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• #1 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  PNEUMONIA OVERVIEW […] Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It is a serious illness that can affect people of any age, but it is most common and most dangerous in very young children, people older than 65, and people with underlying medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, or chronic lung disease. Pneumonia is more common during the winter months. […] This article will focus on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), which refers to pneumonia that develops in people in the community rather than in a hospital. About four million cases of CAP occur each year in the United States, and approximately 20 percent of people with CAP require hospitalization. […] HIGH-RISK GROUPS […] Some groups of adults are at a higher risk of developing pneumonia. You are considered at higher risk if you:

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia. […] Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell. It can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia. […] Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more common and more severe than viral pneumonia. Its more likely to require a hospital stay. Providers treat bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics. […] You can get hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) while in a hospital or healthcare facility for another illness or procedure. HAP is usually more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because its often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

• #3 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. […] Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. […] Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. […] The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. […] Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: Chest pain when you breathe or cough, confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older), cough, which may produce phlegm, fatigue, fever, sweating and shaking chills, lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems), nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, shortness of breath.

• #4 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary tissue, including the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and the bronchioles. […] The edema associated with inflammation stiffens the lung, decreases lung compliance and vital capacity, and causes hypoxemia. […] Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired. […] The chest x-ray film shows diffuse patches throughout the lungs or consolidation in a lobe. […] A sputum culture identifies the organism. […] The white blood cells and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are elevated. […] Primary pneumonia is caused by the patients inhaling or aspirating a pathogen such as bacteria or a virus. […] Bacterial pneumonia, often caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, or klebsiella, usually occurs when the lungs defense mechanisms are impaired by such factors as suppressed cough reflex, decreased cilia action, decreased activity of phagocytic cells, and the accumulation of secretions.

• #5 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia. […] Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell. It can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia. […] Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more common and more severe than viral pneumonia. Its more likely to require a hospital stay. Providers treat bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics. […] You can get hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) while in a hospital or healthcare facility for another illness or procedure. HAP is usually more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because its often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

• #6 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you’re coughing up pus. […] Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. […] Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect anyone. […] You’re at greater risk of pneumonia if you’re in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you’re on a machine that helps you breathe (a ventilator).

• #7 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you’re coughing up pus. […] Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. […] Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect anyone. […] You’re at greater risk of pneumonia if you’re in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you’re on a machine that helps you breathe (a ventilator).

• #8 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  Pneumonia is an inflammation of one or both lungs, usually caused by an infection. It causes the alveoli (air sacs) inside the lungs to fill with fluid, making it harder for them to work properly. […] Some people with low severity pneumonia can manage the condition at home by resting and taking antibiotics. For at-risk groups, such as elderly people, people who smoke, and people with other health conditions or a weakened immune system, pneumonia can be severe and may need to be treated in hospital. […] The diagnosis of pneumonia can be difficult as it shares many symptoms with other conditions, such as common cold, bronchitis and asthma. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection and can be confirmed by a chest X-ray showing new shadowing that is not due to any other cause (such as fluid on the lungs or an obstruction to the blood supply).

• #9 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia. […] Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell. It can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia. […] Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more common and more severe than viral pneumonia. Its more likely to require a hospital stay. Providers treat bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics. […] You can get hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) while in a hospital or healthcare facility for another illness or procedure. HAP is usually more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because its often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

• #10 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Pneumonia is one of the most frequent infections the nurse will encounter and treat. The nurse must understand how to monitor for worsening infection, complications, and the rationales for treatment. […] Nurses also play a role in preventing pneumonia through education. Patients with compromised immune systems, such as those with COPD, HIV, or autoimmune diseases, should be educated on their risks and how to protect themselves. Smoking further increases the risk of developing pneumonia and should be avoided. Nurses should assess for and encourage pneumonia vaccines for eligible populations. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with pneumonia. […] The first step in managing pneumonia is through identifying its type. CAP, VAP, and HAP have different treatment approaches depending on the severity and risk.

• #11 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you’re coughing up pus. […] Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. […] Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect anyone. […] You’re at greater risk of pneumonia if you’re in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you’re on a machine that helps you breathe (a ventilator).

• #12 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Viral pneumonia occurs when a virus attacks bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes interstitial inflammation and desquamation, which eventually spread to the alveoli. […] Secondary pneumonia ensues from lung damage that was caused by the spread of bacteria from an infection elsewhere in the body or by a noxious chemical. […] Aspiration pneumonia is caused by the patients inhaling foreign matter such as food or vomitus into the bronchi. […] Factors associated with aspiration pneumonia include old age, impaired gag reflex, surgical procedures, debilitating disease, and decreased level of consciousness. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by bacteria that are divided into two groups: typical and atypical. […] Nursing interventions include administering oxygen as prescribed, monitoring respiratory status, encouraging coughing and deep breathing, and providing a high-calorie, high-protein diet with small frequent meals.

• #13 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia. […] Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell. It can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia. […] Bacterial pneumonia tends to be more common and more severe than viral pneumonia. Its more likely to require a hospital stay. Providers treat bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics. […] You can get hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) while in a hospital or healthcare facility for another illness or procedure. HAP is usually more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because its often caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

• #14 Pediatric Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatrics-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqlInvufKzwIDY2aLi3Wsk2EFNBlJU6HquMiKqXyrIuUy_Q9Q9y

  Pneumonia in children is defined as inflammation of the lung tissues (Hockenberry et al., 2021). […] The management of pneumonia is based on the child’s history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. […] Most children with nonsevere viral pneumonia do not require hospitalization. […] Children with the following indications require hospitalization: […] The treatment for viral pneumonia is supportive care and includes the following: […] Bacterial and atypical pneumonia require treatment with oral antibiotics. […] Children with confirmed influenza are treated with antiviral medications as appropriate. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] The typical clinical signs and symptoms associated with all pneumonia types in children include the following respiratory symptoms: […] Severe cases may present with the following respiratory symptoms: […] Other symptoms which may be present in typical pneumonia cases include: […] Pediatric Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For […] Pediatric Pneumonia Interventions […] Expected Outcomes […] Individual/Caregiver Education

• #15 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  Pneumonia Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this comprehensive nursing diagnosis and care plan guide for pneumonia to provide effective nursing care. Learn about the assessment, goals, interventions, and nursing diagnosis for pneumonia in this guide. […] Nursing care plans and care management for patients with pneumonia start with assessing the patients medical history, performing a respiratory assessment every four (4) hours, physical examination, and ABG measurements. Supportive interventions include oxygen therapy, suctioning, coughing, deep breathing, adequate hydration, and mechanical ventilation. Other nursing interventions are detailed on the nursing diagnoses in the subsequent sections. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with pneumonia: Improving airway patency, Improving tolerance to activity, Maintaining proper fluid volume, Measures to prevent complications.

• #16 Pneumonia: 10 Nursing Diagnosis, Care Plans, and More – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plans-t750703/

  Nurses play a crucial role in caring for a patient with pneumonia and performing routine assessments to monitor for new or worsening symptoms. A comprehensive nursing assessment includes auscultating lung sounds, assessing blood oxygen levels and respiratory effort, and assessing for fever. […] Education is another critical task nurses perform when caring for patients with pneumonia. Patients must understand self-care, including how and when to take antibiotics, how to use home oxygen, and when to call the healthcare provider or seek emergency medical treatment. […] A well-written nursing care plan establishes essential assessments, interventions, and patient outcomes. […] Impaired gas exchange occurs when the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary barrier is impaired.

• #17 Pneumonia Practice Questions with Answers & NCLEX Reviewplay-sharp-fill

  https://simplenursing.com/pneumonia-nclex-practice-questions-review/

  Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. A variety of organisms, such as bacteria, viruses (including Covid-19), and fungi, can cause pneumonia. In pneumonia, the alveoli in one or both lungs fill with pus and fluids (exudate), which interferes with gas exchange. This can often lead to respiratory failure if left untreated. […] Nursing responsibilities include, providing prescribed oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and other respiratory support for clients with pneumonia. […] Nursing assessment includes: A thorough client history: A complete history will enable the nurse to identify risk factors that may have contributed to the client’s developing pneumonia. Physical assessment: Airway, breathing and circulation are key in identifying the client’s respiratory status. Assess for signs of pneumonia and respiratory distress which will require immediate intervention. Physical assessment consists of: auscultating lung sounds, obtaining vital signs (to include pulse oximetry), and skin assessment for the client’s overall respiratory health.

• #18 Pneumonia: 10 Nursing Diagnosis, Care Plans, and More – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plans-t750703/

  Nurses play a crucial role in caring for a patient with pneumonia and performing routine assessments to monitor for new or worsening symptoms. A comprehensive nursing assessment includes auscultating lung sounds, assessing blood oxygen levels and respiratory effort, and assessing for fever. […] Education is another critical task nurses perform when caring for patients with pneumonia. Patients must understand self-care, including how and when to take antibiotics, how to use home oxygen, and when to call the healthcare provider or seek emergency medical treatment. […] A well-written nursing care plan establishes essential assessments, interventions, and patient outcomes. […] Impaired gas exchange occurs when the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary barrier is impaired.

• #19 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #20 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #21 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #22 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) […] Nursing Diagnosis […] Chills […] Chest discomfort […] Cough […] Nausea […] Dyspnea […] Fatigue […] Fever […] Altered mental status […] Nursing Management […] Obtain blood work and check cultures […] Hydrate the patient […] Administer antibiotics as ordered […] Keep patient comfortable and warm […] Perform suction as required […] Measure ins and out […] Manage pain and cough […] Promote nutrition […] Administer oxygen as needed […] Provide rest […] Teach patient hand washing […] When To Seek Help […] Altered mental status […] Dyspnea […] Low oxygen saturations […] Unstable hemodynamics […] Fever […] Unresponsive […] Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] Outcome Identification […] Normal vitals

• #23 Pneumonia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354210

  This chest X-ray shows an area of lung inflammation indicating the presence of pneumonia. […] Your doctor will start by asking about your medical history and doing a physical exam, including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for abnormal bubbling or crackling sounds that suggest pneumonia. […] Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing complications. People who have community-acquired pneumonia usually can be treated at home with medication. Although most symptoms ease in a few days or weeks, the feeling of tiredness can persist for a month or more. […] Specific treatments depend on the type and severity of your pneumonia, your age and your overall health. The options include: […] Antibiotics. These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. It may take time to identify the type of bacteria causing your pneumonia and to choose the best antibiotic to treat it. If your symptoms don’t improve, your doctor may recommend a different antibiotic.

