Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factitious disorder imposed on self – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS), sometimes referred to as Munchausen syndrome, is a complex mental disorder where individuals play the role of a sick patient to receive some form of psychological validation, such as attention, sympathy, or physical care. Patients with FDIS intentionally falsify or induce signs and symptoms of illness, trauma, or abuse to assume this role. […] Treatment is usually in the form of psychotherapy but may depend on the specific situation. […] Those who accept the diagnosis benefit most from psychotherapy delivered by a skilled therapist or psychiatrist. […] Specific forms of therapy may be tailored to underlying personality disorders contributing to their behaviors. […] If a person is considered to be at risk of harming themself or others, psychiatric hospitalization may be initiated. […] Medications may be necessary to treat an underlying mood disorder or anxiety disorder, as many patients with this disorder may have underlying depression.

• #2 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a mental health condition that occurs when you appear sick, pretend to feel symptoms or intentionally make yourself ill. […] This condition can be dangerous because your behaviors may be a form of self-harm. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on self is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. […] The main focus of factitious disorders management is decreasing harm. […] A form of psychotherapy that addresses your thinking and behavioral patterns (cognitive behavioral therapy) helps treat factitious disorder imposed on self.

• #3 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #4 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a mental health condition that occurs when you appear sick, pretend to feel symptoms or intentionally make yourself ill. […] This condition can be dangerous because your behaviors may be a form of self-harm. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on self is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. […] The main focus of factitious disorders management is decreasing harm. […] A form of psychotherapy that addresses your thinking and behavioral patterns (cognitive behavioral therapy) helps treat factitious disorder imposed on self.

• #5 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #6 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Factitious disorder imposed on another, formerly called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a mental health condition where you pretend that someone within your care is sick when they aren’t. Its a type of abuse. Help is available to make sure everyone involved is safe. […] Factitious disorder imposed on another, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a mental health condition where you claim that someone within your care needs medical attention even though they don’t. […] This condition is a type of factitious disorder. It’s also a form of abuse. Help is available for both the person diagnosed with FDIA and the victim. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on another is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. Then, your care team will address any underlying causes of your behavior.

• #7 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy: The Complete Guide | Sandstone Care

  https://www.sandstonecare.com/blog/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  Munchausen syndrome, by proxy, is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. […] Munchausen, by proxy, is a serious mental illness and form of abuse. […] Caregivers with Munchausen by proxy can go to great lengths to get attention, even if it means risking their child’s life. […] Munchausen, by proxy, involves physical abuse, neglect, and psychological abuse. […] A parent with Munchausen by proxy may psychologically or emotionally abuse their children by: Belittle, humiliate, or shame them; Tell them there is something wrong with them or that they are bad; Isolate them and limit contact with other people; Ignore or reject them; Expose them to violence. […] Munchausen, by proxy, can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening damage to a child. A child with a parent with Munchausen by proxy should be protected and put under care where they are safe.

• #8 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #9 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #10 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/confession/comments/1bvy48d/im_a_registered_nurse_and_i_used_to_have/

  I’m a registered nurse and I used to have Munchausen syndrome (aka factitious disorder). […] I was a professional patient. I’d be at the doctor’s at least once a month with made-up symptoms. […] The real FD alarms go off when the patient’s a frequent flier in the hospital with no clear diagnosis, or when someone’s a regular in the ER that all the staff recognize. […] Working in a hospital and seeing how insanely busy everyone is was a real eye-opener. […] We could totally notice more patients with FD if we kept an eye out for the red flags. If someone’s only sick on weekends and holidays, you should notice that pattern.

• #11 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Munchausen syndrome is a mental health disorder categorized under factitious disorders, where individuals intentionally fabricate or exaggerate symptoms of illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Munchausen syndrome is one of the most severe forms of factitious disorder, in which people simulate or produce mental or physical symptoms to benefit from playing the role of the ill person. […] Both conditions are challenging to diagnose and treat, often requiring extensive therapy to address the underlying psychological issues. […] The serious symptoms reported by those with Munchausen syndrome often result in multiple hospitalizations, and individuals may travel between hospitals or engage in doctor shopping to earn a desired diagnosis. […] After initial tests are negative, patients with Munchausen syndrome often will report that their previous symptoms are gone, but new ones have appeared.

• #12 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #13 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Munchausen syndrome is a mental health disorder categorized under factitious disorders, where individuals intentionally fabricate or exaggerate symptoms of illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Munchausen syndrome is one of the most severe forms of factitious disorder, in which people simulate or produce mental or physical symptoms to benefit from playing the role of the ill person. […] Both conditions are challenging to diagnose and treat, often requiring extensive therapy to address the underlying psychological issues. […] The serious symptoms reported by those with Munchausen syndrome often result in multiple hospitalizations, and individuals may travel between hospitals or engage in doctor shopping to earn a desired diagnosis. […] After initial tests are negative, patients with Munchausen syndrome often will report that their previous symptoms are gone, but new ones have appeared.

• #14 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Munchausen syndrome is a mental health disorder categorized under factitious disorders, where individuals intentionally fabricate or exaggerate symptoms of illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Munchausen syndrome is one of the most severe forms of factitious disorder, in which people simulate or produce mental or physical symptoms to benefit from playing the role of the ill person. […] Both conditions are challenging to diagnose and treat, often requiring extensive therapy to address the underlying psychological issues. […] The serious symptoms reported by those with Munchausen syndrome often result in multiple hospitalizations, and individuals may travel between hospitals or engage in doctor shopping to earn a desired diagnosis. […] After initial tests are negative, patients with Munchausen syndrome often will report that their previous symptoms are gone, but new ones have appeared.

