Zaburzenie zbieractwa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaburzenie zbieractwa (hoarding disorder) to złożone zaburzenie psychiczne charakteryzujące się uporczywą trudnością w pozbywaniu się przedmiotów, niezależnie od ich wartości, co wiąże się z silnym dystresem. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca komponent genetyczny (50-77% wariancji w zachowaniach zbieractwa), neurobiologiczny (zaburzenia funkcji prawej grzbietowo-bocznej kory przedczołowej i zakrętu obręczy przedniego), deficyty poznawcze (problemy z podejmowaniem decyzji, uwagą, pamięcią roboczą, organizacją) oraz czynniki środowiskowe i traumatyczne. Zaburzenie często współwystępuje z depresją (>50%), zaburzeniami lękowymi, OCD (~20%), ADHD i zaburzeniami osobowości. Występuje u około 2,6% populacji, z wyższą częstością u osób powyżej 55 roku życia, gdzie ryzyko jest trzykrotnie większe. Zaburzenie ma charakter przewlekły, z początkiem zwykle między 15 a 19 rokiem życia, a objawy nasilają się z wiekiem, co może być związane z pogorszeniem funkcji płata czołowego.

Etiologia zaburzenia zbieractwa

Zaburzenie zbieractwa (ang. hoarding disorder) to złożone zaburzenie psychiczne charakteryzujące się uporczywą trudnością w pozbywaniu się lub rozstawaniu z posiadanymi przedmiotami, niezależnie od ich rzeczywistej wartości, z powodu postrzeganej potrzeby ich zachowania oraz dystresu związanego z ich wyrzucaniem12. Dokładna etiologia tego zaburzenia nie jest jeszcze w pełni poznana, ale badania wskazują na złożoną interakcję czynników genetycznych, neurobiologicznych, poznawczych oraz środowiskowych34.

Czynniki genetyczne

Badania wykazują istotny komponent genetyczny w rozwoju zaburzenia zbieractwa. Badania bliźniąt sugerują, że do 50-77% wariancji w zachowaniach związanych ze zbieractwem może być uwarunkowane genetycznie56. Istnieje silny związek między posiadaniem członka rodziny z zaburzeniem zbieractwa a występowaniem tego zaburzenia u danej osoby – według niektórych badań nawet do 85% osób cierpiących na zaburzenie zbieractwa wskazuje przynajmniej jednego innego członka rodziny z podobnym problemem78. Badanie przeprowadzone w 2014 roku wykazało, że 36% wariancji w zachowaniach związanych ze zbieractwem było przypisywane czynnikom genetycznym, z niską korelacją genetyczną (0,10) między zbieractwem a objawami obsesyjno-kompulsywnymi9.

Genetyczne predyspozycje wydają się również wpływać na wrodzony styl zachowań charakteryzujący się trudnościami w podejmowaniu decyzji, problemami z uwagą, organizacją i rozwiązywaniem problemów10. Badacze sugerują, że może istnieć jeden utajony dziedziczny czynnik etiologiczny dla trzech zaburzeń ze spektrum obsesyjno-kompulsywnego (OCD, zaburzenie zbieractwa i zaburzenie dysmorficzne ciała)11.

Czynniki neurobiologiczne

Badania neurobiologiczne wskazują na różnice w strukturze i funkcjonowaniu mózgu u osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa. Zaawansowane techniki neuroobrazowania wykazały różnice w obszarach mózgu odpowiedzialnych za podejmowanie decyzji, organizację i regulację emocji12. U osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa obserwuje się zwiększoną aktywność w prawej grzbietowo-bocznej korze przedczołowej i przedniej części zakrętu obręczy, co może pośredniczyć w deficytach oceny nagród i przetwarzania wzrokowego13.

Dysfunkcja w zakręcie obręczy przednim (ACC), w tym grzbietowego ACC zaangażowanego w podejmowanie decyzji, monitorowanie błędów i uczenie się oparte na nagrodach, a także brzusznego ACC połączonego ze strukturami limbicznymi pomagającymi w przypisywaniu emocjonalnego znaczenia bodźcom, jest powiązana z zaburzeniem zbieractwa14. Zmiany w poziomie serotoniny również wydają się odgrywać rolę w zaburzeniach obsesyjno-kompulsywnych i w konsekwencji mogą przyczyniać się do zachowań związanych ze zbieractwem15.

Warto zauważyć, że zaburzenie zbieractwa może również rozwinąć się po uszkodzeniu mózgu spowodowanym urazem, operacją, udarem lub infekcją16. Osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa mają różne wzorce aktywności mózgu podczas rozważania, czy zachować czy wyrzucić swoje przedmioty, ale obszary te nie są nadmiernie aktywne, gdy te same osoby rozważają pozbycie się rzeczy należących do innych17.

Deficyty przetwarzania informacji

Jedną z głównych przyczyn zaburzenia zbieractwa są deficyty w przetwarzaniu informacji. Osoby z tym zaburzeniem często mają problemy z podejmowaniem decyzji, planowaniem i organizowaniem18. Badania wskazują na szereg deficytów w przetwarzaniu informacji związanych ze zbieractwem, w tym problemów z:19:

Trudności w podejmowaniu decyzji, niezdecydowanie i prokrastynacja są charakterystyczne dla osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa i mogą być czynnikami predykcyjnymi tego zaburzenia26. Osoby te często wykazują wzorce unikania behawioralnego sytuacji powodujących dystres (np. sortowanie/pozbywanie się rzeczy), które są stale wzmacniane w czasie27.

Historia zespołu nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi (ADHD), szczególnie podtypu z przewagą zaburzeń uwagi, była powiązana z zaburzeniem zbieractwa w wielu badaniach, co pośrednio potwierdza, że dysfunkcja wykonawcza może poprzedzać wystąpienie objawów zbieractwa28. Niektóre badania sugerują, że ADHD w dzieciństwie może prognozować rozwój zachowań związanych ze zbieractwem, chociaż nie oznacza to, że każda osoba z ADHD nieuchronnie rozwinie problem z gromadzeniem rzeczy29.

Przywiązanie emocjonalne do przedmiotów

Zwiększone przywiązanie do przedmiotów i zwiększona antropomorfizacja obiektów były częścią pierwotnej konceptualizacji zbieractwa i nadal stanowią krytyczny aspekt poznawczo-behawioralnego modelu zaburzenia zbieractwa30. Osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa często rozwijają silne emocjonalne przywiązanie do przedmiotów, które postrzegają jako część siebie lub jako część swoich relacji z bliskimi31.

Pozbywanie się takich przedmiotów staje się emocjonalnie bolesne, jak kończenie związku lub wyrzucanie części własnej tożsamości32. To emocjonalne przywiązanie może wynikać z przekonania, że przedmioty są niezwykłe i mogą stać się bardzo wartościowe w przyszłości33 lub że zapewniają poczucie bezpieczeństwa34.

Badania wykazały, że wydarzenia związane z deprawacją lub stratą były związane z emocjonalnym przywiązaniem osoby do przedmiotów35. Wiele osób, które zbierają, podaje jako jeden z głównych powodów swoich zachowań chęć unikania marnotrawstwa36.

Traumatyczne doświadczenia życiowe

Stresujące wydarzenia życiowe są kolejnym istotnym czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do wystąpienia zaburzenia zbieractwa. Traumatyczne doświadczenia, takie jak śmierć bliskiej osoby, rozwód lub utrata mienia w pożarze, mogą wyzwolić zachowania związane ze zbieractwem3738.

Ponad połowa osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa zgłasza, że początek zbieractwa był związany z traumatycznym wydarzeniem życiowym, a w tej grupie osób wiek zachorowania jest znacznie wyższy39. Frost i współpracownicy stwierdzili, że osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa zgłaszały większą częstotliwość wydarzeń traumatycznych w przeszłości niż osoby z OCD, ale nie stwierdzono różnicy w częstości występowania współistniejącego zespołu stresu pourazowego40.

Badanie z 2011 roku autorstwa Frost RO i wsp. wykazało, że osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa zwykle zgłaszają przypadki wcześniejszych traum41. Badanie pokazuje, że dorośli, którzy zbierają, zgłaszają większą częstotliwość występowania w ciągu życia przypadków przymusowego odebrania majątku, przymusowej aktywności seksualnej w dorosłości lub dzieciństwie, w tym przymusowych stosunków seksualnych, oraz fizycznego znęcania się podczas dzieciństwa, dowodząc tym samym, że wydarzenia traumatyczne są pozytywnie skorelowane z nasileniem zbieractwa42.