• #24 Pneumonia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354210

  This chest X-ray shows an area of lung inflammation indicating the presence of pneumonia. […] Your doctor will start by asking about your medical history and doing a physical exam, including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for abnormal bubbling or crackling sounds that suggest pneumonia. […] Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing complications. People who have community-acquired pneumonia usually can be treated at home with medication. Although most symptoms ease in a few days or weeks, the feeling of tiredness can persist for a month or more. […] Specific treatments depend on the type and severity of your pneumonia, your age and your overall health. The options include: […] Antibiotics. These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. It may take time to identify the type of bacteria causing your pneumonia and to choose the best antibiotic to treat it. If your symptoms don’t improve, your doctor may recommend a different antibiotic.

• #25 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary tissue, including the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and the bronchioles. […] The edema associated with inflammation stiffens the lung, decreases lung compliance and vital capacity, and causes hypoxemia. […] Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired. […] The chest x-ray film shows diffuse patches throughout the lungs or consolidation in a lobe. […] A sputum culture identifies the organism. […] The white blood cells and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are elevated. […] Primary pneumonia is caused by the patients inhaling or aspirating a pathogen such as bacteria or a virus. […] Bacterial pneumonia, often caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, or klebsiella, usually occurs when the lungs defense mechanisms are impaired by such factors as suppressed cough reflex, decreased cilia action, decreased activity of phagocytic cells, and the accumulation of secretions.

• #26 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary tissue, including the interstitial spaces, the alveoli, and the bronchioles. […] The edema associated with inflammation stiffens the lung, decreases lung compliance and vital capacity, and causes hypoxemia. […] Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired. […] The chest x-ray film shows diffuse patches throughout the lungs or consolidation in a lobe. […] A sputum culture identifies the organism. […] The white blood cells and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are elevated. […] Primary pneumonia is caused by the patients inhaling or aspirating a pathogen such as bacteria or a virus. […] Bacterial pneumonia, often caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, or klebsiella, usually occurs when the lungs defense mechanisms are impaired by such factors as suppressed cough reflex, decreased cilia action, decreased activity of phagocytic cells, and the accumulation of secretions.

• #27 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  Pneumonia Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this comprehensive nursing diagnosis and care plan guide for pneumonia to provide effective nursing care. Learn about the assessment, goals, interventions, and nursing diagnosis for pneumonia in this guide. […] Nursing care plans and care management for patients with pneumonia start with assessing the patients medical history, performing a respiratory assessment every four (4) hours, physical examination, and ABG measurements. Supportive interventions include oxygen therapy, suctioning, coughing, deep breathing, adequate hydration, and mechanical ventilation. Other nursing interventions are detailed on the nursing diagnoses in the subsequent sections. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with pneumonia: Improving airway patency, Improving tolerance to activity, Maintaining proper fluid volume, Measures to prevent complications.

• #28 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #29 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. This guide provides basic information on the different classifications and treatment of pneumonia in adults. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #30 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  The main symptoms of pneumonia are coughing, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, shaking chills, rapid shallow breathing, fever, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, pneumonia could complicate hypoxemia, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, and bacteremia. […] Nursing diagnoses for pneumonia are formulated based on thorough assessment and the nurses clinical judgment, tailored to each patients condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes for patients with pneumonia may include: Patient will demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by maintaining ABGs within their acceptable range and showing no symptoms of respiratory distress within 48 hours. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with pneumonia may include: Managing Impaired Airway Clearance, Managing Impaired Gas Exchange, Promoting Effective Breathing Pattern and Breathing Exercises, Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support, Initiating Measures for Infection Control Management, Managing Acute Pain and Promoting Comfort, Promoting Rest and Improving Tolerance to Activity, Maintaining Normal Body Thermoregulation, Promoting Optimal Nutrition Fluid Balance, Providing Patient Education Health Teachings, Monitoring Potential Complications of Pneumonia.

• #31 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Nursing Diagnosis: […] Ineffective Airway Clearance related to inflammation and increased mucus production as evidenced by productive cough, wheezing, and abnormal lung sounds. […] Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes and fluid in the lungs as evidenced by dyspnea, cyanosis, and low oxygen saturation levels. […] Activity Intolerance related to impaired oxygen transport and fatigue as evidenced by shortness of breath on exertion and increased respiratory rate. […] Risk for Dehydration related to fever, increased respiratory rate, and poor oral intake. […] Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Assessment Data: […] Subjective Data: […] The patient reports shortness of breath, chest pain, and a productive cough with green/yellow sputum.

• #32 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Pneumonia is a serious respiratory infection affecting millions worldwide each year. As a healthcare professional, understanding the nursing diagnosis for pneumonia is crucial for providing optimal patient care. […] The first step in developing a nursing diagnosis for pneumonia is a thorough assessment. […] Based on the assessment findings, several nursing diagnoses may be appropriate for patients with pneumonia. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inflammation and increased secretions in the airways, as evidenced by dyspnea, abnormal respiratory rate and depth, and use of accessory muscles. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes secondary to pneumonia infection, as evidenced by hypoxemia, dyspnea, and abnormal arterial blood gas values.

• #33 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Pneumonia is a serious respiratory infection affecting millions worldwide each year. As a healthcare professional, understanding the nursing diagnosis for pneumonia is crucial for providing optimal patient care. […] The first step in developing a nursing diagnosis for pneumonia is a thorough assessment. […] Based on the assessment findings, several nursing diagnoses may be appropriate for patients with pneumonia. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inflammation and increased secretions in the airways, as evidenced by dyspnea, abnormal respiratory rate and depth, and use of accessory muscles. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes secondary to pneumonia infection, as evidenced by hypoxemia, dyspnea, and abnormal arterial blood gas values.

• #34 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Nursing Diagnosis: […] Ineffective Airway Clearance related to inflammation and increased mucus production as evidenced by productive cough, wheezing, and abnormal lung sounds. […] Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes and fluid in the lungs as evidenced by dyspnea, cyanosis, and low oxygen saturation levels. […] Activity Intolerance related to impaired oxygen transport and fatigue as evidenced by shortness of breath on exertion and increased respiratory rate. […] Risk for Dehydration related to fever, increased respiratory rate, and poor oral intake. […] Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Assessment Data: […] Subjective Data: […] The patient reports shortness of breath, chest pain, and a productive cough with green/yellow sputum.

• #35 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Ineffective Airway Clearance related to increased mucus production and inflammation, as evidenced by ineffective cough, adventitious breath sounds, and dyspnea. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Hyperthermia related to the inflammatory response to pneumonia infection, as evidenced by elevated body temperature, flushed skin, and tachycardia. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Activity Intolerance related to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, as evidenced by dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and weakness. […] In addition to addressing the primary nursing diagnoses, its crucial to implement interventions to prevent potential complications of pneumonia. […] Patient education is a critical component of pneumonia care. […] Effective nursing diagnosis and care planning are essential for the optimal management of patients with pneumonia.

• #36 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Ineffective Airway Clearance related to increased mucus production and inflammation, as evidenced by ineffective cough, adventitious breath sounds, and dyspnea. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Hyperthermia related to the inflammatory response to pneumonia infection, as evidenced by elevated body temperature, flushed skin, and tachycardia. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Activity Intolerance related to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, as evidenced by dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and weakness. […] In addition to addressing the primary nursing diagnoses, its crucial to implement interventions to prevent potential complications of pneumonia. […] Patient education is a critical component of pneumonia care. […] Effective nursing diagnosis and care planning are essential for the optimal management of patients with pneumonia.

• #37 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Nursing Diagnosis: […] Ineffective Airway Clearance related to inflammation and increased mucus production as evidenced by productive cough, wheezing, and abnormal lung sounds. […] Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes and fluid in the lungs as evidenced by dyspnea, cyanosis, and low oxygen saturation levels. […] Activity Intolerance related to impaired oxygen transport and fatigue as evidenced by shortness of breath on exertion and increased respiratory rate. […] Risk for Dehydration related to fever, increased respiratory rate, and poor oral intake. […] Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Assessment Data: […] Subjective Data: […] The patient reports shortness of breath, chest pain, and a productive cough with green/yellow sputum.

• #38 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Nursing Diagnosis: […] Ineffective Airway Clearance related to inflammation and increased mucus production as evidenced by productive cough, wheezing, and abnormal lung sounds. […] Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes and fluid in the lungs as evidenced by dyspnea, cyanosis, and low oxygen saturation levels. […] Activity Intolerance related to impaired oxygen transport and fatigue as evidenced by shortness of breath on exertion and increased respiratory rate. […] Risk for Dehydration related to fever, increased respiratory rate, and poor oral intake. […] Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] Assessment Data: […] Subjective Data: […] The patient reports shortness of breath, chest pain, and a productive cough with green/yellow sputum.

• #39 Pneumonia: 10 Nursing Diagnosis, Care Plans, and More – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plans-t750703/

  The desired outcomes for the patient include the following: The patient maintains a healthy appetite, food consumption, and weight. […] Pleuritic chest pain is a common side effect of pneumonia. […] The patient will be pain-free within 2 hours after administration of pain medications. […] The patient will report improved tolerance to activity. […] Some patients may be unfamiliar with pneumonia and common treatments. Educating the patient on the condition and self-care techniques can aid full recovery. […] The patient will experience reduced anxiety symptoms after using anxiety-reducing strategies, such as medications or relaxation.

• #40 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is known. […] Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea. […] Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia. Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy. […] Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake, especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier. […] Pneumonia is an infection itself but a risk for infection nursing diagnosis is appropriate as untreated pneumonia can progress into a secondary infection or sepsis. […] Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. The patient may have a limit to visitors to prevent the transmission of infections. Always maintain sterility or aseptic techniques when performing any invasive procedure.

