Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Overview of Pneumonia – Lung and Airway Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/pneumonia/overview-of-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is caused by different microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, mycobacteria, fungi, and parasites. […] Bacterial and viral pneumonias are much more common than mycobacterial, fungal, or parasitic pneumonias. […] The specific organisms vary depending on the person’s age, health, location, and other factors. […] More than one microorganism may be involved. […] For example, influenza (a viral infection) is often complicated by bacterial pneumonia. […] Pneumonia develops when defense mechanisms are not functioning correctly. […] A large amount of bacteria is inhaled and overwhelms normal defenses. […] A particularly infective organism is introduced. […] Usually pneumonia starts after microorganisms are inhaled (aspirated) from the upper airways into the lungs, but sometimes the infection is caused by microorganisms that are inhaled from the air, carried to the lungs by the bloodstream, or invade the lungs directly from a nearby site of infection.

• #1 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. […] The flu, COVID-19 and pneumococcal disease are common causes of pneumonia. […] Pneumonia is an infection in your lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. […] Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell (inflammation) and can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Bacterial pneumonia is usually more severe than viral pneumonia, which often resolves on its own. […] Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more common and more severe than viral pneumonia. […] Its more likely to require a hospital stay. […] Providers treat bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics. […] We categorize pneumonia by which pathogen (virus, bacteria or fungi) caused it and how you got it community-acquired, hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia.

• #1 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, also called pneumococcal disease, is the most common cause of CAP. […] Pneumonia can develop when your immune system attacks an infection in the small sacs of your lung (alveoli). […] Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the infections that lead to pneumonia. […] Bacteria are the most common cause in adults and viruses are the most common cause in school-aged children. […] Common illnesses that can lead to pneumonia include: Common cold (rhinovirus), COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2), The flu (influenza virus), Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Legionnaires disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria, Pneumococcal disease, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Pneumonia itself isnt actually contagious, but the bacteria and viruses that cause it are.

• #1 Pneumonia Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/ID/PnmnCs.htm

  Pneumonia Causes, Pneumonia Causes in Children […] Pneumonia in Children […] Pneumonia causes in adults include Pneumococcal Pneumonia (43%), Mycoplasma pneumonia (29%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (18%), and Legionella pneumonia (16%) […] Viral Pneumonia (66%) is caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Human Metapneumovirus, Coronaviruses, Influenza Virus, and Parainfluenza Virus […] Bacterial Pneumonia (8%) is caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Streptococcus Pyogenes […] Common viral causes of pneumonia include Influenza A, Influenza B, Parainfluenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Adenovirus […] Typical Bacterial Pneumonia causes include Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Haemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia, Moraxella Pneumonia, and Staphylococcal Pneumonia

• #1 Pneumonia Pathology – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/

  In the United States, the most common bacterial causes of CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and gram-negative enteric bacilli. […] It is often observed that viral species colonize nasopharynx of patients with CAP. […] Fungal infections are usually implicated in patients with certain predisposing immunocompromised states like HIV and organ transplant recipients, among others. […] There is considerable overlap in the etiologic agents in non-ventilated hospitalized patients and ventilated patients with pneumonia, and it is, therefore, appropriate to consider them together. […] These include Gram-negative bacilli like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Aerugenosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter among others. […] Gram-positive cocci like Staphylococcus aureus; both Methicillin-sensitive and resistant, although the latter is more prevalent. […] Other viruses and fungi that are more prevalent in immunocompromised and severely ill patients.

• #1 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  Bacteria and viruses are common causes of pneumonia (a lung infection). […] Fungi and parasites are less common causes. […] Germs that commonly cause pneumonia in the community are different from those in healthcare settings. […] Clinicians aren’t always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia. […] Many germs (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) can cause pneumonia. […] Bacterial infections that are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia include: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Pneumococcal disease. […] The following bacterial infections can cause pneumonia, but are less common causes: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, Haemophilus influenzae disease, Legionella infection (Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever), Pertussis (whooping cough), Psittacosis.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi. […] Pneumonia is caused by several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. The most common are the following. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. […] Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common viral cause of pneumonia. […] In infants infected with HIV, Pneumocystis jiroveci is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.

• #1 Pneumonia Pathology – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/

  Pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms that result in infection of the lung parenchyma. […] While identifying an etiologic agent for pneumonia is essential for effective treatment as well as epidemiological record keeping, this is seldom seen in clinical practice. Widespread reviews have shown that a single cause of pneumonia has often been identified in less than 10% of patients presenting to the emergency department. […] The most common organisms causing pneumonia can be studied under the headings mentioned earlier. […] Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) includes typical organisms such as Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Group A Streptococcus, and other aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative organisms. […] Atypical organisms commonly seen in clinical practice include Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, among others.

• #1 Community-Acquired Pneumonia – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia

  C. pneumoniae is the second most common cause of lung infections in healthy people aged 5 to 35 years. […] Since the year 2000, the incidence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) skin infections has increased markedly. This pathogen can rarely cause severe, cavitating pneumonia and tends to affect young adults. […] S. pneumoniae and S. aureus (including MRSA) can cause necrotizing pneumonia. […] Identification of possible MRSA pneumonia is based on an assessment of risk factors that include known MRSA colonization (nasal), prior MRSA infection, compatible gram stain, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, immunosuppression, necrotizing or cavitary pneumonia, recent influenza, empyema. […] Identification of possible P. aeruginosa pneumonia is based on assessment of risk factors that include known Pseudomonas colonization, prior Pseudomonas infection, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other structural lung disease, and immunosuppression.

