Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Gastritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175909-overview

  Epidemiologic studies reflect the widespread incidence of gastritis. In the United States, it accounts for approximately 1.8-2.1 million visits to doctors’ offices each year. […] Data from a national administrative database (2009-2011) revealed standardized estimated prevalence rates of 6.3 per 100,000 population for eosinophilic gastritis and 3.3 per 100,000 population for eosinophilic colitis; women were affected more often. […] Gastritis affects all age groups; however, this condition is especially common in people older than 60 years. The incidence of H pylori infection increases with age.

• #2 Gastritis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/gastritis

  Almost half of the world’s population has been affected by gastritis. In 2013, 90 million new cases of gastritis were reported. In USA, It is accountable for around 1.8-2.1 million clinical visits yearly. The frequency of gastritis increases with age, and it tends to affect older people more. […] Having one of the following risk factors can increase your chances of getting gastritis; Infection with Helicobacter pylori, Smoking, Excessive use of alcohol, Stress, Use of some medications, Suffering from severe illness.

• #3 Global burden and risk factors of gastritis and duodenitis: an observational trend study from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52936-1

  In recent years, there has been a global trend of aging, which has resulted in significant changes to the burden of gastritis and duodenitis (GD). […] In 2019, there were 31 million GD patients globally, a notable increase of 12 million from 1990, while the ASIR, ASDR, and AS-DALYs for GD all showed a decrease. […] Over the past thirty years, the burden of GD has increased alongside global population aging. Future efforts should focus on exploring prevention for GD, with special attention to the elderly population in low SDI regions. […] Understanding epidemiological trends and strengthening the management of relevant risk factors are crucial in rationally allocating and utilizing global healthcare resources. […] The GBD 2019 study represents a broad, global observational epidemiological study aimed at evaluating and tracking the health status of the entire human population, providing researchers and public health entities with summary data for policy and scientific purposes.

• #3 Global burden and risk factors of gastritis and duodenitis: an observational trend study from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52936-1

  This study represents the inaugural endeavor to delineate the worldwide landscape of GD, thereby establishing a conceptual framework for a more profound comprehension of GD’s impact on population health and paving the way for the formulation of global preventive strategies and the allocation of healthcare resources. […] Our findings suggest that there has been a significant increase in the number of GD cases over a period of 30 years, from 19.8 million in 1990 to 31 million in 2019, indicating a growth rate of 56.93%. […] Our statistical analysis reveals a significant correlation between SDI and the burden of GD. Our findings indicate that regions with low SDI levels exhibit higher ASIR, ASDR and AS-DALYs, particularly in terms of ASDR, where the difference approaches almost tenfold. […] This study represents the first comprehensive exploration of the global burden of gastritis over a 30-year period, encompassing 27 regions and 204 countries.

• #4 Article | KnE Open

  https://kneopen.com/KnE-Life/article/view/11795/

  Gastritis is a public health problems with a fairly high prevalence. It affects up to 50% of adults in western countries. Gastritis in Indonesia is quite high with a prevalence of 274,396 cases from 238,452,952 inhabitants or 40.8%. […] The conclusion is that most of the patients with gastritis are female with a distribution that tends to decrease in cases every year. The cases of gastritis since 2017 have shown a decrease in the cases of gastritis. This shows that health efforts made by health workers have begun to show results even though the prevalence of gastritis cases is still high. On the other hand, the prevention of gastritis cases is starting to show good results.

• #5 Prevalence of Histological Gastritis in a Community Population and Association with Epigastric Pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10861608/

  Gastritis is a common histological diagnosis, although the prevalence is decreasing in developed populations, alongside decreasing prevalence of H. pylori infection. […] Gastritis was found in 40.2% (148/368; 95% CI 35.2-45.2%). […] Gastritis is common in the population with a prevalence of 40% and is usually asymptomatic. Chronic body gastritis may be associated with epigastric pain, but independent validation is required to confirm these findings. Clinicians should not generally ascribe symptoms to histological gastritis. […] Data from developed populations indicates the prevalence of gastritis has declined in recent decades. […] The declining prevalence of gastritis in developed populations is consistent with a decreasing prevalence of H. pylori infection. […] In our population-based study of 368 individuals with and without symptoms with antral and corpus biopsies taken at EGD, histological gastritis was detected in 40%. […] The prevalence of H. pylori gastritis in this study is consistent with the downward trend of infection in developed countries.