• #41 Pneumonia: 10 Nursing Diagnosis, Care Plans, and More – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plans-t750703/

  The desired outcomes for the patient include the following: The patient maintains a healthy appetite, food consumption, and weight. […] Pleuritic chest pain is a common side effect of pneumonia. […] The patient will be pain-free within 2 hours after administration of pain medications. […] The patient will report improved tolerance to activity. […] Some patients may be unfamiliar with pneumonia and common treatments. Educating the patient on the condition and self-care techniques can aid full recovery. […] The patient will experience reduced anxiety symptoms after using anxiety-reducing strategies, such as medications or relaxation.

• #42 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  The main symptoms of pneumonia are coughing, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, shaking chills, rapid shallow breathing, fever, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, pneumonia could complicate hypoxemia, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, and bacteremia. […] Nursing diagnoses for pneumonia are formulated based on thorough assessment and the nurses clinical judgment, tailored to each patients condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes for patients with pneumonia may include: Patient will demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by maintaining ABGs within their acceptable range and showing no symptoms of respiratory distress within 48 hours. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with pneumonia may include: Managing Impaired Airway Clearance, Managing Impaired Gas Exchange, Promoting Effective Breathing Pattern and Breathing Exercises, Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support, Initiating Measures for Infection Control Management, Managing Acute Pain and Promoting Comfort, Promoting Rest and Improving Tolerance to Activity, Maintaining Normal Body Thermoregulation, Promoting Optimal Nutrition Fluid Balance, Providing Patient Education Health Teachings, Monitoring Potential Complications of Pneumonia.

• #43 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #44 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  The patient will report increased energy and the ability to perform daily activities without excessive fatigue within one week. […] Nursing Interventions: […] Assess Respiratory Status: […] Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and effort. […] Assess for use of accessory muscles and listen for abnormal lung sounds (crackles, wheezing). […] Administer Oxygen Therapy as Prescribed: […] Provide oxygen via nasal cannula or mask as ordered to maintain SpO 92%. […] Encourage Coughing and Deep Breathing Exercises: […] Assist the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises every 1-2 hours. […] Encourage the use of an incentive spirometer. […] Position the Patient to Optimize Lung Expansion: […] Position the patient in a semi-Fowlers or high-Fowlers position to promote lung expansion and decrease the work of breathing.

• #45 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #46 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  The patient will report increased energy and the ability to perform daily activities without excessive fatigue within one week. […] Nursing Interventions: […] Assess Respiratory Status: […] Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and effort. […] Assess for use of accessory muscles and listen for abnormal lung sounds (crackles, wheezing). […] Administer Oxygen Therapy as Prescribed: […] Provide oxygen via nasal cannula or mask as ordered to maintain SpO 92%. […] Encourage Coughing and Deep Breathing Exercises: […] Assist the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises every 1-2 hours. […] Encourage the use of an incentive spirometer. […] Position the Patient to Optimize Lung Expansion: […] Position the patient in a semi-Fowlers or high-Fowlers position to promote lung expansion and decrease the work of breathing.

• #47 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  The patient will report increased energy and the ability to perform daily activities without excessive fatigue within one week. […] Nursing Interventions: […] Assess Respiratory Status: […] Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and effort. […] Assess for use of accessory muscles and listen for abnormal lung sounds (crackles, wheezing). […] Administer Oxygen Therapy as Prescribed: […] Provide oxygen via nasal cannula or mask as ordered to maintain SpO 92%. […] Encourage Coughing and Deep Breathing Exercises: […] Assist the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises every 1-2 hours. […] Encourage the use of an incentive spirometer. […] Position the Patient to Optimize Lung Expansion: […] Position the patient in a semi-Fowlers or high-Fowlers position to promote lung expansion and decrease the work of breathing.

• #48 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #49

  https://jqwh.org/index.php/JQWH/article/view/188

  Nursing care of pneumonia clients with ineffective airway clearance nursing problems using chest physiotherapy. […] The research design used a case study of 2 clients with pneumonia with nursing problems. Ineffective airway clearance on the first day, nursing care was carried out for 3 days in a row using an intervention, namely chest physiotherapy. […] Research shows the problem of ineffective airway clearance with chest physiotherapy, the problem is resolved in reducing shortness of breath. […] The purpose of this study was to carry out nursing care in pneumonia patients with nursing problems ineffective airway clearance using chest physiotherapy. […] Chest physiotherapy is used as an adjunct therapy to prevent non-pharmacological increases in shortness of breath in pneumonia patients.

• #50 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #51 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) […] Nursing Diagnosis […] Chills […] Chest discomfort […] Cough […] Nausea […] Dyspnea […] Fatigue […] Fever […] Altered mental status […] Nursing Management […] Obtain blood work and check cultures […] Hydrate the patient […] Administer antibiotics as ordered […] Keep patient comfortable and warm […] Perform suction as required […] Measure ins and out […] Manage pain and cough […] Promote nutrition […] Administer oxygen as needed […] Provide rest […] Teach patient hand washing […] When To Seek Help […] Altered mental status […] Dyspnea […] Low oxygen saturations […] Unstable hemodynamics […] Fever […] Unresponsive […] Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] Outcome Identification […] Normal vitals

• #52 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #53 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  The patient will report increased energy and the ability to perform daily activities without excessive fatigue within one week. […] Nursing Interventions: […] Assess Respiratory Status: […] Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and effort. […] Assess for use of accessory muscles and listen for abnormal lung sounds (crackles, wheezing). […] Administer Oxygen Therapy as Prescribed: […] Provide oxygen via nasal cannula or mask as ordered to maintain SpO 92%. […] Encourage Coughing and Deep Breathing Exercises: […] Assist the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises every 1-2 hours. […] Encourage the use of an incentive spirometer. […] Position the Patient to Optimize Lung Expansion: […] Position the patient in a semi-Fowlers or high-Fowlers position to promote lung expansion and decrease the work of breathing.

• #54 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #55 Management of pneumonia in intensive care – Morris – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4830/html

  The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy in pneumonia remains uncertain. […] There is some evidence that corticosteroids may enhance recovery in CAP and reduce mortality, however these trials enrolled very few patients who were in ICU or required mechanical ventilation. Concerns have been raised about the use of steroids to treat severe CAP in ICU, with the few observational studies which focus on this group suggesting steroids are associated with a prolonged length of stay and increased mortality. […] The need for respiratory support is the commonest reason for patients with pneumonia to be admitted to ICU. There are a growing range of respiratory support options, from simple oxygen therapy, through high flow humidified oxygen (HFO), non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via various interface devices to full invasive ventilation.

• #56 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #57 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is known. […] Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea. […] Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia. Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy. […] Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake, especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier. […] Pneumonia is an infection itself but a risk for infection nursing diagnosis is appropriate as untreated pneumonia can progress into a secondary infection or sepsis. […] Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. The patient may have a limit to visitors to prevent the transmission of infections. Always maintain sterility or aseptic techniques when performing any invasive procedure.

• #58 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #59 pneumonia_nursing_care_plan.docx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pneumonianursingcareplandocx/254016628

  The child will exhibit adequate ventilation Assess respiratory rate, breath sounds, and work of breathing frequently -4 hourly. Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation. Position child for comfort with open airway and room for lung expansion and use pillows or padding if necessary to maintain position. Administer supplemental oxygen Encourage coughing with deep breathing in older children which can be done through play […] The child will have adequate gas exchange Monitor oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry Encourage clearance of secretions via coughing, expectoration, chest physiotherapy and suctioning. Administer bronchodilators if ordered (e.g. salbutamol) […] Fluid volume will be maintained In the initial stages, administer intravenous fluids as ordered. (e.g. strength darrows). In nil per oral state administer oral fluids via naso gastric tube Allow oral intake as child’s condition improves and no longer in respiratory distress. Encourage oral fluids by giving favourite fluids. Assess for signs of adequate hydration (good skin turgor, moist mucosa, adequate urine output)

• #60 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Provide Nutritional Support: […] Offer small, frequent, high-calorie meals to prevent fatigue and support recovery. […] Evaluation: […] The patients oxygen saturation has improved to 92% on room air. […] Breath sounds have improved with diminished crackles, and the patient reports easier breathing. […] The patient is able to expectorate secretions effectively. […] The patient reports reduced fatigue and increased ability to participate in activities of daily living. […] No signs of complications such as sepsis or respiratory failure are noted.

• #61 pneumonia_nursing_care_plan.docx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pneumonianursingcareplandocx/254016628

  The child will exhibit adequate ventilation Assess respiratory rate, breath sounds, and work of breathing frequently -4 hourly. Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation. Position child for comfort with open airway and room for lung expansion and use pillows or padding if necessary to maintain position. Administer supplemental oxygen Encourage coughing with deep breathing in older children which can be done through play […] The child will have adequate gas exchange Monitor oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry Encourage clearance of secretions via coughing, expectoration, chest physiotherapy and suctioning. Administer bronchodilators if ordered (e.g. salbutamol) […] Fluid volume will be maintained In the initial stages, administer intravenous fluids as ordered. (e.g. strength darrows). In nil per oral state administer oral fluids via naso gastric tube Allow oral intake as child’s condition improves and no longer in respiratory distress. Encourage oral fluids by giving favourite fluids. Assess for signs of adequate hydration (good skin turgor, moist mucosa, adequate urine output)

• #62 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is known. […] Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea. […] Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia. Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy. […] Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake, especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier. […] Pneumonia is an infection itself but a risk for infection nursing diagnosis is appropriate as untreated pneumonia can progress into a secondary infection or sepsis. […] Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. The patient may have a limit to visitors to prevent the transmission of infections. Always maintain sterility or aseptic techniques when performing any invasive procedure.

