Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection, affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (7% of the world’s yearly total) and 3.0 million deaths in 2016 (the 4th leading cause of death in the world). […] Rates are greatest in children less than five and adults older than 75 years of age. It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world versus the developed world. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest prevalence of pneumonia in the world. […] Community acquired pneumonia is the source of most pneumonia cases and is categorized as cases of pneumonia developed outside of the hospital or medical facilities. Community acquired pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization due to an infectious agent.

• #2 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  Pneumonia remains a common and serious illness despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines. […] In the US, pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. […] A similar annual rate of approximately 5060 cases per 100000 is probably the case in most developed countries. […] However, data regarding its incidence are suboptimal because pneumonia is not a notifiable disease. […] The overall incidence of cases of CAP is approximately 1012 per 1000 persons per year; however, this varies considerably with age, sex, race, and socioeconomic condition. […] The incidence of CAP is highest among the oldest and youngest members of the population. […] Approximately 4 million cases of CAP are estimated to occur annually in the US, resulting in 600000 hospitalizations per year.

• #3 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  Pneumonia remains a common and serious illness despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines. […] In the US, pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. […] A similar annual rate of approximately 5060 cases per 100000 is probably the case in most developed countries. […] However, data regarding its incidence are suboptimal because pneumonia is not a notifiable disease. […] The overall incidence of cases of CAP is approximately 1012 per 1000 persons per year; however, this varies considerably with age, sex, race, and socioeconomic condition. […] The incidence of CAP is highest among the oldest and youngest members of the population. […] Approximately 4 million cases of CAP are estimated to occur annually in the US, resulting in 600000 hospitalizations per year.

• #4 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  Pneumonia remains a common and serious illness despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines. […] In the US, pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. […] A similar annual rate of approximately 5060 cases per 100000 is probably the case in most developed countries. […] However, data regarding its incidence are suboptimal because pneumonia is not a notifiable disease. […] The overall incidence of cases of CAP is approximately 1012 per 1000 persons per year; however, this varies considerably with age, sex, race, and socioeconomic condition. […] The incidence of CAP is highest among the oldest and youngest members of the population. […] Approximately 4 million cases of CAP are estimated to occur annually in the US, resulting in 600000 hospitalizations per year.

• #5 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  Pneumonia remains a common and serious illness despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines. […] In the US, pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. […] A similar annual rate of approximately 5060 cases per 100000 is probably the case in most developed countries. […] However, data regarding its incidence are suboptimal because pneumonia is not a notifiable disease. […] The overall incidence of cases of CAP is approximately 1012 per 1000 persons per year; however, this varies considerably with age, sex, race, and socioeconomic condition. […] The incidence of CAP is highest among the oldest and youngest members of the population. […] Approximately 4 million cases of CAP are estimated to occur annually in the US, resulting in 600000 hospitalizations per year.

• #6 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  The majority (up to 80%) of patients with CAP are treated as an outpatient with a mortality rate of less than 1% in these patients. […] Admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) also varies dramatically by country and individual hospital. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the most common form of HCAP. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia occurs in about 510 per 1000 hospitalized patients and complicates the course of as many as 20% of patients undergoing surgery. […] Among nosocomial infections, pneumonia has the highest morbidity and mortality. […] The epidemiology of other types of pneumonia is not as well defined. […] The etiology of pneumonia depends on several factors including patient’s immune status (i.e., immunocompetent vs. immunocompromised), recent antibiotic use, and location of the patient when pneumonia occurred (community acquired vs. nosocomial). […] The etiologic spectrum of pneumonia continues to slowly expand.

• #7 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  Pneumonia remains a common and serious illness despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and effective vaccines. […] In the US, pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the number one cause of death from infection. […] A similar annual rate of approximately 5060 cases per 100000 is probably the case in most developed countries. […] However, data regarding its incidence are suboptimal because pneumonia is not a notifiable disease. […] The overall incidence of cases of CAP is approximately 1012 per 1000 persons per year; however, this varies considerably with age, sex, race, and socioeconomic condition. […] The incidence of CAP is highest among the oldest and youngest members of the population. […] Approximately 4 million cases of CAP are estimated to occur annually in the US, resulting in 600000 hospitalizations per year.

• #8 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #9 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pneumonia-Epidemiology.aspx

  Pneumonia is a common lung infection that affects millions of people worldwide. Pneumonia is most often caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia, but infection can also be due to a number of viruses, fungi, and mycoplasmas. […] Worldwide, infection rates are highest in developing nations, particularly in countries in Southeast Asia and Africa. […] Worldwide, pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children under age 5. It has long been known that acute respiratory infections, including pneumonia and others, were responsible for a large number of deaths in children throughout the world. […] One study estimated that nearly 4 million children died each year of acute respiratory infections in the period from 1980 to 1990. […] CHERG performed systematic reviews to compile pneumonia statistics in children under age 5 for the year 2000. The group found that there were approximately 150 million new episodes of pneumonia in children under 5.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pneumonia-Epidemiology.aspx

  More than half of all worldwide cases of childhood pneumonia occurred in just five countries including China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nigeria. Southeast Asia and Africa had the highest overall incidence rates (0.36 and 0.33 episodes per child-year, respectively), while Europe had the lowest rate of 0.06 episodes per child-year. […] In developed nations, pneumonia is a serious concern in adults over the age of 65. One study reported increased rates of pneumonia-associated hospitalizations in the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, and the Netherlands. […] In the United States in 2010, approximately 1.1 million patients were hospitalized for pneumonia and the average length of hospital stay was 5.2 days. […] Taken together, approximately 50,000 people died at the end of 2010 in this nation.