• #1

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/heart-lungs/lung-conditions/pneumonia-causes-symptoms

  Pneumonia is a leading cause of death worldwide. […] Pneumonia, a serious inflammatory condition of the lungs, is a leading cause of death in Singapore and worldwide. […] Pneumonia accounted for 20 per cent of deaths in Singapore in 2022, just behind cancer, the top killer, which caused 23.9 per cent of deaths, according to this Ministry of Health (MOH) report on principal causes of death. […] Pneumonia is usually caused by the following: […] Bacteria: The most common type is Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and other bacteria like Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. […] Viruses: These are viruses similar to those causing common cold and influenza. […] Fungi: Fungi spores can be inhaled and cause infection in people with an underlying health problem or a weak immune system.

• #1 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the air we breathe. Identifying the cause of your pneumonia can be an important step in getting the proper treatment. […] Pneumonia is typically classified by where you got it and what pathogen (bacteria, virus, or fungi) caused it. […] Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own or develop after you’ve had a virus like the cold, flu, COVID-19 or RSV. […] The most common type of bacterial pneumonia is called pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae germ that normally lives in the upper respiratory tract. […] Infection from respiratory viruses like the influenza (flu) virus, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can cause pneumonia.

• #1 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  In general, fungal infections are a less common cause of pneumonia. […] Viral infections that commonly cause pneumonia include COVID-19, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection, Influenza (flu), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, Rhinovirus infection. […] The following viral infections can cause pneumonia, but are a less common cause: Adenovirus infection, Chickenpox, Measles. […] Healthcare providers are not always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia.

• #1 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] The most commonly identified causes of CAP include respiratory viruses (particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the pandemic), typical bacteria (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) and atypical bacteria (eg, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae). […] The pathogens most likely to cause CAP vary with severity of illness, local epidemiology, and patient risk factors for infection with drug-resistant organisms. […] For most patients with mild CAP who are otherwise healthy and treated in the ambulatory setting, the range of potential pathogens is limited. […] For patients with CAP severe enough to require hospitalization, potential pathogens are more diverse, and the initial treatment regimens are often broader.

• #1 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  The bacteria that most commonly causes pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, can be spread from person to person by touching infected surfaces or through coughing and sneezing. […] Pneumonia caused by fungi isnt contagious. […] Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause bacterial, viral or fungal and how serious your case is. […] Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia. […] Antifungals can treat pneumonia caused by a fungal infection. […] Viral pneumonia usually isnt treated with medication and can go away on its own. […] Pneumonia can lead to serious complications that can require hospitalization, including: Breathing difficulties, Fluid around your lungs (pleural effusion), Bacteria in your bloodstream (bacteremia), or sepsis. […] Pneumonia can lead to pus-filled holes in your lungs.

• #1 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Fungal infections are a much less common cause of pneumonia when compared to bacteria and viruses. Fungal pneumonia is most common in people with chronic (long-term) health conditions or weakened immune systems, and in people who are exposed to large doses of certain fungi from contaminated soil or bird droppings. […] Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a rare, serious fungal lung infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. It occurs in people who have a weakened immune system due to a medical condition like, HIV/AIDS, or from medications that suppress their immune systems, such as those used to treat cancer or manage organ transplants.

• #1 Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to inflammation in the air sacs of one or both lungs. These sacs, called alveoli, fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. […] Pneumonia happens when germs get into your lungs and cause an infection. The immune systems reaction to clear the infection results in inflammation of the lungs air sacs (alveoli). This inflammation can eventually cause the air sacs to fill up with pus and liquids, causing pneumonia symptoms. […] Several types of infectious agents can cause pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other causes include: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila. […] Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia. Examples of viral infections that can cause pneumonia include: influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses (common cold), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, measles, chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus), adenovirus infection, coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2 infection (the virus that causes COVID-19). […] Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems. Examples of fungi that can cause pneumonia include: Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus species, Histoplasmosis species, Coccidioides species.

• #1 Pneumonia Types, Cause, Signs, Symptoms, Contagious, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_three_major_causes_of_pneumonia/article.htm

  Pneumonia is an inflammation of the airspace (alveoli; singular alveolus) in the lung most commonly caused by infections. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi (infrequently) can cause pneumonia. […] Causes of pneumonia include the following: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria, is the most common cause of pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila is the bacterial type that causes pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. Other bacteria types that can cause pneumonia include the bacteria that cause so-called atypical pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumonia. […] The most common causes of viral pneumonia in adults are the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). […] Fungi that cause pneumonia include Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, and Coccidioides.