• #15 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Individuals with Munchausen syndrome by proxy may exacerbate a child’s actual existing condition by lying about symptoms, altering samples, feeding the child contaminated or poisoned food, or injecting the child with bacteria, causing symptoms such as gastrointestinal upset or infection. […] In Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the first concern is the victim’s safety. Psychotherapists, law enforcement, foster care organizations, and social workers all may be involved in treatment.

• #16 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/confession/comments/1bvy48d/im_a_registered_nurse_and_i_used_to_have/

  I’m a registered nurse and I used to have Munchausen syndrome (aka factitious disorder). […] I was a professional patient. I’d be at the doctor’s at least once a month with made-up symptoms. […] The real FD alarms go off when the patient’s a frequent flier in the hospital with no clear diagnosis, or when someone’s a regular in the ER that all the staff recognize. […] Working in a hospital and seeing how insanely busy everyone is was a real eye-opener. […] We could totally notice more patients with FD if we kept an eye out for the red flags. If someone’s only sick on weekends and holidays, you should notice that pattern.

• #17 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/confession/comments/1bvy48d/im_a_registered_nurse_and_i_used_to_have/

  I’m a registered nurse and I used to have Munchausen syndrome (aka factitious disorder). […] I was a professional patient. I’d be at the doctor’s at least once a month with made-up symptoms. […] The real FD alarms go off when the patient’s a frequent flier in the hospital with no clear diagnosis, or when someone’s a regular in the ER that all the staff recognize. […] Working in a hospital and seeing how insanely busy everyone is was a real eye-opener. […] We could totally notice more patients with FD if we kept an eye out for the red flags. If someone’s only sick on weekends and holidays, you should notice that pattern.

• #18 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/confession/comments/1bvy48d/im_a_registered_nurse_and_i_used_to_have/

  I’m a registered nurse and I used to have Munchausen syndrome (aka factitious disorder). […] I was a professional patient. I’d be at the doctor’s at least once a month with made-up symptoms. […] The real FD alarms go off when the patient’s a frequent flier in the hospital with no clear diagnosis, or when someone’s a regular in the ER that all the staff recognize. […] Working in a hospital and seeing how insanely busy everyone is was a real eye-opener. […] We could totally notice more patients with FD if we kept an eye out for the red flags. If someone’s only sick on weekends and holidays, you should notice that pattern.

• #19 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #20 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Munchausen syndrome is a mental health disorder categorized under factitious disorders, where individuals intentionally fabricate or exaggerate symptoms of illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Munchausen syndrome is one of the most severe forms of factitious disorder, in which people simulate or produce mental or physical symptoms to benefit from playing the role of the ill person. […] Both conditions are challenging to diagnose and treat, often requiring extensive therapy to address the underlying psychological issues. […] The serious symptoms reported by those with Munchausen syndrome often result in multiple hospitalizations, and individuals may travel between hospitals or engage in doctor shopping to earn a desired diagnosis. […] After initial tests are negative, patients with Munchausen syndrome often will report that their previous symptoms are gone, but new ones have appeared.

• #21 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #22 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #23

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=100053&Journal_ID=54003&Issue_ID=54208

  In Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP), a caregiver fabricates or induces illness in another individual. […] Early recognition of MSBP is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the syndrome.

• #24 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #25 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #26 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #27 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #28 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #29 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #30 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #31 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #32 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #33 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #34 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #35 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #36 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #37 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #38 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  It can be difficult to treat factitious disorder imposed on self many people who experience this condition deny that they have it, making it difficult to treat. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is a serious mental health condition. […] If your loved one experiences this condition, it may feel easy to point out when theyre lying. […] If you practice malingering behaviors, you might pretend to be sick or ill to gain something tangible, like avoiding work or school or to get benefits. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is pretending you have an illness. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is a form of self-harm. Its a serious mental health condition thats difficult to diagnose and treat. But treatment is available to help you when youre ready.

• #39 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #40 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #41 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Healthcare providers should work as a team, together with nursing, social work, and legal personnel. The patient should be gently confronted with the teams suspicions in a supportive manner that focuses on the patients psychological distress as the source of illness. Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient. […] Patients with factitious disorder must be evaluated fully and assessed for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Treating any other disorders that are present may lead to improvement or resolution of the factitious behavior. A small percentage of patients with factitious disorder will consent to psychiatric treatment. If such consent is obtained, transfer from the medical floor to an inpatient psychiatric department is indicated. […] Pharmacotherapy must be monitored carefully to prevent patients from perpetuating self-destructive behavior. Medications to treat the symptoms of personality disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to possibly reduce impulsivity, can be of benefit.

• #42 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Healthcare providers should work as a team, together with nursing, social work, and legal personnel. The patient should be gently confronted with the teams suspicions in a supportive manner that focuses on the patients psychological distress as the source of illness. Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient. […] Patients with factitious disorder must be evaluated fully and assessed for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Treating any other disorders that are present may lead to improvement or resolution of the factitious behavior. A small percentage of patients with factitious disorder will consent to psychiatric treatment. If such consent is obtained, transfer from the medical floor to an inpatient psychiatric department is indicated. […] Pharmacotherapy must be monitored carefully to prevent patients from perpetuating self-destructive behavior. Medications to treat the symptoms of personality disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to possibly reduce impulsivity, can be of benefit.