• #12 Pneumonia in Children Statistics – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/

  A child dies of pneumonia every 43 seconds. Pneumonia kills more children than any other infectious disease, claiming the lives of over 700,000 children under 5 every year, or around 2,000 every day. This includes around 190,000 newborns. Almost all of these deaths are preventable. Globally, there are over 1,400 cases of pneumonia per 100,000 children, or 1 case per 71 children every year, with the greatest incidence occurring in South Asia (2,500 cases per 100,000 children) and West and Central Africa (1,620 cases per 100,000 children). […] Progress in reducing deaths due to pneumonia in children under 5 has been significantly slower than for other infectious diseases. Since 2000, under-five deaths due to pneumonia have declined by 54 per cent, while deaths due to diarrhoea have decreased by 63 per cent and are now almost half of pneumonia deaths.

• #13 Pneumonia in Children Statistics – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/

  A child dies of pneumonia every 43 seconds. Pneumonia kills more children than any other infectious disease, claiming the lives of over 700,000 children under 5 every year, or around 2,000 every day. This includes around 190,000 newborns. Almost all of these deaths are preventable. Globally, there are over 1,400 cases of pneumonia per 100,000 children, or 1 case per 71 children every year, with the greatest incidence occurring in South Asia (2,500 cases per 100,000 children) and West and Central Africa (1,620 cases per 100,000 children). […] Progress in reducing deaths due to pneumonia in children under 5 has been significantly slower than for other infectious diseases. Since 2000, under-five deaths due to pneumonia have declined by 54 per cent, while deaths due to diarrhoea have decreased by 63 per cent and are now almost half of pneumonia deaths.

• #14 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. […] Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The number of children dying from pneumonia has decreased substantially over the past three decades. […] The death rate from pneumonia in this age group fell slightly. […] The death rate from pneumonia is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia, and much lower in Europe and North America. […] For this reason, Kevin Watkins and Devi Sridhar called pneumonia the ultimate disease of poverty in a 2018 comment in the journal The Lancet. […] The disease is most common in poor places where healthcare infrastructure is lacking and people are least able to afford the treatment. […] Despite progress against pneumonia, hundreds of thousands of children still die from the condition each year.

• #15 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. […] Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The number of children dying from pneumonia has decreased substantially over the past three decades. […] The death rate from pneumonia in this age group fell slightly. […] The death rate from pneumonia is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia, and much lower in Europe and North America. […] For this reason, Kevin Watkins and Devi Sridhar called pneumonia the ultimate disease of poverty in a 2018 comment in the journal The Lancet. […] The disease is most common in poor places where healthcare infrastructure is lacking and people are least able to afford the treatment. […] Despite progress against pneumonia, hundreds of thousands of children still die from the condition each year.

• #16 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. […] Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. […] The number of children dying from pneumonia has decreased substantially over the past three decades. […] The death rate from pneumonia in this age group fell slightly. […] The death rate from pneumonia is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia, and much lower in Europe and North America. […] For this reason, Kevin Watkins and Devi Sridhar called pneumonia the ultimate disease of poverty in a 2018 comment in the journal The Lancet. […] The disease is most common in poor places where healthcare infrastructure is lacking and people are least able to afford the treatment. […] Despite progress against pneumonia, hundreds of thousands of children still die from the condition each year.

• #17 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  There is estimated to be an incidence rate of 1.5 to 14 cases of community-acquired pneumonia per 1000 person-years across the globe. Location, demographics, and seasons all affect the incidence rates of community acquired pneumonia. […] In 2008, pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world). It caused 1.6 million deaths or 2834% of all deaths in those under five years of age of which 95% occurred in the developing world. […] Each year, Europe suffers from 230,000 deaths caused by pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia causes more deaths in Europe than any other single infectious agent. […] In the United Kingdom, the annual incidence rate of pneumonia is approximately 6 cases per 1000 people in individuals aged 1839 years. For those over 75 years of age, the incidence rate rises to 75 cases per 1000 people.

• #18 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  There is estimated to be an incidence rate of 1.5 to 14 cases of community-acquired pneumonia per 1000 person-years across the globe. Location, demographics, and seasons all affect the incidence rates of community acquired pneumonia. […] In 2008, pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world). It caused 1.6 million deaths or 2834% of all deaths in those under five years of age of which 95% occurred in the developing world. […] Each year, Europe suffers from 230,000 deaths caused by pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia causes more deaths in Europe than any other single infectious agent. […] In the United Kingdom, the annual incidence rate of pneumonia is approximately 6 cases per 1000 people in individuals aged 1839 years. For those over 75 years of age, the incidence rate rises to 75 cases per 1000 people.

• #19 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, pneumonia has an annual incidence rate of 24.8 cases per 10,000 adults. […] Africa has the second highest incidence rate of pneumonia of children under five years old at 0.33 episodes per child per year. In 2015, pneumonia was responsible for the deaths of 473,000 African children under the age of five years old. […] Incidence rates of childhood pneumonia (under five years old) are greatest in South East Asia with 0.36 episodes per child per year. […] More cases of community acquired pneumonia occur during the winter months than at other times of the year. Pneumonia occurs more commonly in males than in females, and more often among Blacks than Caucasians, partly due to quantitative differences in synthesizing Vitamin D after exposure to sunlight.

• #20 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, pneumonia has an annual incidence rate of 24.8 cases per 10,000 adults. […] Africa has the second highest incidence rate of pneumonia of children under five years old at 0.33 episodes per child per year. In 2015, pneumonia was responsible for the deaths of 473,000 African children under the age of five years old. […] Incidence rates of childhood pneumonia (under five years old) are greatest in South East Asia with 0.36 episodes per child per year. […] More cases of community acquired pneumonia occur during the winter months than at other times of the year. Pneumonia occurs more commonly in males than in females, and more often among Blacks than Caucasians, partly due to quantitative differences in synthesizing Vitamin D after exposure to sunlight.

