Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  Hoarding disorder (HD) or Plyushkin’s disorder is a mental disorder characterised by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions and engaging in excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which no space is available. This results in severely cluttered living spaces, distress, and impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] Excessive acquisition is characterized by repetitive urges or behaviours related to amassing or buying property. Difficulty discarding possessions is characterized by a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them. […] Accumulation of possessions results in living spaces becoming cluttered to the point that their use or safety is compromised. […] The prevalence of hoarding disorder is estimated to be between 2 and 6 percent, although some surveys indicate the lifetime prevalence may be as high as 14%.

• #2 Pathophysiology and treatment of hoarding disorder – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021515/

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is a newly listed disease in the new category of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in the DSM-5. […] Moreover, several neuroimaging studies have found specific changes of brain structure and function in OCD patients with hoarding symptoms compared to patients with non-hoarding OCD. […] In this review, we outline the pathophysiology and treatment of HD.

• #3 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Living conditions can directly impact not only patient wellbeing and safety but also others in the home, visitors, and at times also those living in close physical proximity. […] A diverse set of front-line providers can often be the first to encounter individuals with HD (for example, housing officers, environmental health, fire, police, and ambulance services), but may not have a long-term relationship with the individual or appropriate clinical training. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #4 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  This article will review the evidence of various proposed factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of hoarding disorder (HD). […] There is emerging evidence that a number of factors contribute to the expression of HD symptoms, including genetics, neurocognitive functioning, attachments to possessions, beliefs, avoidance, personality factors, and life events. […] The cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posed in the seminal article by Frost and Hartl describes the etiology of hoarding as the interaction of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] The original 4-factor model of hoarding etiology posed by Frost and Hartl has received increasing support and refinement over the past 2 decades.

• #5 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #6 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.

• #7 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #8 Etiology of Hoarding Disorder in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: An Integrated Genetic Environmental and Behavioral Model – Internal Medicine Today – مجله علمی پژوهشی طب داخلی روز

  https://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3974&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  Hoarding disorder is a syndrome and a debilitating mental disorder that is characterized by collecting objects, storing, and excessive saving that leads to a cluttered living space and significant discomfort or harm. Hoarding is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions regardless of their true value. A person with this disorder has a strong tendency to hoard items and is distressed by throwing them away, which leads to the accumulation of a high degree of clutter. […] Genetic studies of twins show that HD has a strong genetic component and a complex pattern of inheritance. Evidence also suggests that genetic factors account for approximately half of the phenotypic variance in HD. […] The results of the present study revealed that the correlation rate of the identical group was equal to 0.58, whereas it was 0.26 in the non-identical group. According to the best-fitting model (i.e., AE), the additive genetic factor explained more than 50% of the variance of the HD phenotype, while the other half of the HD variance was explained by the non-shared environmental factor and the error variance. Therefore, the comorbidity pattern of additive genetics and non-shared environment plays the most important role in the occurrence of obsessive phenotype, while the role of shared environment, such as siblings and parenting style, was very small in the etiology of HD.

• #9 Etiology of Hoarding Disorder in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: An Integrated Genetic Environmental and Behavioral Model – Internal Medicine Today – مجله علمی پژوهشی طب داخلی روز

  https://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3974&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  Hoarding disorder is a syndrome and a debilitating mental disorder that is characterized by collecting objects, storing, and excessive saving that leads to a cluttered living space and significant discomfort or harm. Hoarding is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions regardless of their true value. A person with this disorder has a strong tendency to hoard items and is distressed by throwing them away, which leads to the accumulation of a high degree of clutter. […] Genetic studies of twins show that HD has a strong genetic component and a complex pattern of inheritance. Evidence also suggests that genetic factors account for approximately half of the phenotypic variance in HD. […] The results of the present study revealed that the correlation rate of the identical group was equal to 0.58, whereas it was 0.26 in the non-identical group. According to the best-fitting model (i.e., AE), the additive genetic factor explained more than 50% of the variance of the HD phenotype, while the other half of the HD variance was explained by the non-shared environmental factor and the error variance. Therefore, the comorbidity pattern of additive genetics and non-shared environment plays the most important role in the occurrence of obsessive phenotype, while the role of shared environment, such as siblings and parenting style, was very small in the etiology of HD.