• #43 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #44 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #45 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #46 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, happens when you falsify, create and/or exaggerate having symptoms of an illness that you dont really have. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a mental health condition that occurs when you appear sick, pretend to feel symptoms or intentionally make yourself ill. […] This condition can be dangerous because your behaviors may be a form of self-harm. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on self is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. […] The main focus of factitious disorders management is decreasing harm. […] A form of psychotherapy that addresses your thinking and behavioral patterns (cognitive behavioral therapy) helps treat factitious disorder imposed on self.

• #47 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Factitious disorder imposed on another, formerly called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a mental health condition where you pretend that someone within your care is sick when they aren’t. Its a type of abuse. Help is available to make sure everyone involved is safe. […] Factitious disorder imposed on another, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is a mental health condition where you claim that someone within your care needs medical attention even though they don’t. […] This condition is a type of factitious disorder. It’s also a form of abuse. Help is available for both the person diagnosed with FDIA and the victim. […] The first goal of treatment for factitious disorder imposed on another is to modify harmful behaviors and reduce the misuse or overuse of medical resources. Then, your care team will address any underlying causes of your behavior.

• #48 Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self): definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-syndrome/

  Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) is a mental health condition where a person intentionally fabricates or amplifies physical or psychological symptoms, often to gain medical attention or treatment. […] Treatment options for Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) include psychotherapy (talk therapy), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, medication, and treatment of coexisting mental disorders. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) serves as the main treatment for Munchausen syndrome, helping individuals address the underlying psychological factors driving deceptive medical behaviors. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targets the distorted thought processes leading individuals to fabricate or exaggerate medical conditions. […] Family therapy is essential for resolving the relational factors contributing to MS. […] No specific pharmacological treatment exists for Munchausen syndrome. […] Addressing co-existing mental disorders helps reduce the emotional distress driving Munchausen syndrome.

• #49 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #50 Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self): definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-syndrome/

  Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) is a mental health condition where a person intentionally fabricates or amplifies physical or psychological symptoms, often to gain medical attention or treatment. […] Treatment options for Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) include psychotherapy (talk therapy), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, medication, and treatment of coexisting mental disorders. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) serves as the main treatment for Munchausen syndrome, helping individuals address the underlying psychological factors driving deceptive medical behaviors. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targets the distorted thought processes leading individuals to fabricate or exaggerate medical conditions. […] Family therapy is essential for resolving the relational factors contributing to MS. […] No specific pharmacological treatment exists for Munchausen syndrome. […] Addressing co-existing mental disorders helps reduce the emotional distress driving Munchausen syndrome.

• #51 Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self): definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-syndrome/

  Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) is a mental health condition where a person intentionally fabricates or amplifies physical or psychological symptoms, often to gain medical attention or treatment. […] Treatment options for Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) include psychotherapy (talk therapy), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, medication, and treatment of coexisting mental disorders. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) serves as the main treatment for Munchausen syndrome, helping individuals address the underlying psychological factors driving deceptive medical behaviors. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targets the distorted thought processes leading individuals to fabricate or exaggerate medical conditions. […] Family therapy is essential for resolving the relational factors contributing to MS. […] No specific pharmacological treatment exists for Munchausen syndrome. […] Addressing co-existing mental disorders helps reduce the emotional distress driving Munchausen syndrome.

• #52 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Healthcare providers should work as a team, together with nursing, social work, and legal personnel. The patient should be gently confronted with the teams suspicions in a supportive manner that focuses on the patients psychological distress as the source of illness. Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient. […] Patients with factitious disorder must be evaluated fully and assessed for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Treating any other disorders that are present may lead to improvement or resolution of the factitious behavior. A small percentage of patients with factitious disorder will consent to psychiatric treatment. If such consent is obtained, transfer from the medical floor to an inpatient psychiatric department is indicated. […] Pharmacotherapy must be monitored carefully to prevent patients from perpetuating self-destructive behavior. Medications to treat the symptoms of personality disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to possibly reduce impulsivity, can be of benefit.

• #53 Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self): definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-munchausen-syndrome/

  Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) is a mental health condition where a person intentionally fabricates or amplifies physical or psychological symptoms, often to gain medical attention or treatment. […] Treatment options for Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) include psychotherapy (talk therapy), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, medication, and treatment of coexisting mental disorders. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) serves as the main treatment for Munchausen syndrome, helping individuals address the underlying psychological factors driving deceptive medical behaviors. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targets the distorted thought processes leading individuals to fabricate or exaggerate medical conditions. […] Family therapy is essential for resolving the relational factors contributing to MS. […] No specific pharmacological treatment exists for Munchausen syndrome. […] Addressing co-existing mental disorders helps reduce the emotional distress driving Munchausen syndrome.

• #54 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/munchausen-syndrome-and-munchausen-syndrome-proxy

  Individuals with Munchausen syndrome by proxy may exacerbate a child’s actual existing condition by lying about symptoms, altering samples, feeding the child contaminated or poisoned food, or injecting the child with bacteria, causing symptoms such as gastrointestinal upset or infection. […] In Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the first concern is the victim’s safety. Psychotherapists, law enforcement, foster care organizations, and social workers all may be involved in treatment.