• #21 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #22 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #23 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #24 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the single largest infectious cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. […] Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the epidemiology and causative pathogens of CAP. […] The epidemiology of child pneumonia varies widely among different regions of the world related to the prevalence of risk factors and causative pathogens. […] According to the Health Insurance Corporation Review and Assessment Service, about 1.34 million patients of all ages were treated for pneumonia, of whom half (47.2%) were children and adolescents. […] The mortality rate due to pneumonia in Korea is 1.8 per 100,000 people under 1 year of age and 0.1 per 100,000 people aged 14 years in 2020. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens.

• #25 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The PCV also reduces nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci, which also reduces the risk of one of the causative pathways of pneumonia. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The diagnosis of pneumonia is generally possible through a thorough medical history, a physical examination, and chest radiography. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses. […] Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia.

• #26 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The PCV also reduces nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci, which also reduces the risk of one of the causative pathways of pneumonia. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The diagnosis of pneumonia is generally possible through a thorough medical history, a physical examination, and chest radiography. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses. […] Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia.

• #27 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The PCV also reduces nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci, which also reduces the risk of one of the causative pathways of pneumonia. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The diagnosis of pneumonia is generally possible through a thorough medical history, a physical examination, and chest radiography. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses. […] Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia.

• #28 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2022.00374

  Improved healthcare access, vaccination programs, living conditions, and nutrition are key to further reducing CAP mortality rates. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The national pneumococcal vaccination program caused a serotype replacement phenomenon. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses.

• #29 Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance and Trends | Pneumococcal | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC tracks invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) using 2 surveillance systems. […] CDC collects national information about IPD through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). CDC receives NNDSS data each week. […] CDC collaborates with some state health departments to conduct IPD surveillance. […] IPD surveillance in the United States began in 1998. […] CDC data show that IPD rates in the United States decreased dramatically after introduction of PCVs. […] From 1998 through 2021, IPD rates among children less than 5 years old decreased by 95% overall. […] IPD rates in adults decreased after PCVs were used in children. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that S. pneumoniae kills about 300,000 children under 5 years old worldwide every year. […] S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia globally. […] Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, has helped many low-income countries introduce a PCV into their national immunization programs.

• #30 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555562

  The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency established and has operated a nationwide respiratory infectious disease monitoring network since 2015 that monitors respiratory infectious diseases and identifies the causative pathogen. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] In conclusion, it is necessary to continue nationwide monitoring of respiratory CAP pathogens, molecular diagnoses, biological changes of pathogens, and antibiotic resistance.

• #31 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #32 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #33 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #34 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The PCV also reduces nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci, which also reduces the risk of one of the causative pathways of pneumonia. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The diagnosis of pneumonia is generally possible through a thorough medical history, a physical examination, and chest radiography. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses. […] Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia.

• #35 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2022.00374

  Improved healthcare access, vaccination programs, living conditions, and nutrition are key to further reducing CAP mortality rates. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The frequency and mortality rate of pneumonia, including Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, have rapidly decreased since 2014. […] The national pneumococcal vaccination program caused a serotype replacement phenomenon. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses.

• #36 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2022.00374

  Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia. […] Therefore, pediatricians usually rely on empirical treatment in clinical settings. Obtaining data about the causative pathogens of pediatric CAP will contribute significantly to the surveillance of new pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Data on antibiotic resistance will aid the selection of appropriate treatment options, which can reduce the morbidity and mortality of pneumonia in children. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue nationwide monitoring of respiratory CAP pathogens, molecular diagnoses, biological changes of pathogens, and antibiotic resistance.

• #37 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2022.00374

  Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia. […] Therefore, pediatricians usually rely on empirical treatment in clinical settings. Obtaining data about the causative pathogens of pediatric CAP will contribute significantly to the surveillance of new pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Data on antibiotic resistance will aid the selection of appropriate treatment options, which can reduce the morbidity and mortality of pneumonia in children. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue nationwide monitoring of respiratory CAP pathogens, molecular diagnoses, biological changes of pathogens, and antibiotic resistance.

• #38 Enhanced surveillance for severe pneumonia, Thailand 2010–2015 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6774-5

  The etiology of severe pneumonia is frequently not identified by routine disease surveillance in Thailand. […] Since 2010, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and US CDC have conducted surveillance to detect known and new etiologies of severe pneumonia. […] Surveillance for severe community-acquired pneumonia was initiated in December 2010 among 30 hospitals in 17 provinces covering all regions of Thailand. […] Severe pneumonia was defined as chest-radiograph confirmed pneumonia of unknown etiology in a patient hospitalized 48h and requiring intubation with ventilator support or who died within 48h after hospitalization; patients with underlying chronic pulmonary or neurological disease were excluded. […] Enhanced surveillance improved the understanding of the etiology of severe pneumonia cases and improved the MOPHs preparedness and response capacity for emerging respiratory pathogens in Thailand thereby enhanced global health security.

• #39 Enhanced surveillance for severe pneumonia, Thailand 2010–2015 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6774-5

  The etiology of severe pneumonia is frequently not identified by routine disease surveillance in Thailand. […] Since 2010, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and US CDC have conducted surveillance to detect known and new etiologies of severe pneumonia. […] Surveillance for severe community-acquired pneumonia was initiated in December 2010 among 30 hospitals in 17 provinces covering all regions of Thailand. […] Severe pneumonia was defined as chest-radiograph confirmed pneumonia of unknown etiology in a patient hospitalized 48h and requiring intubation with ventilator support or who died within 48h after hospitalization; patients with underlying chronic pulmonary or neurological disease were excluded. […] Enhanced surveillance improved the understanding of the etiology of severe pneumonia cases and improved the MOPHs preparedness and response capacity for emerging respiratory pathogens in Thailand thereby enhanced global health security.

• #40 Enhanced surveillance for severe pneumonia, Thailand 2010–2015 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6774-5

  Developing the capacity for enhanced surveillance for severe pneumonia, which can be used to describe the prevalence of known as well as new pathogens, has been important to strengthen Thailand MOPHs preparedness and rapid response to emerging respiratory pathogens. […] Despite its low sensitivity, the SevPn surveillance system has built a network and platform that has bolstered Thailands ability to detect emerging infectious diseases. […] The availability of additional diagnostic assays and methods to more fully identify potential pneumonia etiologies for emerging and re-emerging pathogens would be beneficial to test banked specimens from this project as well as in future severe respiratory disease outbreaks.