• #1 Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia

• #1 Pneumonia: 3 causes, common symptoms and when to seek help | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/primary-care/pneumonia-3-causes-common-symptoms-and-when-to-seek-help

  Pneumonia is an illness we hear about often. […] Pneumonia is the second leading cause of hospitalization after childbirth. It is the most common infectious cause of death. „Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation and may cause fluid build-up within the tiny sacs of the lungs,” says Tammy Wichman, MD, Nebraska Medicine pulmonologist. „It can be caused by a virus, bacteria or a fungus. […] Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by streptococcus and mycoplasma bacteria and can develop in hospitalized patients. […] Viral pneumonia is often a result of the flu or COVID-19. […] Pneumonia is one of the primary reasons why people who develop COVID-19 require hospitalization and ventilator support, says Dr. Wichman. […] Fungal pneumonia, the most severe of the three, is rare and can develop very quickly. […] The bottom line, pneumonia is a serious illness that can become critical if not taken seriously and treated early on. […] „Treatment started early on is very effective,” says Dr. Wichman. „If pneumonia progresses, you are more likely to end up in the hospital and require ventilator support.”

• #1 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. […] Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities or who receive care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centers. […] Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs.

• #1 Pneumonia Makes List for Top 10 Causes of Death | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/health-library/all/2016/11/pneumonia-makes-list-top-10-causes-of-death

  Pneumonia comes in at No. 8 on the list of top 10 causes of death in the United States. […] Pneumonia has been called in the past „The Old Man’s Friend”, you may have heard that term. […] But the idea is that it’s one of these things that historically has taken an older person and essentially gradually ended their life. […] A lot of times, in those older people, you may not recognize pneumonia until it’s really progressed just because older people are less likely to have fevers, they are less likely to maybe even report they have pneumonia. […] Pneumonias can be caused by viruses, but typically when we’re talking about pneumonias that kill people, we’re talking about bacteria. […] The pneumonia gets in their lungs, works its way down in there, the bacteria get in there either through something they were exposed to that gets down in their lungs, or they have what’s called aspiration pneumonia where they’re breathing something into their lungs, and then that sets them up for a bacterial infection to settle in there.

• #1 Aspiration Pneumonia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/aspiration-pneumonia/causes-and-diagnoses

  Aspiration pneumonia can occur to anyone, but it is most common among people with dysphagia, a swallowing disorder caused by abnormally functioning muscles in the throat and esophagus. […] Aspiration is when something enters your airway or lungs by accident. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia.

• #1 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  Coinfection with H1N1 influenza increases the risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia, with S pneumoniae the most likely coinfection. […] Other risk factors include local lung pathologies (eg, tumors, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], bronchiectasis), chronic gingivitis and periodontitis, and smoking which impairs resistance to infection. […] Furthermore, any individual with an altered sensorium (eg, seizures, alcohol or drug intoxication) or central nervous system (CNS) impairment (eg, stroke) may have a reduced gag reflex, which allows aspiration of stomach or oropharyngeal contents and contributes to the development of aspiration pneumonias.

• #1 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. […] A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. […] Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. […] Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be caused by: […] The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. […] This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms.

• #1 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Typical pneumonia: This is a form of pneumonia commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and other organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Group A Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, anaerobes, and gram-negative organisms. […] Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): It is a specific type of nosocomial infection that develops in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for 48 hours or longer and is often caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. […] Aspiration Pneumonia: It is a pulmonary infection resulting from the inhalation of bacterial-rich fluids, including oropharyngeal secretions, particulate matter, or gastric content into the lower respiratory tract. […] Viral pneumonia: Common viral pneumonia causes include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses.

• #1 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Pneumonia is often caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] The following are some of the reasons for pneumonia: Bacterial Infection: Bacterial infection is the most common cause of pneumonia, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogen. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Also called Nosocomial pneumonia, which is defined as an acute infection of lung tissue in a non-intubated patient that happens 48 hours or more after hospital admission. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): It is an acute infection of lung tissue that occurs in a patient who has acquired the infection outside of a healthcare setting or within the first 48 hours of hospital admission. […] Atypical pneumonia: It is also called Walking pneumonia (due to its milder symptoms and slower onset), which is often characterised by an acute lung infection caused by pathogens that are not detectable by traditional Gram stain or standard bacterial cultures.

• #1 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms. […] Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites. […] A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing. […] Factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking, immunodeficiency, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sickle cell disease (SCD), asthma, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and biological aging. […] The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia, imaged by an electron microscope. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. […] In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases, and in children for about 15% of them.

• #1 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, Typres and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/pneumonia/

  Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more serious, but is more common among older children. […] People older than 65 are at greater risk of pneumonia and are more likely to develop a more serious infection. […] Anyone can get pneumonia at any age, but people who are younger than two or older than 65 are at the highest risk. […] Most people treated for pneumonia recover successfully, but, in some cases, it can be a life-threatening condition. […] Pneumonia can worsen some chronic conditions, such as emphysema and congestive heart failure.

• #1 Causes | Canadian Lung Association

  https://www.lung.ca/causes-3

  Other types of pneumonia include pneumocystis jiroveci that is a type of fungus commonly found in the environment. It can cause pneumonia in people with weak immune systems. […] Risk factors that increase your chances of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease (COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis), Cigarette smoking, Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy, or other brain disorders, Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant or other diseases), Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver cirrhosis, or diabetes mellitus, Recent surgery or trauma, Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.

• #1 Causas de la Neumonía | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/pneumonia/causes-and-risk-factors

  Pneumonia generally develops when the lungs are infected by either a respiratory virus or bacteria. […] Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is the main bacterial cause of pneumonia. The most common respiratory virus leading to pneumonia is the flu virus (influenza A/B virus), which is particularly widespread in winter. […] Individuals can develop pneumonia at any age; however it is more likely to develop: Among the elderly (over 65 years) and young children (under 5); […] In people with chronic lung diseases, diabetes, poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, difficulty swallowing, other chronic health problems or immune system problems; […] In smokers and those exposed to tobacco smoke; and […] Among people who have not received a flu and/or pneumococcal vaccine.