Wczesne doświadczenia deprywacji materialnej lub emocjonalnej mogą prowadzić do rozwoju zbieractwa jako mechanizmu przetrwania w późniejszym życiu43. Osoby z problemami związanymi ze zbieractwem często zgłaszają nadmiernie chłodne rodzicielstwo, trudności w nawiązywaniu kontaktów z innymi i więcej doświadczeń traumatycznych44.

Współistniejące zaburzenia psychiczne

Zaburzenie zbieractwa często współwystępuje z innymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi, co może przyczyniać się do jego rozwoju lub nasilenia. Około 75% osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa ma współwystępujące zaburzenie psychiczne45. Najczęstsze współwystępujące zaburzenia to:

Warto zauważyć, że zaburzenie zbieractwa może być również objawem innych schorzeń, takich jak zespół Pradera-Williego5758, demencja59, czy zaburzenia tikowe60.

Czynniki wiekowe i rozwojowe

Zachowania związane ze zbieractwem pojawiają się stosunkowo wcześnie w życiu, a następnie mają charakter przewlekły. Większość badań wskazuje na początek między 15 a 19 rokiem życia61. Zaburzenie zbieractwa może zacząć zakłócać codzienne czynności około 20 roku życia, ale może nie stać się poważnym problemem aż do 30 roku życia lub później62.

Wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka dla zaburzenia zbieractwa. Dorośli w wieku 55 lat i starsi są trzy razy bardziej narażeni na rozwój tego zaburzenia niż młodsi dorośli63. Szacuje się, że zaburzenie zbieractwa dotyka około 2,6% populacji ogólnej, z wyższymi wskaźnikami występowania u osób powyżej 60 roku życia64.

Jest to jedyne, obok demencji, zaburzenie psychiczne, które zwiększa swoją częstość występowania i nasilenie wraz z wiekiem65. Badacze teoretyzują, że zmiany poznawcze związane z wiekiem, szczególnie w płacie czołowym, który reguluje impulsywność i rozwiązywanie problemów, mogą nasilać to zaburzenie66.

Czynniki środowiskowe i społeczne

Czynniki środowiskowe i społeczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju zaburzenia zbieractwa. Status społeczno-ekonomiczny może być zmienną moderującą w rozwoju i progresji objawów zbieractwa67. Osoby, które dorastały w środowisku, gdzie wszystko miało wartość lub mogło być przydatne w przyszłości, mogą rozwinąć „mentalność niedoboru”68.

Życie w społeczeństwie, które podkreśla wartość posiadania, może przyczyniać się do rozwoju zachowań związanych ze zbieractwem69. Ciągły przekaz, że szczęście można znaleźć w dobrach materialnych, może prowadzić do gromadzenia rzeczy jako dążenia do spełnienia70.

Wzrost zaburzenia zbieractwa, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych, takich jak Stany Zjednoczone, może być związany ze zwiększonym dochodem rozporządzalnym i dostępem do tanich produktów71. Pandemia COVID-19 również odegrała rolę w zwiększonej liczbie osób, które rozwinęły zaburzenie zbieractwa72.

Model poznawczo-behawioralny zaburzenia zbieractwa

Poznawczo-behawioralny model zbieractwa przedstawiony w pionierskim artykule Frosta i Hartla opisuje etiologię zbieractwa jako interakcję deficytów przetwarzania informacji, problemów z emocjonalnym przywiązaniem, unikania behawioralnego i przekonań dotyczących natury posiadanych przedmiotów73. Ten pierwotny czteroczynnikowy model etiologii zbieractwa zyskał rosnące poparcie i został udoskonalony w ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad74.

Zgodnie z obecną teorią, manifestacja zbieractwa jest prawdopodobnie wynikiem kombinacji czynników genetycznych, podatności na zachowania unikowe oraz wzmocnienia przekonań dotyczących przyczyn zachowywania przedmiotów75. Model ten podkreśla, że zaburzenie zbieractwa rozwija się z podatności, problemów z przetwarzaniem informacji oraz postrzeganej potrzeby zachowania przedmiotów niezależnie od ich wartości76.

Przekonania i wzorce myślowe

Osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa często mają silne przekonania dotyczące swoich posiadłości77. Te przekonania mogą obejmować:

  • Przekonanie, że mogą potrzebować danego przedmiotu później lub że ktoś inny mógłby go wykorzystać78
  • Przekonanie, że przedmiot może służyć celowi, którego jeszcze nie odkryli79
  • Niechęć do przyczyniania się do odpadów środowiskowych80
  • Przywiązanie sentymentalnej wartości do wielu przedmiotów, przez co pozbywanie się ich staje się emocjonalnie bolesne81
  • Perfekcjonizm, związany z obawą przed popełnieniem błędu, utratą lub przeniesieniem konkretnego przedmiotu oraz późniejszym żalem82

Ta potrzeba kontrolowania, ratowania i ochrony przedmiotów często jest sprzeczna z przekonaniami przyjaciół i rodziny, co może prowadzić do konfliktów i izolacji społecznej83.

Reaktywność emocjonalna

Reaktywność emocjonalna opisuje intensywność i czas trwania emocji, których doświadcza dana osoba po ekspozycji na bodźce emocjonalne, i została postulowana jako możliwy czynnik podatności na zaburzenie zbieractwa84. Osoby z zaburzeniem zbieractwa często wykazują nadmierną reaktywność emocjonalną, a negatywne emocje mogą powoli zanikać w odpowiedzi na interpersonalne stresujące wydarzenia85.

Badania wykazały, że w miarę wzrostu liczby traumatycznych lub stresujących wydarzeń, wzrasta również nasilenie zbieractwa86. To sugeruje, że regulacja emocji może odgrywać rolę w zaburzeniu zbieractwa87.

Podsumowanie etiologii zaburzenia zbieractwa

Zaburzenie zbieractwa jest złożonym zaburzeniem o wieloczynnikowej etiologii. Chociaż dokładne przyczyny nadal są badane, obecne dowody wskazują na interakcję czynników genetycznych, neurobiologicznych, poznawczych i środowiskowych8889.

Genetyka może predysponować niektóre osoby do tego zaburzenia, podczas gdy różnice w funkcjonowaniu mózgu mogą utrudniać podejmowanie decyzji dotyczących posiadanych przedmiotów. Deficyty poznawcze, w tym problemy z podejmowaniem decyzji, organizacją i funkcjami wykonawczymi, są konsekwentnie obserwowane u osób z zaburzeniem zbieractwa90.

Czynniki emocjonalne, takie jak perfekcjonizm, lęk przed stratą i zachowania unikowe, również odgrywają rolę, ponieważ osoby zbierają przedmioty, aby radzić sobie ze stresem, traumą lub niskim poczuciem własnej wartości91. Traumatyczne wydarzenia życiowe, takie jak utrata bliskiej osoby, rozwód lub klęski żywiołowe, mogą wyzwolić lub nasilić zachowania związane ze zbieractwem92.