• #41 Evolving to Better Metrics for Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Is Electronic Surveillance the Answer? – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/evolving-to-better-metrics-for-nonventilator-hospital-acquired-pneumonia-is-electronic-surveillance-the-answer/

  Traditional surveillance methods involve manual chart review and subjective implementation of multidimensional definitions which are error-prone, time-consuming, and susceptible to assessment bias. […] Ji and colleagues propose surveillance definitions for nonventilator hospital acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) using structured data from electronic health records (EHRs) rather than manual review of EHRs. […] Among 311,484 admissions across 4 hospitals during a 3-year period, incidence rates (per 100 admissions) ranged from 3.4 events for worsening oxygenation alone to 0.6 event for worsening oxygenation, at least 3 days of new antibiotics, fever, abnormal white blood cell count, and performance of chest imaging. […] However, the study found that the 2 tertiary care hospitals had higher incidence rates of NV-HAP compared to the 2 community hospitals. […] While the proposed definitions for NV-HAP offer a novel yet practical framework for performing surveillance, we have a limited understanding of the sensitivity and specificity of these definitions and whether they capture truly preventable events.

• #42 Evolving to Better Metrics for Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Is Electronic Surveillance the Answer? – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/evolving-to-better-metrics-for-nonventilator-hospital-acquired-pneumonia-is-electronic-surveillance-the-answer/

  Traditional surveillance methods involve manual chart review and subjective implementation of multidimensional definitions which are error-prone, time-consuming, and susceptible to assessment bias. […] Ji and colleagues propose surveillance definitions for nonventilator hospital acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) using structured data from electronic health records (EHRs) rather than manual review of EHRs. […] Among 311,484 admissions across 4 hospitals during a 3-year period, incidence rates (per 100 admissions) ranged from 3.4 events for worsening oxygenation alone to 0.6 event for worsening oxygenation, at least 3 days of new antibiotics, fever, abnormal white blood cell count, and performance of chest imaging. […] However, the study found that the 2 tertiary care hospitals had higher incidence rates of NV-HAP compared to the 2 community hospitals. […] While the proposed definitions for NV-HAP offer a novel yet practical framework for performing surveillance, we have a limited understanding of the sensitivity and specificity of these definitions and whether they capture truly preventable events.

• #43 Evolving to Better Metrics for Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Is Electronic Surveillance the Answer? – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/evolving-to-better-metrics-for-nonventilator-hospital-acquired-pneumonia-is-electronic-surveillance-the-answer/

  Traditional surveillance methods involve manual chart review and subjective implementation of multidimensional definitions which are error-prone, time-consuming, and susceptible to assessment bias. […] Ji and colleagues propose surveillance definitions for nonventilator hospital acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) using structured data from electronic health records (EHRs) rather than manual review of EHRs. […] Among 311,484 admissions across 4 hospitals during a 3-year period, incidence rates (per 100 admissions) ranged from 3.4 events for worsening oxygenation alone to 0.6 event for worsening oxygenation, at least 3 days of new antibiotics, fever, abnormal white blood cell count, and performance of chest imaging. […] However, the study found that the 2 tertiary care hospitals had higher incidence rates of NV-HAP compared to the 2 community hospitals. […] While the proposed definitions for NV-HAP offer a novel yet practical framework for performing surveillance, we have a limited understanding of the sensitivity and specificity of these definitions and whether they capture truly preventable events.

• #44

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20230328/electronic-surveillance-of-nvhap-comparable-to-manual-surveillance

  Electronic non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia surveillance was moderately comparable with manual surveillance criteria. […] The electronic surveillance definition for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia had moderate correlation with the existing manual surveillance definition, suggesting electronic surveillance could be a more practical strategy. […] Non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) is a common hospital-acquired infection with high morbidity and mortality. […] Electronic surveillance criteria for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia correlated moderately with manual surveillance criteria, making it a practice strategy for surveillance. […] Stern explained these data show that the electronic surveillance definition has moderate correlation with the existing manual surveillance definition.

• #45

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20230328/electronic-surveillance-of-nvhap-comparable-to-manual-surveillance

  While no surveillance approach for NV-HAP is perfect, electronic surveillance using readily available clinical data may provide a more practical strategy to increase the scale, efficiency, and reliability of NV-HAP surveillance and quality improvement efforts with similar accuracy compared to manual assessments.

• #46 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-microbiology-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a patient who has acquired the infection in the community, as distinguished from hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia (HAP). […] CAP is a common and potentially serious illness. It is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly in older adult patients and those with significant comorbidities. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of CAP in adults will be reviewed here.

• #47 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-microbiology-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in a patient who has acquired the infection in the community, as distinguished from hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia (HAP). […] CAP is a common and potentially serious illness. It is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly in older adult patients and those with significant comorbidities. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of CAP in adults will be reviewed here.

• #48 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #49 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis. Because of the wide spectrum of associated clinical features, CAP is a part of the differential diagnosis of nearly all respiratory illnesses. […] CAP is one of the most common and morbid conditions encountered in clinical practice. In the United States, CAP accounts for over 4.5 million outpatient and emergency room visits annually, corresponding to approximately 0.4 percent of all encounters. CAP is the second most common cause of hospitalization and the most common infectious cause of death. Approximately 650 adults are hospitalized with CAP every year per 100,000 population in the United States, corresponding to 1.5 million unique CAP hospitalizations each year. Nearly 9 percent of patients hospitalized with CAP will be rehospitalized due to a new episode of CAP during the same year.