• #10 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #11 Hoarding Disorder – Neuropedia

  https://neuropedia.net/articles/psychiatry/obsessive-compulsive/hoarding-disorder/

  Genetics also seems to play a role in the etiology of hoarding disorder, as 50% of geriatric hoarding disorder patients reported having a mother with hoarding tendencies, and over 26% reported having had a father with such tendencies (21). […] Regarding neurobiology, these patients have significantly greater grey matter in the right frontal pole (23). In addition, greater activity is found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which could mediate the deficits in evaluation of rewards and visual processing observed in hoarding disorder patients (24).

• #12 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/

  Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, and life stressors. […] A 2014 study found that 36% of hoarding variance was attributed to genetic factors, with a low genetic correlation (0.10) between hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, according to Mathews CA et al.’s 2014 research, Partitioning the Etiology of Hoarding and Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, published in the Journal of Psychology and Medicine. […] Neurocognitive challenges, such as difficulties with decision-making, organization, and executive functioning, are consistently observed. […] Emotional factors like perfectionism, fear of loss, and avoidance behaviors also play roles, as individuals hoard to cope with stress, trauma, or low self-esteem. […] Despite advances in understanding these factors, the interplay between biological, psychological, and social elements remains poorly defined, highlighting the need for continued research.

• #13 10 Things You Should Know About Compulsive Hoarding

  https://psychcentral.com/lib/10-things-you-should-know-about-compulsive-hoarding

  1. The OCD Collaborative Genetics Study reported that genetic linkage findings are different in OCD families with and without hoarding behavior, suggesting that a region on chromosome 14 is linked with compulsive hoarding behavior in these families and that hoarding is a distinct genetic subtype of OCD. […] 9. Compulsive hoarding can be difficult to control. It is usually treated in the same way OCD is. However, compulsive hoarding doesn’t usually respond as well as other kinds of OCD. […] 10. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) may be more effective for compulsive hoarding than medications, especially when it involves a therapist going into the home of the hoarder and helps her to develop habits and a consistent behavioral program to try to de-clutter her home, car, and life.

• #14 Pathophysiology and treatment of hoarding disorder – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021515/

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is a newly listed disease in the new category of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in the DSM-5. […] Moreover, several neuroimaging studies have found specific changes of brain structure and function in OCD patients with hoarding symptoms compared to patients with non-hoarding OCD. […] In this review, we outline the pathophysiology and treatment of HD.

• #15 Hoarding disorder: a unique obsession < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/hoarding-disorder-a-unique-obsession/

  Long considered a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive hoarding is being reconsidered as a possible standalone diagnosis in light of evidence that its brain abnormalities are distinct from those of OCD patients. A recent study led by David F. Tolin, Ph.D., adjunct associate professor of psychiatry, lends weight to that idea. […] As reported in the August issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, compared with the control and OCD groups, the hoarders brains showed less activity in regions involved in emotional regulation, risk assessment, and decision-making when they considered others mail but were hyperactive while deciding about their own. The under-and over-activation patterns resembled those seen in autism and anxiety disorders, respectively, say the researchers.

• #16 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  The pathophysiology of hoarding is not well understood. Positron emission tomography imaging suggests lower glucose metabolism in the posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus in OCD with compulsive hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder differs from the normal collecting of items. In hoarding disorder, there is a large number of possessions that clutter active living areas to the point that the area is substantially compromised (and often poses a fire or safety risk). […] Damage to the anterior ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate cortices has been particularly associated with the excessive accumulation of objects. In these individuals, the hoarding behaviours are not present prior to the onset of the brain damage and appears shortly after the brain damage occurs. Some of these individuals appear to have little interest in the accumulated items and are able to discard them easily or do not care if others discard them, whereas others appear to be very reluctant to discard anything.

