Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #2 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #3 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #4 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #5 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #6 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  How Common Is Munchausen Syndrome? […] There are no reliable statistics regarding the number of people in the U.S. who suffer from Munchausen syndrome, but it is considered to be a rare condition. Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult because dishonesty is common with this illness. In addition, people with Munchausen syndrome tend to seek treatment at many different health care facilities, which can lead to misleading statistics. […] In general, Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women. While it can occur in children, it most often affects young adults.

• #7 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Factitious disorder is thought to be rare, but it isn’t known how many people have the condition. Some people use fake names. Some visit many hospitals and healthcare professionals. And some are never identified. This makes it hard to get a reliable estimate. […] Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves.

• #8 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  How Common Is Munchausen Syndrome? […] There are no reliable statistics regarding the number of people in the U.S. who suffer from Munchausen syndrome, but it is considered to be a rare condition. Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult because dishonesty is common with this illness. In addition, people with Munchausen syndrome tend to seek treatment at many different health care facilities, which can lead to misleading statistics. […] In general, Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women. While it can occur in children, it most often affects young adults.

• #9

  https://www.bibalex.org/sciplanet/Article/Details?id=13720

  Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women; infected people tend to be women aged 2040 years and men between 3050 years old. […] „Epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation” is a study submitted to the British Pediatric Surveillance Unit and was carried out between 19921994 in England and Ireland. A total of 128 cases were identified: in 85% of occasions the perpetrator was the child’s mother, most cases were children under the age of 5 years, and 68 children suffered severe illness of whom 8 died. […] For its nature as a mysterious disorder or difficult to diagnose, there is an ongoing debate among doctors in generalespecially that the complications may amount to death, organs or limbs loss, or infection with diseases such as diabetesabout the best way to diagnose and understand this syndrome.

• #10 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #11 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #12 Factitious Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/factitious

  The prevalence of factitious disorder is unknown, since the disorder involves deception; in hospital settings, it is estimated that up to 1% may meet criteria for factitious disorder. […] Factitious disorder is more common in women and healthcare workers. […] In factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA, or Munchausen syndrome by proxy) almost all perpetrators are female, and more than 95% of perpetrators are the mother.

• #13 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #14 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #15

  https://www.bibalex.org/sciplanet/Article/Details?id=13720

  Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women; infected people tend to be women aged 2040 years and men between 3050 years old. […] „Epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation” is a study submitted to the British Pediatric Surveillance Unit and was carried out between 19921994 in England and Ireland. A total of 128 cases were identified: in 85% of occasions the perpetrator was the child’s mother, most cases were children under the age of 5 years, and 68 children suffered severe illness of whom 8 died. […] For its nature as a mysterious disorder or difficult to diagnose, there is an ongoing debate among doctors in generalespecially that the complications may amount to death, organs or limbs loss, or infection with diseases such as diabetesabout the best way to diagnose and understand this syndrome.

• #16 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #17 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #18 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #19 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #20 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #21 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #22 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #23 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #24 Münchhausen’s Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome

  Data from the central Norwegian patient registry showed a prevalence of only 0.0026%; however, careful review revealed that diagnoses were frequently incorrect and far too rarely made. […] A one-year prevalence of around 1-5%) is likely to be closer to reality in clinical populations. Numbers vary depending on the specialty. The (suspected) diagnosis was made in 7.5% of pre-selected patients in a psychosomatic consultation liaison service. […] Systematic reviews of published case studies reported a high proportion of case reports in psychiatry (19%), accident and emergency departments (12%), neurology/neurosurgery (10%), infectious diseases and dermatology (9% each), and endocrinology (13%), as well as cardiology and dermatology (10% each). […] Patients are more commonly male. Female patients do occasionally occur and are sometimes seen during pregnancy. Most patients are white. Most cases reported in the literature are aged 30-50 years.

• #25 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #26 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Medical Child Abuse) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617309/all/Munchausen_Syndrome_by_Proxy__Medical_Child_Abuse_?q=Syncope

  Rare, with estimated annual incidence of 0.4 to 1.2 per 100,000 in children 16 years of age although data lacking for less extreme or complex cases. […] Most victims are 5 years of age, but victims may often be older children. […] Symptoms may be present for years before factitious illness is considered and diagnosed. […] Morbidity is significant; cases may be fatal, especially those involving surreptitious administration of medications, poisoning, or inducing apnea.