• #1 Pneumonia: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/

  Risk factors: High-risk groups for pneumonia are as follows: People above 65 years of age, Smokers, Malnourished patients, People with existing lung problems like bronchiectasis, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(emphysema), People with medical problems like diabetes, chronic kidney or heart disease, People with a weak immune system due to HIV infection, organ transplant, chemotherapy, or long-term steroid use, People who have had a recent upper respiratory tract viral infection, including influenza, Stroke survivors, People who have a problem in swallowing, People with restricted mobility.

• #1 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  The risk factors that place patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization include older age, chronic comorbidities, concurrent or antecedent respiratory viral infections, impaired airway protection, smoking, excess alcohol use, and other lifestyle factors (eg, crowded living conditions). […] The most commonly identified causes of CAP can be grouped into three categories: Typical bacteria, Atypical bacteria, and Respiratory viruses. […] The relative prevalence of these pathogens varies with geography, pneumococcal vaccination rates, host risk factors (eg, smoking), season, and pneumonia severity.

• #1 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Fungal pneumonia is uncommon, but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS, immunosuppressive drugs, or other medical problems. […] A variety of parasites can affect the lungs, including Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Plasmodium malariae. […] Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. […] Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response.

• #1 Pneumonia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632

  Pneumonia is an inflammation of one or both lungs, typically due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. […] Pneumonia is typically due to infectious pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. These pathogens can spread via coughing and sneezing or by contaminating surfaces that people touch. […] In most cases, a person contracts pneumonia-causing pathogens by breathing them into the small air sacs, or alveoli, within their lungs. The immune system responds by sending white blood cells to attack the infection, which triggers inflammation of the alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid and pus, causing pneumonia.

• #1 Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview

  Organisms traditionally have been classified as typical or atypical CAP pathogens, depending on their ability to be detected on Gram stain or standard bacterial cultures. […] The frequency with which CAP is attributable to one of these pathogens varies according to epidemiologic factors (eg, seasonality, patient demographics, exposure history) and the diagnostic testing used. […] However, with improvement in diagnostic techniques allowing for better identification of viruses and fastidious bacteria, a smaller percentage of CAP cases are now being attributed to these typical bacterial pathogens. […] In addition, the possibility of polymicrobial infections has received increased awareness; in recent epidemiologic studies, two pathogens, typically a virus and bacteria combination, were identified in over 30% of cases.

• #1 Pneumonia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354210

  This chest X-ray shows an area of lung inflammation indicating the presence of pneumonia. […] Blood tests are used to confirm an infection and to try to identify the type of organism causing the infection. However, precise identification isn’t always possible. […] This helps your doctor diagnose pneumonia and determine the extent and location of the infection. However, it can’t tell your doctor what kind of germ is causing the pneumonia. […] A sample of fluid from your lungs (sputum) is taken after a deep cough and analyzed to help pinpoint the cause of the infection. […] Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing complications. […] Specific treatments depend on the type and severity of your pneumonia, your age and your overall health. […] These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. It may take time to identify the type of bacteria causing your pneumonia and to choose the best antibiotic to treat it. […] If you stop taking medication too soon, your lungs may continue to harbor bacteria that can multiply and cause your pneumonia to recur.

• #2 Pneumonia Pathology – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/

  Pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms that result in infection of the lung parenchyma. […] While identifying an etiologic agent for pneumonia is essential for effective treatment as well as epidemiological record keeping, this is seldom seen in clinical practice. Widespread reviews have shown that a single cause of pneumonia has often been identified in less than 10% of patients presenting to the emergency department. […] The most common organisms causing pneumonia can be studied under the headings mentioned earlier. […] Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) includes typical organisms such as Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Group A Streptococcus, and other aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative organisms. […] Atypical organisms commonly seen in clinical practice include Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, among others.

• #2 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the air we breathe. Identifying the cause of your pneumonia can be an important step in getting the proper treatment. […] Pneumonia is typically classified by where you got it and what pathogen (bacteria, virus, or fungi) caused it. […] Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own or develop after you’ve had a virus like the cold, flu, COVID-19 or RSV. […] The most common type of bacterial pneumonia is called pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae germ that normally lives in the upper respiratory tract. […] Infection from respiratory viruses like the influenza (flu) virus, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can cause pneumonia.

• #2 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | FamilyDoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It causes the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs to get inflamed (irritated and swollen). They may fill up with fluid or pus. This causes a variety of symptoms, which range from mild to severe. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or a virus. It also can be caused by fungi or irritants that you breathe into your lungs. How serious pneumonia is depends on many factors. These include what caused the pneumonia, your age, and your overall health. […] Most cases of pneumonia are caused by: […] Bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia in adults. They can cause pneumonia on their own, or after you’ve had a cold or the flu. Bacterial pneumonia usually only affects one area of a lung. […] Any virus that affects the respiratory tract can cause pneumonia. This includes the flu virus and the virus that causes the common cold. In children under 1 year old, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause. Viral pneumonia tends to be mild. It often gets better on its own in 1 to 3 weeks.