• #17 Hoarding Disorder: Complications and Insights | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mind-of-a-collector/202408/hoarding-disorder-complications-and-insights

  Hoarding disorder is associated with many complications. […] Underlying neuropsychological mechanisms contribute to the disorder. […] Research indicates that these cognitive impairments may be related to abnormal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the insula, regions associated with decision-making, emotional regulation, and risk assessment. […] This hyperactivation suggests heightened emotional responses and difficulties in cognitive control, leading to indecisiveness and the urge to save items. […] Neuroimaging studies have linked these emotional responses to dysfunctions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region implicated in emotional regulation and value-based decision-making. […] Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the poor insight and lack of awareness often observed in individuals with HD, making them less responsive to the concerns of others and more likely to engage in socially isolating behaviors.

• #18 Help your patient with hoarding disorder move the clutter to the curb | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/help-your-patient-hoarding-disorder-move-clutter-curb

  Hoarding disorder (HD), categorized in DSM-5 under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, is defined as the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. Hoarders may start to accumulate and store large quantities of items because of a cognitive deficit, such as trouble making decisions or poor recognition or acknowledgement of the situation, or maladaptive thoughts. Tolin et al found the anterior cingulate cortex and insula was stimulus-dependent in patients with HD. Functional MRI showed when patients with HD were shown an item that was their possession, they exhibited an abnormal brain activity, compared with low activity when the items shown were not theirs. […] HD can stem from any of several variables, including greater response latency for decision-making about possessions and maladaptive beliefs about, and emotional attachment to, possessions, which can lead to intense emotional experiences about the prospect of losing those possessions. There is no clear evidence for treating HD with any particular drug. Hoarders are less likely to use psychotropics, possibly because of poor insight (eg, they do not realize the potentially dangerous living conditions hoarding creates). Because HD is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is intuitive to consider a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. […] There is still a need for more research on management of HD.

• #19 Hoarding Disorder: Complications and Insights | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mind-of-a-collector/202408/hoarding-disorder-complications-and-insights

  Hoarding disorder is associated with many complications. […] Underlying neuropsychological mechanisms contribute to the disorder. […] Research indicates that these cognitive impairments may be related to abnormal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the insula, regions associated with decision-making, emotional regulation, and risk assessment. […] This hyperactivation suggests heightened emotional responses and difficulties in cognitive control, leading to indecisiveness and the urge to save items. […] Neuroimaging studies have linked these emotional responses to dysfunctions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region implicated in emotional regulation and value-based decision-making. […] Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the poor insight and lack of awareness often observed in individuals with HD, making them less responsive to the concerns of others and more likely to engage in socially isolating behaviors.

• #20 Help your patient with hoarding disorder move the clutter to the curb | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/help-your-patient-hoarding-disorder-move-clutter-curb

  Hoarding disorder (HD), categorized in DSM-5 under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, is defined as the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. Hoarders may start to accumulate and store large quantities of items because of a cognitive deficit, such as trouble making decisions or poor recognition or acknowledgement of the situation, or maladaptive thoughts. Tolin et al found the anterior cingulate cortex and insula was stimulus-dependent in patients with HD. Functional MRI showed when patients with HD were shown an item that was their possession, they exhibited an abnormal brain activity, compared with low activity when the items shown were not theirs. […] HD can stem from any of several variables, including greater response latency for decision-making about possessions and maladaptive beliefs about, and emotional attachment to, possessions, which can lead to intense emotional experiences about the prospect of losing those possessions. There is no clear evidence for treating HD with any particular drug. Hoarders are less likely to use psychotropics, possibly because of poor insight (eg, they do not realize the potentially dangerous living conditions hoarding creates). Because HD is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is intuitive to consider a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. […] There is still a need for more research on management of HD.