• #6 Prevalence and associated risk factors of gastritis among patients visiting Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246619

  The prevalence of gastritis in the study area was 78.8%. Specifically, 48.9% and 29.9% had acute and chronic gastritis, respectively. […] Gastritis still remains a social and public health problem both in developed and developing countries. […] Globally, 50.8% of the populations in developing countries suffer from gastritis. […] In Ethiopia, a systematic review carried out by Marcis et al. indicated that 53% of individuals with the age range from 54-61 years had gastritis due to H. Pylori infection. […] A systematic review of African countries indicated 38% of women and 18% of men suffered from gastritis. […] The findings suggested that women should take enough rest and sleep well, men refrain from involvement in any risky behaviors, young people and those who earn low income per month should equip with knowledge and understanding on how to practice good health behaviors, eating foods on time, avoiding eating spiced food frequently, doing physical exercise regularly, and taking medicinal drugs according to physician advice are recommended.

• #7 Gastritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544250/

  Determining the incidence of acute gastritis can be challenging due to the common causes, such as enterovirus infections, which typically result in mild and self-limited episodes that go unreported. […] Recent data demonstrates chronic atrophic gastritis is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the global population. Furthermore, the risk of developing chronic atrophic gastritis is about 2.4 times higher in patients with H pylori. […] In Western populations, a declining incidence of infectious gastritis is thought to be caused by an increasing prevalence of autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmune gastritis is more prevalent in women and older individuals, with estimated rates ranging from 2% to 5%. However, the available data may have limited reliability. […] Chronic H pylori associated nonatrophic gastritis continues to be highly prevalent in developing countries. In Western populations, the prevalence of H pylori infection in children is approximately 10%, whereas the prevalence is 50% in developing countries.

• #7 Gastritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544250/

  The prevalence of H pylori infection in developing countries varies significantly based on geographical region and socioeconomic conditions. For instance, the prevalence is approximately 69% in Africa, 78% in South America, and 51% in Asia. […] Socioeconomic and environmental factors are crucial in the global transmission of H pylori infections. These factors encompass family hygiene practices, household overcrowding, and dietary habits. The pediatric origin of H pylori infection is currently considered the primary determinant of H pylori associated gastritis within a community. […] The estimated prevalence of atrophic gastritis in the United States is as high as 15%. Current estimates suggest that this prevalence is likely higher in populations with a higher baseline prevalence of H pylori infection, such as non-white racial and ethnic minorities and first-generation immigrants from countries with a high prevalence of H pylori infections.

• #7 Gastritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544250/

  Atrophic gastritis not associated with H pylori infection is relatively uncommon, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5% to 2%, which is likely an overestimation. The comorbidity of other autoimmune diseases increases the prevalence of this condition, with up to one-third of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease having concomitant autoimmune gastritis.

• #8 Gastritis and gastropathy: perspectives from the endoscopist – Ho – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/9220/html

  By far the most well-known and commonly diagnosed cause of gastritis is H. pylori. It is considered as the most important risk factor for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and its complications, including gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. […] There are two strategies guiding management. The test and treat approach, where all patients with H. pylori infection immediately receive therapy. This option is reasonable in adult patients less than 40 years without alarm features such as anemia, anorexia, dysphagia, progressive symptoms, upper gastrointestinal bleed, and weight loss. The test and scope method recommends patients to undergo endoscopic evaluation for H. pylori-related complications, usually for older patients or presence of alarm features. […] H. pylori antibiotic resistance is a growing worldwide concern.