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, also called pneumococcal disease, is the most common cause of CAP. […] Pneumonia can develop when your immune system attacks an infection in the small sacs of your lung (alveoli). […] Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the infections that lead to pneumonia. […] Bacteria are the most common cause in adults and viruses are the most common cause in school-aged children. […] Common illnesses that can lead to pneumonia include: Common cold (rhinovirus), COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2), The flu (influenza virus), Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Legionnaires disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria, Pneumococcal disease, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Pneumonia itself isnt actually contagious, but the bacteria and viruses that cause it are.

• #2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview

  Typical bacterial pathogens that cause CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. […] However, with the advent of novel diagnostic technologies, viral respiratory pathogens are increasingly being identified as frequent etiologies of CAP. […] The most common bacterial pathogen overall is S pneumoniae, although, in some settings, including in the United States, its incidence is decreasing, possibly owing to vaccination. […] Bacteria that cause atypical CAP include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease). […] Rare bacteria that cause CAP include Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), and Francisella tularensis (Tularemia). […] The definitive microbiologic etiology is determined in less than half of patients who develop community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); the exact rate depends on the patient population and diagnostic testing used.

• #2 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] The most commonly identified causes of CAP include respiratory viruses (particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the pandemic), typical bacteria (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) and atypical bacteria (eg, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae). […] The pathogens most likely to cause CAP vary with severity of illness, local epidemiology, and patient risk factors for infection with drug-resistant organisms. […] For most patients with mild CAP who are otherwise healthy and treated in the ambulatory setting, the range of potential pathogens is limited. […] For patients with CAP severe enough to require hospitalization, potential pathogens are more diverse, and the initial treatment regimens are often broader.

• #2 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia

  The less common causes of bacterial pneumonia are: Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) causes pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age. […] Based on the geographical location of the individual, the type of bacteria causing the infection could vary. […] Pneumonia can progress and become life-threatening in some individuals. […] Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal lung infection. […] Pneumonia usually goes away in a few weeks.

• #2 Pneumonia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungus. There are literally dozens of different causes of pneumonia, grouped by the most common types. These are: […] Bacterial pneumonia. This is caused by bacteria, the most common of which is streptococcus pneumoniae. The pneumonia might just affect one small area of your lung, or it may encompass all of both of your lungs. […] Viral pneumonia. Responsible for about one-third of all pneumonia cases, this type is caused by various viruses, including flu (influenza). People may be more likely to get bacterial pneumonia if they first have viral pneumonia. […] Mycoplasma pneumonia. Also known as walking pneumonia, this type is considered atypical because its symptoms and physical signs may vary. Also, it causes a milder illness. It most often occurs in older children and young adults. […] Fungal pneumonia. Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia in people who inhale large amounts of these organisms. One type, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), generally affects people with weak immune systems, including those with AIDS.

• #2 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  Bacteria and viruses are common causes of pneumonia (a lung infection). […] Fungi and parasites are less common causes. […] Germs that commonly cause pneumonia in the community are different from those in healthcare settings. […] Clinicians aren’t always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia. […] Many germs (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) can cause pneumonia. […] Bacterial infections that are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia include: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Pneumococcal disease. […] The following bacterial infections can cause pneumonia, but are less common causes: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, Haemophilus influenzae disease, Legionella infection (Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever), Pertussis (whooping cough), Psittacosis.

• #2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia

  C. pneumoniae is the second most common cause of lung infections in healthy people aged 5 to 35 years. […] Since the year 2000, the incidence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) skin infections has increased markedly. This pathogen can rarely cause severe, cavitating pneumonia and tends to affect young adults. […] S. pneumoniae and S. aureus (including MRSA) can cause necrotizing pneumonia. […] Identification of possible MRSA pneumonia is based on an assessment of risk factors that include known MRSA colonization (nasal), prior MRSA infection, compatible gram stain, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, immunosuppression, necrotizing or cavitary pneumonia, recent influenza, empyema. […] Identification of possible P. aeruginosa pneumonia is based on assessment of risk factors that include known Pseudomonas colonization, prior Pseudomonas infection, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other structural lung disease, and immunosuppression.

• #2 Pneumonia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is a respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or the interstitial tissue of the lungs. In industrialized nations, it is the leading infectious cause of death. Pneumonia is most commonly transmitted via aspiration of airborne pathogens (primarily bacteria, but also viruses and fungi) but may also result from the aspiration of stomach contents. The most likely causal pathogens can be narrowed down based on patient age, immune status, and where the infection was acquired (community-acquired or hospital-acquired). […] Pneumonia pathogens according to the source of infection Type of pneumonia Common pathogens Community-acquired pneumonia Typical pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common) Also the most common pathogen in nursing home residents Most common cause of pneumonia in persons who inject drugs Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Atypical pneumonia Bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae (most common in the ambulatory setting) Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Legionella pneumophila legionellosis Coxiella burnetii Q fever Francisella tularensis tularemia Viruses RSV Influenza viruses, Parainfluenza viruses CMV Adenovirus Coronaviridae (e.g., SARS-CoV-2)

• #2 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Typical pneumonia: This is a form of pneumonia commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and other organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Group A Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, anaerobes, and gram-negative organisms. […] Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): It is a specific type of nosocomial infection that develops in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for 48 hours or longer and is often caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. […] Aspiration Pneumonia: It is a pulmonary infection resulting from the inhalation of bacterial-rich fluids, including oropharyngeal secretions, particulate matter, or gastric content into the lower respiratory tract. […] Viral pneumonia: Common viral pneumonia causes include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses.