• #21 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview

  Functional imaging studies in OCD have demonstrated some reproducible patterns of abnormality. Specifically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning have shown increases in blood flow and metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, limbic structures, caudate, and thalamus, with a trend toward right-sided predominance. In some studies, these areas of overactivity have been shown to normalize following successful treatment with either SSRIs or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). […] These findings suggest the hypothesis that the symptoms of OCD are driven by impaired intracortical inhibition of specific orbitofrontal-subcortical circuitry that mediates strong emotions and the autonomic responses to those emotions. Cingulotomy, a neurosurgical intervention sometimes used for severe and treatment-resistant OCD, interrupts this circuit (see Treatment and Management).

• #22 Hoarding disorder: a unique obsession < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/hoarding-disorder-a-unique-obsession/

  Long considered a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive hoarding is being reconsidered as a possible standalone diagnosis in light of evidence that its brain abnormalities are distinct from those of OCD patients. A recent study led by David F. Tolin, Ph.D., adjunct associate professor of psychiatry, lends weight to that idea. […] As reported in the August issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, compared with the control and OCD groups, the hoarders brains showed less activity in regions involved in emotional regulation, risk assessment, and decision-making when they considered others mail but were hyperactive while deciding about their own. The under-and over-activation patterns resembled those seen in autism and anxiety disorders, respectively, say the researchers.

• #23 Help your patient with hoarding disorder move the clutter to the curb | MDedge

  https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/help-your-patient-hoarding-disorder-move-clutter-curb

  Hoarding disorder (HD), categorized in DSM-5 under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, is defined as the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. Hoarders may start to accumulate and store large quantities of items because of a cognitive deficit, such as trouble making decisions or poor recognition or acknowledgement of the situation, or maladaptive thoughts. Tolin et al found the anterior cingulate cortex and insula was stimulus-dependent in patients with HD. Functional MRI showed when patients with HD were shown an item that was their possession, they exhibited an abnormal brain activity, compared with low activity when the items shown were not theirs. […] HD can stem from any of several variables, including greater response latency for decision-making about possessions and maladaptive beliefs about, and emotional attachment to, possessions, which can lead to intense emotional experiences about the prospect of losing those possessions. There is no clear evidence for treating HD with any particular drug. Hoarders are less likely to use psychotropics, possibly because of poor insight (eg, they do not realize the potentially dangerous living conditions hoarding creates). Because HD is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is intuitive to consider a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. […] There is still a need for more research on management of HD.

• #24 Hoarding disorder: a unique obsession < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/hoarding-disorder-a-unique-obsession/

  Long considered a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive hoarding is being reconsidered as a possible standalone diagnosis in light of evidence that its brain abnormalities are distinct from those of OCD patients. A recent study led by David F. Tolin, Ph.D., adjunct associate professor of psychiatry, lends weight to that idea. […] As reported in the August issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, compared with the control and OCD groups, the hoarders brains showed less activity in regions involved in emotional regulation, risk assessment, and decision-making when they considered others mail but were hyperactive while deciding about their own. The under-and over-activation patterns resembled those seen in autism and anxiety disorders, respectively, say the researchers.

• #25 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  The pathophysiology of hoarding is not well understood. Positron emission tomography imaging suggests lower glucose metabolism in the posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus in OCD with compulsive hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder differs from the normal collecting of items. In hoarding disorder, there is a large number of possessions that clutter active living areas to the point that the area is substantially compromised (and often poses a fire or safety risk). […] Damage to the anterior ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate cortices has been particularly associated with the excessive accumulation of objects. In these individuals, the hoarding behaviours are not present prior to the onset of the brain damage and appears shortly after the brain damage occurs. Some of these individuals appear to have little interest in the accumulated items and are able to discard them easily or do not care if others discard them, whereas others appear to be very reluctant to discard anything.

• #26 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  The pathophysiology of hoarding is not well understood. Positron emission tomography imaging suggests lower glucose metabolism in the posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus in OCD with compulsive hoarding. […] Hoarding disorder differs from the normal collecting of items. In hoarding disorder, there is a large number of possessions that clutter active living areas to the point that the area is substantially compromised (and often poses a fire or safety risk). […] Damage to the anterior ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate cortices has been particularly associated with the excessive accumulation of objects. In these individuals, the hoarding behaviours are not present prior to the onset of the brain damage and appears shortly after the brain damage occurs. Some of these individuals appear to have little interest in the accumulated items and are able to discard them easily or do not care if others discard them, whereas others appear to be very reluctant to discard anything.