• #50 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis. Because of the wide spectrum of associated clinical features, CAP is a part of the differential diagnosis of nearly all respiratory illnesses. […] CAP is one of the most common and morbid conditions encountered in clinical practice. In the United States, CAP accounts for over 4.5 million outpatient and emergency room visits annually, corresponding to approximately 0.4 percent of all encounters. CAP is the second most common cause of hospitalization and the most common infectious cause of death. Approximately 650 adults are hospitalized with CAP every year per 100,000 population in the United States, corresponding to 1.5 million unique CAP hospitalizations each year. Nearly 9 percent of patients hospitalized with CAP will be rehospitalized due to a new episode of CAP during the same year.

• #51 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  The risk of CAP rises with age. The annual incidence of hospitalization for CAP among adults ≥65 years old is approximately 2000 per 100,000 in the United States. This figure is approximately three times higher than the general population and indicates that 2 percent of the older adult population will be hospitalized for CAP annually. […] The comorbidity that places patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with an annual incidence of 5832 per 100,000 in the United States. Other comorbidities associated with an increased incidence of CAP include other forms of chronic lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis, asthma), chronic heart disease (particularly congestive heart failure), stroke, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and immunocompromising conditions.

• #52 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  The risk of CAP rises with age. The annual incidence of hospitalization for CAP among adults ≥65 years old is approximately 2000 per 100,000 in the United States. This figure is approximately three times higher than the general population and indicates that 2 percent of the older adult population will be hospitalized for CAP annually. […] The comorbidity that places patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with an annual incidence of 5832 per 100,000 in the United States. Other comorbidities associated with an increased incidence of CAP include other forms of chronic lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis, asthma), chronic heart disease (particularly congestive heart failure), stroke, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and immunocompromising conditions.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Immunosuppression constitutes a significant risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). […] Our study elucidates the relevance of particular immunosuppressive conditions including systemic steroids for occurrence and prognosis of CAP. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with a significant healthcare burden in elderly and multimorbid patients. […] The number of people at risk is presumably rising due to improved survival of patients with immunosuppressive conditions and increasing implementation of immune-modulating treatments for a variety of diseases. […] In order to target preventive measures like vaccines or drug prophylaxis and to potentially address modifiable immunosuppressive conditions in patients at risk, such information is key. […] We found 6% of the population to have at least one episode of immunosuppression during the 4-year observation period.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Immunosuppression entails a compelling risk of contracting CAP alongside classic risk factors like age, level of long-term care and comorbidities. […] At HR 2.4 immunosuppression was the leading risk factor of all underlying conditions even exceeding the previously known high risk of chronic lung diseases which we calculated at HR 2.1. […] Immunosuppression in general was present in 36% of the 630 cases making it the most substantial risk factor (HR 17.1 [95%-CI 12.024.5]), while age and level of long-term care played a limited role only. […] This is particularly relevant for CAP associated with rare pathogens in which HIV infection, solid organ transplantation and prescription of high dose systemic steroids are dominant risk factors.

• #55 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  Both the distribution of pathogens that cause CAP and our knowledge of these pathogens are evolving. Key observations that have changed our understanding of CAP and influenced our approach to management include: Decline in S. pneumoniae incidence – Although S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the most commonly detected bacterial cause of CAP in most studies, the overall incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia is decreasing. […] Knowledge of antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors for infection with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens help inform the selection of antibiotics for empiric CAP treatment. […] Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is an uncommon cause of CAP. Risk factors for MRSA have two patterns: health care associated and community acquired. The strongest risk factors for MRSA pneumonia include known MRSA colonization or prior MRSA infection, particularly involving the respiratory tract.

• #56 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #57 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #58 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  In the United States, acute lower respiratory tract infections cause more disease and death than any other infection. […] More than three million cases occur annually in the United States. Pneumonia is more prevalent during the winter months and in colder climates. This condition is most likely from viral upper and lower respiratory infections, which increase in winter and result in impaired host defenses to bacterial superinfection. […] The most common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the outpatient setting are as follows (in descending order of frequency): S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, H influenzae, C pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses. […] The most common etiologies of CAP in the nonintensive care unit (ICU) inpatient setting, in descending order of frequency, are as follows: S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, C pneumoniae, H influenzae, Legionella species, aspiration, and respiratory viruses.

• #59 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  In the United States, acute lower respiratory tract infections cause more disease and death than any other infection. […] More than three million cases occur annually in the United States. Pneumonia is more prevalent during the winter months and in colder climates. This condition is most likely from viral upper and lower respiratory infections, which increase in winter and result in impaired host defenses to bacterial superinfection. […] The most common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the outpatient setting are as follows (in descending order of frequency): S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, H influenzae, C pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses. […] The most common etiologies of CAP in the nonintensive care unit (ICU) inpatient setting, in descending order of frequency, are as follows: S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, C pneumoniae, H influenzae, Legionella species, aspiration, and respiratory viruses.

• #60 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), also known as nosocomial pneumonia, occurs in patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. […] HAP is a well-documented cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including increased need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. […] The Society of Healthcare Epidemiology (SHEA) review from 2022 shows HAP as the most common hospital-acquired infection, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 patients and 1 in every 10 ventilated patients. […] NV-HAP carries a greater than 8.4 times the risk of inpatient mortality and 8 times the risk of need for mechanical ventilation. […] The HAPPI-2 study showed that 70.8% of NV-HAP was acquired outside the ICU, although 18.8% required subsequent ICU transfer.

• #61 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), also known as nosocomial pneumonia, occurs in patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. […] HAP is a well-documented cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including increased need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. […] The Society of Healthcare Epidemiology (SHEA) review from 2022 shows HAP as the most common hospital-acquired infection, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 patients and 1 in every 10 ventilated patients. […] NV-HAP carries a greater than 8.4 times the risk of inpatient mortality and 8 times the risk of need for mechanical ventilation. […] The HAPPI-2 study showed that 70.8% of NV-HAP was acquired outside the ICU, although 18.8% required subsequent ICU transfer.