• #55 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Healthcare providers will work together to make sure the person under your care isn’t in danger and doesn’t undergo unnecessary medical testing or treatment. Additional help for the victim, or the person within your care, may include: Removing them from your care and placing them in the care of someone else. […] Generally, FDIA is a very difficult disorder to treat and often requires years of therapy and support. Social services, law enforcement, Child Protective Services, Adult Protective Services and healthcare providers must all work together as a team to stop the behavior. […] Contact a healthcare provider or social worker if you suspect FDIA behaviors happening with a loved one. If you see signs of abuse, contact Adult Protective Services or Child Protective Services (U.S.). If someone is in immediate danger, don’t hesitate to contact 911 or your local emergency services number.

• #56 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #57 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #58 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy: The Complete Guide | Sandstone Care

  https://www.sandstonecare.com/blog/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  A child with a caregiver with Munchausen syndrome by proxy is harmed mentally and physically. […] Munchausen by proxy abuse often affects the child for their whole life, and in some cases, can become life-threatening. […] Treatment for Munchausen by proxy often involves individual and family therapy. […] For a child of a caregiver with Munchausen by proxy, they may need medical care for physical harm they experienced. […] They also need psychiatric care for conditions that come as a result of their experiences and abuse, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If a child has a parent or caregiver with Munchausen by proxy, they need to be protected right away. They should be removed from the care of the caregiver in question by authorities.

• #59 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #60 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy: The Complete Guide | Sandstone Care

  https://www.sandstonecare.com/blog/munchausen-syndrome-by-proxy/

  A child with a caregiver with Munchausen syndrome by proxy is harmed mentally and physically. […] Munchausen by proxy abuse often affects the child for their whole life, and in some cases, can become life-threatening. […] Treatment for Munchausen by proxy often involves individual and family therapy. […] For a child of a caregiver with Munchausen by proxy, they may need medical care for physical harm they experienced. […] They also need psychiatric care for conditions that come as a result of their experiences and abuse, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. […] If a child has a parent or caregiver with Munchausen by proxy, they need to be protected right away. They should be removed from the care of the caregiver in question by authorities.

• #61 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Healthcare providers will work together to make sure the person under your care isn’t in danger and doesn’t undergo unnecessary medical testing or treatment. Additional help for the victim, or the person within your care, may include: Removing them from your care and placing them in the care of someone else. […] Generally, FDIA is a very difficult disorder to treat and often requires years of therapy and support. Social services, law enforcement, Child Protective Services, Adult Protective Services and healthcare providers must all work together as a team to stop the behavior. […] Contact a healthcare provider or social worker if you suspect FDIA behaviors happening with a loved one. If you see signs of abuse, contact Adult Protective Services or Child Protective Services (U.S.). If someone is in immediate danger, don’t hesitate to contact 911 or your local emergency services number.

• #62 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #63 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #64 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #65 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  For hospitalized patients with factitious disorder, it may be important to limit their activities to the unit and to minimize the time they spend alone. […] Close psychiatric follow-up care and monitoring in the outpatient setting are indicated to prevent relapse. Close medical follow-up care may also be necessary, depending on the condition.

• #66 What paramedics need to know about Munchausen syndrome

  https://www.ems1.com/patient-safety/articles/what-to-do-if-you-suspect-munchausen-syndrome-PGt97BmILDdUOzre/

  EMS clinicians should maintain high situational awareness on all incidents in which Munchausen syndrome is suspected. This practice will allow you to provide detailed information to the investigating agency. […] Prehospital clinicians should conduct a complete assessment on all patients, even if it is believed that the patient is suffering from a factitious disorder. It is the responsibility of a clinician, with diagnostic tools, to ensure that the patient is not suffering from a life-threatening, treatable or correctable condition.

• #67 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #68 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #69 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #70 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Healthcare providers should work as a team, together with nursing, social work, and legal personnel. The patient should be gently confronted with the teams suspicions in a supportive manner that focuses on the patients psychological distress as the source of illness. Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient. […] Patients with factitious disorder must be evaluated fully and assessed for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Treating any other disorders that are present may lead to improvement or resolution of the factitious behavior. A small percentage of patients with factitious disorder will consent to psychiatric treatment. If such consent is obtained, transfer from the medical floor to an inpatient psychiatric department is indicated. […] Pharmacotherapy must be monitored carefully to prevent patients from perpetuating self-destructive behavior. Medications to treat the symptoms of personality disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to possibly reduce impulsivity, can be of benefit.

• #71 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  For hospitalized patients with factitious disorder, it may be important to limit their activities to the unit and to minimize the time they spend alone. […] Close psychiatric follow-up care and monitoring in the outpatient setting are indicated to prevent relapse. Close medical follow-up care may also be necessary, depending on the condition.

• #72 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  For hospitalized patients with factitious disorder, it may be important to limit their activities to the unit and to minimize the time they spend alone. […] Close psychiatric follow-up care and monitoring in the outpatient setting are indicated to prevent relapse. Close medical follow-up care may also be necessary, depending on the condition.

• #73 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #74 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP)

  https://mentalhealth.networkofcare.org/Merced/HealthLibrary/Article?docType=general&articleId=hw180537

  MSBP is child abuse. If you suspect a caregiver has this condition, don’t confront them. It might make the problem worse. Instead, think about these options: Keep a journal of the child’s symptoms and other related events. Talk with your doctor about your concerns. Report your concerns to your local child welfare agency. You may be able to make a report without using your name (anonymous).

• #75 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #76 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems. […] In our experience, the distribution of discharge summaries with the diagnosis F68.1 is seldom used by other doctors. The reason seems to be that many are uncomfortable about this approach, feeling that they stigmatise the patient. However, in our view, attempting to protect the patient against serious self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries, which sometimes put their lives at risk, is an ethically higher objective than passively accepting that the patient continues in his or her behaviour.