• #27 Hoarding Disorder – Neuropedia

  https://neuropedia.net/articles/psychiatry/obsessive-compulsive/hoarding-disorder/

  Genetics also seems to play a role in the etiology of hoarding disorder, as 50% of geriatric hoarding disorder patients reported having a mother with hoarding tendencies, and over 26% reported having had a father with such tendencies (21). […] Regarding neurobiology, these patients have significantly greater grey matter in the right frontal pole (23). In addition, greater activity is found in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which could mediate the deficits in evaluation of rewards and visual processing observed in hoarding disorder patients (24).

• #28 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview

  The fact that obsessive-compulsive symptoms seem to often take very stereotypic forms has led some to hypothesize that the pathologic disturbance causing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be disinhibiting and exaggerating some built-in behavioral potential that humans have that, under other ancestral circumstances, would have an adaptive function (eg, primate grooming rituals). […] The exact process that underlies the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has not been established. Research and treatment trials suggest that abnormalities in serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission in the brain are meaningfully involved in this disorder. This is strongly supported by the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in the treatment of OCD. […] Evidence also suggests abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission in at least some cases of OCD. In some cohorts, Tourette disorder (also known as Tourette syndrome) and multiple chronic tics genetically co-vary with OCD in an autosomal dominant pattern. OCD symptoms in this group of patients show a preferential response to a combination of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx

  Hoarding is a condition where a person feels compelled to store and preserve materials and stuff which may or may not be of value. […] Actual causes of compulsive hoarding are unknown. […] It is suggested that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. […] The chemical serotonin also seems to play a part in obsessive compulsive disorders. […] Serotonin level alterations may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. […] Other mental health conditions like social phobia or fear of social interactions, bipolar disorders, specific phobias or fears, anxiety and depression may give rise to compulsive hoarding behaviour. […] Stressful life event like a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behaviour.

• #30 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  Hoarding is a severe psychological disorder where a person gathers an excessive number of items and stores them. The reasons someone become a hoarder include altered brain connections, genetics, stress, OCD, environmental factors and altered levels of serotonin. […] Studies showed that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. Sometimes, hoarding may begin after brain damage due to surgery, stroke, brain injury or infections. Compulsive hoarding is often seen in individuals who have autistic spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Research showed that the chemical serotonin seems to play a part in OCD. It is a chemical that the brain uses to transmit information. Altered serotonin levels may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. Hoarders may develop the condition much later in life. In addition, hoarders have less awareness that their condition is abnormal compared to patients with OCD.

• #31 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview

  The fact that obsessive-compulsive symptoms seem to often take very stereotypic forms has led some to hypothesize that the pathologic disturbance causing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be disinhibiting and exaggerating some built-in behavioral potential that humans have that, under other ancestral circumstances, would have an adaptive function (eg, primate grooming rituals). […] The exact process that underlies the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has not been established. Research and treatment trials suggest that abnormalities in serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission in the brain are meaningfully involved in this disorder. This is strongly supported by the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in the treatment of OCD. […] Evidence also suggests abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission in at least some cases of OCD. In some cohorts, Tourette disorder (also known as Tourette syndrome) and multiple chronic tics genetically co-vary with OCD in an autosomal dominant pattern. OCD symptoms in this group of patients show a preferential response to a combination of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics.

• #32 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview

  Attention has also been focused on glutamatergic abnormalities and possible glutamatergic treatments for OCD. Although modulated by serotonin and other neurotransmitters, the synapses in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits thought to be centrally involved in the pathology of OCD principally employ the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

• #33 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #34 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. Due to its recent classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the neurobiology of hoarding disorder in humans is a newly burgeoning field; making it somewhat premature to draw firm conclusions. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization.