• #62 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), also known as nosocomial pneumonia, occurs in patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. […] HAP is a well-documented cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including increased need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. […] The Society of Healthcare Epidemiology (SHEA) review from 2022 shows HAP as the most common hospital-acquired infection, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 patients and 1 in every 10 ventilated patients. […] NV-HAP carries a greater than 8.4 times the risk of inpatient mortality and 8 times the risk of need for mechanical ventilation. […] The HAPPI-2 study showed that 70.8% of NV-HAP was acquired outside the ICU, although 18.8% required subsequent ICU transfer.

• #63 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), also known as nosocomial pneumonia, occurs in patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. […] HAP is a well-documented cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including increased need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. […] The Society of Healthcare Epidemiology (SHEA) review from 2022 shows HAP as the most common hospital-acquired infection, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 patients and 1 in every 10 ventilated patients. […] NV-HAP carries a greater than 8.4 times the risk of inpatient mortality and 8 times the risk of need for mechanical ventilation. […] The HAPPI-2 study showed that 70.8% of NV-HAP was acquired outside the ICU, although 18.8% required subsequent ICU transfer.

• #64 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), also known as nosocomial pneumonia, occurs in patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. […] HAP is a well-documented cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including increased need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. […] The Society of Healthcare Epidemiology (SHEA) review from 2022 shows HAP as the most common hospital-acquired infection, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 patients and 1 in every 10 ventilated patients. […] NV-HAP carries a greater than 8.4 times the risk of inpatient mortality and 8 times the risk of need for mechanical ventilation. […] The HAPPI-2 study showed that 70.8% of NV-HAP was acquired outside the ICU, although 18.8% required subsequent ICU transfer.

• #65 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) notably develops in approximately 9-27% of all intubated patients and carries a mortality rate of 30-60%. […] Native Americans (19.2 deaths per 100,000) and Black Americans (17.1 deaths per 100,000 population) are more likely to die from pneumonia compared with White Americans (15.9 deaths per 100,000 population). […] Advanced age increases the incidence of and the mortality from pneumonia. Comorbidity and a diminished immune response and defense against aspiration increase the risk for bacterial pneumonia. For individuals aged 65 years and older, pneumonia and influenza were the sixth leading cause of death in 2005. […] Close to 90% of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza occurred in this age group.

• #66 Pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Pneumonia has accounted for approximately 20% of all hospital-associated infections and 27% and 24% of all infections acquired in the medical intensive-care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit, respectively. […] The incidence of HAP is 5-15 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions. […] HAP and VAP are nosocomial infections with a high mortality in contrast with other nosocomial infections.

• #67 Pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Pneumonia has accounted for approximately 20% of all hospital-associated infections and 27% and 24% of all infections acquired in the medical intensive-care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit, respectively. […] The incidence of HAP is 5-15 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions. […] HAP and VAP are nosocomial infections with a high mortality in contrast with other nosocomial infections.

• #68 Pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Pneumonia has accounted for approximately 20% of all hospital-associated infections and 27% and 24% of all infections acquired in the medical intensive-care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit, respectively. […] The incidence of HAP is 5-15 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions. […] HAP and VAP are nosocomial infections with a high mortality in contrast with other nosocomial infections.

• #69 PNEUMONIA | Overview and Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7150323/

  The majority (up to 80%) of patients with CAP are treated as an outpatient with a mortality rate of less than 1% in these patients. […] Admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) also varies dramatically by country and individual hospital. […] Nursing home-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the most common form of HCAP. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia occurs in about 510 per 1000 hospitalized patients and complicates the course of as many as 20% of patients undergoing surgery. […] Among nosocomial infections, pneumonia has the highest morbidity and mortality. […] The epidemiology of other types of pneumonia is not as well defined. […] The etiology of pneumonia depends on several factors including patient’s immune status (i.e., immunocompetent vs. immunocompromised), recent antibiotic use, and location of the patient when pneumonia occurred (community acquired vs. nosocomial). […] The etiologic spectrum of pneumonia continues to slowly expand.

• #70 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  In discussing the epidemiology of NV-HAP, a brief review of health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is warranted. […] General antibiotic coverage for NV-HAP aligns with that of VAP and includes antimicrobials targeted against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae. […] The pathophysiology of HAP necessitates exposure to a pathogen, which can occur via aspiration of gastric contents, exposure to contaminated aerosols (as in the case of Legionella), or hematogenously (as in septic embolization). […] Prevention of NV-HAP depends on identification of at-risk populations and mitigation of risk factors, with particular emphasis on avoiding aspiration events. […] Apart from mitigation of inpatient risk factors, it is important to consider NV-HAP prevention prior to hospitalization. […] Given the frequency of NV-HAP and its impact on mortality and morbidity, future directions should be focused on prompt diagnosis and treatment of NV-HAP.

• #71 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  In discussing the epidemiology of NV-HAP, a brief review of health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is warranted. […] General antibiotic coverage for NV-HAP aligns with that of VAP and includes antimicrobials targeted against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae. […] The pathophysiology of HAP necessitates exposure to a pathogen, which can occur via aspiration of gastric contents, exposure to contaminated aerosols (as in the case of Legionella), or hematogenously (as in septic embolization). […] Prevention of NV-HAP depends on identification of at-risk populations and mitigation of risk factors, with particular emphasis on avoiding aspiration events. […] Apart from mitigation of inpatient risk factors, it is important to consider NV-HAP prevention prior to hospitalization. […] Given the frequency of NV-HAP and its impact on mortality and morbidity, future directions should be focused on prompt diagnosis and treatment of NV-HAP.

