexplained illness or injury, the doctor may begin to suspect child abuse or MSP. They may also become suspicious if any symptoms suddenly stop or improve when the child isnt with their caretaker. The doctors first duty is to protect the child from abuse by reporting these suspicions to the proper authorities. While under a doctors care, the child will be diagnosed and treated for any illness, injury, or emotional trauma.

• #52 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/munchausen-syndrome-proxy/

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) is a specific mental illness most often linked to child abuse. It affects caregivers, especially caregivers of children. It is also known as factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). […] The ethical issues involved in MSP make it hard to diagnose. Accusing a mother, father, or caretaker of intentionally creating symptoms or making a child sick is a serious matter. Medical professionals will look for symptoms and other incriminating evidence before doing so. […] One way to confirm suspicions of MSP is to separate the mother, father, or caregiver from the child, then see if the child’s symptoms improve. Doctors also can evaluate medical records. They can look for patterns that suggest something is off. For example, a child who has been seen for many different illnesses during a short period of time should trigger suspicion. If MSP is suspected, health care providers are required to report it.

• #53 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  The diagnostic criteria of factitious disorder imposed on another as presented in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) includes: Falsifying physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or creating an injury or condition in order to deceive someone. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on another is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. Then, your care team will address any underlying causes of your behavior. […] Theres no known way to prevent this condition. However, theres less risk of harm by seeking treatment as soon as symptoms begin. For example, removing a person from your care could prevent unnecessary harm.

• #54 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: A Factitious Disorder Imposed on Others

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  Persistently and falsely claiming someone under your care is in poor health is often referred to as Munchausen syndrome by proxy. […] The DSM-5 establishes these criteria to diagnose factitious disorder by proxy: falsely presenting or causing physical or mental health symptoms in someone else with the intent of deception, authoritatively and falsely presenting another (adult, child, or pet) to others as physically or mentally impaired, the deceptive behavior occurs even when there’s no obvious gain or benefit, no other mental health condition can explain these behaviors. […] Once a health professional has established these criteria, the person demonstrating the deceptive behavior receives the diagnosis. […] The diagnosis suggests your intent is medical deception, and everything else is secondary to that, from the clinical perspective.

• #55 Factitious Disorder DSM-5 300.19 (F68.10)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/factitious-disorder-dsm–5-300.19-(f68.10)

  Factitious disorder in another (formerly known as previously called Munchausen syndrome by proxy) may be broadly diagnosed using the same four criteria as above: Intentional induction or falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms in another person, The individual presents another individual (the victim) as ill, impaired or injured to others, The deceptive behavior persists even in the absence of external incentives or rewards, Another mental disorder does not better explain the behavior. […] A key difficulty in creating treatments for the disorder is simply how few cases are reported, and how even fewer of those go on to receive continued long-term treatment options.

• #56 Persistent Problems With the Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Label | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/34/1/90

  After nearly 30 years of clinical and legal experience, the definition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy remains controversial. […] Experts have enflamed the fears of harm by confusing warning signs with diagnostic signs and by citing retrospective studies instead of the more optimistic outcome studies. […] The medical literature on MSBP often mentions false accusations, or the possibility of false accusations, but does not convey the prevalence of these misunderstandings or the devastating consequences of a wrong diagnosis. […] In case after case, experts disagree about how to define and confirm MSBP. […] Unfortunately, the number of suggested signs grew so rapidly that by 1996 over 100 had been identified. […] These warning signs have repeatedly been substituted for diagnostic signs, which amounts to conviction by profiling.

• #57 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. […] Factitious disorder isn’t the same as making up medical issues for a benefit or reward, such as getting out of work or winning a lawsuit. […] People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that’s not needed. […] Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed.

• #58 Causes, Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Treatment of Munchausen Syndrome | Hospital Addiction Syndrome

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/causes-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-munchausen-syndrome.htm

  Munchausen syndrome diagnosis is difficult but vital, as the condition could be life-threatening. […] Munchausen syndrome diagnosis is a difficult task as those with the disease are good at faking situations and symptoms. However, they do suffer from life-threatening conditions, even if those conditions are self-inflicted. […] A doctor who suspects a Munchausen syndrome in an individual may have to resort to indirect means such as talking to the family, checking medical records or searching the hospital room of the patient for clues. […] The doctor must take great care not to humiliate the patient by directly accusing him of faking symptoms, as this would result in the patient severing all ties with the doctor and seeking help elsewhere. The doctor must tactfully steer the patient towards seeking help from a psychologist.

• #59 Persistent Problems With the Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Label | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/34/1/90

  The DSM-IV definition makes it impossible to confirm the diagnosis without an evaluation of the intentions and motivations of the mother. […] The intentions and motivations of the mother are not established by declaring the MSBP diagnosis, and future risk is not established by citing the evil deeds of other MSBP mothers. […] When MSBP is suspected, the clinician should discuss the concerns directly with the mother so that a path of management can be established.