• #35 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #36 Understanding Hoarding Disorder | Mental Health Academy

  https://www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au/blog/understanding-hoarding-disorder

  In Frost and Hartl’s model, the deficit in decision-making manifests in the indecisiveness people with hoarding troubles may experience about the likelihood of future needs. […] Understandably, when material possessions are given ultra-importance, behind the strong attachment to them are numerous unrealistic and often intensely defended beliefs. […] Finally in Frost and Hartl’s cognitive model is the factor of avoidance, which constitutes a form of negative reinforcement for the client. […] Frost and Hartl’s model has been corroborated through numerous experimental and observational studies and has become a foundation for treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy. […] In an inference-based therapy model, three elements added to the above cognitive-behavioural model attempt to contribute understanding of the “inner logic of hoarders” and to address that logic in therapy: (1) poor self-identification; (2) overinvestment of those who hoard in imaginary possibilities; and (3) dissociation.

• #37 Hoarding Disorder: Types, Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/hoarding/

  Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value. […] The causes of hoarding disorder are genetic predisposition, neurocognitive deficits, and life stressors. […] A 2014 study found that 36% of hoarding variance was attributed to genetic factors, with a low genetic correlation (0.10) between hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, according to Mathews CA et al.’s 2014 research, Partitioning the Etiology of Hoarding and Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, published in the Journal of Psychology and Medicine. […] Neurocognitive challenges, such as difficulties with decision-making, organization, and executive functioning, are consistently observed. […] Emotional factors like perfectionism, fear of loss, and avoidance behaviors also play roles, as individuals hoard to cope with stress, trauma, or low self-esteem. […] Despite advances in understanding these factors, the interplay between biological, psychological, and social elements remains poorly defined, highlighting the need for continued research.

• #38 Hoarding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hoarding

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is the condition associated with hoarding. HD can become worse with time. […] HD is classified as a disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This designation makes HD an independent mental health diagnosis. HD can occur simultaneously with other mental health conditions as well. […] Research indicates that HD may also be associated with a lack of executive functioning ability. Deficiencies in this area include, among other symptoms, an inability to: pay attention, make decisions, categorize things. […] Diagnosis and treatment of HD is possible. However, it may be difficult to persuade a person with HD to recognize the condition. […] Treatment for HD must focus on the individual and not solely on the spaces that have become overrun with clutter. A person must first be receptive to treatment options in order to change their hoarding behavior.

• #39 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. Some individuals with hoarding disorder live in unsanitary conditions that may be a logical consequence of severely cluttered spaces and/or that are related to planning and organizing difficulties. […] Hoarding appears to begin early in life and spans well into the late stages. Hoarding symptoms may first emerge around ages 11-15 years, start interfering with the individual’s everyday functioning by the mid-20s, and cause clinically significant impairment by the mid-30s. […] Indecisiveness is a prominent feature of individuals with hoarding disorder and their first-degree relatives. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often retrospectively report stressful and traumatic life events preceding the onset of the disorder or causing an exacerbation. […] Hoarding behavior is familial, with about 50% of individuals who hoard reporting having a relative who also hoards. Twin studies indicate that approximately 50% of the variability in hoarding behavior is attributable to additive genetic factors.

• #40 Hoarding Disorder – Neuropedia

  https://neuropedia.net/articles/psychiatry/obsessive-compulsive/hoarding-disorder/

  Hoarding Disorder is a newly-added disease in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013), categorized under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and characterized by disorganization and the persistent inability to discard possessions regardless of their actual value. (6) […] The exact etiology of hoarding disorder is still unknown. However, the numerous studies conducted revealed correlations between hoarding disorder and several factors. […] A four-factor model described a mixture of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions (11). Hoarding disorder patients show impairment in multiple cognitive domains, such as executive functioning and attention (12). In addition, decision-making deficits that accompany the disorder increase the distress patients feel, especially when obliged to choose whether to keep or discard an object (13).

• #41 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. Due to its recent classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the neurobiology of hoarding disorder in humans is a newly burgeoning field; making it somewhat premature to draw firm conclusions. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization.