• #27 Harpocrates Speaks: Medical Child Abuse, An Overview – Part 1

  https://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2016/04/medical-child-abuse-overview-part-1.html

  Medical child abuse can be thought of as the flip side of medical neglect; instead of failing to get real medical treatment a child needs, the caregiver seeks out medical treatment that the child does not need, and which may in fact be harmful. […] Thankfully, the reported incidence is low, at around 0.5 to 2.0 cases per 100,000 children under 16 years of age, though it is also believed to be under-reported, due in part to the difficulty in identifying the abuse. […] Compounding the problems with identifying medical child abuse, treating physicians may not communicate with previous doctors to discuss the case and obtain additional details.

• #28 Epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation. | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/75/1/57

  A two year prospective study was performed to determine the epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. […] The combined annual incidence of these conditions in children aged under 16 years is at least 0.5/100,000, and for children aged under 1, at least 2.8/100,000.

• #29 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a mental disorder characterized by the caregiver or parent (most often the mother) causing a pathological state in a child, such as a mental or physical illness. […] There are no accurate MSBP epidemiology data in the literature, which may be influenced by its diagnostic difficulty, with current evidence focused mainly on severe cases. Therefore, it is possible to underestimate the statistics of the disease. […] In Poland, MSBP frequency is estimated at 3/100,000 children, with several cases reported annually. […] McClure et al. estimate the total incidence of MSBP victims under 16 at 0.5/100,000 and children under one at 2.8/100,000. […] According to Denny et al., MSBP has an incidence of 2/100,000 in New Zealand in children under 16, with a median age at diagnosis of 2.7 years.

• #30 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a mental disorder characterized by the caregiver or parent (most often the mother) causing a pathological state in a child, such as a mental or physical illness. […] There are no accurate MSBP epidemiology data in the literature, which may be influenced by its diagnostic difficulty, with current evidence focused mainly on severe cases. Therefore, it is possible to underestimate the statistics of the disease. […] In Poland, MSBP frequency is estimated at 3/100,000 children, with several cases reported annually. […] McClure et al. estimate the total incidence of MSBP victims under 16 at 0.5/100,000 and children under one at 2.8/100,000. […] According to Denny et al., MSBP has an incidence of 2/100,000 in New Zealand in children under 16, with a median age at diagnosis of 2.7 years.

• #31 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a mental disorder characterized by the caregiver or parent (most often the mother) causing a pathological state in a child, such as a mental or physical illness. […] There are no accurate MSBP epidemiology data in the literature, which may be influenced by its diagnostic difficulty, with current evidence focused mainly on severe cases. Therefore, it is possible to underestimate the statistics of the disease. […] In Poland, MSBP frequency is estimated at 3/100,000 children, with several cases reported annually. […] McClure et al. estimate the total incidence of MSBP victims under 16 at 0.5/100,000 and children under one at 2.8/100,000. […] According to Denny et al., MSBP has an incidence of 2/100,000 in New Zealand in children under 16, with a median age at diagnosis of 2.7 years.

• #32 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #33 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #34 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #35 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is well-known to clinicians, but its usage is discouraged now in favor of other terms placing emphasis on the victim. […] This study aims to determine the most common characteristics of perpetrators but only in case reports labeled as MSBP, published in PubMed literature in the past 15 years. […] MSBP has been described as a rare form of abuse due to illness falsification, where the perpetrator usually receives the diagnosis of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). […] We extracted data from 108 articles, including 81 case reports. […] Almost all perpetrators were female (91% female, 1% female and male, 7% unreported). […] Twenty-three cases (28%) had a perpetrator with psychiatric diagnosis: factitious disorder imposed on self (10%), depression (9%), and personality disorders (7%).