• #77 What paramedics need to know about Munchausen syndrome

  https://www.ems1.com/patient-safety/articles/what-to-do-if-you-suspect-munchausen-syndrome-PGt97BmILDdUOzre/

  EMS clinicians should maintain high situational awareness on all incidents in which Munchausen syndrome is suspected. This practice will allow you to provide detailed information to the investigating agency. […] Prehospital clinicians should conduct a complete assessment on all patients, even if it is believed that the patient is suffering from a factitious disorder. It is the responsibility of a clinician, with diagnostic tools, to ensure that the patient is not suffering from a life-threatening, treatable or correctable condition.

• #78 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems. […] In our experience, the distribution of discharge summaries with the diagnosis F68.1 is seldom used by other doctors. The reason seems to be that many are uncomfortable about this approach, feeling that they stigmatise the patient. However, in our view, attempting to protect the patient against serious self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries, which sometimes put their lives at risk, is an ethically higher objective than passively accepting that the patient continues in his or her behaviour.

• #79 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #80 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9833-munchausen-syndrome-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-self

  It can be difficult to treat factitious disorder imposed on self many people who experience this condition deny that they have it, making it difficult to treat. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is a serious mental health condition. […] If your loved one experiences this condition, it may feel easy to point out when theyre lying. […] If you practice malingering behaviors, you might pretend to be sick or ill to gain something tangible, like avoiding work or school or to get benefits. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is pretending you have an illness. […] Factitious disorder imposed on self is a form of self-harm. Its a serious mental health condition thats difficult to diagnose and treat. But treatment is available to help you when youre ready.

• #81 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #82 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Factitious disorder, previously called Munchausen syndrome, is a serious mental health condition in which people deceive others by pretending to be sick. […] Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves. […] People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that’s not needed. But they have a hard time managing their behaviors. […] Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed.

• #83 Munchausen Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mental-health/munchausen-syndrome/

  Munchausen disorder is complex to diagnose as patients often deny it and may react negatively. […] Patients with Munchausen disorder may seek help at different hospitals. […] Notable risk groups include those identifying as female, unmarried individuals, and those working in the healthcare field. […] Psychotherapy, a form of therapy that involves talking to a mental health professional, is the standard treatment for people suspected to have Munchausen disorder. […] However, the majority of patients refuse this type of therapy. […] The use of treatments like antidepressants or antipsychotic medications isn’t beneficial in managing the disorder. […] It is very important to get hold of any medical records from other hospitals. […] Patients confronted with a Munchausen disorder diagnosis have been reported to initiate legal action against healthcare providers. […] The prognosis for Munchausen Syndrome is challenging because many patients are not ready to acknowledge their unhealthy behaviors. […] It is unclear what the best approach is for intervention in Munchausen Syndrome.

• #84 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Psychotherapy should focus on establishing and maintaining a relationship with the patient. Supportive psychotherapy may help contain the symptoms of factitious disorder. However, little information is available on which type of psychotherapy is most effective in helping patients overcome factitious disorder. […] For a patient with Munchausen syndrome to accept inpatient psychiatric care on a voluntary basis is probably very rare unless the patient is predominantly feigning psychological signs and symptoms or has the variant of the syndrome that combines medical and psychological symptoms. […] Patients with factitious disorder should receive surgical care as needed to treat any comorbid conditions and complications arising from induced illness. However, great caution should be exercised in deciding to proceed with surgical treatment, particularly when the procedure is one that involves an irreversible result (eg, amputation, radical mastectomy, or organ removal).

• #85 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #86 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #87 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #88 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Psychotherapy should focus on establishing and maintaining a relationship with the patient. Supportive psychotherapy may help contain the symptoms of factitious disorder. However, little information is available on which type of psychotherapy is most effective in helping patients overcome factitious disorder. […] For a patient with Munchausen syndrome to accept inpatient psychiatric care on a voluntary basis is probably very rare unless the patient is predominantly feigning psychological signs and symptoms or has the variant of the syndrome that combines medical and psychological symptoms. […] Patients with factitious disorder should receive surgical care as needed to treat any comorbid conditions and complications arising from induced illness. However, great caution should be exercised in deciding to proceed with surgical treatment, particularly when the procedure is one that involves an irreversible result (eg, amputation, radical mastectomy, or organ removal).

• #89 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Psychotherapy should focus on establishing and maintaining a relationship with the patient. Supportive psychotherapy may help contain the symptoms of factitious disorder. However, little information is available on which type of psychotherapy is most effective in helping patients overcome factitious disorder. […] For a patient with Munchausen syndrome to accept inpatient psychiatric care on a voluntary basis is probably very rare unless the patient is predominantly feigning psychological signs and symptoms or has the variant of the syndrome that combines medical and psychological symptoms. […] Patients with factitious disorder should receive surgical care as needed to treat any comorbid conditions and complications arising from induced illness. However, great caution should be exercised in deciding to proceed with surgical treatment, particularly when the procedure is one that involves an irreversible result (eg, amputation, radical mastectomy, or organ removal).