• #60 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/munchausen-syndrome-proxy/

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) is a specific mental illness most often linked to child abuse. It affects caregivers, especially caregivers of children. It is also known as factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). […] The ethical issues involved in MSP make it hard to diagnose. Accusing a mother, father, or caretaker of intentionally creating symptoms or making a child sick is a serious matter. Medical professionals will look for symptoms and other incriminating evidence before doing so. […] One way to confirm suspicions of MSP is to separate the mother, father, or caregiver from the child, then see if the child’s symptoms improve. Doctors also can evaluate medical records. They can look for patterns that suggest something is off. For example, a child who has been seen for many different illnesses during a short period of time should trigger suspicion. If MSP is suspected, health care providers are required to report it.

• #61 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: A Factitious Disorder Imposed on Others

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  But regardless of the diagnostic criteria, these deceptive behaviors may fall under the standards for child abuse or maltreatment, particularly if the caregiver goes to great lengths to prove the child has symptoms of an illness. […] Formally, the DSM-5 indicates factitious disorder refers specifically to the act of falsifying injury or illness. […] Munchausen syndrome by proxy is considered a form of child abuse and, on some occasions, may put a child’s life in jeopardy. […] Because deception is at its core, diagnosis and treatment of this condition are often challenging.

• #62 Munchausen Syndrome: Mental Disorder, Symptoms, Test & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/munchausen_syndrome/article_em.htm

  People with Munchausen syndrome are rarely treated successfully. They are reluctant to seek treatment for the psychological problem and are generally unwilling to undergo psychiatric treatment. The self-inflicted illnesses and injuries of people with Munchausen syndrome can cause serious consequences. These individuals often undergo several unnecessary surgeries throughout their lifetime.

• #63 Factitious Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/factitious

  Factitious Disorder (also known as Munchausen Syndrome named after Baron von Munchausen, an 18th-century German officer known for embellishing the stories of his life) involves the falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms with no obvious reward. […] The overall prognosis is generally poor when confronted, the majority of individuals will deny their behaviours, and very few will seek treatment. […] Falsification (i.e. – deliberately feigning) of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception. […] The individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured. […] The deceptive behaviour is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards. […] The behaviour is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder.

• #64 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 to factitious disorder imposed on self are described in chart 1, and the criteria for factitious disorder imposed on other are described in chart 2. […] In general, treatment for factitious disorder is not based on controlled and randomized studies. […] So far, no biologic or psychological therapy has shown efficacy based on reviews and empiric reports of clinicians with experience on this field. […] The adequate diagnosis, management and referral of patients with factitious disorder upon hospital admission is fundamental for good prognosis and reduction of injuries and/or severe adverse events during hospitalization of these individuals. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #65 What is munchausen syndrome? | Signs, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome/

  There is no standard treatment for Munchausens syndrome, but a combination of psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has shown some success in helping people control their symptoms. […] Munchausen syndrome sufferers who have no other psychiatric illness seem to have a better chance of full recovery than those who also suffer from another mental illness. However, when a person with another psychiatric disorder gets treatment for that problem, their symptoms of Munchausen syndrome often improve as well.

• #66 What is munchausen syndrome? | Signs, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome/

  There is no standard treatment for Munchausens syndrome, but a combination of psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has shown some success in helping people control their symptoms. […] Munchausen syndrome sufferers who have no other psychiatric illness seem to have a better chance of full recovery than those who also suffer from another mental illness. However, when a person with another psychiatric disorder gets treatment for that problem, their symptoms of Munchausen syndrome often improve as well.

• #67 Munchausen Syndrome: Mental Disorder, Symptoms, Test & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/munchausen_syndrome/article_em.htm

  People with Munchausen syndrome are rarely treated successfully. They are reluctant to seek treatment for the psychological problem and are generally unwilling to undergo psychiatric treatment. The self-inflicted illnesses and injuries of people with Munchausen syndrome can cause serious consequences. These individuals often undergo several unnecessary surgeries throughout their lifetime.

• #68 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Treatment – Anew Treatment Center

  https://anewtreatmentcenter.com/manchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  There is no way to prevent or avoid Munchausen syndrome by proxy. […] However, negative side effects resulting from the disorder can be avoided by catching onto the symptoms early. Caregivers or those around them can recognize the warning signs early, helping to instate treatment sooner. […] Treatment for the caregiver in an MSBP situation often involves removing the child from their care and undergoing intensive psychotherapy to help pinpoint the cause of the disorder and promote recovery. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is a popular treatment option for this disorder.