• #2 Pneumonia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pneumonia/

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia Gram-negative pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacteriaceae Acinetobacter spp Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) Streptococcus pneumoniae […] Pathogens Gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria predominate in community-acquired infections (e.g., S. pneumonia, S. aureus, H. influenza, Enterobacteriaceae). Gram-negative bacilli predominate in hospital-acquired infections (e.g., P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp.). Mixed infections with anaerobic organisms; may occur (e.g., Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides). […] The risk of developing aspiration pneumonia and the severity of lung injury are directly related to the volume of aspirated material. […] Aspiration pneumonia: a type of pneumonia that occurs as a result of oropharyngeal secretions and/or gastric contents aspiration.

• #2 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms. […] Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites. […] A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing. […] Factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking, immunodeficiency, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sickle cell disease (SCD), asthma, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and biological aging. […] The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia, imaged by an electron microscope. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. […] In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases, and in children for about 15% of them.

• #2 Pneumonia – causes, symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The infection is usually caused by bacteria or a virus. […] Pneumonia can be triggered by a cold or the flu, which allows the germs to access to your lungs. […] Pneumonia is caused by an infection of the lungs. Most infections are caused by bacteria or viruses. […] Bacterial pneumonia may be caused by the pneumococcal bacteria, called streptococcus pneumoniae. This is one of the worst types of pneumonia. […] Viral pneumonia is caused by different viruses. The most common are: influenza (flu) virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19. […] Its thought that about half of pneumonia cases are caused by a virus. […] Another cause of pneumonia is mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pneumonia caused by mycoplasma organisms is usually milder, but the recovery can be longer. […] Other organisms, such as fungi, can also cause pneumonia. This is more common in people whose immune systems are not working properly. This includes people with HIV infection or people being treated for cancer.

• #2 Pneumonia Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/ID/PnmnCs.htm

  Pneumonia Causes, Pneumonia Causes in Children […] Pneumonia in Children […] Pneumonia causes in adults include Pneumococcal Pneumonia (43%), Mycoplasma pneumonia (29%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (18%), and Legionella pneumonia (16%) […] Viral Pneumonia (66%) is caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Human Metapneumovirus, Coronaviruses, Influenza Virus, and Parainfluenza Virus […] Bacterial Pneumonia (8%) is caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Streptococcus Pyogenes […] Common viral causes of pneumonia include Influenza A, Influenza B, Parainfluenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Adenovirus […] Typical Bacterial Pneumonia causes include Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Haemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia, Moraxella Pneumonia, and Staphylococcal Pneumonia

• #2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia

  Common viral causes include Coronaviruses (since 2020, primarily SARS-CoV-2), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Adenoviruses, Influenza viruses, Metapneumovirus, and Parainfluenza viruses. […] Common fungal pathogens include Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) and Coccidioides immitis (coccidioidomycosis). […] Pneumocystis jirovecii commonly causes pneumonia in patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or are immunosuppressed. […] In children, the most common causes of pneumonia depend on age: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, are common.

• #2 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  In general, fungal infections are a less common cause of pneumonia. […] Viral infections that commonly cause pneumonia include COVID-19, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection, Influenza (flu), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, Rhinovirus infection. […] The following viral infections can cause pneumonia, but are a less common cause: Adenovirus infection, Chickenpox, Measles. […] Healthcare providers are not always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia.

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/

  Causes: Viruses, bacteria and fungi are the main culprits behind pneumonia. You are likely to catch this infection via droplets (loaded with these pathogens) which are emitted by an infected person as he coughs and sneezes. Contaminated fomites may also give you pneumonia. You can acquire this infection during a hospital stay while undergoing procedures related to ventilators, or from the people around you. The bacteria that are commonly responsible for this ailment are commonly known as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respiratory viruses that could also be the culprits for pneumonia include influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinoviruses (common cold). Additionally, fungi from the soil and bird droppings may also lead to pneumonia. Examples of these pathogens are Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus species, Histoplasmosis species, etc.

• #2 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Fungal pneumonia is uncommon, but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS, immunosuppressive drugs, or other medical problems. […] A variety of parasites can affect the lungs, including Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Plasmodium malariae. […] Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. […] Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response.

• #2 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Fungal infections are a much less common cause of pneumonia when compared to bacteria and viruses. Fungal pneumonia is most common in people with chronic (long-term) health conditions or weakened immune systems, and in people who are exposed to large doses of certain fungi from contaminated soil or bird droppings. […] Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a rare, serious fungal lung infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. It occurs in people who have a weakened immune system due to a medical condition like, HIV/AIDS, or from medications that suppress their immune systems, such as those used to treat cancer or manage organ transplants.