• #63 NURSING CARE PLAN FOR PNEUMONIA – Journey of Nurse Begins Here !

  https://canestar.com/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia/

  Administer Medications as Ordered: […] Administer antibiotics, bronchodilators, and antipyretics as prescribed. […] Monitor for therapeutic and adverse effects. […] Encourage Fluid Intake: […] Encourage the patient to drink 2-3 liters of fluids daily unless contraindicated. […] Provide Rest Periods Between Activities: […] Encourage the patient to rest and limit physical activities that cause fatigue or dyspnea. […] Monitor for Signs of Complications: […] Assess for signs of worsening infection such as increasing fever, persistent or worsening cough, or pleuritic chest pain. […] Educate the Patient on Proper Hand Hygiene and Respiratory Etiquette: […] Instruct the patient and family members on proper handwashing, coughing into tissues, and using masks to prevent the spread of infection.

• #64 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in nursing home residents, with 30-day mortality rates ranging from 10 to 30 percent. […] Antibiotic therapy for nursing home-acquired pneumonia should target a broad range of organisms, and drug-resistant microbes should be considered when making treatment decisions. […] In the nursing home setting, treatment should consist of an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone alone or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin. […] Treatment of hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia requires broad-spectrum antibiotics with coverage of many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus. […] Appropriate dosing of antibiotics for nursing home-acquired pneumonia is important to optimize effectiveness and avoid adverse effects.

• #65 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Provide nutritional support. Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #66 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. […] Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke will make your cough last longer. […] Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). […] If you were given a spirometer to measure how well your lungs are working, use it as instructed. This can help your doctor tell how your recovery is going. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine.

• #67 pneumonia_nursing_care_plan.docx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pneumonianursingcareplandocx/254016628

  The child will exhibit adequate ventilation Assess respiratory rate, breath sounds, and work of breathing frequently -4 hourly. Use pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation. Position child for comfort with open airway and room for lung expansion and use pillows or padding if necessary to maintain position. Administer supplemental oxygen Encourage coughing with deep breathing in older children which can be done through play […] The child will have adequate gas exchange Monitor oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry Encourage clearance of secretions via coughing, expectoration, chest physiotherapy and suctioning. Administer bronchodilators if ordered (e.g. salbutamol) […] Fluid volume will be maintained In the initial stages, administer intravenous fluids as ordered. (e.g. strength darrows). In nil per oral state administer oral fluids via naso gastric tube Allow oral intake as child’s condition improves and no longer in respiratory distress. Encourage oral fluids by giving favourite fluids. Assess for signs of adequate hydration (good skin turgor, moist mucosa, adequate urine output)

• #68 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #69 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #70 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  Effective infection control measures are crucial for patients with pneumonia to prevent risk for infections and complications. […] Managing acute pain in pneumonia patients is essential for enhancing comfort and supporting effective breathing. […] The nurse promotes rest and advises the debilitated patient to avoid overexertion and assume a comfortable position, such as semi-Fowlers position, to support rest and breathing. […] Patients with pneumonia experience an elevated respiratory rate due to the increased effort required for breathing and the presence of fever. This heightened respiratory rate can result in higher fluid loss during exhalation and potentially lead to dehydration. […] Patients and their families receive education on pneumonia causes, symptom management, and when to report concerning signs. […] Pneumonia can cause serious complications like hypotension, septic shock, and respiratory failure, especially in older adults with delayed treatment, resistant infections, comorbidities, or weakened immune systems.

• #71 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Monitor pulse oximetry. […] Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing activity gradually. […] Documentation guidelines include monitoring physical findings of chest assessment, assessment of degree of hypoxemia, and response to medications. […] Discharge and home healthcare guidelines include ensuring the patient understands all medications, advising small, frequent meals to maintain adequate nutrition, and teaching the patient to maintain pulmonary hygiene measures of coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry at home.

• #72 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #73 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. This guide provides basic information on the different classifications and treatment of pneumonia in adults. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #74 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is known. […] Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea. […] Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia. Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy. […] Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake, especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier. […] Pneumonia is an infection itself but a risk for infection nursing diagnosis is appropriate as untreated pneumonia can progress into a secondary infection or sepsis. […] Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. The patient may have a limit to visitors to prevent the transmission of infections. Always maintain sterility or aseptic techniques when performing any invasive procedure.

• #75 Untitled Document

  https://www.rnceus.com/pneumo/nursing.html

  Administer oxygen as prescribed. […] Chest physiotherapy for patients who have difficulty clearing their own secretions: percussion, postural drainage. […] Prevent the spread of infection by hand washing and the proper disposal of secretions. […] Administer antibiotics and other medications as prescribed. […] Monitor for complications.

• #76 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #77 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #78 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #79 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #80 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #81 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #82 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Fluid accumulation – Fluid can develop between the covering of the lungs (pleura) and the inner lining of the chest wall; this is called a pleural effusion. If the fluid becomes infected as a result of pneumonia (called empyema), a chest tube (or, less commonly, surgery) may be needed to drain the fluid. […] • Abscess – A collection of pus in the part of the lung that was infected is known as an abscess. They can usually be treated with antibiotics; rarely, surgical removal is needed. […] • Bacteremia – Bacteremia occurs when the pneumonia infection spreads from the lungs to the bloodstream. This is a serious complication since infection can spread quickly from the bloodstream to other organs. Bacteremia can also cause the blood pressure to be dangerously low. […] • Cardiovascular events – Some studies have shown that people who have had pneumonia are at increased risk of having a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack, during recovery and for several years afterward.

• #83 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Fluid accumulation – Fluid can develop between the covering of the lungs (pleura) and the inner lining of the chest wall; this is called a pleural effusion. If the fluid becomes infected as a result of pneumonia (called empyema), a chest tube (or, less commonly, surgery) may be needed to drain the fluid. […] • Abscess – A collection of pus in the part of the lung that was infected is known as an abscess. They can usually be treated with antibiotics; rarely, surgical removal is needed. […] • Bacteremia – Bacteremia occurs when the pneumonia infection spreads from the lungs to the bloodstream. This is a serious complication since infection can spread quickly from the bloodstream to other organs. Bacteremia can also cause the blood pressure to be dangerously low. […] • Cardiovascular events – Some studies have shown that people who have had pneumonia are at increased risk of having a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack, during recovery and for several years afterward.

• #84 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Fluid accumulation – Fluid can develop between the covering of the lungs (pleura) and the inner lining of the chest wall; this is called a pleural effusion. If the fluid becomes infected as a result of pneumonia (called empyema), a chest tube (or, less commonly, surgery) may be needed to drain the fluid. […] • Abscess – A collection of pus in the part of the lung that was infected is known as an abscess. They can usually be treated with antibiotics; rarely, surgical removal is needed. […] • Bacteremia – Bacteremia occurs when the pneumonia infection spreads from the lungs to the bloodstream. This is a serious complication since infection can spread quickly from the bloodstream to other organs. Bacteremia can also cause the blood pressure to be dangerously low. […] • Cardiovascular events – Some studies have shown that people who have had pneumonia are at increased risk of having a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack, during recovery and for several years afterward.

• #85 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. This guide provides basic information on the different classifications and treatment of pneumonia in adults. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #86 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #87 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) […] Nursing Diagnosis […] Chills […] Chest discomfort […] Cough […] Nausea […] Dyspnea […] Fatigue […] Fever […] Altered mental status […] Nursing Management […] Obtain blood work and check cultures […] Hydrate the patient […] Administer antibiotics as ordered […] Keep patient comfortable and warm […] Perform suction as required […] Measure ins and out […] Manage pain and cough […] Promote nutrition […] Administer oxygen as needed […] Provide rest […] Teach patient hand washing […] When To Seek Help […] Altered mental status […] Dyspnea […] Low oxygen saturations […] Unstable hemodynamics […] Fever […] Unresponsive […] Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] Outcome Identification […] Normal vitals

• #88 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  No dyspnea or fever […] Able to ambulate […] Energetic […] Monitoring […] Vitals […] Chest auscultation […] Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] Monitoring neurovitals […] Ins and Outs […] Ambulation […] Diet […] Coordination of Care […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process.

• #89 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) […] Nursing Diagnosis […] Chills […] Chest discomfort […] Cough […] Nausea […] Dyspnea […] Fatigue […] Fever […] Altered mental status […] Nursing Management […] Obtain blood work and check cultures […] Hydrate the patient […] Administer antibiotics as ordered […] Keep patient comfortable and warm […] Perform suction as required […] Measure ins and out […] Manage pain and cough […] Promote nutrition […] Administer oxygen as needed […] Provide rest […] Teach patient hand washing […] When To Seek Help […] Altered mental status […] Dyspnea […] Low oxygen saturations […] Unstable hemodynamics […] Fever […] Unresponsive […] Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] Outcome Identification […] Normal vitals

• #90 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Outcomes […] In healthy people, the outcome after a bacterial pneumonia is excellent. However, in people with advanced age, lung disease, immunosuppression, infection with aggressive gram-negative organisms (Klebsiella) and other comorbidities, the outcomes are usually poor. When a pneumonia is left untreated, it carries a mortality in excess of 25%. Pneumonia can also lead to extensive lung damage and lead to residual impairment in lung function. Other reported complications of pneumonia that occur in 1-5% of patients include lung abscess, empyema, and bronchiectasis. […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] Eat healthy […] Ambulate […] Wash hands […] Risk Management […] Call a physician if: […] Unstable hemodynamics

• #91 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #92 Management of pneumonia in intensive care – Morris – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4830/html

  Patients with severe pneumonia in ICU are at risk of the complications of critical care, including deep venous thrombosis, stress ulceration, decubitus ulcers, delirium and secondary infections. Careful attention to the risk factor management, appropriate prophylactic therapies and alertness to the development of these complications is key to good clinical management. […] Pneumonia remains both a common reason for intensive care admission and the commonest secondary infection acquired within intensive care. Its effective management relies on the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, which at present is reliant on good epidemiological surveillance to inform empirical antibiotic choice.

• #93 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #94 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #95 Aspiration Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568770/

  The key to minimizing poor outcomes associated with this disease is to identify patients at risk for AP before it occurs. […] A multifaceted interprofessional team of clinicians, nurses, speech-language pathologists, nutritionists, and pharmacists is required to accomplish this goal. […] The clinical nurse can help screen for impaired swallowing using high-sensitivity screening tools to ensure every patient with impaired swallowing is identified. […] Oral care, especially that provided via mechanical techniques, has shown a reduction in AP frequency and deaths in a number of studies. […] Current guidelines recommend non-foaming fluoride toothpaste in these patients to minimize the risk of aspiration. […] Balancing adequate nutrition while minimizing the risk of aspiration is of prime importance.