• #9 Atrophic Gastritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176036-overview

  The frequency of atrophic gastritis and the prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis is not known because chronic gastritis frequently is asymptomatic; however, prevalence of atrophic gastritis parallels the 2 main causes of gastric atrophy, chronic H pylori infection (when the infection follows a course of multifocal atrophic gastritis) and autoimmune gastritis. […] An estimated 50% of the world’s population is infected with H pylori, and, therefore, chronic gastritis is extremely common. H pylori infection is highly prevalent in Asia and in the developing countries, and multifocal atrophic gastritis is more prevalent in these areas of the world. […] Autoimmune gastritis is a relatively rare disease, most frequently observed in individuals of northern European descent and in African Americans.

• #9 Atrophic Gastritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176036-overview

  The prevalence of pernicious anemia resulting from autoimmune gastritis has been estimated as 127 cases per 100,000 members of the population in the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. […] H pyloriassociated atrophic gastritis appears to be more common among Asian and Hispanic persons than people of other races. […] In the United States, H pylori infection is more common among African Americans than white persons, a difference attributed to socioeconomic factors. […] Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is more frequent in individuals of northern European descent and African Americans and is much less frequent in southern Europeans and Asians. […] Atrophic gastritis is detected late in life, because it results from the effects of long-standing damage to the gastric mucosa. […] H pyloriassociated atrophic gastritis develops gradually, but extensive multifocal atrophy usually is detected in individuals older than 50 years. […] Patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis usually present with pernicious anemia, which typically is diagnosed in individuals aged approximately 60 years; however, pernicious anemia can be detected in children (juvenile pernicious anemia).

• #10 Molecular Pathological Epidemiology in Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Risk of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis | Gao | Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research

  http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/joghr/article/view/1976

  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects more than 50% of the global population and has been identified as the most important risk factor (cause) of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), the main precursor lesion of gastric cancer (GC). […] Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is a new interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study field, which has emerged as an integrated approach of molecular pathology and epidemiology, and investigates the relationships between molecular characteristics or molecular changes, exogenous and endogenous exposure factors, and initiation, evolution, progression, and response to treatment of diseases. […] Moreover, the MPE can provide some very important insights on the molecular mechanisms, personalized prevention and treatment for the study field of H. pylori infection and CAG.

• #11 Gastritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gastritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  H. pylori infection is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America. […] The incidence of new cases of H. pylori infection each year is around 500 per 100,000 individuals in developed countries. […] The prevalence of H. pylori is declining in the United States. […] In developed countries such as the United States, children acquire the H. pylori infection at a rate of about less than 1% per year. […] It is estimated that 30%-40% of the US population is infected with H. pylori. […] The prevalence of H. pylori is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries. […] In the developing countries, children in the age group of 2 to 8 years acquire the H. pylori infection at a rate of about 10% per year.

• #11 Gastritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gastritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In acute gastritis, the prevalence of eosinophilic gastritis is approximately 6.3 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of new cases of H. pylori infection each year ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 per 100,000 individuals in developing countries. […] It has been observed that with advancing age, the incidence of H. pylori infection increases. […] In United States, 20% of adolescents are infected with H. pylori when compared to 90% by 5 years of age in developing countries. […] In United States, H. pylori infection associated gastritis is more common in African Americans (54%), Hispanics (52%), and the elderly compared to Whites (21%). […] The incidence rates of H. pylori infection are high in Japan, Columbia, Costa Rica and China, and comparatively low in the United States.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02936382