• #42 Understanding Hoarding Disorder | Mental Health Academy

  https://www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au/blog/understanding-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder affects 2.5% of the population and arises from a combination of factors, such as emotional dysregulation, information-processing deficits, unhelpful beliefs, and behavioural avoidance. […] Several decades ago, Frost and Hartl (1996) proposed an explanatory framework comprised of four major factors said to influence hoarding development: (1) dysregulated emotional attachment; (2) information-processing deficits; (3) unhelpful beliefs about possessions; and (4) behavioural avoidance. […] A core trait of those afflicted with hoarding disorder is that they are strongly attached to their possessions. […] Deficits in information processing are central to an understanding of hoarding disorder, with difficulties in concentration, categorisation, inhibitory control, flexibility of thought, planning, decision-making, and visuospatial memory being key components.

• #43 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. Some individuals with hoarding disorder live in unsanitary conditions that may be a logical consequence of severely cluttered spaces and/or that are related to planning and organizing difficulties. […] Hoarding appears to begin early in life and spans well into the late stages. Hoarding symptoms may first emerge around ages 11-15 years, start interfering with the individual’s everyday functioning by the mid-20s, and cause clinically significant impairment by the mid-30s. […] Indecisiveness is a prominent feature of individuals with hoarding disorder and their first-degree relatives. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often retrospectively report stressful and traumatic life events preceding the onset of the disorder or causing an exacerbation. […] Hoarding behavior is familial, with about 50% of individuals who hoard reporting having a relative who also hoards. Twin studies indicate that approximately 50% of the variability in hoarding behavior is attributable to additive genetic factors.

• #44 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. […] The cause of hoarding disorder is unknown. Due to its recent classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the neurobiology of hoarding disorder in humans is a newly burgeoning field; making it somewhat premature to draw firm conclusions. […] Hoarding disorder has a symptom profile, neural correlates, and associated features that differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other disorders. A number of information processing deficits have been associated with hoarding; including planning, problem-solving, visuospatial learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory, and organization.

• #45 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #46 Hoarding Disorder: More Than Just a Problem of Too Much Stuff

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/hoarding-disorder-more-problem-too-much-stuff/

  Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. […] HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiologic overlap between the 2 disorders. […] Although the core feature of HD is difficulty discarding unnecessary and/or useless items, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that this difficulty is due to an even more fundamental deficit of executive function. […] A history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular, the inattentive subtype, has been associated with HD in a number of studies, providing indirect evidence that executive dysfunction may predate the onset of hoarding symptoms and also suggesting that pharmacotherapy for ADHD (eg, stimulants, bupropion, atomoxetine) may be of benefit in HD.

• #47 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  This article will review the evidence of various proposed factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of hoarding disorder (HD). […] There is emerging evidence that a number of factors contribute to the expression of HD symptoms, including genetics, neurocognitive functioning, attachments to possessions, beliefs, avoidance, personality factors, and life events. […] The cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding posed in the seminal article by Frost and Hartl describes the etiology of hoarding as the interaction of information-processing deficits, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] The original 4-factor model of hoarding etiology posed by Frost and Hartl has received increasing support and refinement over the past 2 decades.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is a severe psychiatric and public health problem characterized by extreme challenges with discarding possessions and severe acquisition resulting in excessive clutter that impairs daily functioning and may cause substantial health and safety risks. […] The key features of the cognitive behavioral etiological model of hoarding include core vulnerabilities, information processing deficits, cognitions and meaning of possessions, and emotionally driven reinforcement patterns. […] Further research is necessary to elucidate components of the CBT model and their interaction, in order to inform treatment targets. […] Although research on pharmacological treatments for HD is in the nascent stages and extant results are somewhat mixed, future studies may assess medication as a standalone treatment or combined with CBT.