• #2 Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia

• #2 Pneumonia Causes

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Lung/ID/PnmnCs.htm

  Atypical Bacterial Pneumonia causes include Mycoplasma pneumonia, Legionella pneumonia, Chlamydia Pneumonia, Q Fever, and Psittacosis […] Fungal Pneumonia causes include Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis […] Newborn pneumonia can be caused by vertical transmission from the mother at birth, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella, Herpes Simplex Virus, Group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus Pneumoniae […] Mixed viral and Bacterial Community Acquired Pneumonia may account for 30-50% of cases in children […] In patients with chronic disease, pneumonia can be caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• #2 Aspiration Pneumonia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/aspiration-pneumonia/causes-and-diagnoses

  Aspiration pneumonia can occur to anyone, but it is most common among people with dysphagia, a swallowing disorder caused by abnormally functioning muscles in the throat and esophagus. […] Aspiration is when something enters your airway or lungs by accident. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia.

• #2 Causes | Canadian Lung Association

  https://www.lung.ca/causes-3

  Other types of pneumonia include pneumocystis jiroveci that is a type of fungus commonly found in the environment. It can cause pneumonia in people with weak immune systems. […] Risk factors that increase your chances of getting pneumonia include: Chronic lung disease (COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis), Cigarette smoking, Dementia, stroke, brain injury, cerebral palsy, or other brain disorders, Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant or other diseases), Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver cirrhosis, or diabetes mellitus, Recent surgery or trauma, Surgery to treat cancer of the mouth, throat, or neck.

• #2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults.html

  Pneumonia is a type of lung infection. It can cause breathing problems and other symptoms. In community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), you get infected in a community setting. It doesnt happen in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare center. […] Many different types of germs can cause pneumonia. But certain types cause CAP more often. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that is most often responsible for CAP in adults. Some other common bacteria that cause CAP are: […] The flu (influenza) virus is also a major viral cause of CAP. Having the flu also makes you more likely to get bacterial pneumonia. This type is often worse than viral pneumonia. Other types of viruses can also cause CAP. […] Fungi and parasites may also cause CAP. […] Most cases of CAP are caused by viruses and don’t need treatment with antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are the key treatment for most types of CAP caused by bacteria. Antiviral medicine may be prescribed for certain viral causes of pneumonia.

• #2 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Pneumonia is often caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] The following are some of the reasons for pneumonia: Bacterial Infection: Bacterial infection is the most common cause of pneumonia, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogen. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Also called Nosocomial pneumonia, which is defined as an acute infection of lung tissue in a non-intubated patient that happens 48 hours or more after hospital admission. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): It is an acute infection of lung tissue that occurs in a patient who has acquired the infection outside of a healthcare setting or within the first 48 hours of hospital admission. […] Atypical pneumonia: It is also called Walking pneumonia (due to its milder symptoms and slower onset), which is often characterised by an acute lung infection caused by pathogens that are not detectable by traditional Gram stain or standard bacterial cultures.

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Methods | DocHospitals

  https://dochospitals.com/en/pneumonia-atc2470/

  Pneumonia, also known as pneumonia in the general public, is a type of infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs. […] Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can cause pneumonia. […] Many different pathogens can cause pneumonia. Common causes include bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted through the air. […] Although pneumonia can affect anyone, children under 2 and adults over 65 are considered high-risk groups. […] Common diseases that can lead to pneumonia include: Common cold (rhinovirus), COVID-19, Flu, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Legionnaire’s disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria, Pneumococcal disease, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia occurs when patients hospitalized for another health condition contract pneumonia. […] Healthcare-associated pneumonia occurs in people living in long-term care facilities or receiving care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centers. […] Aspiration pneumonia can occur if food, drink, vomit, or saliva enters the lungs.

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/

  Risk factors: High-risk groups for pneumonia are as follows: People above 65 years of age, Smokers, Malnourished patients, People with existing lung problems like bronchiectasis, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(emphysema), People with medical problems like diabetes, chronic kidney or heart disease, People with a weak immune system due to HIV infection, organ transplant, chemotherapy, or long-term steroid use, People who have had a recent upper respiratory tract viral infection, including influenza, Stroke survivors, People who have a problem in swallowing, People with restricted mobility.

• #2 What doctors wish patients knew about pneumonia | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-pneumonia

  People who are younger than 5 or older than 65 are at increased risk of pneumonia and as you get younger than 5, your risk increases, Dr. Khan said. […] There are two big categories for pneumonia. There’s community acquired pneumonia, which is the biggest category, meaning that you acquired it through things outside of the hospital, Dr. Khan said. Then there’s nosocomial pneumonia or a pneumonia acquired in a hospital setting. […] The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumonia, Dr. Khan said. […] Most people don’t recognize the severity of pneumonia, Dr. Khan said. The reality is Pneumonia is a lung infection and it’s the second most common cause of hospitalizations in the U.S., but many people still think a pneumonia is just a cold.

• #2 Bacterial Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/bacterial-pneumonia

  Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by certain bacteria. The most common one is Streptococcus (pneumococcus), but other bacteria can cause it too. […] People who have a weakened immune system also have an increased risk for bacterial pneumonia. These include those who recently had an organ transplant. People who are HIV positive, or who have leukemia, lymphoma, or severe kidney disease also stand a greater chance of developing the infection.

• #2 Pneumonia – adults (community acquired) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pneumonia-adults-community-acquired

  Pneumonia is inflamed or swollen lung tissue due to infection with a germ. […] Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs. […] The most common type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). […] A fungus called Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well, especially people with advanced HIV infection. […] Viruses, such as the flu (influenza) virus, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19), are also common causes of pneumonia. […] Risk factors that increase your chance of getting pneumonia include chronic lung disease (COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis), cigarette smoking, and immune system problems (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases). […] Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States.