• #90 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #91 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #92 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/confession/comments/1bvy48d/im_a_registered_nurse_and_i_used_to_have/

  I’m a registered nurse and I used to have Munchausen syndrome (aka factitious disorder). […] I was a professional patient. I’d be at the doctor’s at least once a month with made-up symptoms. […] The real FD alarms go off when the patient’s a frequent flier in the hospital with no clear diagnosis, or when someone’s a regular in the ER that all the staff recognize. […] Working in a hospital and seeing how insanely busy everyone is was a real eye-opener. […] We could totally notice more patients with FD if we kept an eye out for the red flags. If someone’s only sick on weekends and holidays, you should notice that pattern.

• #93 Factitious disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028

  Factitious disorder, previously called Munchausen syndrome, is a serious mental health condition in which people deceive others by pretending to be sick. […] Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves. […] People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that’s not needed. But they have a hard time managing their behaviors. […] Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren’t needed.

• #94 Munchausen syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome is a rare type of mental disorder where a patient fakes illness to gain attention and sympathy. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome can be very convincing, which can result in doctors providing unnecessary treatment, such as medication or surgery. […] A person with Munchausen syndrome gains intense satisfaction from the attention associated with playing the ill patient. […] Treatment aims to manage rather than cure the condition, but is rarely successful. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to change the persons beliefs and actions. However, it is unlikely that someone with Munchausen syndrome would admit to falsifying symptoms, which can make progress difficult. […] Avoiding unnecessary tests and surgeries is important to reduce the risk of complications. This can be aided by encouraging the person to go to only one primary care doctor. However, a person with Munchausen syndrome is likely to move on to other doctors and start again.

• #95 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #96 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #97 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #98 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Healthcare providers should work as a team, together with nursing, social work, and legal personnel. The patient should be gently confronted with the teams suspicions in a supportive manner that focuses on the patients psychological distress as the source of illness. Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient. […] Patients with factitious disorder must be evaluated fully and assessed for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Treating any other disorders that are present may lead to improvement or resolution of the factitious behavior. A small percentage of patients with factitious disorder will consent to psychiatric treatment. If such consent is obtained, transfer from the medical floor to an inpatient psychiatric department is indicated. […] Pharmacotherapy must be monitored carefully to prevent patients from perpetuating self-destructive behavior. Medications to treat the symptoms of personality disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to possibly reduce impulsivity, can be of benefit.

• #99 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #100 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #101 Munchausen Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518999/

  Factitious disorder imposed on self, formerly known as Munchausen syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder in which a person assumes the role of a sick patient without the intention of external gain. Physical symptoms are intentionally produced with the purpose of appearing to be sick. […] The diagnosis and management of Munchausen syndrome are complex. It is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, social work, and nursing staff. […] The standard therapy for all patients with suspected Munchausen is psychotherapy, though most patients refuse. It is crucial to involve psychiatry (even if the patient opposes) to fully assess for any other psychiatric illnesses that may be present. […] It is paramount to consult psychiatry if a patient has suspected Munchausen disorder.

• #102 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA): What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia

  Healthcare providers will work together to make sure the person under your care isn’t in danger and doesn’t undergo unnecessary medical testing or treatment. Additional help for the victim, or the person within your care, may include: Removing them from your care and placing them in the care of someone else. […] Generally, FDIA is a very difficult disorder to treat and often requires years of therapy and support. Social services, law enforcement, Child Protective Services, Adult Protective Services and healthcare providers must all work together as a team to stop the behavior. […] Contact a healthcare provider or social worker if you suspect FDIA behaviors happening with a loved one. If you see signs of abuse, contact Adult Protective Services or Child Protective Services (U.S.). If someone is in immediate danger, don’t hesitate to contact 911 or your local emergency services number.

• #103 AAP Recommendations on Munchausen by Proxy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p97.html

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a form of child abuse involving both physical abuse and medical neglect. It occurs in the medical setting when a parent or caregiver causes injury to a child by seeking or administering unnecessary and possibly harmful medical treatment for the child. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has identified factors that may help physicians recognize this form of child abuse and has provided recommendations on when to report a case to their state child protective services agency. […] Continuing unnecessary medical care may become abusive to the child if the parent or caregiver is consistently misrepresenting or making up symptoms, manipulating laboratory tests, or intentionally inflicting harm on the child to create symptoms. […] The state child protective services agency should be informed if the parent or caregiver is harming the child and will not cooperate with the child’s physician in limiting the amount of medical care to an appropriate level. Medical child abuse should be reported in the same way as physical and sexual child abuse if the parent or caregiver continues to harm the child. Care of the abused child may include a multidisciplinary approach that involves primary care physicians, medical subspecialty consultants, dietitians, physical therapists, and social service workers. Treatment considerations include ensuring the child’s future safety and allowing treatment to occur in the least restrictive setting possible.

• #104 AAP Recommendations on Munchausen by Proxy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p97.html

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a form of child abuse involving both physical abuse and medical neglect. It occurs in the medical setting when a parent or caregiver causes injury to a child by seeking or administering unnecessary and possibly harmful medical treatment for the child. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has identified factors that may help physicians recognize this form of child abuse and has provided recommendations on when to report a case to their state child protective services agency. […] Continuing unnecessary medical care may become abusive to the child if the parent or caregiver is consistently misrepresenting or making up symptoms, manipulating laboratory tests, or intentionally inflicting harm on the child to create symptoms. […] The state child protective services agency should be informed if the parent or caregiver is harming the child and will not cooperate with the child’s physician in limiting the amount of medical care to an appropriate level. Medical child abuse should be reported in the same way as physical and sexual child abuse if the parent or caregiver continues to harm the child. Care of the abused child may include a multidisciplinary approach that involves primary care physicians, medical subspecialty consultants, dietitians, physical therapists, and social service workers. Treatment considerations include ensuring the child’s future safety and allowing treatment to occur in the least restrictive setting possible.