  The acquisition of Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of chronic gastritis in humans. In Europe, a small proportion (less than 1%) of gastritis cases are caused by H. Heilmannii, and somewhat more (5%) are autoimmune in origin, in which condition H. pylori may not probably play a role. Recent findings on chronic gastritis and H. pylori acquisition in developed countries can be summarized as: (1) H. pylori gastritis is acquired in childhood and adolescence (age less than 20) in more than 50% of cases; (2) the risk and rate of acquisition is highest in early childhood, after which the rate exponentially declines; (3) new infectious occur in adulthood but are quite rare (annual incidence 0.4%, on average, in Finland); (4) H. pylori gastritis is a birth cohort-related phenomenon; i.e., different cohorts show a rate and prevalence of H. pylori gastritis that varies between cohorts; (5) the rate and risk of H. pylori infection is high in cohorts born in the beginning of the century, but is much lower in those born later; (6) this decline is due to a decrease in the rate and risk of H. pylori acquisition in childhood in particular. H. pylori gastritis-related complications, such as peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancer, show epidemiological features similar to H. pylori gastritis. Both peptic ulcer and gastric cancer have declined in incidence over time. Gastric cancer is a birth-cohort phenomenon in the same way as is H. pylori gastritis, and the incidence of gastric cancer shows a positive but exponential relationship with the birth-cohort-specific prevalence of gastritis in the general population. […] Sipponen P, Helske T, Jrvinen P, et al. Fall in the prevalence of chronic gastritis over 15 years; analysis of outpatients series in Finland from 1977, 1985, and 1992. Gut 1994;35:11671171.

• #13 Atrophic gastritis and pre-malignant gastric lesions – Lahner – Translational Gastrointestinal Cancer

  https://tgc.amegroups.com/article/view/6576/7773

  Atrophic gastritis is a chronic disorder occurring in up to 8% of the general population. […] In the last years, many data emerged from several studies on prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, risk of progression of these conditions to gastric neoplasms, clinical features and detection of these precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa. […] Epidemiological data suggest that atrophic gastritis is associated not only with intestinal-type gastric cancer, but also with type 1 gastric carcinoid. […] Thus, the knowledge of atrophic gastritis prevalence in different clinical settings, its clinical features and possible risk factors associated with the progression of this condition to gastric neoplasms are important issues. […] A recent systematic review evaluated the atrophic gastritis incidence in patients free of atrophic gastritis at moment of inclusion in the study.

• #13 Atrophic gastritis and pre-malignant gastric lesions – Lahner – Translational Gastrointestinal Cancer

  https://tgc.amegroups.com/article/view/6576/7773

  In a meta-analysis, the rate ratios comparing the atrophic gastritis incidence in H. pylori positive patients to that in H. pylori negative ones ranged from 2.4 to 7.6 with a summary estimate of 5. […] A very recent serological study on 5,284 participants in Sweden documented an increase in the prevalence of atrophic gastritis among adults aged 35-44 years from 22 to 64/1,000 between 1990 and 2009. […] A varying progression rate of atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer up to 2% per year has been reported at follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 16 years. […] A recent systematic review showed in atrophic gastritis patients with pernicious anemia a pooled gastric cancer incidence-rate of 0.3% person-year and an estimated 7-fold relative risk of gastric cancer. […] In patients with atrophic gastritis, the need and cost-effectiveness of regular endoscopic follow-up for gastric cancer surveillance is not definitely established.

• #13 Atrophic gastritis and pre-malignant gastric lesions – Lahner – Translational Gastrointestinal Cancer

  https://tgc.amegroups.com/article/view/6576/7773

  Recent European guidelines recommend a scheduled surveillance for gastric cancer for those patients who have extensive atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia. […] According to the data reported, different clinical management of atrophic gastritis patients with or without pernicious anemia does not seem to be justified, raising questions whether these recommendations should include also pernicious anemia patients. […] To better evaluate the value of surveillance in atrophic gastritis patients and establish follow-up frequencies, more precise data on the occurrence of gastric neoplastic lesions, preferably obtained in large prospective studies with adequate follow-up, are needed. […] Atrophic patients are exposed to a double risk of gastric neoplastic lesions, gastric cancer and type 1 gastric carcinoids. […] This study thus provides further evidence confirming the increased risk for gastric cancer in atrophic gastritis.