Pomimo postępów w zrozumieniu tych czynników, wzajemne oddziaływanie między biologicznymi, psychologicznymi i społecznymi elementami pozostaje słabo zdefiniowane, co podkreśla potrzebę kontynuowania badań93. Wczesne rozpoznanie, diagnoza i leczenie są kluczowe dla poprawy wyników u osób dotkniętych zaburzeniem zbieractwa94.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Diagnosing Hoarding Disorder – Hoarding
    https://hoarding.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosing-hoarding-disorder/
    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines Hoarding Disorder (HD) as follows: […] This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to distress associated with discarding them. […] The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others). […] The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). […] The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).
  • #2 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056
    Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] It’s not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes. […] Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving. […] There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself. […] Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
  • #3 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    This article will review the evidence of various proposed factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of hoarding disorder (HD). […] There is emerging evidence that a number of factors contribute to the expression of HD symptoms, including genetics, neurocognitive functioning, attachments to possessions, beliefs, avoidance, personality factors, and life events. […] The cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posed in the seminal article by Frost and Hartl describes the etiology of hoarding as the interaction of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] The original 4-factor model of hoarding etiology posed by Frost and Hartl has received increasing support and refinement over the past 2 decades.
  • #4 Scientists explain the causes of hoarding disorder
    https://knowridge.com/2024/10/scientists-explain-the-causes-of-hoarding-disorder/
    Hoarding disorder is more than just being a little disorganized or collecting a lot of items. Its a serious mental health condition where a person finds it extremely difficult to throw away items, even if they seem small or worthless to others. […] The exact reasons why people develop hoarding disorder arent completely clear, but scientists believe its a combination of factors related to genetics, brain function, and life experiences. […] Hoarding disorder often runs in families, suggesting there could be a genetic component. […] However, having these genes doesnt guarantee someone will develop the condition. Its more like a risk factor that makes it more likely, but not certain. […] For people with hoarding disorder, their brains may process information and emotions differently. […] Brain imaging studies have shown that when hoarders are faced with decisions about throwing items away, certain parts of their brain become highly active.
  • #5 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time. […] Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD.
  • #6 Etiological Models of Hoarding Disorder – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JPCPY/etiological-models-of-hoarding-disorder.html
    Hoarding disorder (HD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) as a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value others may attribute to them. […] The management of HD is challenging: first, because patients pass through multiple public services before receiving formal psychological counseling, further there are limited treatment options, and later authors highlight that the lack of knowledge about HD etiology limits the development of new treatment approaches. […] Genetic studies revealed that the heritability of HD can explain 55-77% of the variance in HD. […] According to Monzani et al., one latent heritable factor could be etiological factor for three obsessive-compulsive spectre disorders (OCD, HD and body dysmorphic disorder).
  • #7 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056
    Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] It’s not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes. […] Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving. […] There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself. […] Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
  • #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx
    Hoarding is a condition where a person feels compelled to store and preserve materials and stuff which may or may not be of value. […] Actual causes of compulsive hoarding are unknown. […] However, there are some associated features that may characterize a compulsive hoarder. These may be termed as reasons or causes for hoarding. These include hereditary causes, brain damage, serotonin and other medical conditions. […] Up to 85% of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one another family member who has this problem. […] It is suggested that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. […] The chemical serotonin also seems to play a part in obsessive compulsive disorders. […] Serotonin level alterations may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well.
  • #9 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments
    https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/
    Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, and life stressors. […] A 2014 study found that 36% of hoarding variance was attributed to genetic factors, with a low genetic correlation (0.10) between hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, according to Mathews CA et al.’s 2014 research, Partitioning the Etiology of Hoarding and Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, published in the Journal of Psychology and Medicine. […] Neurocognitive challenges, such as difficulties with decision-making, organization, and executive functioning, are consistently observed. […] Emotional factors like perfectionism, fear of loss, and avoidance behaviors also play roles, as individuals hoard to cope with stress, trauma, or low self-esteem.
  • #10 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056
    Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] It’s not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes. […] Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving. […] There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself. […] Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
  • #11 Etiological Models of Hoarding Disorder – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JPCPY/etiological-models-of-hoarding-disorder.html
    Hoarding disorder (HD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) as a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value others may attribute to them. […] The management of HD is challenging: first, because patients pass through multiple public services before receiving formal psychological counseling, further there are limited treatment options, and later authors highlight that the lack of knowledge about HD etiology limits the development of new treatment approaches. […] Genetic studies revealed that the heritability of HD can explain 55-77% of the variance in HD. […] According to Monzani et al., one latent heritable factor could be etiological factor for three obsessive-compulsive spectre disorders (OCD, HD and body dysmorphic disorder).
  • #12 What Is Hoarding Disorder? Causes, Impact, and Treatment Strategies – Medical Channel Asia
    https://medicalchannelasia.com/what-is-hoarding-disorder-causes-impact-and-treatment-strategies/
    Hoarding disorder, with its complex etiology, has been linked to genetic factors. Individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with hoarding disorder have a significantly increased likelihood of developing the condition themselves. This familial tendency suggests that hoarding may be partly heritable, perhaps due to shared genetic vulnerabilities or environmental influences within families. […] In addition to genetic factors, neuroscientific research has shed light on the neurological underpinnings of hoarding disorder. Advanced neuroimaging techniques were used to examine the brain activity of individuals with hoarding disorder. The findings revealed distinct patterns of abnormal activity in brain regions responsible for decision-making, organisation, and emotional regulation. […] Moreover, other neuroimaging studies have focused on the prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in executive function and decision-making. Individuals with hoarding disorder often exhibit impaired executive function, struggling with tasks involving organising, categorising, and decision-making core challenges in managing possessions.
  • #13 Hoarding Disorder – Neuropedia
    https://neuropedia.net/articles/psychiatry/obsessive-compulsive/hoarding-disorder/
    The exact etiology of hoarding disorder is still unknown. However, the numerous studies conducted revealed correlations between hoarding disorder and several factors. […] A four-factor model described a mixture of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] Genetics also seems to play a role in the etiology of hoarding disorder, as 50% of geriatric hoarding disorder patients reported having a mother with hoarding tendencies, and over 26% reported having had a father with such tendencies. […] A twin study indicated that heritability is moderate-to-high, with about 50% of the variability in hoarding behavior attributable to genetic factors. […] In addition, greater activity is found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which could mediate the deficits in evaluation of rewards and visual processing observed in hoarding disorder patients.
  • #14 Hoarding Disorder | Abnormal Psychology
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/hoarding-disorder/
    Although hoarding was traditionally considered to be a symptom of OCD, considerable evidence suggests that hoarding represents an entirely different disorder (Mataix-Cols et al., 2010). […] Importantly, a diagnosis of hoarding disorder (HD) is made only if the hoarding is not caused by another medical condition and if the hoarding is not a symptom of another disorder (e.g., schizophrenia) (APA, 2013). […] Causes for HD include experiencing strong emotional attachment to items, deficits in executive functioning, behavioral avoidance, or early developmental factors. […] As is the case for most mental health disorders, the underlying cause has yet to be proven; however, it is thought that there is a strong genetic component to HD. Neuropsychological research has shown that cognitive deficits play some role in the onset and maintenance of hoarding symptoms and that these deficits are associated with issues in attention, memory, and executive functioning, although more research needs to be done to fully understand these connections. […] Dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), including the dorsal ACC involved in decision-making, error-monitoring, and reward-based learning as well as the ventral ACC connected to limbic structures that aid in assigning emotional salience to stimuli are associated with HD.
  • #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx
    Hoarding is a condition where a person feels compelled to store and preserve materials and stuff which may or may not be of value. […] Actual causes of compulsive hoarding are unknown. […] However, there are some associated features that may characterize a compulsive hoarder. These may be termed as reasons or causes for hoarding. These include hereditary causes, brain damage, serotonin and other medical conditions. […] Up to 85% of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one another family member who has this problem. […] It is suggested that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. […] The chemical serotonin also seems to play a part in obsessive compulsive disorders. […] Serotonin level alterations may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well.
  • #16 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?
    https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm
    Hoarding is a severe psychological disorder where a person gathers an excessive number of items and stores them. The reasons someone become a hoarder include altered brain connections, genetics, stress, OCD, environmental factors and altered levels of serotonin. […] Doctors point to several potential causes for a person to become a hoarder. […] Altered brain connections: Studies showed that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. Sometimes, hoarding may begin after brain damage due to surgery, stroke, brain injury or infections. Compulsive hoarding is often seen in individuals who have autistic spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Serotonin and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Research showed that the chemical serotonin seems to play a part in OCD. It is a chemical that the brain uses to transmit information. Altered serotonin levels may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. Hoarders may develop the condition much later in life. In addition, hoarders have less awareness that their condition is abnormal compared to patients with OCD.
  • #17 What Is Hoarding or Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/hoarding-and-hoarding-disorder
    Hoarding disorder is a mental health condition that makes it hard or impossible to throw things away. […] Theres no single reason behind hoarding disorder. Possible causes may include genetics, brain activity, and stressful life events. […] Researchers arent sure why some people form hoarding disorder, but certain things raise your odds of getting it. For instance, youre much more likely to have hoarding disorder if another family member has it or you grow up in a hoarding environment. […] Age is another factor. Symptoms of hoarding disorder may show up in your teen years, but they tend to get worse with age. Hoarding is about three times more common in adults over age 55, compared to young adults and kids. […] Certain areas of the brain light up when people with hoarding disorder think about whether to keep or toss their possessions, but these areas arent overactive when those same people consider getting rid of other peoples things.
  • #18 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/
    Hoarding disorder is caused by several factors, including cognitive processing deficits, genetic factors (heredity), stressful life events such as divorce, and childhood trauma. […] According to a 2017 study by Dozier, M. E. et al., The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review, hoarding disorder is linked to impairment in cognitive domains, especially executive functioning. […] One of the primary causes of hoarding disorder is related to cognitive processing deficits. Individuals with this condition often have problems with decision-making, planning, and organizing. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in hoarding disorder. Research indicates that the disorder tends to run in families, suggesting a hereditary component. […] Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors.
  • #19 Hoarding Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17682-hoarding-disorder
    Hoarding disorder is a mental health condition in which you have a strong need to save a large number of items and experience distress when attempting to get rid of them. […] Researchers dont yet know the exact cause of hoarding disorder. So far, theyve identified several information (mental) processing deficits associated with hoarding, including issues with: […] Hoarding disorder may exist on its own or may be part of another condition. Mental health conditions most often associated with hoarding disorder include: […] Researchers have identified other risk factors associated with hoarding disorder that may make it more likely that youll develop the condition, including:
  • #20 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #21 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #22 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #23 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #24 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #25 The Root Causes of Hoarding
    https://www.torontohoardingnetwork.ca/root-causes-hoarding/
    Hoarding, a complex psychological disorder characterized by the excessive accumulation of possessions and an inability to part with them, is often misunderstood as mere clutter or disorganization. […] One of the primary root causes of hoarding is the emotional attachment and sentimentality individuals develop towards their possessions. […] For some hoarders, the act of letting go of possessions is equated with letting go of cherished memories. […] Another significant root cause of hoarding is the perceived need and fear of scarcity. […] This perception of need is closely tied to anxiety and a sense of discomfort at the thought of being without certain items. […] Hoarding disorder is often associated with difficulties in decision-making and categorization. […] This difficulty in decision-making is linked to a cognitive process known as categorization impairment.
  • #26 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Increased scores on self-report scales of perfectionism, indecision, and procrastination have been found to be uniquely predictive of HD diagnosis. […] Frost et al. found that individuals with HD reported a greater frequency of past traumatic events than did individuals with OCD but no difference in the frequency of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Socioeconomic status may be a moderating variable in the development and progression of hoarding symptoms. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.
  • #27 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time. […] Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD.
  • #28 Hoarding Disorder: More than just a problem of too much stuff
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4432907/
    Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. […] HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiological overlap between the two disorders. […] A history of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular, the inattentive subtype, has been associated with HD in a number of studies, providing indirect evidence that executive dysfunction may predate the onset of hoarding symptoms, and also suggesting that pharmacotherapy for ADHD may be of benefit in HD. […] Given the relatively poor response rates for currently available treatments and evidence of potential underlying neurocognitive deficits, new avenues for treatments might include cognitive remediation in addition to medication and therapy and/or medications that target executive dysfunction.
  • #29 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo
    https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq6fMxHIKx4iddZ6XK5dIYTC22xbwonQuq_NUPEQf6bj2HTtBZU
    Hoarding disorder develops from vulnerabilities, information-processing problems, and a perceived need to save items regardless of their value. […] Hoarding is an accepted psychiatric diagnosis that develops from vulnerabilities, information processing problems, and beliefs about and attachments to possessions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem.
  • #30 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time. […] Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD.
  • #31 Hoarding Disorder: Help for Hoarders – HelpGuide.org
    https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/hoarding-disorder-help-for-hoarders
    Hoarding disorder is a chronic difficulty with discarding possessions even those without any monetary value accompanied by a dysfunctional attachment to often worthless or unusable items. […] Hoarding disorder often runs in families and while it occurs most commonly in people over the age of 55, symptoms can surface in early adolescence. […] In other cases, hoarding disorder develops after a stressful life event such as divorce, the death of a loved one, or unemployment. […] Many people with hoarding disorder value their possessions as part of themselves or part of their relationships with loved ones. Discarding them becomes emotionally painful, like ending a relationship or throwing away a part of your own identity. […] Many people with hoarding disorder also have other co-occurring mental health issues, such as depression, an anxiety disorder, PTSD, ADHD, or most commonly, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In some cases, treating the underlying condition can help improve the symptoms of hoarding disorder.
  • #32 Hoarding Disorder: Help for Hoarders – HelpGuide.org
    https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/anxiety/hoarding-disorder-help-for-hoarders
    Hoarding disorder is a chronic difficulty with discarding possessions even those without any monetary value accompanied by a dysfunctional attachment to often worthless or unusable items. […] Hoarding disorder often runs in families and while it occurs most commonly in people over the age of 55, symptoms can surface in early adolescence. […] In other cases, hoarding disorder develops after a stressful life event such as divorce, the death of a loved one, or unemployment. […] Many people with hoarding disorder value their possessions as part of themselves or part of their relationships with loved ones. Discarding them becomes emotionally painful, like ending a relationship or throwing away a part of your own identity. […] Many people with hoarding disorder also have other co-occurring mental health issues, such as depression, an anxiety disorder, PTSD, ADHD, or most commonly, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In some cases, treating the underlying condition can help improve the symptoms of hoarding disorder.
  • #33 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms & Causes -Australia Counselling Directory
    https://www.australiacounselling.com.au/hoarding-disorder-symptoms-causes/
    This condition can be caused by many reasons. […] Hoarding can be developed from: Environmental factors like living alone and growing up deprived. People who grew up deprived of certain things can begin to hoard those things once they get access to them as adults. […] Mental health conditions: Hoarding disorder can also be developed through other mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and dementia, and so on. […] The goal is to prevent waste. Some people came from homes where they did not have a lot of resources, so the idea of throwing things away could be unsettling to them. […] They believe those items are uncommon and might end up being very valuable in the future, which isn’t always the case. […] These items give them a sense of security. For example, some people hoard stuffed toys or toys that represent heroic figures from their childhood just to feel safe in their own space. This might be a result of some childhood trauma or anxiety itself.
  • #34 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms & Causes -Australia Counselling Directory
    https://www.australiacounselling.com.au/hoarding-disorder-symptoms-causes/
    This condition can be caused by many reasons. […] Hoarding can be developed from: Environmental factors like living alone and growing up deprived. People who grew up deprived of certain things can begin to hoard those things once they get access to them as adults. […] Mental health conditions: Hoarding disorder can also be developed through other mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and dementia, and so on. […] The goal is to prevent waste. Some people came from homes where they did not have a lot of resources, so the idea of throwing things away could be unsettling to them. […] They believe those items are uncommon and might end up being very valuable in the future, which isn’t always the case. […] These items give them a sense of security. For example, some people hoard stuffed toys or toys that represent heroic figures from their childhood just to feel safe in their own space. This might be a result of some childhood trauma or anxiety itself.
  • #35 Hoarding and Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
    https://psychcentral.com/depression/hoarding-and-depression