• #69 Factitious disorder imposed on self (Munchausen syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self-munchausen-syndrome

  Factitious disorder imposed on self is characterized by falsified general medical or psychiatric symptoms. Patients deceptively misrepresent, simulate, or cause symptoms of an illness and/or injury in themselves, even in the absence of obvious external rewards such as financial gain, housing, or medications. […] Factitious disorder is sometimes referred to as Munchausen syndrome. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of factitious disorder imposed on self. […] Early investigation of a possible factitious disorder can prevent patient self-harm as well as iatrogenic complications arising from unnecessary tests and treatments. […] Tools for diagnosing factitious disorder by specialty and condition.

• #70 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. […] Factitious disorder isn’t the same as making up medical issues for a benefit or reward, such as getting out of work or winning a lawsuit. […] People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that’s not needed. […] Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed.

• #71 Munchausen syndrome by proxy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  To diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy, providers have to see the clues. They have to review the child’s medical record to see what has happened with the child over time. Very often, Munchausen syndrome by proxy goes undiagnosed. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #72 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/01.3001.0053.8075/en

  The diagnostic and therapeutic problem also involves the patient’s denial of the diagnosis, with mothers often raising reservations, becoming hostile, and changing to another facility, which leads to a vicious circle. […] Frequent delays in MSBP diagnosis contribute to further deterioration of the child’s condition. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Diagnosis and treatment of MSBP are extremely difficult. However, diagnosis of the disorder remains crucial. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] MSBP is a disease that is usually severe and difficult to diagnose and treat, and to which a child falls victim. Attention is drawn to the child’s suffering, and they may develop mental and physical problems in the future or even die. Therefore, the vigilance of pediatricians and family history is necessary for a diagnosis and the commencement of therapy as soon as possible for the mother and the child.

• #73 Munchausen syndrome by proxy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy

  To diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy, providers have to see the clues. They have to review the child’s medical record to see what has happened with the child over time. Very often, Munchausen syndrome by proxy goes undiagnosed. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #74 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] To diagnose Munchausen syndrome by proxy, providers have to see the clues. They have to review the child’s medical record to see what has happened with the child over time. Very often, Munchausen syndrome by proxy goes undiagnosed. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #75 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 to factitious disorder imposed on self are described in chart 1, and the criteria for factitious disorder imposed on other are described in chart 2. […] In general, treatment for factitious disorder is not based on controlled and randomized studies. […] So far, no biologic or psychological therapy has shown efficacy based on reviews and empiric reports of clinicians with experience on this field. […] The adequate diagnosis, management and referral of patients with factitious disorder upon hospital admission is fundamental for good prognosis and reduction of injuries and/or severe adverse events during hospitalization of these individuals. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #76

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5875173/

  Factitious disorder diagnosis must be differentiated from general real medical conditions and evident mental disorder. […] In general, treatment for factitious disorder is not based on controlled and randomized studies. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #77 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  The diagnosis of Munchausen disorder falls within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and requires certain criteria. This criterion includes evidence that the patient is taking steps to intentionally and falsely represent a psychiatric or general medical condition without evidence of malingering, and the behavior is independent of other medical or psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. In many cases, the diagnosis is delayed.

• #78 Factitious disorder imposed on self (Munchausen syndrome) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self-munchausen-syndrome

  Factitious disorder imposed on self is characterized by falsified general medical or psychiatric symptoms. Patients deceptively misrepresent, simulate, or cause symptoms of an illness and/or injury in themselves, even in the absence of obvious external rewards such as financial gain, housing, or medications. […] Factitious disorder is sometimes referred to as Munchausen syndrome. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, assessment, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of factitious disorder imposed on self. […] Early investigation of a possible factitious disorder can prevent patient self-harm as well as iatrogenic complications arising from unnecessary tests and treatments. […] Tools for diagnosing factitious disorder by specialty and condition.

• #79

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5875173/

  The Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are factitious disorders characterized by fabrication or induction of signs or symptoms of a disease, as well as alteration of laboratory tests. […] Although Munchausen syndrome was first described more than 60 years ago, most of studies in the literature about it are case reports and literature reviews. Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), defines factitious disorders as those imposed on self and on other (previously called factitious disorders by proxy). […] The diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 to factitious disorder imposed on self are described in chart 1, and the criteria for factitious disorder imposed on other are described in chart 2.

• #80 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are factitious disorders characterized by fabrication or induction of signs or symptoms of a disease, as well as alteration of laboratory tests. […] Although Munchausen syndrome was first described more than 60 years ago, most of studies in the literature about it are case reports and literature reviews. Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), defines factitious disorders as those imposed on self and on other (previously called factitious disorders by proxy). […] Main characteristics of factitious disorder imposed on self are feigning of physical and/or psychological signs and symptoms and induction of injury or disease associated with identified fraud.

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