• #96 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #97 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  Effective infection control measures are crucial for patients with pneumonia to prevent risk for infections and complications. […] Managing acute pain in pneumonia patients is essential for enhancing comfort and supporting effective breathing. […] The nurse promotes rest and advises the debilitated patient to avoid overexertion and assume a comfortable position, such as semi-Fowlers position, to support rest and breathing. […] Patients with pneumonia experience an elevated respiratory rate due to the increased effort required for breathing and the presence of fever. This heightened respiratory rate can result in higher fluid loss during exhalation and potentially lead to dehydration. […] Patients and their families receive education on pneumonia causes, symptom management, and when to report concerning signs. […] Pneumonia can cause serious complications like hypotension, septic shock, and respiratory failure, especially in older adults with delayed treatment, resistant infections, comorbidities, or weakened immune systems.

• #98 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have a new or higher fever. You are coughing more deeply or more often. You are not getting better after 2 days (48 hours). You do not get better as expected.

• #99

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics exactly as directed. Do not stop taking the medicine just because you are feeling better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly influenza (flu) vaccine. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). You have new or worse trouble breathing. You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have a new or higher fever. You are coughing more deeply or more often. You are not getting better after 2 days (48 hours). You do not get better as expected.

• #100 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia you have, how sick you are feeling, your age, and whether you have other health conditions. The goals of treatment are to cure the infection and prevent complications. It is important to follow your treatment plan carefully until you are fully recovered. […] If your pneumonia is so severe that you are treated in the hospital, you may be given intravenous fluids and antibiotics, as well as oxygen therapy, and possibly other breathing treatments. […] Recovery from serious lung infections, such as pneumonia, can take longer than you expect. Learn what you can do to help your body recover, when to reach out to your healthcare provider and how to help prevent future infections. […] Recovery from a serious lung infection may take longer than you expect. It can take weeks, or even months, before you are feeling back to normal.

• #101 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. […] If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up. […] Possible complications include: Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator. Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure. Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

• #102 Pneumonia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354210

  You may need to be hospitalized if: […] You may be admitted to the intensive care unit if you need to be placed on a breathing machine (ventilator) or if your symptoms are severe. […] These tips can help you recover more quickly and decrease your risk of complications: […] Take your medicine as prescribed. Take the entire course of any medications your doctor prescribed for you. If you stop taking medication too soon, your lungs may continue to harbor bacteria that can multiply and cause your pneumonia to recur. […] Don’t smoke or be around smoke.

• #103

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics exactly as directed. Do not stop taking the medicine just because you are feeling better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly influenza (flu) vaccine. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). You have new or worse trouble breathing. You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have a new or higher fever. You are coughing more deeply or more often. You are not getting better after 2 days (48 hours). You do not get better as expected.

• #104 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. […] Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke will make your cough last longer. […] Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). […] If you were given a spirometer to measure how well your lungs are working, use it as instructed. This can help your doctor tell how your recovery is going. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine.

• #105 Pneumonia in adults – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000017.htm

  Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. […] If you smoke, now is the time to quit. Do not allow smoking in your home. […] Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. Do not miss any doses. Take the full duration of the prescription medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu (influenza) shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine. […] Your provider may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. […] Contact your provider or call 911 or the local emergency number if your breathing is: Getting harder, Faster than before, Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath.

• #106 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia […] When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions […] Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. […] Monitor oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. […] Administer oxygen (according to protocol or physician orders) and medications as prescribed (such as antibiotics). […] Position clients in semi-Fowler position for easier breathing and lung expansion. […] Avoid administering cough suppressants (so reinfection doesn’t occur).

• #107 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pneumonia

  Your child needs to cough to get the mucus out of their lungs. Coughing is the body’s way of getting rid of the germs in the lungs. Do not give cough medicines or other medicines from the pharmacy without asking your doctor first. They may make your child cough less. […] Don’t skip shots (immunizations). All children, starting at 2 months old, should begin a series of immunizations that helps prevent bacterial pneumonia. […] Call your child’s doctor if they: Are older than 6 months and have a fever over 102F (38.8C). Are younger than 6 months and have a fever over 100.4F (38C). Have a fever for more than 2 days after taking antibiotics.

• #108 Pneumonia in adults – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000017.htm

  Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. […] If you smoke, now is the time to quit. Do not allow smoking in your home. […] Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. Do not miss any doses. Take the full duration of the prescription medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu (influenza) shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine. […] Your provider may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. […] Contact your provider or call 911 or the local emergency number if your breathing is: Getting harder, Faster than before, Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath.

• #109 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. […] Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke will make your cough last longer. […] Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). […] If you were given a spirometer to measure how well your lungs are working, use it as instructed. This can help your doctor tell how your recovery is going. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine.

• #110 Pneumonia – causes, symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pneumonia

  There are some things you can do to help your recovery: get plenty of rest, drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration, take paracetamol to relieve pain and reduce fever. […] Vaccination is your best protection against pneumonia. […] It’s a good idea to speak to your doctor about whether vaccination is recommended for you or for your children. […] Not smoking will help protect you against pneumonia. […] If you or someone near you has an infection, you can reduce the risk of passing that infection on by limiting your exposure to others while you are unwell. […] When coughing and sneezing use a tissue to cover your nose and mouth.

• #111 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Pneumonia may be mild or very severe. If it is caused by bacteria, you will be treated with antibiotics. It may take a few weeks to a few months to recover fully from pneumonia, depending on how sick you were and whether your overall health is good. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics exactly as directed. Do not stop taking the medicine just because you are feeling better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Get plenty of rest and sleep. You may feel weak and tired for a while, but your energy level will improve with time.

• #112 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. […] Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture to your bedroom. […] Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. Smoke will make your cough last longer. […] Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). […] If you were given a spirometer to measure how well your lungs are working, use it as instructed. This can help your doctor tell how your recovery is going. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine.

• #113 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Viral pneumonia occurs when a virus attacks bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes interstitial inflammation and desquamation, which eventually spread to the alveoli. […] Secondary pneumonia ensues from lung damage that was caused by the spread of bacteria from an infection elsewhere in the body or by a noxious chemical. […] Aspiration pneumonia is caused by the patients inhaling foreign matter such as food or vomitus into the bronchi. […] Factors associated with aspiration pneumonia include old age, impaired gag reflex, surgical procedures, debilitating disease, and decreased level of consciousness. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by bacteria that are divided into two groups: typical and atypical. […] Nursing interventions include administering oxygen as prescribed, monitoring respiratory status, encouraging coughing and deep breathing, and providing a high-calorie, high-protein diet with small frequent meals.

• #114 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  If you have bacterial pneumonia, youre no longer considered contagious when your fever is gone and youve been on antibiotics for at least two days. If you have viral pneumonia, youre still considered contagious until you feel better and have been free of fever for several days. […] The best way to prevent pneumonia is to get vaccinated against bacteria and viruses that commonly cause it.

• #115 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Provide nutritional support. Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #116 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Outcomes […] In healthy people, the outcome after a bacterial pneumonia is excellent. However, in people with advanced age, lung disease, immunosuppression, infection with aggressive gram-negative organisms (Klebsiella) and other comorbidities, the outcomes are usually poor. When a pneumonia is left untreated, it carries a mortality in excess of 25%. Pneumonia can also lead to extensive lung damage and lead to residual impairment in lung function. Other reported complications of pneumonia that occur in 1-5% of patients include lung abscess, empyema, and bronchiectasis. […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] Eat healthy […] Ambulate […] Wash hands […] Risk Management […] Call a physician if: […] Unstable hemodynamics

• #117 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  You’re more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease. […] Smoking damages your body’s natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. […] To help prevent pneumonia: Get vaccinated. […] Practice good hygiene. […] Don’t smoke. […] Keep your immune system strong.

• #118 Pneumonia in adults – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000017.htm

  Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs. […] If you smoke, now is the time to quit. Do not allow smoking in your home. […] Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. Do not miss any doses. Take the full duration of the prescription medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] To prevent pneumonia in the future: Get a flu (influenza) shot every year. Ask your provider if you need to get the pneumococcal (pneumonia) vaccine. […] Your provider may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. […] Contact your provider or call 911 or the local emergency number if your breathing is: Getting harder, Faster than before, Shallow and you cannot get a deep breath.

• #119 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #120 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  You’re more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease. […] Smoking damages your body’s natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. […] To help prevent pneumonia: Get vaccinated. […] Practice good hygiene. […] Don’t smoke. […] Keep your immune system strong.

• #121 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  PNEUMONIA DIAGNOSIS […] Pneumonia is usually diagnosed with a medical history and physical examination as well as a chest X-ray. The need for further testing depends upon the severity of the illness and the person’s risk of complications. […] PNEUMONIA TREATMENT […] The goal of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is to get rid of the infection and prevent complications. Initial treatment of CAP with antibiotics is based on which type of organism is likely to be causing pneumonia (called „empiric” treatment). Most people improve with empiric treatment. […] Hospital versus home care — Most people with CAP are treated at home with oral antibiotics. People who are seriously ill or are at increased risk for complications may be hospitalized. Hospital monitoring usually includes measurement of your heart rate and breathing rate, temperature, and oxygen levels. People who are hospitalized usually get intravenous (IV) antibiotics initially. When they start improving, they can usually be switched to antibiotic pills.

• #122 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  PNEUMONIA DIAGNOSIS […] Pneumonia is usually diagnosed with a medical history and physical examination as well as a chest X-ray. The need for further testing depends upon the severity of the illness and the person’s risk of complications. […] PNEUMONIA TREATMENT […] The goal of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is to get rid of the infection and prevent complications. Initial treatment of CAP with antibiotics is based on which type of organism is likely to be causing pneumonia (called „empiric” treatment). Most people improve with empiric treatment. […] Hospital versus home care — Most people with CAP are treated at home with oral antibiotics. People who are seriously ill or are at increased risk for complications may be hospitalized. Hospital monitoring usually includes measurement of your heart rate and breathing rate, temperature, and oxygen levels. People who are hospitalized usually get intravenous (IV) antibiotics initially. When they start improving, they can usually be switched to antibiotic pills.