• #2 Pneumonia Basics: Causes, Symptoms and When to Seek Treatment | Methodist Health System | Omaha, Council Bluffs, Fremont

  https://bestcare.org/news/pneumonia-basics-causes-symptoms-and-when-seek-treatment

  Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungus. […] Young children and adults over 65 also are more susceptible to streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause a serious form of bacterial pneumonia. […] Bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia are contagious. […] Anyone can get pneumonia, but young children and adults over 65 are more at risk. […] There are also vaccines that protect against many types of pneumococcal bacteria. […] Smoking increases your risk for pneumonia because it compromises your lung tissue. […] Treatment of pneumonia varies on its type and severity, as well as a persons other health issues.

• #2 Double Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, Prognosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/double-pneumonia-5179463

  Double pneumonia isn’t technically an official medical term. Double pneumonia or bilateral pneumonia as it’s sometimes called is simply a way to describe an infection in both lungs. This infection can be caused by a bacteria, virus, or fungus that causes the air sacs within your lungs to fill with fluid or pus. Most people who come down with pneumonia most likely will have been exposed to the pneumococcal bacteria or a flu virus. […] Pneumonia is typically caused by one of three things: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungus. […] It’s also possible to get pneumonia if food, liquid, or other things besides air somehow finds a way into your lungs – this is known as aspiration pneumonia. […] Some people are at a higher risk of getting pneumonia because of their age or underlying health conditions. Some risk factors for double pneumonia include: Being less than 2 years old, Being more than 65 years old, Being malnourished, Smoking and those who are exposed to excessive second-hand smoke, Having a chronic illness like diabetes, sickle cell anemia, and heart disease, Having a lung condition such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, or asthma, Those who struggle to swallow because of a stroke or other neurological conditions, People who’ve had a recent cold or flu, Those who struggle with drug or alcohol abuse.

• #2 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  The risk factors that place patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization include older age, chronic comorbidities, concurrent or antecedent respiratory viral infections, impaired airway protection, smoking, excess alcohol use, and other lifestyle factors (eg, crowded living conditions). […] The most commonly identified causes of CAP can be grouped into three categories: Typical bacteria, Atypical bacteria, and Respiratory viruses. […] The relative prevalence of these pathogens varies with geography, pneumococcal vaccination rates, host risk factors (eg, smoking), season, and pneumonia severity.

• #2 Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to inflammation in the air sacs of one or both lungs. These sacs, called alveoli, fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. […] Pneumonia happens when germs get into your lungs and cause an infection. The immune systems reaction to clear the infection results in inflammation of the lungs air sacs (alveoli). This inflammation can eventually cause the air sacs to fill up with pus and liquids, causing pneumonia symptoms. […] Several types of infectious agents can cause pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other causes include: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila. […] Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia. Examples of viral infections that can cause pneumonia include: influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses (common cold), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, measles, chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus), adenovirus infection, coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2 infection (the virus that causes COVID-19). […] Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems. Examples of fungi that can cause pneumonia include: Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus species, Histoplasmosis species, Coccidioides species.

• #2 Pneumonia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632

  Pneumonia is an inflammation of one or both lungs, typically due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. […] Pneumonia is typically due to infectious pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. These pathogens can spread via coughing and sneezing or by contaminating surfaces that people touch. […] In most cases, a person contracts pneumonia-causing pathogens by breathing them into the small air sacs, or alveoli, within their lungs. The immune system responds by sending white blood cells to attack the infection, which triggers inflammation of the alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid and pus, causing pneumonia.

• #3 Pneumonia Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pneumonia/guide/symptoms/

  There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. […] Bacteria are a common cause of pneumonia in adults, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. […] Bacterial pneumonia may follow a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu (influenza). […] Types of bacteria that cause pneumonia include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib). […] Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults, called pneumococcal pneumonia, according to the American Lung Association. […] Most bacteria that cause pneumonia are pyogenic bacteria, which means they form pus, a combination of debris from serum, dead bacteria, and white blood cells.

• #3 Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults.html

  Pneumonia is a type of lung infection. It can cause breathing problems and other symptoms. In community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), you get infected in a community setting. It doesnt happen in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare center. […] Many different types of germs can cause pneumonia. But certain types cause CAP more often. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that is most often responsible for CAP in adults. Some other common bacteria that cause CAP are: […] The flu (influenza) virus is also a major viral cause of CAP. Having the flu also makes you more likely to get bacterial pneumonia. This type is often worse than viral pneumonia. Other types of viruses can also cause CAP. […] Fungi and parasites may also cause CAP. […] Most cases of CAP are caused by viruses and don’t need treatment with antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are the key treatment for most types of CAP caused by bacteria. Antiviral medicine may be prescribed for certain viral causes of pneumonia.

• #3 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi in the air we breathe. Identifying the cause of your pneumonia can be an important step in getting the proper treatment. […] Pneumonia is typically classified by where you got it and what pathogen (bacteria, virus, or fungi) caused it. […] Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own or develop after you’ve had a virus like the cold, flu, COVID-19 or RSV. […] The most common type of bacterial pneumonia is called pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae germ that normally lives in the upper respiratory tract. […] Infection from respiratory viruses like the influenza (flu) virus, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can cause pneumonia.

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