• #72 Nonventilator Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Where It Is Now

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/nonventilator-hospital–acquired-pneumonia-epidemiology-prevention-and-where-it-is-now

  In discussing the epidemiology of NV-HAP, a brief review of health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is warranted. […] General antibiotic coverage for NV-HAP aligns with that of VAP and includes antimicrobials targeted against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae. […] The pathophysiology of HAP necessitates exposure to a pathogen, which can occur via aspiration of gastric contents, exposure to contaminated aerosols (as in the case of Legionella), or hematogenously (as in septic embolization). […] Prevention of NV-HAP depends on identification of at-risk populations and mitigation of risk factors, with particular emphasis on avoiding aspiration events. […] Apart from mitigation of inpatient risk factors, it is important to consider NV-HAP prevention prior to hospitalization. […] Given the frequency of NV-HAP and its impact on mortality and morbidity, future directions should be focused on prompt diagnosis and treatment of NV-HAP.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00144995

  Risk factors for pneumonia were analysed in a large population of critically ill patients, collected in two prospective multicentre pneumonia studies in Italy. The incidence of pneumonia in the 1475 selected patients was 15% (220 cases). […] The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients developing pneumonia (p0.0001); pneumonia was found to be an independent highly significant risk factor for death in critically ill patients (OR = 3.88; p0.0001). […] Multivariate analysis of seven risk factors for pneumonia showed a significantly higher risk in patients with neuromuscular disease (OR = 3.8, p0.002), impairment of airway reflexes at admission (OR = 2.93, p0.0001), and 24h respiratory assistance (OR=3.05, p0.0001). […] Rapid recognition of at-risk patients seems clinically important and may improve awareness programs and preventive approaches.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00144995

  Risk factors for pneumonia were analysed in a large population of critically ill patients, collected in two prospective multicentre pneumonia studies in Italy. The incidence of pneumonia in the 1475 selected patients was 15% (220 cases). […] The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients developing pneumonia (p0.0001); pneumonia was found to be an independent highly significant risk factor for death in critically ill patients (OR = 3.88; p0.0001). […] Multivariate analysis of seven risk factors for pneumonia showed a significantly higher risk in patients with neuromuscular disease (OR = 3.8, p0.002), impairment of airway reflexes at admission (OR = 2.93, p0.0001), and 24h respiratory assistance (OR=3.05, p0.0001). […] Rapid recognition of at-risk patients seems clinically important and may improve awareness programs and preventive approaches.

• #75 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) notably develops in approximately 9-27% of all intubated patients and carries a mortality rate of 30-60%. […] Native Americans (19.2 deaths per 100,000) and Black Americans (17.1 deaths per 100,000 population) are more likely to die from pneumonia compared with White Americans (15.9 deaths per 100,000 population). […] Advanced age increases the incidence of and the mortality from pneumonia. Comorbidity and a diminished immune response and defense against aspiration increase the risk for bacterial pneumonia. For individuals aged 65 years and older, pneumonia and influenza were the sixth leading cause of death in 2005. […] Close to 90% of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza occurred in this age group.

• #76 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) notably develops in approximately 9-27% of all intubated patients and carries a mortality rate of 30-60%. […] Native Americans (19.2 deaths per 100,000) and Black Americans (17.1 deaths per 100,000 population) are more likely to die from pneumonia compared with White Americans (15.9 deaths per 100,000 population). […] Advanced age increases the incidence of and the mortality from pneumonia. Comorbidity and a diminished immune response and defense against aspiration increase the risk for bacterial pneumonia. For individuals aged 65 years and older, pneumonia and influenza were the sixth leading cause of death in 2005. […] Close to 90% of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza occurred in this age group.

• #77 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, pneumonia has an annual incidence rate of 24.8 cases per 10,000 adults. […] Africa has the second highest incidence rate of pneumonia of children under five years old at 0.33 episodes per child per year. In 2015, pneumonia was responsible for the deaths of 473,000 African children under the age of five years old. […] Incidence rates of childhood pneumonia (under five years old) are greatest in South East Asia with 0.36 episodes per child per year. […] More cases of community acquired pneumonia occur during the winter months than at other times of the year. Pneumonia occurs more commonly in males than in females, and more often among Blacks than Caucasians, partly due to quantitative differences in synthesizing Vitamin D after exposure to sunlight.

• #78 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The chart shows that childhood undernutrition especially „child wasting” (children who have a weight too low for their height) is a major risk factor for pneumonia in children. […] Air pollution is also a major risk factor for pneumonia, as you can see in the chart. […] The risk of pneumonia is higher for children with HIV. […] Therefore, overcrowding too many people living in one space also increases the risks of pneumonia. […] The risk factors for developing pneumonia in people aged 70 and older are similar to the risk factors that lead to pneumonia in children. […] Since pneumonia is caused by different infections, a range of vaccines can be used to protect against it, including pneumococcal vaccines, Hib vaccines, influenza vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, and more.

• #79 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The chart shows that childhood undernutrition especially „child wasting” (children who have a weight too low for their height) is a major risk factor for pneumonia in children. […] Air pollution is also a major risk factor for pneumonia, as you can see in the chart. […] The risk of pneumonia is higher for children with HIV. […] Therefore, overcrowding too many people living in one space also increases the risks of pneumonia. […] The risk factors for developing pneumonia in people aged 70 and older are similar to the risk factors that lead to pneumonia in children. […] Since pneumonia is caused by different infections, a range of vaccines can be used to protect against it, including pneumococcal vaccines, Hib vaccines, influenza vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, and more.

• #80 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The chart shows that childhood undernutrition especially „child wasting” (children who have a weight too low for their height) is a major risk factor for pneumonia in children. […] Air pollution is also a major risk factor for pneumonia, as you can see in the chart. […] The risk of pneumonia is higher for children with HIV. […] Therefore, overcrowding too many people living in one space also increases the risks of pneumonia. […] The risk factors for developing pneumonia in people aged 70 and older are similar to the risk factors that lead to pneumonia in children. […] Since pneumonia is caused by different infections, a range of vaccines can be used to protect against it, including pneumococcal vaccines, Hib vaccines, influenza vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, and more.