• #14 Atrophic Gastritis: Symptoms, Treatment, Diet & Definition

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24217-atrophic-gastritis

  An estimated 15% of people in the U.S. have AG. About 0.5% to 2% of the U.S. population may have AAG. […] Both EMAG and AAG can lead to an increased risk of developing small neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in your stomach. NETs are usually non-cancerous (benign). EMAG and AAG also increase your stomach cancer (gastric cancer) risk. […] If an endoscopy shows the presence of small neuroendocrine tumors, your provider can remove them during the procedure (endoscopic mucosal resection). These tumors are usually non-cancerous (benign). Your provider will monitor you for these tumors every one to two years. […] A small percentage of people with advanced atrophic gastritis may require endoscopic surveillance, usually every three to five years. However, the risk of stomach cancer in this population, though present, is low. People with neuroendocrine tumors may also require surveillance; however, these are usually benign (noncancerous).

• #15 Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: A Clinical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/7/1310

  Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of atrophy in the oxyntic mucosa due to anti-parietal cell antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, reporting recent evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, risk of malignancies, and management. The prevalence of AAG has been estimated at between 0.3% and 2.7% in the general population. […] Autoimmune gastritis is considered a relatively rare condition compared to other gastrointestinal disorders, with a prevalence estimated between 0.3% and 2.7% in the general population. […] Autoimmune gastritis is associated with female gender, older age, and autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune gastritis is more common in women, with a female:male ratio of 2–3:1, and in subjects aged >60 years.

• #15 Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: A Clinical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/7/1310

  The prevalence of AAG is also higher in people with a personal or family history of autoimmune disorders, especially type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis, making it five times more frequent in patients with such conditions compared to controls. […] The epidemiology of AAG is still unclear, as this condition is often misdiagnosed, especially in subclinical forms, and is potentially underestimated due to the absence of standard diagnostic criteria.

• #16 Metaplastic (chronic) atrophic gastritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/metaplastic-chronic-atrophic-gastritis

  Metaplastic (chronic) atrophic gastritis […] Epidemiology—AMAG and PA have prevalences of 2 percent and 0.15 to 1 percent, respectively. The prevalence of AMAG increases with age and is higher in women as compared with men. In the United States, AMAG has a similar prevalence among White, Hispanic, and African American populations, and occurs over a wide age range. There is an association of AMAG with other autoimmune diseases. Up to one-third of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and 6 to 10 percent of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have concurrent AMAG.

• #17 ASIDE Gastroenterology Journal| Peer-Reviewed, open-access, Free publication, and fast track review

  https://asidejournals.com/index.php/Gastroenterology/article/view/8

  The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP)-negative gastritis is rising in the United States, yet its origins and risk factors remain largely unexplored. […] This study aims to assess the prevalence of HP-negative gastritis and explore the demographic, clinical, and risk factor profiles that differentiate HP-negative from HP-positive subjects with histological evidence of gastritis. […] Of the patients biopsied, 38.2% (n=92) showed histological evidence of gastritis, with 78% of these being HP-negative and 22% HP-positive. […] Significant ethnic disparities were noted; 61.5% of HP-negative patients were Caucasian, and 72.7% of HP-positive patients were African American. […] Medical comorbidities, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), were more associated with HP-negative gastritis.

• #18 Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastritis in West Cameroon: prevalence and risk factors for infection | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3662-5

  Of 500 blood samples, 217 (43.4%) were seropositive with male and female seroprevalences of 45.5% (61/134) and 42.6% (156/366) respectively. […] Similarly, 47.4% (237/500) samples tested positive for stool antigen with prevalences of 47.0% (63/134) for males and 47.5% (174/366) for females. […] The antigen prevalence was higher (53.2%; 118/222) in older patients (50 years) than in younger patients (42.8%; 119/278; P=0.021). […] Educational level, source of income, source of drinking water, age of patients, and alcohol consumption had positive associations with H. pylori infection. […] The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection in this study was 43.4% (217/500) for serology and 47.4% for stool antigen test. […] The antigen prevalence in elderly persons (50 years) was higher (53.2%) than in the young (50 years) (42.8%) and this difference was statistically significant (P0.05). […] Among risk factors assessed, educational level, source of income, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were statistically associated with H. pylori infection.