    The research suggests there may be a genetic component to the development of hoarding behaviors. […] Many medical conditions are associated with hoarding behavior. […] Research indicates that hoarding and collecting items is also associated with a rare genetic disorder known as Prader-Willi syndrome. […] This research indicates that emotion regulation may play a role in hoarding disorder. […] The researchers found that events that involved deprivation or loss were related to the persons emotional attachment to objects.
  • #36 Hoarding Disorder | Psychology Today
    https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/hoarding-disorder
    One study found that among the reasons people reported for their hoarding, avoiding waste was the most common. […] ADHD is commonly associated with hoarding, and there is research suggesting that individuals who have ADHD may show an increased risk for hoarding. According to the NIH, some 20 percent of hoarders may meet symptom criteria for ADHD.
  • #37 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/
    Hoarding disorder is caused by several factors, including cognitive processing deficits, genetic factors (heredity), stressful life events such as divorce, and childhood trauma. […] According to a 2017 study by Dozier, M. E. et al., The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review, hoarding disorder is linked to impairment in cognitive domains, especially executive functioning. […] One of the primary causes of hoarding disorder is related to cognitive processing deficits. Individuals with this condition often have problems with decision-making, planning, and organizing. […] Genetic factors also play a significant role in hoarding disorder. Research indicates that the disorder tends to run in families, suggesting a hereditary component. […] Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors.
  • #38 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056
    Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] It’s not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes. […] Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving. […] There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself. […] Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
  • #39 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder
    Hoarding disorder is a mental disorder characterised by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions and engaging in excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which no space is available. […] Causes not clear, possibly genetic, and stressful life experiences. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory. […] The majority of hoarders do not show OCD symptoms.
  • #40 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Increased scores on self-report scales of perfectionism, indecision, and procrastination have been found to be uniquely predictive of HD diagnosis. […] Frost et al. found that individuals with HD reported a greater frequency of past traumatic events than did individuals with OCD but no difference in the frequency of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Socioeconomic status may be a moderating variable in the development and progression of hoarding symptoms. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.
  • #41 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/
    According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood.
  • #42 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder
    Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Individuals may over-value their possessions to compensate for thwarted interpersonal needs. […] The study shows that adults who hoard report a greater lifetime incidence of having possessions taken by force, forced sexual activity as either an adult or a child, including forced sexual intercourse, and being physically handled roughly during childhood, thus proving traumatic events are positively correlated with the severity of hoarding.
  • #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx
    Those who have faced early deprivation may develop hoarding as a survival mechanism later in life. […] Other mental health conditions like social phobia or fear of social interactions, bipolar disorders, specific phobias or fears, anxiety and depression may give rise to compulsive hoarding behaviour. […] Stressful life event like a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behaviour.
  • #44 Why do people with hoarding disorder hoard, and how can we help?
    https://theconversation.com/why-do-people-with-hoarding-disorder-hoard-and-how-can-we-help-208102
    Hoarding disorder is an under-recognised serious mental illness that worsens with age. It affects 2.5% of the working-age population and 7% of older adults. […] Research has shown genetic factors play a role but there is no one single gene that causes hoarding disorder. Instead, a range of psychological, neurobiological, and social factors can be at play. […] Although some who hoard report being deprived of material things in childhood, emotional deprivation may play a stronger role. […] People with hoarding problems often report excessively cold parenting, difficulty connecting with others, and more traumatic experiences. […] Research shows interpersonal problems, such as loneliness, are linked to greater attachment to objects. […] Hoarding disorder is also associated with high rates of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Difficulties with decision-making, planning, attention and categorising can make it hard to organise and discard possessions.
  • #45 Who gets Hoarding Disorder? – Hoarding
    https://hoarding.iocdf.org/about-hoarding/who-gets-hoarding-disorder/
    It is estimated that around 2% – 6% of the population suffers from hoarding disorder. […] HD is believed to be a universal phenomenon with consistent clinical features in all races, ethnicities, and cultures around the world. […] Hoarding symptoms appear to be almost three times more common in older adults (ages 55-94 years) compared to younger adults (ages 34–44 years), although hoarding symptoms can occur in young children as well. […] Around 75% of individuals who have HD have a co-occurring mental health condition. […] The most common co-occurring disorders are major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder/social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Around 20% of people with HD also have OCD.
  • #46 Hoarding and Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
    https://psychcentral.com/depression/hoarding-and-depression
    Hoarding is associated with many other mental health conditions. One of the most prevalent associations with hoarding behavior is its link with depression. […] Research from 2011 reported that over 50% of people with hoarding disorder had received a diagnosis of depression. […] A 2019 study indicates that hoarding disorder shows elevated rates of comorbidity with mood disorders and anxiety disorders. […] To receive a diagnosis of hoarding disorder, the symptoms cannot be caused by another mental health disorder or medical condition. […] Additionally, because depression can cause a lack of motivation and increased fatigue, living in an uncluttered space can be more challenging. […] There are many potential causes of hoarding behavior: […] Genetics may influence hoarding behavior.
  • #47 Hoarding: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/hoarding-5093362
    Hoarding can happen for a variety of reasons. However, research shows that most people who hoard have experienced a traumatic life event (TLE). That refers to any incident that caused physical, emotional, or psychological harm, including childhood neglect, physical assault, loss of a loved one, serious injury, or a natural disaster. […] Research demonstrates that 51% of people diagnosed as hoarders also have major depressive disorder. The same study showed that 24% of hoarders have social phobia and 24% experience generalized anxiety. […] These disorders can occur as a result of hoarding and its consequences, or hoarding can simply be associated with these other psychiatric disorders. […] In some cases, hoarding is associated with self-neglect. People are more likely to have hoarding disorder if they: Live alone, Are unmarried, Have had a deprived childhood, with either a lack of material objects or a poor relationship with other members of their family, Have a family history of hoarding, Grew up in a cluttered home and never learned to prioritise and sort items. […] Researchers have also found that hoarding can have a significant genetic basis.
  • #48 Who gets Hoarding Disorder? – Hoarding
    https://hoarding.iocdf.org/about-hoarding/who-gets-hoarding-disorder/
    It is estimated that around 2% – 6% of the population suffers from hoarding disorder. […] HD is believed to be a universal phenomenon with consistent clinical features in all races, ethnicities, and cultures around the world. […] Hoarding symptoms appear to be almost three times more common in older adults (ages 55-94 years) compared to younger adults (ages 34–44 years), although hoarding symptoms can occur in young children as well. […] Around 75% of individuals who have HD have a co-occurring mental health condition. […] The most common co-occurring disorders are major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder/social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Around 20% of people with HD also have OCD.
  • #49 Hoarding: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/hoarding-5093362
    Hoarding can happen for a variety of reasons. However, research shows that most people who hoard have experienced a traumatic life event (TLE). That refers to any incident that caused physical, emotional, or psychological harm, including childhood neglect, physical assault, loss of a loved one, serious injury, or a natural disaster. […] Research demonstrates that 51% of people diagnosed as hoarders also have major depressive disorder. The same study showed that 24% of hoarders have social phobia and 24% experience generalized anxiety. […] These disorders can occur as a result of hoarding and its consequences, or hoarding can simply be associated with these other psychiatric disorders. […] In some cases, hoarding is associated with self-neglect. People are more likely to have hoarding disorder if they: Live alone, Are unmarried, Have had a deprived childhood, with either a lack of material objects or a poor relationship with other members of their family, Have a family history of hoarding, Grew up in a cluttered home and never learned to prioritise and sort items. […] Researchers have also found that hoarding can have a significant genetic basis.
  • #50 Who gets Hoarding Disorder? – Hoarding
    https://hoarding.iocdf.org/about-hoarding/who-gets-hoarding-disorder/
    It is estimated that around 2% – 6% of the population suffers from hoarding disorder. […] HD is believed to be a universal phenomenon with consistent clinical features in all races, ethnicities, and cultures around the world. […] Hoarding symptoms appear to be almost three times more common in older adults (ages 55-94 years) compared to younger adults (ages 34–44 years), although hoarding symptoms can occur in young children as well. […] Around 75% of individuals who have HD have a co-occurring mental health condition. […] The most common co-occurring disorders are major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder/social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Around 20% of people with HD also have OCD.
  • #51 Hoarding Disorder DSM-5 300.3 (F42)
    https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/hoarding-disorder-dsm–5-300.3-(f42)
    Hoarding disorder is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed.) diagnosis assigned to individuals who excessively save items and the idea of discarding items causes extreme stress. […] This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to distress associated with discarding them. […] The hoarder engages in excessive acquisition, buys items that are unnecessary and they do not have space for. […] According to (DSM-5) 80-90% of hoarders also engage in excessive shopping and buying unnecessary items. […] Although hoarding is more common in older adults (55-94 years), it appears to begin at 11-15 years, and starts to cause significant impairment when people are in their 30s (DSM-5). […] Hoarding is no longer considered a type of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but 20 percent of people with hoarding disorder also have OCD, and are likely to collect strange objects like trash, feces, urine, nails, hair and rotten food (DSM-5).