• #123 Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/treatment-and-recovery

  Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia you have, how sick you are feeling, your age, and whether you have other health conditions. The goals of treatment are to cure the infection and prevent complications. It is important to follow your treatment plan carefully until you are fully recovered. […] If your pneumonia is so severe that you are treated in the hospital, you may be given intravenous fluids and antibiotics, as well as oxygen therapy, and possibly other breathing treatments. […] Recovery from serious lung infections, such as pneumonia, can take longer than you expect. Learn what you can do to help your body recover, when to reach out to your healthcare provider and how to help prevent future infections. […] Recovery from a serious lung infection may take longer than you expect. It can take weeks, or even months, before you are feeling back to normal.

• #124 Management of pneumonia in intensive care – Morris – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4830/html

  Patients with severe pneumonia in ICU are at risk of the complications of critical care, including deep venous thrombosis, stress ulceration, decubitus ulcers, delirium and secondary infections. Careful attention to the risk factor management, appropriate prophylactic therapies and alertness to the development of these complications is key to good clinical management. […] Pneumonia remains both a common reason for intensive care admission and the commonest secondary infection acquired within intensive care. Its effective management relies on the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, which at present is reliant on good epidemiological surveillance to inform empirical antibiotic choice.

• #125 Pneumonia in adults – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/pneumonia-in-adults-discharge

  You have pneumonia, which is an infection in your lungs. Now that you are going home, it is important to follow your health care provider’s instructions on taking care of yourself at home. Use the information below as a reminder. […] In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients. […] You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. […] Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: […] Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs.

• #126 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. […] Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. […] Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. […] The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. […] Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: Chest pain when you breathe or cough, confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older), cough, which may produce phlegm, fatigue, fever, sweating and shaking chills, lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems), nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, shortness of breath.

• #127 Untitled Document

  https://www.rnceus.com/pneumo/nursing.html

  Nursing assessment is critical to early detection of hospital acquired pneumonia, important cues may include: […] Clinical presentation of pneumonia may include cough, pleuritic pain, tachycardia/bradycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue, use of accessory muscles for breathing, coughing, purulent sputum and occasionally hemoptysis. […] When pneumonia is suspected, elderly patients should be frequently assessed for altered: mental status, dehydration, unusual behavior, excessive fatigue, and concomitant heart failure (Belleza, 2019). […] Nursing interventions (pneumonia) include instructing patient and family about the cause of pneumonia, management of symptoms, signs, and symptoms, testing and the importance of follow-up. […] Monitor respiratory status: labored respirations, cyanosis, and cold and clammy skin.

• #128 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  Because many nursing home residents take multiple medications, it is important to consider possible drug interactions. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be suspected in patients with new or progressive infiltrate plus a new-onset fever, leukocytosis, purulent sputum, or hypoxia. […] Nonhospitalized nursing home patients requiring treatment for pneumonia should be treated with an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone, or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin (Zithromax). […] Empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and double coverage of Pseudomonas pneumonia should be prescribed for patients requiring intensive care unit admission. […] There is little evidence to suggest the clinical superiority of one antibiotic over another for nursing home-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the nursing home setting.

• #129 11 Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis & Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia-nursing-care-plans/

  Effective infection control measures are crucial for patients with pneumonia to prevent risk for infections and complications. […] Managing acute pain in pneumonia patients is essential for enhancing comfort and supporting effective breathing. […] The nurse promotes rest and advises the debilitated patient to avoid overexertion and assume a comfortable position, such as semi-Fowlers position, to support rest and breathing. […] Patients with pneumonia experience an elevated respiratory rate due to the increased effort required for breathing and the presence of fever. This heightened respiratory rate can result in higher fluid loss during exhalation and potentially lead to dehydration. […] Patients and their families receive education on pneumonia causes, symptom management, and when to report concerning signs. […] Pneumonia can cause serious complications like hypotension, septic shock, and respiratory failure, especially in older adults with delayed treatment, resistant infections, comorbidities, or weakened immune systems.

• #130 Bacterial Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/bacterial-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoq_6SfHwX11Cfd8uk4tg5-LQPfV8Xl6wUjq9MwDcgbRGMtpYtf4

  No report of new falls and/or injuries […] Individual/Caregiver Education […] Disease process and management […] Importance of fluid intake […] Home humidification […] Monitoring pulse oximetry if available […] Self-care measures (quiet space, relaxation techniques, deep breathing, ambulation, steamy bath/shower) […] Medication compliance […] Smoking cessation support […] Available vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23) […] Family and caregiver support for ADLs and monitoring symptoms […] Signs and symptoms to notify the provider (e.g., persistent headaches, increased confusion difficulty breathing, shortness of breath with activity).

• #131 Bacterial Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/bacterial-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoq_6SfHwX11Cfd8uk4tg5-LQPfV8Xl6wUjq9MwDcgbRGMtpYtf4

  No report of new falls and/or injuries […] Individual/Caregiver Education […] Disease process and management […] Importance of fluid intake […] Home humidification […] Monitoring pulse oximetry if available […] Self-care measures (quiet space, relaxation techniques, deep breathing, ambulation, steamy bath/shower) […] Medication compliance […] Smoking cessation support […] Available vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23) […] Family and caregiver support for ADLs and monitoring symptoms […] Signs and symptoms to notify the provider (e.g., persistent headaches, increased confusion difficulty breathing, shortness of breath with activity).

• #132 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  Because many nursing home residents take multiple medications, it is important to consider possible drug interactions. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be suspected in patients with new or progressive infiltrate plus a new-onset fever, leukocytosis, purulent sputum, or hypoxia. […] Nonhospitalized nursing home patients requiring treatment for pneumonia should be treated with an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone, or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin (Zithromax). […] Empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and double coverage of Pseudomonas pneumonia should be prescribed for patients requiring intensive care unit admission. […] There is little evidence to suggest the clinical superiority of one antibiotic over another for nursing home-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the nursing home setting.

• #133 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  Because many nursing home residents take multiple medications, it is important to consider possible drug interactions. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be suspected in patients with new or progressive infiltrate plus a new-onset fever, leukocytosis, purulent sputum, or hypoxia. […] Nonhospitalized nursing home patients requiring treatment for pneumonia should be treated with an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone, or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin (Zithromax). […] Empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and double coverage of Pseudomonas pneumonia should be prescribed for patients requiring intensive care unit admission. […] There is little evidence to suggest the clinical superiority of one antibiotic over another for nursing home-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the nursing home setting.

• #134 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  The 2005 ATS/IDSA guideline for the treatment of health care-associated pneumonia does not specifically address treatment of nursing home-acquired pneumonia in the nursing home setting. […] When a viral etiology of nursing home-acquired pneumonia is diagnosed and there is low suspicion of secondary bacterial infection, antibiotics often can be discontinued. […] Influenza vaccination is recommended for the prevention of influenza in nursing home residents, but does not provide complete protection. […] Similarly, pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for all nursing home patients in accordance with the latest CDC guidelines for the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. […] Intravenous antimicrobial therapy should be initiated for nursing home patients hospitalized with pneumonia, with empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• #135 Treatment of Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0601/p976.html

  Because many nursing home residents take multiple medications, it is important to consider possible drug interactions. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia should be suspected in patients with new or progressive infiltrate plus a new-onset fever, leukocytosis, purulent sputum, or hypoxia. […] Nonhospitalized nursing home patients requiring treatment for pneumonia should be treated with an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone, or either a high-dose beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin, in combination with azithromycin (Zithromax). […] Empiric coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and double coverage of Pseudomonas pneumonia should be prescribed for patients requiring intensive care unit admission. […] There is little evidence to suggest the clinical superiority of one antibiotic over another for nursing home-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the nursing home setting.

• #136 Pediatric Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatrics-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqlInvufKzwIDY2aLi3Wsk2EFNBlJU6HquMiKqXyrIuUy_Q9Q9y

  Pneumonia in children is defined as inflammation of the lung tissues (Hockenberry et al., 2021). […] The management of pneumonia is based on the child’s history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. […] Most children with nonsevere viral pneumonia do not require hospitalization. […] Children with the following indications require hospitalization: […] The treatment for viral pneumonia is supportive care and includes the following: […] Bacterial and atypical pneumonia require treatment with oral antibiotics. […] Children with confirmed influenza are treated with antiviral medications as appropriate. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] The typical clinical signs and symptoms associated with all pneumonia types in children include the following respiratory symptoms: […] Severe cases may present with the following respiratory symptoms: […] Other symptoms which may be present in typical pneumonia cases include: […] Pediatric Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For […] Pediatric Pneumonia Interventions […] Expected Outcomes […] Individual/Caregiver Education

• #137 Pediatric Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatrics-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqlInvufKzwIDY2aLi3Wsk2EFNBlJU6HquMiKqXyrIuUy_Q9Q9y

  Pneumonia in children is defined as inflammation of the lung tissues (Hockenberry et al., 2021). […] The management of pneumonia is based on the child’s history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. […] Most children with nonsevere viral pneumonia do not require hospitalization. […] Children with the following indications require hospitalization: […] The treatment for viral pneumonia is supportive care and includes the following: […] Bacterial and atypical pneumonia require treatment with oral antibiotics. […] Children with confirmed influenza are treated with antiviral medications as appropriate. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] The typical clinical signs and symptoms associated with all pneumonia types in children include the following respiratory symptoms: […] Severe cases may present with the following respiratory symptoms: […] Other symptoms which may be present in typical pneumonia cases include: […] Pediatric Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For […] Pediatric Pneumonia Interventions […] Expected Outcomes […] Individual/Caregiver Education

• #138 Pediatric Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatrics-pneumonia/?srsltid=AfmBOoqlInvufKzwIDY2aLi3Wsk2EFNBlJU6HquMiKqXyrIuUy_Q9Q9y

  Pneumonia in children is defined as inflammation of the lung tissues (Hockenberry et al., 2021). […] The management of pneumonia is based on the child’s history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. […] Most children with nonsevere viral pneumonia do not require hospitalization. […] Children with the following indications require hospitalization: […] The treatment for viral pneumonia is supportive care and includes the following: […] Bacterial and atypical pneumonia require treatment with oral antibiotics. […] Children with confirmed influenza are treated with antiviral medications as appropriate. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] The typical clinical signs and symptoms associated with all pneumonia types in children include the following respiratory symptoms: […] Severe cases may present with the following respiratory symptoms: […] Other symptoms which may be present in typical pneumonia cases include: […] Pediatric Pneumonia Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For […] Pediatric Pneumonia Interventions […] Expected Outcomes […] Individual/Caregiver Education

• #139

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7160

  Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means that the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. Your child may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. Your child may not urinate as often as usual. […] Give your child lots of fluids. This is very important if your child is vomiting or has diarrhea. […] Make sure your child rests. Keep your child at home until any fever is gone. […] Call 911 anytime you think your child may need emergency care. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has any trouble breathing. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is not getting better after 2 days.