• #19 Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Gastritis in Patients at District General Hospital, Amravati

  https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.14_Issue.2_Feb2024/IJHSR-Abstract12.html

  Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Gastritis in Patients at District General Hospital, Amravati […] Many studies are carried out on the prevalence of gastritis in relation to H. pylori infection. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the role of socio-demographic factors, dietary habits, economic status, stress level, family status, drug use and other medical conditions in the occurrence of gastritis. Moreover, no such epidemiological study has been conducted at Amravati District. Thus, it is essential to determine the prevalence of gastritis in this area in relation to above mentioned etiologic factors. […] Male population was found to be at greater risk for gastritis. Prevalence of gastritis is found to be more prominent in the age group of 14-25 and 36-45 years, respectively.

• #19 Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Gastritis in Patients at District General Hospital, Amravati

  https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.14_Issue.2_Feb2024/IJHSR-Abstract12.html

  The study found that physical work increases the risk for developing gastritis; subjects from urban locality are found to be more affected by the disease. Furthermore, daily consumption of irritant spicy food and tea may aggravate the gastritis symptoms. Frequent consumption of NSAIDS can be considered as a risk factor for developing gastritis. Moreover, there is a significant association between blood group A (Rh positive), psychological stress, menstrual history, sleeping time, education and risk for developing gastritis. […] This study demonstrates a brief overview of various risk factors for gastritis, particularly in the population under study and points out the possible risk factors for the prevention of gastritis.

• #20 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI.logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/jw199106040000002/1991/06/04/epidemiology-helicobacter-pylori

  No significant association was found between H. pylori infection and use of alcohol, tobacco, or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in either whites or blacks. […] This information about the prevalence of H. pylori is important, for it appears that the infection, once acquired, persists for life.

• #21 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/9/1545

  Patients with GA and GIM have an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Increased severity of atrophy and extent of intestinal metaplasia is associated with an increased risk of cancer. […] Gastric HGD carries a significant risk of progression to gastric adenocarcinoma. […] We do not recommend the use of biomarkers as a screening tool in areas with a low incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, such as the UK. […] We recommend endoscopic surveillance every 3 years should be offered to patients diagnosed with extensive GA or GIM, defined as that affecting the antrum and body. […] We do not recommend surveillance in patients with GA or GIM limited just to the gastric antrum unless there are additional risk factors, such as a strong family history of gastric cancer or persistent H. pylori infection, then we suggest 3-yearly surveillance.

• #21 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/9/1545

  The prevalence of CAG (including GA) worldwide correlates with the prevalence of H. pylori-associated gastritis, increases with age and tends to be slightly more common in men. […] Studies exploring the risk of progressing from CAG to gastric adenocarcinoma report a range of between 0% and 10%, with an annual incidence (person-year) of 1%. […] The first international guidelines on the management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS) were published in 2012 by an international guidelines development group. […] There is significant heterogeneity of practice in the management of premalignant and early malignant gastric lesions in the UK, partly because few endoscopists follow MAPS guidance.

• #22 Updated Guideline on Management of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasialogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na48801/2019/03/26/updated-guideline-management-atrophic-gastritis-and

  A multisociety group in Europe has updated its 2012 evidence-based recommendations. […] A multidisciplinary committee updated the 2012 European evidence-based recommendations on diagnosis and management of patients with intestinal metaplasia (IM) and atrophic gastritis (AG) based on a systematic literature review. […] The recommended endoscopic surveillance interval for advanced atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia — previously 3 years for all patients — is now 1 to 2 years in patients with a family history of gastric cancer. […] In patients with IM at a single location and a family history of gastric cancer; incomplete IM; or persistent Helicobacter pylori gastritis, consider endoscopic surveillance with CE and guided biopsies in 3 years. […] Advanced AG and a family history of gastric cancer may warrant more-intensive surveillance (e.g., every 1–2 years after diagnosis). […] Currently there is no U.S. guideline for the management of patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis, and this European guideline is an excellent resource.