• #81 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The chart shows that childhood undernutrition especially „child wasting” (children who have a weight too low for their height) is a major risk factor for pneumonia in children. […] Air pollution is also a major risk factor for pneumonia, as you can see in the chart. […] The risk of pneumonia is higher for children with HIV. […] Therefore, overcrowding too many people living in one space also increases the risks of pneumonia. […] The risk factors for developing pneumonia in people aged 70 and older are similar to the risk factors that lead to pneumonia in children. […] Since pneumonia is caused by different infections, a range of vaccines can be used to protect against it, including pneumococcal vaccines, Hib vaccines, influenza vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines, and more.

• #82 Pneumonia | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pneumonia-61496183/61496183

  Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli. The alveoli are filled with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. […] Most of the time, the body filters organisms. This keeps the lungs from becoming infected. But organisms sometimes enter the lungs and cause infections. This is more likely to occur when: immune system is weak. organism is very strong. body fails to filter the organisms. […] Factors that predispose to Pneumonia include cigarette smoking, upper respiratory tract infections, alcohol, corticosteroid therapy, old age, recent influenza infection, and pre-existing lung disease. […] The mortality rate associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is very low in most ambulatory patients and higher in patients requiring hospitalization, being as high as 37 percent in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). […] The presence of an infiltrate on plain chest radiograph is considered the „gold standard” for diagnosing pneumonia when clinical and microbiologic features are supportive. Most initial treatment regimens for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are empiric.

• #83 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #84 Epidemiology of pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia

  A protect, prevent, and treat plan has been created by WHO and UNICEF as an intervention strategy for dealing with pneumonia worldwide. This intervention includes promoting breastfeeding combined with sufficient complementary feeding, vaccinations, proper hygiene/handwashing techniques, managing air pollution indoors, preventing and treating HIV, and providing adequate healthcare to treat the infection such as through antibiotics and oxygen.

• #85 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #86 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] CAP is an important cause of admission to our ICU with significant mortality. Etiological organisms could be identified in about 60% of CAP. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial agent and most viral infections were caused by influenza A. Atypical bacteria accounted for only a minority of CAP. Pneumococcal and influenza immunization may be effective to reduce the incidence and severity of CAP.

• #87 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #88 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #89 Overview of community-acquired pneumonia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults

  CAP is a common working diagnosis and is frequently on the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with a pulmonary infiltrate and cough, patients with respiratory tract infections, and patients with sepsis. […] For most patients with CAP and excluding COVID-19, the etiology is not known at the time of diagnosis, and antibiotic treatment is empiric, targeting the most likely pathogens. The pathogens most likely to cause CAP vary with severity of illness, local epidemiology, and patient risk factors for infection with drug-resistant organisms. […] For patients with a working diagnosis of CAP, the initial steps in management are defining the severity of illness and determining the most appropriate site of care. […] The primary pillars for the prevention of CAP are: Smoking cessation (when appropriate), Influenza vaccination for all patients, Pneumococcal vaccination for at-risk patients, Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

• #90 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  Specific strategies can be taken to reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia in the community. These include improving behaviours such as the uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, smoking cessation, better oral hygiene, reducing excess alcohol use and ensuring the home is both warm and free from moulds. […] All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. This may not always require a formal clinic appointment, but all parties should be informed of the chest x-ray result in a timely fashion. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. This ensures that treatment is based on the severity of the infection and will improve treatment outcomes.

• #91 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #92 Pneumonia – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia

  The coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries, as you can see in the map. […] This means that millions of children who could be protected against pneumonia one of the leading causes of death were still not vaccinated against it. […] Reducing air pollution levels would have also many other benefits: it would also reduce the incidence of other diseases such as asthma in children, for example. […] Delays in seeking treatment can increase the risk of a child dying. […] Given that most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. […] Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child’s life can have a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, and help protect them from some infectious pathogens, such as those that can lead to pneumonia.

• #93 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9742763/

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the single largest infectious cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. […] Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the epidemiology and causative pathogens of CAP. […] The epidemiology of child pneumonia varies widely among different regions of the world related to the prevalence of risk factors and causative pathogens. […] According to the Health Insurance Corporation Review and Assessment Service, about 1.34 million patients of all ages were treated for pneumonia, of whom half (47.2%) were children and adolescents. […] The mortality rate due to pneumonia in Korea is 1.8 per 100,000 people under 1 year of age and 0.1 per 100,000 people aged 14 years in 2020. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens.

• #94 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555562

  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the single largest infectious cause of hospitalization and death in children worldwide. […] Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the epidemiology and causative pathogens of CAP. […] Therefore, we will perform continuous national surveillance and monitor the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in Korea and worldwide. The surveillance of these respiratory infections can play a role in monitoring the emergence of new infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. […] Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia killed 740,180 children younger than 5 years in 2019, accounting for 14% of all deaths of children under 5 years old and 22% of all deaths in children aged 15 years worldwide. […] The epidemiology of child pneumonia varies widely among different regions of the world related to the prevalence of risk factors and causative pathogens. […] Improved healthcare access, vaccination programs, living conditions, and nutrition are key to further reducing CAP mortality rates.

• #95

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20230328/electronic-surveillance-of-nvhap-comparable-to-manual-surveillance

  While no surveillance approach for NV-HAP is perfect, electronic surveillance using readily available clinical data may provide a more practical strategy to increase the scale, efficiency, and reliability of NV-HAP surveillance and quality improvement efforts with similar accuracy compared to manual assessments.

• #96 Epidemiology and surveillance implications of community-acquired pneumonia in children

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555562

  The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency established and has operated a nationwide respiratory infectious disease monitoring network since 2015 that monitors respiratory infectious diseases and identifies the causative pathogen. […] The introduction of routine childhood vaccination against both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b has dramatically reduced the diseases caused by these pathogens. […] In conclusion, it is necessary to continue nationwide monitoring of respiratory CAP pathogens, molecular diagnoses, biological changes of pathogens, and antibiotic resistance.

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