• #36 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #37 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #38 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. […] Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. […] The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. […] The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). […] Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. […] Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

• #39 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #40 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is well-known to clinicians, but its usage is discouraged now in favor of other terms placing emphasis on the victim. […] This study aims to determine the most common characteristics of perpetrators but only in case reports labeled as MSBP, published in PubMed literature in the past 15 years. […] MSBP has been described as a rare form of abuse due to illness falsification, where the perpetrator usually receives the diagnosis of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). […] We extracted data from 108 articles, including 81 case reports. […] Almost all perpetrators were female (91% female, 1% female and male, 7% unreported). […] Twenty-three cases (28%) had a perpetrator with psychiatric diagnosis: factitious disorder imposed on self (10%), depression (9%), and personality disorders (7%).

• #41 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. […] Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. […] The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. […] The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). […] Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. […] Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

• #42 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #43 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a mental disorder characterized by the caregiver or parent (most often the mother) causing a pathological state in a child, such as a mental or physical illness. […] There are no accurate MSBP epidemiology data in the literature, which may be influenced by its diagnostic difficulty, with current evidence focused mainly on severe cases. Therefore, it is possible to underestimate the statistics of the disease. […] In Poland, MSBP frequency is estimated at 3/100,000 children, with several cases reported annually. […] McClure et al. estimate the total incidence of MSBP victims under 16 at 0.5/100,000 and children under one at 2.8/100,000. […] According to Denny et al., MSBP has an incidence of 2/100,000 in New Zealand in children under 16, with a median age at diagnosis of 2.7 years.

• #44 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #45 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  The prevalence, morbidity and mortality, diagnosis and management of cases of fabricated seizures and child abuse (Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbp)) are assessed by pediatricians at the University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. […] A survey of pediatric neurologists in the USA found that 107 of 190 respondees (21.8% return rate) reported contact with at least one case of Munchausen by proxy (Schreier HA, Libow JA. 1993), and seizures are a presenting feature in 42% of MSbP cases (Rosenberg DA. 1987). […] Death rates are generally quoted at 10% (Rosenberg, 1987). […] The most vulnerable are children under 5 years of age, some deaths being ascribed to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The pediatrician needs to communicate with and recruit the family doctor for opinions regarding the prior history of the child and family.

• #46 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Unal et al. reported a frequency of 0.4/100,000 in children under 16 and 2-2.8/100,000 in children under one. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] Unal et al. report that it occurs in 6-10% of MSBP cases, while Zarankiewicz et al. indicate mortality levels of up to 33%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Limitations […] MSBP research is limited by the diagnostic difficulties hindering the accurate estimation of its incidence.

• #47 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Unal et al. reported a frequency of 0.4/100,000 in children under 16 and 2-2.8/100,000 in children under one. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] Unal et al. report that it occurs in 6-10% of MSBP cases, while Zarankiewicz et al. indicate mortality levels of up to 33%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Limitations […] MSBP research is limited by the diagnostic difficulties hindering the accurate estimation of its incidence.

• #48 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #49 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #50 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. […] Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. […] The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. […] The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). […] Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. […] Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

• #51 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  The prevalence, morbidity and mortality, diagnosis and management of cases of fabricated seizures and child abuse (Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbp)) are assessed by pediatricians at the University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. […] A survey of pediatric neurologists in the USA found that 107 of 190 respondees (21.8% return rate) reported contact with at least one case of Munchausen by proxy (Schreier HA, Libow JA. 1993), and seizures are a presenting feature in 42% of MSbP cases (Rosenberg DA. 1987). […] Death rates are generally quoted at 10% (Rosenberg, 1987). […] The most vulnerable are children under 5 years of age, some deaths being ascribed to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The pediatrician needs to communicate with and recruit the family doctor for opinions regarding the prior history of the child and family.

• #52 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  The prevalence, morbidity and mortality, diagnosis and management of cases of fabricated seizures and child abuse (Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbp)) are assessed by pediatricians at the University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. […] A survey of pediatric neurologists in the USA found that 107 of 190 respondees (21.8% return rate) reported contact with at least one case of Munchausen by proxy (Schreier HA, Libow JA. 1993), and seizures are a presenting feature in 42% of MSbP cases (Rosenberg DA. 1987). […] Death rates are generally quoted at 10% (Rosenberg, 1987). […] The most vulnerable are children under 5 years of age, some deaths being ascribed to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The pediatrician needs to communicate with and recruit the family doctor for opinions regarding the prior history of the child and family.