• #105 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #106 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #107 AAP Recommendations on Munchausen by Proxy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0101/p97.html

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a form of child abuse involving both physical abuse and medical neglect. It occurs in the medical setting when a parent or caregiver causes injury to a child by seeking or administering unnecessary and possibly harmful medical treatment for the child. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has identified factors that may help physicians recognize this form of child abuse and has provided recommendations on when to report a case to their state child protective services agency. […] Continuing unnecessary medical care may become abusive to the child if the parent or caregiver is consistently misrepresenting or making up symptoms, manipulating laboratory tests, or intentionally inflicting harm on the child to create symptoms. […] The state child protective services agency should be informed if the parent or caregiver is harming the child and will not cooperate with the child’s physician in limiting the amount of medical care to an appropriate level. Medical child abuse should be reported in the same way as physical and sexual child abuse if the parent or caregiver continues to harm the child. Care of the abused child may include a multidisciplinary approach that involves primary care physicians, medical subspecialty consultants, dietitians, physical therapists, and social service workers. Treatment considerations include ensuring the child’s future safety and allowing treatment to occur in the least restrictive setting possible.

• #108 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #109 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #110 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I don’t think its impossible for medical nurses to help, just very tricky. Especially in the acute environment. […] Very good point. It seems to be a very complicated issue with more psych involvement than acute medical. However, it’s unlikely that in this day and age of medical treatment that patient ever get the appropriate referrals to psych resources once the medical conditions have been treated. […] How can a medical nurse address factitious disorder while caring for a patient with self-inflicted illness? I feel like there are some answers. […] I think it is best to let the patient know that you know. […] I did have a patient when I worked in psych with extreme Factitious disorder/Munchausens. The patient was very time-consuming and the disorder was frustrating to deal with. They were a wonderful person, but absolutely exhausting.

• #111 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #112 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #113 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #114

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=100053&Journal_ID=54003&Issue_ID=54208

  In Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP), a caregiver fabricates or induces illness in another individual. […] Early recognition of MSBP is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the syndrome.

• #115 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a nursing overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2133145/

  Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy is a common but often undetected form of child abuse in which a parent fabricates or falsifies an illness in the child and then presents the child for medical treatment, disclaiming knowledge as to the etiology of the illness. […] Nurses are instrumental in the early identification and detection of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] A case study emphasizes the role of nurses as part of the multidisciplinary approach. […] Use of the nursing process demonstrates comprehensive care in management.

• #116 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #117 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #118 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

• #119 Experience treating patients with Munchausen Syndrome – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/experience-treating-patients-munchausen-syndrome-t732765/

  I just listened to this podcast episode about an individual living with Munchausen’s and she talks about in her Podcast how it was a nurse that saved her life because she finally felt comfortable enough opening up to the nurse about her condition. It got me thinking as a new nurse, how do you build rapport with a patient who has suspected Munchausen’s? I suspect I treated one a few months ago and I just remember the patient being very upset and hard to please. […] It’s hard for a medical nurse to address the problem by building a rapport, because the attention you give as a medical nurse in the acute environment reinforces the behavior. […] The best way to handle it in my opinion is to give minimal attention for medical self injury while at the same time give maximum attention for healthy behavior, and if none is present spend a lot of attention encouraging healthy behavior and rewarding the patient with attention when he or she identifies and/or practices healthy coping skills.

• #120 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems. […] In our experience, the distribution of discharge summaries with the diagnosis F68.1 is seldom used by other doctors. The reason seems to be that many are uncomfortable about this approach, feeling that they stigmatise the patient. However, in our view, attempting to protect the patient against serious self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries, which sometimes put their lives at risk, is an ethically higher objective than passively accepting that the patient continues in his or her behaviour.

• #121 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems. […] In our experience, the distribution of discharge summaries with the diagnosis F68.1 is seldom used by other doctors. The reason seems to be that many are uncomfortable about this approach, feeling that they stigmatise the patient. However, in our view, attempting to protect the patient against serious self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries, which sometimes put their lives at risk, is an ethically higher objective than passively accepting that the patient continues in his or her behaviour.

• #122 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/munchausen-syndrome-proxy/

  Safety of the child is the No. 1 priority of treatment. The child should be treated for any medical problems they are having and protected from further abuse. They may need to be removed from the care of the affected caregiver. Psychological treatment for the child may be necessary, as well, to help them understand and cope with what has happened to them. […] Treatment of the mother, father, or caregiver involved is not as straightforward. Many times, this person will deny playing a role, even when evidence proves it. They often have blurred what is true and what is not. Until they are ready to recognize the truth, it will be difficult for them to get better. […] Psychotherapy is recommended for persons who have MSP. During these counseling sessions, the therapist helps the caregiver identify the feelings that caused their harmful behavior. Over time, the caregiver can learn to change that behavior. They can learn to form healthy relationships that don’t rely on someone being sick. […] Because this mental illness is linked to child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities.