• #23 Diagnosis and Management of Atrophic Gastritis: Clinical Practice Update From the American Gastroenterological Association – Endoscopy Campus

  https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/ec-news/diagnosis-and-management-of-atrophic-gastritis-clinical-practice-update-from-the-american-gastroenterological-association/

  Patients with atrophic gastritis (AG) are at increased risk for gastric cancer; however, the diagnosis and surveillance of AG are not well-defined. […] Surveillance every 3 years with EGD should be considered in patients with advanced AG (based on histologic grade and extent). […] The surveillance interval for AIG should be based on individualized assessment and shared decision-making. […] Endoscopic surveillance should be performed every 1 to 2 years.

• #24 Adequacy of endoscopic recognition and surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis: A multicentre retrospective study in low incidence countries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287587

  Adherence to surveillance guidelines was adequate in 54.3% (215/396) when including an age cut-off of 75, and 36.9% without age limit. […] This study demonstrates that endoscopic recognition of the pre-malignant stomach even in tertiary centres is suboptimal and that adherence to guidelines for surveillance of GA and GIM is low with little variation among centres. […] Our study shows that adherence to surveillance guidelines was suboptimal, with an inadequacy rate of 45.7%.

• #24 Adequacy of endoscopic recognition and surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis: A multicentre retrospective study in low incidence countries | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287587

  Gastric atrophy (GA) and gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) are precursor conditions to gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) and should be monitored endoscopically in selected individuals. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate endoscopic recognition and adequacy of surveillance for GA and GIM in countries with low GAC prevalence. […] Endoscopic recognition rates were 48.5% for GA and 16.3% for GIM. Surveillance was adequately carried out in 215 of 396 patients (54.3%). […] In countries with a low incidence of GAC, the rate of endoscopic recognition of gastric pre-cancerous lesions and adherence to surveillance recommendation are low. Substantial improvement is required in endoscopic training and awareness of guidelines recommendation in order to optimise detection and management of pre-malignant gastric conditions.

• #25 Gastritis and gastropathy: perspectives from the endoscopist – Ho – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/9220/html

  In recent times, the finding of H. pylori-negative chronic gastritis is increasing, but not well characterized. […] To the clinician, another histology finding of particular concern would be that of chronic atrophic gastritis or IM, as these may progress to gastric adenocarcinoma. The histopathological staging is crucial for risk stratification of these patients to guided management and surveillance. […] An autoimmune etiology should be considered for chronic atrophic gastritis. Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is defined as an inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa, predominantly affecting the corpus and the fundus, characterized by atrophy of the gastric mucosa and associated with auto-antibodies against parietal cells or intrinsic factor. […] In adults, most cases of atrophic gastritis are associated with H. pylori infection, and patients should always be tested and treated for H. pylori. There are established guidelines for surveillance in AIG recommending endoscopy with biopsies at diagnosis and every subsequent 3-5 years.

• #26 Increased Prevalence of Autoimmune Gastritis in Patients with a Gastric Precancerous Lesion

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/19/6152

  the European Management of Precancerous conditions and lesions of the Stomach (MAPS) guideline was updated in 2019 to also include AIG, and now suggests that patients with AIG may benefit from endoscopic surveillance every 3–5 years, or 3 years in the presence of any GPL […] The association between AIG and GC, as well as the optimal surveillance strategy for AIG remains controversial, one possible explanation for this is the underdiagnosis of AIG in clinical practice […] Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of AIG in a prospectively followed cohort of patients with GPL […] Overall, our data show that the prevalence of AIG is increased in patients presenting with GPL and may be subject to underdiagnoses. Awareness for AIG testing should be raised among both pathologists and gastroenterologists in order to optimize surveillance strategies.

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