• #53 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #54 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. […] Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. […] The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. […] The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). […] Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. […] Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

• #55 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Unal et al. reported a frequency of 0.4/100,000 in children under 16 and 2-2.8/100,000 in children under one. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] Unal et al. report that it occurs in 6-10% of MSBP cases, while Zarankiewicz et al. indicate mortality levels of up to 33%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Limitations […] MSBP research is limited by the diagnostic difficulties hindering the accurate estimation of its incidence.

• #56 Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) | CNS Spectrums | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-msbp-a-review-regarding-perpetrators-of-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia/5685E0E74D0FA54D3F9CF431B5EF5A20

  In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. […] Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. […] The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. […] The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). […] Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. […] Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

• #57 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Unal et al. reported a frequency of 0.4/100,000 in children under 16 and 2-2.8/100,000 in children under one. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] Unal et al. report that it occurs in 6-10% of MSBP cases, while Zarankiewicz et al. indicate mortality levels of up to 33%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Limitations […] MSBP research is limited by the diagnostic difficulties hindering the accurate estimation of its incidence.

• #58 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Although Munchausen syndrome has been described for more than 60 years, it is clear the scarcity of consistent studies about its epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] This lack of trustworthy epidemiologic studies related to these disorders is attributed to the fact that patients, when diagnosed, often do not accept their diagnosis and refuse to adhere to any treatment, and they generally continue to seek other hospitals and health services. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #59 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Although Munchausen syndrome has been described for more than 60 years, it is clear the scarcity of consistent studies about its epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] This lack of trustworthy epidemiologic studies related to these disorders is attributed to the fact that patients, when diagnosed, often do not accept their diagnosis and refuse to adhere to any treatment, and they generally continue to seek other hospitals and health services. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #60 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Although Munchausen syndrome has been described for more than 60 years, it is clear the scarcity of consistent studies about its epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] This lack of trustworthy epidemiologic studies related to these disorders is attributed to the fact that patients, when diagnosed, often do not accept their diagnosis and refuse to adhere to any treatment, and they generally continue to seek other hospitals and health services. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #61 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Medical Child Abuse) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617309/all/Munchausen_Syndrome_by_Proxy__Medical_Child_Abuse_?q=Syncope

  Rare, with estimated annual incidence of 0.4 to 1.2 per 100,000 in children 16 years of age although data lacking for less extreme or complex cases. […] Most victims are 5 years of age, but victims may often be older children. […] Symptoms may be present for years before factitious illness is considered and diagnosed. […] Morbidity is significant; cases may be fatal, especially those involving surreptitious administration of medications, poisoning, or inducing apnea.

• #62 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Although Munchausen syndrome has been described for more than 60 years, it is clear the scarcity of consistent studies about its epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] This lack of trustworthy epidemiologic studies related to these disorders is attributed to the fact that patients, when diagnosed, often do not accept their diagnosis and refuse to adhere to any treatment, and they generally continue to seek other hospitals and health services. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #63 The Fizzing Diaper — A Disturbing Case of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy – SHM Abstracts | Society of Hospital Medicine

  https://shmabstracts.mystagingwebsite.com/abstract/the-fizzing-diaper-a-disturbing-case-of-munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  The estimated incidence of MSBP is 2.8 per 100,000 kids under 1 year of age, with a mean age at presentation and when eventually diagnosed of 25 and 40 months, respectively. […] Covert video surveillance is an effective diagnostic tool, with high rates of confirmation when the diagnosis is suspected. […] The diagnosis carries near 100% morbidity and a 9% mortality rate, with little known about successful treatment or longterm outcomes.