• #140

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7160

  Watch for and treat signs of dehydration, which means that the body has lost too much water. Your child’s mouth may feel very dry. Your child may have sunken eyes with few tears when crying. Your child may lack energy and want to be held a lot. Your child may not urinate as often as usual. […] Give your child lots of fluids. This is very important if your child is vomiting or has diarrhea. […] Make sure your child rests. Keep your child at home until any fever is gone. […] Call 911 anytime you think your child may need emergency care. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your child has any trouble breathing. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is not getting better after 2 days.

• #141 Pneumonia

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/pneumonia/

  You should see your GP if you think your child has pneumonia. Usually your child wont need any tests, but sometimes a GP will order a blood test or X-ray to help diagnose pneumonia. […] If your child’s pneumonia is caused by bacteria, they will be prescribed antibiotics. In mild cases of bacterial pneumonia, this medicine can be taken orally at home. Children with bacterial pneumonia usually improve within 48 hours of starting antibiotics. It is very important to complete the whole course of antibiotics, even if your child seems much better. Treatment will continue for 3 to 7 days. Your child may continue to cough for up to three weeks after treatment, but this is nothing to worry about if they are otherwise getting better. […] After a doctor has diagnosed your child with mild pneumonia, you can usually care for them at home. Your child will need a lot of rest. It is important to give your child fluids frequently to prevent dehydration. Offer small sips of water, and offer babies breastmilk or formula more often. Most children refuse to eat when they have pneumonia. This is not a problem, as long as they are drinking fluids. Follow the doctors instructions for giving antibiotics, if they have been prescribed.

• #142 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #143 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #144 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #145 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #146 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #147 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #148 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  The overall crude in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were 16.6% and 20.1%, respectively. […] A significant reduction in mortality was observed for both in-hospital mortality (OR=0.66 (0.600.73), p0.0001) and 30-day mortality (OR=0.77 (0.700.85), p0.0001), which was greatest in the subgroup of admissions seen by the SPIN nurses. […] The median LOS for CAP admissions (6 days) did not change significantly throughout the 5-year period and was unaffected by the SPIN service. […] Here we demonstrate how, for a large and geographically disparate NHS organisation, a novel SPIN service model, comprising only two specialist nurses working normal hours 5 days a week, could effectively overcome this variability in the provision of care. […] Our observation that the SPIN intervention appeared to reduce 30-day mortality to 13.7%, compared with the reported UK average of 17.3%, supports the view that suboptimal care for CAP admissions is an important driver of national mortality rates and justifies prioritisation of CAP in the recently published NHS Long Term Plan. […] Given the high turnover in medical and nursing staff, sustaining this secondary benefit will require ongoing reinforcement of key messages by the service and should be viewed as an empirical component of the package of services that are provided.

• #149 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. […] The Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Care Bundle was developed by the British Thoracic Society. It is available for use by clinical teams and describes four high impact actions in secondary care that should happen within four hours of a patient being admitted. […] It can take up to six months for patients to fully recover from the symptoms of pneumonia with fatigue being the last symptom to go. NICE recommends that all patients and their carers should be given appropriate information at discharge about the expected recovery times.

• #150 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. […] The Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Care Bundle was developed by the British Thoracic Society. It is available for use by clinical teams and describes four high impact actions in secondary care that should happen within four hours of a patient being admitted. […] It can take up to six months for patients to fully recover from the symptoms of pneumonia with fatigue being the last symptom to go. NICE recommends that all patients and their carers should be given appropriate information at discharge about the expected recovery times.

• #151 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. This guide provides basic information on the different classifications and treatment of pneumonia in adults. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #152 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  No dyspnea or fever […] Able to ambulate […] Energetic […] Monitoring […] Vitals […] Chest auscultation […] Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] Monitoring neurovitals […] Ins and Outs […] Ambulation […] Diet […] Coordination of Care […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process.

• #153 Aspiration Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568770/

  Aspiration pneumonia requires high bacterial content in the aspirated fluid. […] In contrast, aspiration pneumonia will not resolve without appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] The mortality rate from aspiration pneumonia is largely dependent on the volume and content of aspirate and can range up to 70%. […] Identify nursing interventions in caring for patients with aspiration pneumonia. […] Nursing Management includes protecting the airway, suctioning to clear pharyngeal residue, providing oxygen, positioning the patient upright, monitoring vitals, ensuring a swallow screen is done before feeding, ensuring adequate nutrition and hydration, and administering antibiotics as ordered. […] The management of aspiration pneumonia is with an interprofessional team that consists of a nurse practitioner, primary care provider, internist, infectious disease specialist, radiologist, and pulmonologist.

• #154 Management of pneumonia in intensive care – Morris – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4830/html

  Patients with severe pneumonia in ICU are at risk of the complications of critical care, including deep venous thrombosis, stress ulceration, decubitus ulcers, delirium and secondary infections. Careful attention to the risk factor management, appropriate prophylactic therapies and alertness to the development of these complications is key to good clinical management. […] Pneumonia remains both a common reason for intensive care admission and the commonest secondary infection acquired within intensive care. Its effective management relies on the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, which at present is reliant on good epidemiological surveillance to inform empirical antibiotic choice.

• #155 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #156 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Monitor pulse oximetry. […] Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing activity gradually. […] Documentation guidelines include monitoring physical findings of chest assessment, assessment of degree of hypoxemia, and response to medications. […] Discharge and home healthcare guidelines include ensuring the patient understands all medications, advising small, frequent meals to maintain adequate nutrition, and teaching the patient to maintain pulmonary hygiene measures of coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry at home.

• #157 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Monitor pulse oximetry. […] Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing activity gradually. […] Documentation guidelines include monitoring physical findings of chest assessment, assessment of degree of hypoxemia, and response to medications. […] Discharge and home healthcare guidelines include ensuring the patient understands all medications, advising small, frequent meals to maintain adequate nutrition, and teaching the patient to maintain pulmonary hygiene measures of coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry at home.

• #158 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Monitor pulse oximetry. […] Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing activity gradually. […] Documentation guidelines include monitoring physical findings of chest assessment, assessment of degree of hypoxemia, and response to medications. […] Discharge and home healthcare guidelines include ensuring the patient understands all medications, advising small, frequent meals to maintain adequate nutrition, and teaching the patient to maintain pulmonary hygiene measures of coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry at home.

• #159 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) […] Nursing Diagnosis […] Chills […] Chest discomfort […] Cough […] Nausea […] Dyspnea […] Fatigue […] Fever […] Altered mental status […] Nursing Management […] Obtain blood work and check cultures […] Hydrate the patient […] Administer antibiotics as ordered […] Keep patient comfortable and warm […] Perform suction as required […] Measure ins and out […] Manage pain and cough […] Promote nutrition […] Administer oxygen as needed […] Provide rest […] Teach patient hand washing […] When To Seek Help […] Altered mental status […] Dyspnea […] Low oxygen saturations […] Unstable hemodynamics […] Fever […] Unresponsive […] Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] Outcome Identification […] Normal vitals

• #160 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pneumonia | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia

  In this lesson, you will learn pathophysiology and etiology of pneumonia, the subjective and objective data of a nursing care plan, and nursing interventions and rationales. You will also learn how to write a nursing care plan for pneumonia. This includes making an assessment, the concepts of making a diagnosis, formulating a care plan, writing an implementation list, and making a proper evaluation. […] A Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for pneumonia is one of the most common assignments in nursing college. They start immediately after a patient is admitted and document all activities and changes in the patients condition. These plans are intended to help enhance quality outcomes and consistent health care delivery. They can also be used as a communication tool among nurses, other healthcare professionals, the patient and their families.

• #161 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pneumonia | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia

  In this lesson, you will learn pathophysiology and etiology of pneumonia, the subjective and objective data of a nursing care plan, and nursing interventions and rationales. You will also learn how to write a nursing care plan for pneumonia. This includes making an assessment, the concepts of making a diagnosis, formulating a care plan, writing an implementation list, and making a proper evaluation. […] A Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for pneumonia is one of the most common assignments in nursing college. They start immediately after a patient is admitted and document all activities and changes in the patients condition. These plans are intended to help enhance quality outcomes and consistent health care delivery. They can also be used as a communication tool among nurses, other healthcare professionals, the patient and their families.

• #162 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Pneumonia | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-pneumonia

  Making an individualized assessment begins by focusing on the available background information of the patient: health history, current health status, psychological state, and other available data. […] A nursing diagnosis is the basis for establishing and carrying out a nursing care plan. After performing a proper assessment, formulate a nursing diagnosis based on problems associated with pneumonia. This will be your clinical judgment about the patients health conditions or needs. […] Care plan goals form the basis of a nursing intervention. These goals are best thought of as what the patient will do and should be a clearly stated, easy to measure, realistic description of the patients expected outcomes. […] Implementations are actions and activities you will take to achieve the nursing plan goals.