  • #52 Hoarding Disorder: More than just a problem of too much stuff
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4432907/
    Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. […] HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiological overlap between the two disorders. […] A history of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular, the inattentive subtype, has been associated with HD in a number of studies, providing indirect evidence that executive dysfunction may predate the onset of hoarding symptoms, and also suggesting that pharmacotherapy for ADHD may be of benefit in HD. […] Given the relatively poor response rates for currently available treatments and evidence of potential underlying neurocognitive deficits, new avenues for treatments might include cognitive remediation in addition to medication and therapy and/or medications that target executive dysfunction.
  • #53 Why do people with hoarding disorder hoard, and how can we help?
    https://theconversation.com/why-do-people-with-hoarding-disorder-hoard-and-how-can-we-help-208102
    Hoarding disorder is an under-recognised serious mental illness that worsens with age. It affects 2.5% of the working-age population and 7% of older adults. […] Research has shown genetic factors play a role but there is no one single gene that causes hoarding disorder. Instead, a range of psychological, neurobiological, and social factors can be at play. […] Although some who hoard report being deprived of material things in childhood, emotional deprivation may play a stronger role. […] People with hoarding problems often report excessively cold parenting, difficulty connecting with others, and more traumatic experiences. […] Research shows interpersonal problems, such as loneliness, are linked to greater attachment to objects. […] Hoarding disorder is also associated with high rates of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Difficulties with decision-making, planning, attention and categorising can make it hard to organise and discard possessions.
  • #54 Hoarding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/hoarding
    Hoarding disorder (HD) is the condition associated with hoarding. HD can occur for several reasons. A person may begin to hoard because they believe an item theyve collected, or are considering collecting, may be valuable or useful at some point in time. They may also connect the item with a person or significant event that they dont want to forget. […] HD is also associated with other mental health conditions. Some of these include: anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, dementia, obsessive compulsive disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, schizophrenia. […] Research indicates that HD may also be associated with a lack of executive functioning ability. Deficiencies in this area include, among other symptoms, an inability to pay attention, make decisions, categorize things.
  • #55 Hoarding disorder: Treatments, symptoms, causes, and definition
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326369
    Hoarding disorder is a condition that makes it difficult for people to throw things away, regardless of their value. […] Researchers do not yet know why people develop hoarding disorder. […] Although researchers are not certain what causes people to develop hoarding disorder, several risk factors seem capable of triggering or worsening the symptoms. These include: a family history of the condition, brain injuries, very stressful events, such as severe illness or the loss of a loved one, differences in brain function and neuropsychological performance unique from people with other conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Hoarding disorder can also be a symptom of another condition, most commonly: OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, ADHD, depression. […] Less commonly, hoarding disorder is also associated with: pica disorder, in which a person consumes non-food items, psychosis, dementia, Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic condition, autism spectrum disorder.
  • #56 Hoarding disorder: Treatments, symptoms, causes, and definition
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326369
    Hoarding disorder is a condition that makes it difficult for people to throw things away, regardless of their value. […] Researchers do not yet know why people develop hoarding disorder. […] Although researchers are not certain what causes people to develop hoarding disorder, several risk factors seem capable of triggering or worsening the symptoms. These include: a family history of the condition, brain injuries, very stressful events, such as severe illness or the loss of a loved one, differences in brain function and neuropsychological performance unique from people with other conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Hoarding disorder can also be a symptom of another condition, most commonly: OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, ADHD, depression. […] Less commonly, hoarding disorder is also associated with: pica disorder, in which a person consumes non-food items, psychosis, dementia, Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic condition, autism spectrum disorder.
  • #57 Hoarding disorder: Treatments, symptoms, causes, and definition
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326369
    Hoarding disorder is a condition that makes it difficult for people to throw things away, regardless of their value. […] Researchers do not yet know why people develop hoarding disorder. […] Although researchers are not certain what causes people to develop hoarding disorder, several risk factors seem capable of triggering or worsening the symptoms. These include: a family history of the condition, brain injuries, very stressful events, such as severe illness or the loss of a loved one, differences in brain function and neuropsychological performance unique from people with other conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Hoarding disorder can also be a symptom of another condition, most commonly: OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, ADHD, depression. […] Less commonly, hoarding disorder is also associated with: pica disorder, in which a person consumes non-food items, psychosis, dementia, Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic condition, autism spectrum disorder.
  • #58 Hoarding and Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
    https://psychcentral.com/depression/hoarding-and-depression
    The research suggests there may be a genetic component to the development of hoarding behaviors. […] Many medical conditions are associated with hoarding behavior. […] Research indicates that hoarding and collecting items is also associated with a rare genetic disorder known as Prader-Willi syndrome. […] This research indicates that emotion regulation may play a role in hoarding disorder. […] The researchers found that events that involved deprivation or loss were related to the persons emotional attachment to objects.
  • #59 Hoarding disorder – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/
    The reasons why someone begins hoarding are not fully understood. […] It can be a symptom of another condition. For example, someone with mobility problems may be physically unable to clear the huge amounts of clutter they have acquired, and people with learning disabilities or people developing dementia may be unable to categorise and dispose of items. […] Mental health problems associated with hoarding include severe depression, psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] In some cases, hoarding is a condition in itself and often associated with self-neglect. […] The hoarding could also be a sign of an underlying condition, such as OCD, other types of anxiety, depression and dementia. […] The main treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The therapist will help the person to understand what makes it difficult to throw things away and the reasons why the clutter has built up. […] Antidepressant medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also been shown to help some people with hoarding disorders.
  • #60
    https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/hoarding
    Hoarding is explicitly mentioned in DSM-IV as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and it is seen as well in a raft of other conditions, including traumatic brain injury, Prader-Willi syndrome, tic disorders, mental retardation, and neurodegenerative disorders. […] The rarity of hoarding and its bizarre qualities suggest that this behavior arises from highly aberrant psychological processes or brain activity. […] The onset of hoarding in patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases also points to the critical role of brain pathology in this condition. […] Recent studies have begun to pinpoint the specific brain circuits involved. […] Not surprising, genes may also play a role. Hoarding seems to aggregate in families; for example, patients who hoard were more likely to have first-degree relatives with hoarding symptoms than those who do not hoard.
  • #61 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #62 Hoarding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/hoarding
    Age is a significant factor for HD. Adults aged 55 and older are three times more likely to develop HD than younger adults. […] HD can begin interfering with daily activities around age 20, but may not become severely problematic until age 30 or later. […] Diagnosis and treatment of HD is possible. However, it may be difficult to persuade a person with HD to recognize the condition. […] Treatment for HD must focus on the individual and not solely on the spaces that have become overrun with clutter. […] No medications exist specifically to treat HD. Some may help with symptoms. […] Some research has indicated that medications for ADHD may also be helpful for HD. […] Hoarding disorder is a diagnosable condition that requires the help of a medical professional.
  • #63 Hoarding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/hoarding
    Age is a significant factor for HD. Adults aged 55 and older are three times more likely to develop HD than younger adults. […] HD can begin interfering with daily activities around age 20, but may not become severely problematic until age 30 or later. […] Diagnosis and treatment of HD is possible. However, it may be difficult to persuade a person with HD to recognize the condition. […] Treatment for HD must focus on the individual and not solely on the spaces that have become overrun with clutter. […] No medications exist specifically to treat HD. Some may help with symptoms. […] Some research has indicated that medications for ADHD may also be helpful for HD. […] Hoarding disorder is a diagnosable condition that requires the help of a medical professional.
  • #64 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.
  • #65 What Causes Hoarding Disorder, and Can It Be Fixed?
    https://katiecouric.com/health/mental-health/what-causes-hoarding-disorder/
    People with the diagnosis accumulate an excessive volume of things such as household goods, craft supplies, even pets. […] The biological and environmental factors that may drive hoarding are not well understood. […] Symptoms usually appear during the teenage years and tend to be more severe among older adults with the disorder. […] But it’s more than just having decades to stockpile possessions; the urge to accumulate strengthens with age, according to Catherine Ayers, a psychiatry professor at the University of California-San Diego. […] Researchers are working to discern why. Ayers and Timpano theorize that age-related cognitive changes particularly in the frontal lobe, which regulates impulsivity and problem-solving might exacerbate the disorder. […] It is the only mental health disorder, besides dementia, that increases in prevalence and severity with age, Ayers said.
  • #66 What Causes Hoarding Disorder, and Can It Be Fixed?
    https://katiecouric.com/health/mental-health/what-causes-hoarding-disorder/