• #64 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  An early diagnosis of MSbP is supported by a temporal relation between symptoms and mothers presence, a fathers opposing opinion regarding symptoms, covert video surveillance of hospitalized patient, and meticulous records for possible court involvement. […] Avoid unnecessary escalation of medical treatment by maintaining a healthy suspicion of MSbP in cases that are unexpectedly unresponsive to adequate therapy, frequent unexplained low antiepileptic drug levels and obvious non-compliance, lack of seizure recurrence during carefully monitored drug withdrawal, and mothers insistence on further tests and consultations. […] Appropriate management may include a psychiatric opinion regarding the parent-child dynamic, a shift of emphasis in management from child to mother or carer, involvement of social service professionals, a period of observation in foster care, and commitment to follow-up by expert in child protection. […] Seizures are a frequent presenting symptom in Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

• #65 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  An early diagnosis of MSbP is supported by a temporal relation between symptoms and mothers presence, a fathers opposing opinion regarding symptoms, covert video surveillance of hospitalized patient, and meticulous records for possible court involvement. […] Avoid unnecessary escalation of medical treatment by maintaining a healthy suspicion of MSbP in cases that are unexpectedly unresponsive to adequate therapy, frequent unexplained low antiepileptic drug levels and obvious non-compliance, lack of seizure recurrence during carefully monitored drug withdrawal, and mothers insistence on further tests and consultations. […] Appropriate management may include a psychiatric opinion regarding the parent-child dynamic, a shift of emphasis in management from child to mother or carer, involvement of social service professionals, a period of observation in foster care, and commitment to follow-up by expert in child protection. […] Seizures are a frequent presenting symptom in Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

• #66 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  An early diagnosis of MSbP is supported by a temporal relation between symptoms and mothers presence, a fathers opposing opinion regarding symptoms, covert video surveillance of hospitalized patient, and meticulous records for possible court involvement. […] Avoid unnecessary escalation of medical treatment by maintaining a healthy suspicion of MSbP in cases that are unexpectedly unresponsive to adequate therapy, frequent unexplained low antiepileptic drug levels and obvious non-compliance, lack of seizure recurrence during carefully monitored drug withdrawal, and mothers insistence on further tests and consultations. […] Appropriate management may include a psychiatric opinion regarding the parent-child dynamic, a shift of emphasis in management from child to mother or carer, involvement of social service professionals, a period of observation in foster care, and commitment to follow-up by expert in child protection. […] Seizures are a frequent presenting symptom in Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

• #67 Seizures and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-5-8

  An early diagnosis of MSbP is supported by a temporal relation between symptoms and mothers presence, a fathers opposing opinion regarding symptoms, covert video surveillance of hospitalized patient, and meticulous records for possible court involvement. […] Avoid unnecessary escalation of medical treatment by maintaining a healthy suspicion of MSbP in cases that are unexpectedly unresponsive to adequate therapy, frequent unexplained low antiepileptic drug levels and obvious non-compliance, lack of seizure recurrence during carefully monitored drug withdrawal, and mothers insistence on further tests and consultations. […] Appropriate management may include a psychiatric opinion regarding the parent-child dynamic, a shift of emphasis in management from child to mother or carer, involvement of social service professionals, a period of observation in foster care, and commitment to follow-up by expert in child protection. […] Seizures are a frequent presenting symptom in Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

• #68 On Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy (MSP)

  http://www.sids-network.org/experts/msp.htm

  Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy (MSP) is a parenting disorder where parents, usually the mother, fabricate symptoms in their children, thus subjecting the child to unnecessary medical tests and/or surgical procedures. […] There have been documented cases of MSP in apnea clinics. However, these are much rare than „true” infant apnea. […] The diagnosis of MSP is difficult to make. Pediatricians are uncomfortable even suspecting someone of MSP. […] Covert video-surveillance has been used in some settings, but a court order is often required to do this without the parent’s knowledge. […] Most often, the infant will have recurrent episodes of this „illness” and seek medical attention with the same complaint. Doctors are aware of this Syndrome and are looking for this type of pattern. […] Because of these crazy people, when there is more than one SIDS death in a family, doctors become more concerned with the welfare of the new siblings.