• #163 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer antibiotics as prescribed. […] Monitor pulse oximetry. […] Provide a balance of rest and activity, increasing activity gradually. […] Documentation guidelines include monitoring physical findings of chest assessment, assessment of degree of hypoxemia, and response to medications. […] Discharge and home healthcare guidelines include ensuring the patient understands all medications, advising small, frequent meals to maintain adequate nutrition, and teaching the patient to maintain pulmonary hygiene measures of coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry at home.

• #164 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Fever […] Copious sputum production […] Respiratory distress […] Loss of consciousness […] Altered mental status […] Discharge Planning […] Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] Eat healthy […] Ambulate […] Wash hands […] Follow up with a clinician […] Exercise regularly […] Pearls and Other issues […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #165 Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/index.html

  Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by many germs. […] Lower your risk of pneumonia with vaccines and other healthy living practices. […] Many professional organizations have issued guidelines to manage and prevent pneumonia.

• #166 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  The goal of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is to get rid of the infection and prevent complications. Initial treatment of CAP with antibiotics is based on which type of organism is likely to be causing pneumonia (called „empiric” treatment). Most people improve with empiric treatment. […] Most people begin to improve after three to five days of antibiotic treatment. Improvement may be defined as feeling better or having fewer symptoms, such as cough and fever. […] Pneumonia can usually be treated successfully without leading to complications. However, complications can develop in some people, especially those in high-risk groups. […] Anyone who suspects that they have pneumonia should seek medical care as soon as possible. Pneumonia is a serious illness that can be life-threatening if not treated, especially for people who are older than 65 years, abuse alcohol, have underlying medical problems, or have a weakened immune system. […] The pneumococcal vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent pneumonia. The influenza (or „flu”) vaccine is important not only for preventing influenza but also for preventing potential complications, including pneumonia.

• #167 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  The goal of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is to get rid of the infection and prevent complications. Initial treatment of CAP with antibiotics is based on which type of organism is likely to be causing pneumonia (called „empiric” treatment). Most people improve with empiric treatment. […] Most people begin to improve after three to five days of antibiotic treatment. Improvement may be defined as feeling better or having fewer symptoms, such as cough and fever. […] Pneumonia can usually be treated successfully without leading to complications. However, complications can develop in some people, especially those in high-risk groups. […] Anyone who suspects that they have pneumonia should seek medical care as soon as possible. Pneumonia is a serious illness that can be life-threatening if not treated, especially for people who are older than 65 years, abuse alcohol, have underlying medical problems, or have a weakened immune system. […] The pneumococcal vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent pneumonia. The influenza (or „flu”) vaccine is important not only for preventing influenza but also for preventing potential complications, including pneumonia.

• #168 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Provide nutritional support. Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #169 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  You’re more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease. […] Smoking damages your body’s natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. […] To help prevent pneumonia: Get vaccinated. […] Practice good hygiene. […] Don’t smoke. […] Keep your immune system strong.

• #170 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  You’re more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease. […] Smoking damages your body’s natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. […] To help prevent pneumonia: Get vaccinated. […] Practice good hygiene. […] Don’t smoke. […] Keep your immune system strong.

• #171 Pneumonia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an infection. Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks, but babies, older people, and people with heart or lung conditions are at risk of getting seriously ill and may need treatment in hospital. […] You’ll usually be given antibiotics to treat pneumonia. Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks. […] In hospital you’ll usually be given fluids and antibiotics to treat the infection. You may also be given oxygen to help you breathe. […] If you’re given antibiotics to take at home, contact your doctor if you do not feel better after taking them for 2 to 3 days. […] There are some things you can do to help with recovery from pneumonia and reduce the risk of spreading it to other people. […] Pneumonia is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. […] You can catch pneumonia from someone who has it, or you can sometimes get it if you have another infection such as flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or COVID-19. […] There are several vaccines available to help protect you or your child from infections that can cause pneumonia.

• #172 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Avoiding smoking is another important way to prevent pneumonia as well as other health problems. If you smoke, there are treatments that can help you quit. […] If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #173 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Avoiding smoking is another important way to prevent pneumonia as well as other health problems. If you smoke, there are treatments that can help you quit. […] If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #174 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Avoiding smoking is another important way to prevent pneumonia as well as other health problems. If you smoke, there are treatments that can help you quit. […] If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #175 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Avoiding smoking is another important way to prevent pneumonia as well as other health problems. If you smoke, there are treatments that can help you quit. […] If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #176 Identifying Pneumonia Risks After Gastrectomy

  https://bioengineer.org/identifying-pneumonia-risks-after-gastrectomy/

  Among the fifteen identified risk factors, several emerged as particularly potent contributors, magnifying the risk by more than twofold. […] Notably, male gender and total gastrectomy were linked with drastically increased susceptibility. […] Intraoperative factors also carried substantial weight. […] Comorbid conditions emerged as critical determinants. […] The extent of surgical intervention, such as D2 lymphadenectomy, involving the removal of additional lymph nodes, also correlated strongly with pneumonia prevalence. […] The study’s conclusions emphasize a multi-pronged approach to reducing pneumonia incidence, advocating for targeted preventive measures. […] Perioperative respiratory training, aimed at enhancing lung expansion and mucociliary clearance, represents another vital strategy.

• #177 Aspiration Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568770/

  The key to minimizing poor outcomes associated with this disease is to identify patients at risk for AP before it occurs. […] A multifaceted interprofessional team of clinicians, nurses, speech-language pathologists, nutritionists, and pharmacists is required to accomplish this goal. […] The clinical nurse can help screen for impaired swallowing using high-sensitivity screening tools to ensure every patient with impaired swallowing is identified. […] Oral care, especially that provided via mechanical techniques, has shown a reduction in AP frequency and deaths in a number of studies. […] Current guidelines recommend non-foaming fluoride toothpaste in these patients to minimize the risk of aspiration. […] Balancing adequate nutrition while minimizing the risk of aspiration is of prime importance.

• #178 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  This pneumonia scenario is part of a series of RightCare scenarios that support local health systems to think strategically about designing optimal care for people (and their carers) with high impact conditions. […] The suboptimal story in this scenario deliberately highlights where along the care pathway we know often requires improvement. […] This scenario has been developed with expert stakeholders using RightCare methodology. The aim is to help clinicians and commissioners improve value and outcomes for this patient group. […] Specific strategies can be taken to reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia in the community. These include improving behaviours such as the uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, smoking cessation, better oral hygiene, reducing excess alcohol use and ensuring the home is both warm and free from moulds.

• #179 Aspiration Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568770/

  The key to minimizing poor outcomes associated with this disease is to identify patients at risk for AP before it occurs. […] A multifaceted interprofessional team of clinicians, nurses, speech-language pathologists, nutritionists, and pharmacists is required to accomplish this goal. […] The clinical nurse can help screen for impaired swallowing using high-sensitivity screening tools to ensure every patient with impaired swallowing is identified. […] Oral care, especially that provided via mechanical techniques, has shown a reduction in AP frequency and deaths in a number of studies. […] Current guidelines recommend non-foaming fluoride toothpaste in these patients to minimize the risk of aspiration. […] Balancing adequate nutrition while minimizing the risk of aspiration is of prime importance.

• #180 Identifying Pneumonia Risks After Gastrectomy

  https://bioengineer.org/identifying-pneumonia-risks-after-gastrectomy/

  Among the fifteen identified risk factors, several emerged as particularly potent contributors, magnifying the risk by more than twofold. […] Notably, male gender and total gastrectomy were linked with drastically increased susceptibility. […] Intraoperative factors also carried substantial weight. […] Comorbid conditions emerged as critical determinants. […] The extent of surgical intervention, such as D2 lymphadenectomy, involving the removal of additional lymph nodes, also correlated strongly with pneumonia prevalence. […] The study’s conclusions emphasize a multi-pronged approach to reducing pneumonia incidence, advocating for targeted preventive measures. […] Perioperative respiratory training, aimed at enhancing lung expansion and mucociliary clearance, represents another vital strategy.

• #181 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  • Are older than 65 years […] • Smoke cigarettes […] • Are malnourished due to health conditions or lack of access to food […] • Have underlying lung disease, including cystic fibrosis, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema) […] • Have other underlying medical problems, including diabetes or heart disease […] • Have a weakened immune system due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), organ transplant, chemotherapy, or long-term use of steroid medications […] • Have difficulty coughing due to stroke, sedating drugs or alcohol, or limited mobility […] • Have had a recent viral upper respiratory tract infection including influenza […] PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS […] Common symptoms of pneumonia include fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain with breathing, a rapid heart and breathing rate, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a cough that often produces green or yellow sputum (mucus from the lungs); occasionally, the sputum is rust colored. Most people have a fever (temperature greater than 100.5°F or 38°C), although this is less common in older adults. Shaking chills (called rigors) and a change in mental status (confusion, unclear thinking) can also occur.

• #182

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Take your antibiotics exactly as directed. Do not stop taking the medicine just because you are feeling better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly influenza (flu) vaccine. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). You have new or worse trouble breathing. You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have a new or higher fever. You are coughing more deeply or more often. You are not getting better after 2 days (48 hours). You do not get better as expected.

• #183 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #184 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] The SPIN service reviewed 38% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admissions in 2014-2016. 82% of these admissions received antibiotic treatment in 4 hours (68.5% in the national audit). […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality.

• #185 Nursing Care Plan For Hospital Acquired Pneumonia – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  The nursing assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a crucial step in the early detection and prompt management of this nosocomial infection. […] By conducting a thorough assessment, nurses can detect HAP early, initiate appropriate treatment promptly, and prevent complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes and contributing to the overall quality and safety of healthcare settings. […] The nursing diagnosis for hospital-acquired pneumonia reflect the multifaceted challenges faced by patients with this nosocomial infection. […] By addressing these nursing diagnoses, nurses can provide patient-centered care, emphasizing the importance of respiratory support, pain management, infection prevention, and patient education. […] The nursing care plan for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a comprehensive and patient-centered approach that addresses the challenges posed by this nosocomial infection. […] Through their expertise, vigilance, and dedication to patient care, nurses play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and impact of hospital-acquired pneumonia, ultimately contributing to the overall quality and safety of healthcare settings.

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