    People with the diagnosis accumulate an excessive volume of things such as household goods, craft supplies, even pets. […] The biological and environmental factors that may drive hoarding are not well understood. […] Symptoms usually appear during the teenage years and tend to be more severe among older adults with the disorder. […] But it’s more than just having decades to stockpile possessions; the urge to accumulate strengthens with age, according to Catherine Ayers, a psychiatry professor at the University of California-San Diego. […] Researchers are working to discern why. Ayers and Timpano theorize that age-related cognitive changes particularly in the frontal lobe, which regulates impulsivity and problem-solving might exacerbate the disorder. […] It is the only mental health disorder, besides dementia, that increases in prevalence and severity with age, Ayers said.
  • #67 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Increased scores on self-report scales of perfectionism, indecision, and procrastination have been found to be uniquely predictive of HD diagnosis. […] Frost et al. found that individuals with HD reported a greater frequency of past traumatic events than did individuals with OCD but no difference in the frequency of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Socioeconomic status may be a moderating variable in the development and progression of hoarding symptoms. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.
  • #68 Why do some people hoard? What causes hoarding?
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/04/25/why-people-hoard-causes-hoarding/73285232007/
    Hoarding disorder is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. […] On the genetic side, it’s known that individuals with family members who hoard often have similar difficulties and are at increased risk for developing the condition. […] On the environmental side, one could have been raised in a „scarcity mindset” where everything was taught to have value or be useful at some point. […] „People who hoard believe they might need the item later or that somebody else could use the item, or that the item can serve a purpose they haven’t yet discovered,” Chasson says. […] Other times, a person may not want to contribute to environmental waste or may have attached sentimental value to multiple items so that getting rid of them becomes emotionally painful.
  • #69 Hoarding – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Agents of Change
    https://agentsofchangeprep.com/blog/hoarding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/
    Fear of Loss: For some, the act of discarding items can trigger fears of losing memories or connections to their past. This fear can be particularly potent for individuals who have experienced significant losses or trauma. […] Anxiety and Fear of Waste: The worry that disposing of an item will lead to regret if it is needed later can be a powerful motivator for hoarding. This concern is often exacerbated in individuals who have experienced financial instability or scarcity. […] Environmental Influences: Growing up in a household where hoarding behavior was normalized can influence an individual’s tendencies toward accumulation. […] Traumatic Events: Experiences such as the loss of a loved one, divorce, or eviction can trigger hoarding behavior as a coping mechanism. […] Societal and Cultural Influences: Living in a society that emphasizes the value of possessions can contribute to hoarding behavior. The constant message that happiness can be found in material goods can lead to accumulation as a pursuit of fulfillment.
  • #70 Hoarding – Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Agents of Change
    https://agentsofchangeprep.com/blog/hoarding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/
    Fear of Loss: For some, the act of discarding items can trigger fears of losing memories or connections to their past. This fear can be particularly potent for individuals who have experienced significant losses or trauma. […] Anxiety and Fear of Waste: The worry that disposing of an item will lead to regret if it is needed later can be a powerful motivator for hoarding. This concern is often exacerbated in individuals who have experienced financial instability or scarcity. […] Environmental Influences: Growing up in a household where hoarding behavior was normalized can influence an individual’s tendencies toward accumulation. […] Traumatic Events: Experiences such as the loss of a loved one, divorce, or eviction can trigger hoarding behavior as a coping mechanism. […] Societal and Cultural Influences: Living in a society that emphasizes the value of possessions can contribute to hoarding behavior. The constant message that happiness can be found in material goods can lead to accumulation as a pursuit of fulfillment.
  • #71 Hoarding Is on the Rise: The Causes of Hoarding Disorder – Spaulding Decon
    https://www.spauldingdecon.com/blog/hoarding-is-on-the-rise
    Hoarding is becoming more prevalent, especially in first-world nations like the United States, due to increased disposable income and access to cheap products. […] For some, it is past trauma that causes them to hoard. For others, it is more recent troubles that cause the shift in their mind and make them feel that they need to hoard. […] It was in the 1990s that hoarding became classified as an obsessive-compulsive disorder by researchers. […] It stayed under this classification until 2013 when it was given its own classification as hoarding disorder in the DSM-5. […] Hoarding creates problems with getting around the house safely, and most elderly people already have mobility issues. […] Depression and hoarding go hand-in-hand, at least in later life. […] The pandemic has played a role in the increased number of people who have developed a hoarding disorder. […] Individuals who were hoarding prior the pandemic were hit just as bad, even worse. […] People who suffer from hoarding disorder need help from qualified mental health professionals so they can overcome the mental struggles that are causing them to hoard in the first place.
  • #72 Hoarding Is on the Rise: The Causes of Hoarding Disorder – Spaulding Decon
    https://www.spauldingdecon.com/blog/hoarding-is-on-the-rise
    Hoarding is becoming more prevalent, especially in first-world nations like the United States, due to increased disposable income and access to cheap products. […] For some, it is past trauma that causes them to hoard. For others, it is more recent troubles that cause the shift in their mind and make them feel that they need to hoard. […] It was in the 1990s that hoarding became classified as an obsessive-compulsive disorder by researchers. […] It stayed under this classification until 2013 when it was given its own classification as hoarding disorder in the DSM-5. […] Hoarding creates problems with getting around the house safely, and most elderly people already have mobility issues. […] Depression and hoarding go hand-in-hand, at least in later life. […] The pandemic has played a role in the increased number of people who have developed a hoarding disorder. […] Individuals who were hoarding prior the pandemic were hit just as bad, even worse. […] People who suffer from hoarding disorder need help from qualified mental health professionals so they can overcome the mental struggles that are causing them to hoard in the first place.
  • #73 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    This article will review the evidence of various proposed factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of hoarding disorder (HD). […] There is emerging evidence that a number of factors contribute to the expression of HD symptoms, including genetics, neurocognitive functioning, attachments to possessions, beliefs, avoidance, personality factors, and life events. […] The cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posed in the seminal article by Frost and Hartl describes the etiology of hoarding as the interaction of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] The original 4-factor model of hoarding etiology posed by Frost and Hartl has received increasing support and refinement over the past 2 decades.
  • #74 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    This article will review the evidence of various proposed factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of hoarding disorder (HD). […] There is emerging evidence that a number of factors contribute to the expression of HD symptoms, including genetics, neurocognitive functioning, attachments to possessions, beliefs, avoidance, personality factors, and life events. […] The cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posed in the seminal article by Frost and Hartl describes the etiology of hoarding as the interaction of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] The original 4-factor model of hoarding etiology posed by Frost and Hartl has received increasing support and refinement over the past 2 decades.
  • #75 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Increased scores on self-report scales of perfectionism, indecision, and procrastination have been found to be uniquely predictive of HD diagnosis. […] Frost et al. found that individuals with HD reported a greater frequency of past traumatic events than did individuals with OCD but no difference in the frequency of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Socioeconomic status may be a moderating variable in the development and progression of hoarding symptoms. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.
  • #76 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo
    https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq6fMxHIKx4iddZ6XK5dIYTC22xbwonQuq_NUPEQf6bj2HTtBZU
    Hoarding disorder develops from vulnerabilities, information-processing problems, and a perceived need to save items regardless of their value. […] Hoarding is an accepted psychiatric diagnosis that develops from vulnerabilities, information processing problems, and beliefs about and attachments to possessions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem.
  • #77 Why do people with hoarding disorder hoard, and how can we help?
    https://theconversation.com/why-do-people-with-hoarding-disorder-hoard-and-how-can-we-help-208102
    Most people with hoarding disorder also have strong beliefs about their possessions. […] This need to control, rescue, and protect objects is often at odds with the beliefs of friends and family, which can lead to conflict and social isolation. […] Some report more cognitive difficulties while others may have experienced more emotional deprivation. So its important to take an individualised approach to treatment.
  • #78 Why do some people hoard? What causes hoarding?
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/04/25/why-people-hoard-causes-hoarding/73285232007/
    Hoarding disorder is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. […] On the genetic side, it’s known that individuals with family members who hoard often have similar difficulties and are at increased risk for developing the condition. […] On the environmental side, one could have been raised in a „scarcity mindset” where everything was taught to have value or be useful at some point. […] „People who hoard believe they might need the item later or that somebody else could use the item, or that the item can serve a purpose they haven’t yet discovered,” Chasson says. […] Other times, a person may not want to contribute to environmental waste or may have attached sentimental value to multiple items so that getting rid of them becomes emotionally painful.
  • #79 Why do some people hoard? What causes hoarding?
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/04/25/why-people-hoard-causes-hoarding/73285232007/
    Hoarding disorder is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. […] On the genetic side, it’s known that individuals with family members who hoard often have similar difficulties and are at increased risk for developing the condition. […] On the environmental side, one could have been raised in a „scarcity mindset” where everything was taught to have value or be useful at some point. […] „People who hoard believe they might need the item later or that somebody else could use the item, or that the item can serve a purpose they haven’t yet discovered,” Chasson says. […] Other times, a person may not want to contribute to environmental waste or may have attached sentimental value to multiple items so that getting rid of them becomes emotionally painful.
  • #80 Why do some people hoard? What causes hoarding?
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/04/25/why-people-hoard-causes-hoarding/73285232007/