• #69 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  It is difficult to determine the precise number of persons with Munchausen as it can be difficult for a clinician to confirm the diagnosis. Most patients with suspected Munchausen will deny the diagnosis when confronted, and many can become hostile. It is not uncommon for a patient to leave against medical advice and seek care at another hospital. However, certain risk factors have been identified. These include the female gender, being unmarried, and working within the healthcare community. It is common in patients with borderline or histrionic personality traits or disorders, and a history of sexual abuse. It is estimated that less than 1% of patients in the clinical setting will have Munchausen disorder. […] In a National Hospital Discharge Survey, there is an incidence of 6.8 cases of factitious disorder per 100000 patients.

• #70 Munchausen Syndrome (Factitious disorder)

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome

  How Common Is Munchausen Syndrome? […] There are no reliable statistics regarding the number of people in the U.S. who suffer from Munchausen syndrome, but it is considered to be a rare condition. Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult because dishonesty is common with this illness. In addition, people with Munchausen syndrome tend to seek treatment at many different health care facilities, which can lead to misleading statistics. […] In general, Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women. While it can occur in children, it most often affects young adults.

• #71 Epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation. | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/75/1/57

  A two year prospective study was performed to determine the epidemiology of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. […] The combined annual incidence of these conditions in children aged under 16 years is at least 0.5/100,000, and for children aged under 1, at least 2.8/100,000.

• #72 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a mental disorder characterized by the caregiver or parent (most often the mother) causing a pathological state in a child, such as a mental or physical illness. […] There are no accurate MSBP epidemiology data in the literature, which may be influenced by its diagnostic difficulty, with current evidence focused mainly on severe cases. Therefore, it is possible to underestimate the statistics of the disease. […] In Poland, MSBP frequency is estimated at 3/100,000 children, with several cases reported annually. […] McClure et al. estimate the total incidence of MSBP victims under 16 at 0.5/100,000 and children under one at 2.8/100,000. […] According to Denny et al., MSBP has an incidence of 2/100,000 in New Zealand in children under 16, with a median age at diagnosis of 2.7 years.

• #73 Factitious disorder imposed on another – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another

  FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. […] One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person. […] Studies have shown that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. […] The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury.

• #74 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #75 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  97.6% of abusers are female, 95.6% are the victims mother, with 75.8% being married. Mean age of the caretaker is 27.6 yrs. Incidence according to AAP is 0.5-2.0/100,000 children 16 years. […] In one study of 47 mothers, 72% had a history of somatic symptom disorder, 21% substance abuse, 55% self-destructive behaviors, 89% personality disorders. Death rate is thought to be 6-10%. There is a high rate of recurrence, up to 77% in one study. […] Diagnosis rests on accurate history and being vigilant about the possibility of the diagnosis. There is limited data on outcomes and factors leading up to the condition.

• #76 Overprotective mother or Munchausen syndrome by proxy?…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/538075/en

  Unal et al. reported a frequency of 0.4/100,000 in children under 16 and 2-2.8/100,000 in children under one. […] The frequency of death and serious medical events associated with MSBP is not exactly known. The mortality rate has been estimated at 9-31% but is most often in the range of 9-10%. […] Unal et al. report that it occurs in 6-10% of MSBP cases, while Zarankiewicz et al. indicate mortality levels of up to 33%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the severity of the physical and psychological injuries sustained. […] Limitations […] MSBP research is limited by the diagnostic difficulties hindering the accurate estimation of its incidence.

• #77 SciELO Brazil – Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/wPQGR7K6kRfx9vQwGkrw56B/

  The literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Although Munchausen syndrome has been described for more than 60 years, it is clear the scarcity of consistent studies about its epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] This lack of trustworthy epidemiologic studies related to these disorders is attributed to the fact that patients, when diagnosed, often do not accept their diagnosis and refuse to adhere to any treatment, and they generally continue to seek other hospitals and health services. […] Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are often not identified and diagnosed by physicians and other health professionals. The lack of identification may lead to many unnecessary laboratory tests and procedures which may prolong hospitalizations and increase costs of health systems.

• #78 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review – einstein (São Paulo)Accessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://journal.einstein.br/article/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy-a-narrative-review/

  Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. […] Both syndromes are well-recognized conditions described in the literature since 1951. […] They are frequently observed by health teams in clinics, hospital wards and emergency rooms.

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