• #123 Munchausen syndrome by proxy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001555.htm

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a mental illness and a form of child abuse. The caretaker of a child, most often a mother, either makes up fake symptoms or causes real symptoms to make it look like the child is sick. […] The child needs to be protected. They may need to be removed from the direct care of the caretaker in question. […] Children may require medical care to treat complications from injuries, infections, medicines, surgeries, or tests. They also need psychiatric care to deal with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can happen with child abuse. […] Treatment most often involves individual and family therapy. Because this is a form of child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities. […] Recognition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy in the child-parent relationship can prevent continued abuse and unnecessary, expensive, and possibly dangerous medical testing.

• #124 Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/munchausen-syndrome-proxy/

  Safety of the child is the No. 1 priority of treatment. The child should be treated for any medical problems they are having and protected from further abuse. They may need to be removed from the care of the affected caregiver. Psychological treatment for the child may be necessary, as well, to help them understand and cope with what has happened to them. […] Treatment of the mother, father, or caregiver involved is not as straightforward. Many times, this person will deny playing a role, even when evidence proves it. They often have blurred what is true and what is not. Until they are ready to recognize the truth, it will be difficult for them to get better. […] Psychotherapy is recommended for persons who have MSP. During these counseling sessions, the therapist helps the caregiver identify the feelings that caused their harmful behavior. Over time, the caregiver can learn to change that behavior. They can learn to form healthy relationships that don’t rely on someone being sick. […] Because this mental illness is linked to child abuse, the syndrome must be reported to the authorities.

• #125 Challenges presented by Munchausen syndrome | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2017/05/commentary-and-debate/challenges-presented-munchausen-syndrome

  Munchausen syndrome does not fall into the category of an ordinary somatic, psychological or psychosomatic illness, and its identification, diagnosis and treatment present an unusually great challenge. How can one best help patients? […] We would like to focus attention on a condition that we regard as misunderstood, underdiagnosed and incorrectly treated: Munchausen syndrome. […] Treating patients with Munchausen syndrome is difficult, as most of them avoid a psychiatric evaluation. In the few cases where there is communication with the patient, the treatment must target the underlying mental problems. […] In our experience, the distribution of discharge summaries with the diagnosis F68.1 is seldom used by other doctors. The reason seems to be that many are uncomfortable about this approach, feeling that they stigmatise the patient. However, in our view, attempting to protect the patient against serious self-inflicted and iatrogenic injuries, which sometimes put their lives at risk, is an ethically higher objective than passively accepting that the patient continues in his or her behaviour.

• #126 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #127 Patient-Centered Medicine and Prevention of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53196

  Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) is known by many names and is considered the deadliest form of child abuse. […] The purpose of this chapter is to recommend patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter summarizes the research on MSbP and recommends patient-centered approaches to identifying MSbP in the clinical setting to facilitate prevention and early intervention. It also recommends patient-centered practices that can be implemented to reduce the MSbP-related morbidity and mortality contributed by the healthcare system. […] This chapter represents a unique contribution to the MSbP literature in that it recommends a patient-centered perspective in the development of public health policy aimed at early identification and intervention, and possibly even prevention, of MSbP abuse. It provides practical, patient-centered recommendations that can be implemented as federal, state, and local healthcare policy with the focus of protecting the MSbP victim patient from the morbidity and mortality introduced by the medical system as part of MSbP.

• #128 Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000550259707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&search_scope=PublicCat&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CNurses%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=250

  Nursing Interventions in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. […] This article outlines the role of forensic nurses in identifying cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Although the syndrome is rare, nurses in emergency departments should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of illnesses that are fabricated by parents. In cases of unexplained persistent symptoms or diagnoses of rare disorders, an evaluation should be conducted to validate the child’s symptoms. Comprehensive record review and video surveillance of the child’s hospital room can be especially helpful to document suspicions. In suspicious cases, arrangements should be made for the child to continue to be hospitalized and assessed further by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides a sample investigative tool for collecting data about the child’s history and symptoms. The tool addresses the conditions of the current visit, acquaintances and relatives, other siblings, medical history, and information about the presentation of apnea or near SIDS.

• #129 Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Treatment Measures, General Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-treatment

  Psychotherapy should focus on establishing and maintaining a relationship with the patient. Supportive psychotherapy may help contain the symptoms of factitious disorder. However, little information is available on which type of psychotherapy is most effective in helping patients overcome factitious disorder. […] For a patient with Munchausen syndrome to accept inpatient psychiatric care on a voluntary basis is probably very rare unless the patient is predominantly feigning psychological signs and symptoms or has the variant of the syndrome that combines medical and psychological symptoms. […] Patients with factitious disorder should receive surgical care as needed to treat any comorbid conditions and complications arising from induced illness. However, great caution should be exercised in deciding to proceed with surgical treatment, particularly when the procedure is one that involves an irreversible result (eg, amputation, radical mastectomy, or organ removal).

• #130 Promoting Healthy Mental Development | Child Maltreatment: Special Topic: Factitious Illness by Proxy (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)

  https://www.brightfutures.org/development/maltreatment/munchausen.html

  Because of the difficulty in diagnosing and addressing this syndrome, a supportive team approach taken by medical, psychiatric, nursing, and social work personnel is essential. […] If a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy is suspected, the following interventions may be helpful: Ensure the child’s safety while the evaluation is being conducted. If the child is hospitalized, he should be under constant observation by health professionals. […] Child psychiatric consultation is key in assessing and supporting the child, family, and health professionals. […] Encourage all health professionals involved to communicate openly and regularly about all aspects of the child’s care to avoid the possibility of being manipulated by the caregiver. […] Careful documentation of all treatment and interventions is essential, as repeat offenses are common, and it is often difficult to definitively diagnose the syndrome.

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