    Hoarding disorder is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. […] On the genetic side, it’s known that individuals with family members who hoard often have similar difficulties and are at increased risk for developing the condition. […] On the environmental side, one could have been raised in a „scarcity mindset” where everything was taught to have value or be useful at some point. […] „People who hoard believe they might need the item later or that somebody else could use the item, or that the item can serve a purpose they haven’t yet discovered,” Chasson says. […] Other times, a person may not want to contribute to environmental waste or may have attached sentimental value to multiple items so that getting rid of them becomes emotionally painful.
  • #81 Why do some people hoard? What causes hoarding?
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/04/25/why-people-hoard-causes-hoarding/73285232007/
    Hoarding disorder is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. […] On the genetic side, it’s known that individuals with family members who hoard often have similar difficulties and are at increased risk for developing the condition. […] On the environmental side, one could have been raised in a „scarcity mindset” where everything was taught to have value or be useful at some point. […] „People who hoard believe they might need the item later or that somebody else could use the item, or that the item can serve a purpose they haven’t yet discovered,” Chasson says. […] Other times, a person may not want to contribute to environmental waste or may have attached sentimental value to multiple items so that getting rid of them becomes emotionally painful.
  • #82 Hoarding disorder – treatments and causes | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hoarding-disorder
    Hoarding disorder is when you find it difficult and distressing to get rid of material possessions. […] The reasons why people begin to hoard are not fully understood. It can be a symptom of another condition. Sometimes hoarding may be due to: mobility problems, intellectual impairment or the development of dementia, mental health problems. […] Hoarding disorder often starts early in life. It is associated with some personality traits, such as: perfectionism, difficulty being able to make decisions, procrastination (delaying tasks until later, often by finding distractions). […] Perfectionism in hoarding is associated with fear of making mistakes, losing or misplacing a specific item and of later regret. […] People with hoarding disorder may have another illness, such as: acquired brain injury, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia.
  • #83 Why do people with hoarding disorder hoard, and how can we help?
    https://theconversation.com/why-do-people-with-hoarding-disorder-hoard-and-how-can-we-help-208102
    Most people with hoarding disorder also have strong beliefs about their possessions. […] This need to control, rescue, and protect objects is often at odds with the beliefs of friends and family, which can lead to conflict and social isolation. […] Some report more cognitive difficulties while others may have experienced more emotional deprivation. So its important to take an individualised approach to treatment.
  • #84 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/
    Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time. […] Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD.
  • #85 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor
    https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/
    Thus, hoarding may be an extreme form of psychological ownership when viewed through the lens of consumer behavior. […] Psychological ownership theory highlights the extreme ownership experience of a person who hoards, both in terms of the intensity of their feelings and the quantity of items they acquire. […] Early anxious attachments can lead to the avoidance of human interaction and the replacement of human relationships with objects. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often have excessive emotional reactivity, and negative emotions can be slow to decline in response to interpersonal stressful events. […] As the number of traumatic or stressful events increases, so does the severity of hoarding. […] Treatment motivation is a primary consideration in CBT for hoarding disorder.
  • #86 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor
    https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/
    Thus, hoarding may be an extreme form of psychological ownership when viewed through the lens of consumer behavior. […] Psychological ownership theory highlights the extreme ownership experience of a person who hoards, both in terms of the intensity of their feelings and the quantity of items they acquire. […] Early anxious attachments can lead to the avoidance of human interaction and the replacement of human relationships with objects. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often have excessive emotional reactivity, and negative emotions can be slow to decline in response to interpersonal stressful events. […] As the number of traumatic or stressful events increases, so does the severity of hoarding. […] Treatment motivation is a primary consideration in CBT for hoarding disorder.
  • #87 Hoarding and Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
    https://psychcentral.com/depression/hoarding-and-depression
    The research suggests there may be a genetic component to the development of hoarding behaviors. […] Many medical conditions are associated with hoarding behavior. […] Research indicates that hoarding and collecting items is also associated with a rare genetic disorder known as Prader-Willi syndrome. […] This research indicates that emotion regulation may play a role in hoarding disorder. […] The researchers found that events that involved deprivation or loss were related to the persons emotional attachment to objects.
  • #88 Scientists explain the causes of hoarding disorder
    https://knowridge.com/2024/10/scientists-explain-the-causes-of-hoarding-disorder/
    Hoarding disorder is more than just being a little disorganized or collecting a lot of items. Its a serious mental health condition where a person finds it extremely difficult to throw away items, even if they seem small or worthless to others. […] The exact reasons why people develop hoarding disorder arent completely clear, but scientists believe its a combination of factors related to genetics, brain function, and life experiences. […] Hoarding disorder often runs in families, suggesting there could be a genetic component. […] However, having these genes doesnt guarantee someone will develop the condition. Its more like a risk factor that makes it more likely, but not certain. […] For people with hoarding disorder, their brains may process information and emotions differently. […] Brain imaging studies have shown that when hoarders are faced with decisions about throwing items away, certain parts of their brain become highly active.
  • #89 Scientists explain the causes of hoarding disorder
    https://knowridge.com/2024/10/scientists-explain-the-causes-of-hoarding-disorder/
    These areas are responsible for decision-making and controlling emotions, suggesting that letting go of items is not just a practical choice but a highly emotional and stressful experience. […] Life experiences can also contribute to hoarding behavior. […] Traumatic events, like the death of a loved one or a major life change, can trigger the disorder in some people. […] Additionally, growing up in a cluttered environment might increase the likelihood of developing hoarding behavior later in life. […] Hoarding disorder is a complicated condition that involves multiple factors working together. […] Genetics can make someone more prone to it, while differences in brain function can make it hard to make decisions about belongings. […] Environmental factors, such as past traumas or growing up in a cluttered home, can trigger or worsen the condition.
  • #90 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments
    https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/
    Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, and life stressors. […] A 2014 study found that 36% of hoarding variance was attributed to genetic factors, with a low genetic correlation (0.10) between hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, according to Mathews CA et al.’s 2014 research, Partitioning the Etiology of Hoarding and Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, published in the Journal of Psychology and Medicine. […] Neurocognitive challenges, such as difficulties with decision-making, organization, and executive functioning, are consistently observed. […] Emotional factors like perfectionism, fear of loss, and avoidance behaviors also play roles, as individuals hoard to cope with stress, trauma, or low self-esteem.
  • #91 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments
    https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/
    Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, and life stressors. […] A 2014 study found that 36% of hoarding variance was attributed to genetic factors, with a low genetic correlation (0.10) between hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, according to Mathews CA et al.’s 2014 research, Partitioning the Etiology of Hoarding and Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, published in the Journal of Psychology and Medicine. […] Neurocognitive challenges, such as difficulties with decision-making, organization, and executive functioning, are consistently observed. […] Emotional factors like perfectionism, fear of loss, and avoidance behaviors also play roles, as individuals hoard to cope with stress, trauma, or low self-esteem.
  • #92 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments
    https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/
    Neuropsychological conditions like brain injuries or dementia contribute to hoarding behaviors due to impaired cognitive functioning, particularly in executive functions (e.g., decision-making, organization). […] Stressful experiences such as losing a loved one, divorce, eviction, or natural disasters trigger or exacerbate hoarding. […] This genetic disorder is associated with compulsive behaviors, including hoarding. […] Impulsive acquisition of items driven by emotional needs or avoidance of distress reinforces hoarding behaviors. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, emotional attachment to possessions, and environmental influences.
  • #93 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments
    https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/
    Environmental and psychological triggers further complicate the etiology. […] Despite advances in understanding these factors, the interplay between biological, psychological, and social elements remains poorly defined, highlighting the need for continued research. […] Yes, hoarding has a significant genetic component, though environmental factors also play a role. […] Twin studies consistently show heritability estimates ranging from 26% to 50%, with genetic factors accounting for approximately 50% of the variance in compulsive hoarding in female twins, according to Iervolino AC et al.’s 2009 study, Prevalence and Heritability of Compulsive Hoarding, published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. […] The risk factors for hoarding disorders are brain injury, traumatic life events, impulsive buying habits, substance use disorder, and Prader-Willi syndrome.
  • #94 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?
    https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder
    People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The overall prevalence of hoarding disorder is approximately 2.6%, with higher rates for people over 60 years old and people with other psychiatric diagnoses, especially anxiety and depression. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. […] Hoarding is more common among individuals with a family member who also has a problem with hoarding. […] A stressful life event, such as the death of a loved one, can worsen symptoms of hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. […] A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.