• #49

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/5PnjMZ6Qwg8Xt7rHC4HKLLd/

  More recently, Frost Hartl have put forward a widely employed cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding, which conceptualizes hoarding as a consequence of: 1) information-processing deficits; 2) problems in forming emotional attachments; 3) behavioral avoidance; and 4) erroneous beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] However, a number of observations have emerged suggesting that hoarding and other OCD symptoms are distinct conditions. […] Hoarding has also been associated with a pattern of neurobiological correlates that seem to differ from those observed in OCD, including genetic, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings. […] The WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders has attempted to list some counterarguments questioning the validity of these data, ranging from clinical to therapeutic and biological ones, in Table 1.

• #50 Understanding Hoarding Disorder | Mental Health Academy

  https://www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au/blog/understanding-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder affects 2.5% of the population and arises from a combination of factors, such as emotional dysregulation, information-processing deficits, unhelpful beliefs, and behavioural avoidance. […] Several decades ago, Frost and Hartl (1996) proposed an explanatory framework comprised of four major factors said to influence hoarding development: (1) dysregulated emotional attachment; (2) information-processing deficits; (3) unhelpful beliefs about possessions; and (4) behavioural avoidance. […] A core trait of those afflicted with hoarding disorder is that they are strongly attached to their possessions. […] Deficits in information processing are central to an understanding of hoarding disorder, with difficulties in concentration, categorisation, inhibitory control, flexibility of thought, planning, decision-making, and visuospatial memory being key components.

• #51 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #52

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder is defined by difficulty discarding material possessions, accompanied by frequent accumulation of possessions and cluttered, disorganised living spaces. […] The psychological causes of hoarding are broadly understood, with the leading cognitive-behavioural model suggesting that four major factors influence hoarding development: (i) dysregulated emotional attachment; (ii) information-processing deficits; (iii) unhelpful beliefs about possessions; and (iv) behavioural avoidance. […] Strong emotional attachment to possessions is the core characteristic of hoarding. […] Information-processing deficits are also a key theme in individuals with hoarding disorder. […] A number of unhelpful, unrealistic and all too often rigorously defended beliefs are commonly linked to hoarding behaviour.

• #53 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Many people find it difficult to throw items away in case they might need them later or they are more valuable than they realized. […] A deeper understanding of the psychology behind hoarding is needed if treatment ambivalence and non-adherence are to be overcome. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder exhibit hyper-sentimentality, in which possessions are seen as part of the self, echoing the self-identity motive in psychological ownership, and the use of possessions as safety signals, echoing the motive to have a place/find personal security in psychological ownership, Dr Chu explained. […] Psychological ownership theory highlights the extreme ownership experience of a person who hoards, both in terms of the intensity of their feelings and the quantity of items they acquire. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder also tend to take extreme responsibility for the object as a part of ownership and often make statements that express their concern for the well-being of the object.

• #54 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #55 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Many people find it difficult to throw items away in case they might need them later or they are more valuable than they realized. […] A deeper understanding of the psychology behind hoarding is needed if treatment ambivalence and non-adherence are to be overcome. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder exhibit hyper-sentimentality, in which possessions are seen as part of the self, echoing the self-identity motive in psychological ownership, and the use of possessions as safety signals, echoing the motive to have a place/find personal security in psychological ownership, Dr Chu explained. […] Psychological ownership theory highlights the extreme ownership experience of a person who hoards, both in terms of the intensity of their feelings and the quantity of items they acquire. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder also tend to take extreme responsibility for the object as a part of ownership and often make statements that express their concern for the well-being of the object.

• #56 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Many people find it difficult to throw items away in case they might need them later or they are more valuable than they realized. […] A deeper understanding of the psychology behind hoarding is needed if treatment ambivalence and non-adherence are to be overcome. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder exhibit hyper-sentimentality, in which possessions are seen as part of the self, echoing the self-identity motive in psychological ownership, and the use of possessions as safety signals, echoing the motive to have a place/find personal security in psychological ownership, Dr Chu explained. […] Psychological ownership theory highlights the extreme ownership experience of a person who hoards, both in terms of the intensity of their feelings and the quantity of items they acquire. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder also tend to take extreme responsibility for the object as a part of ownership and often make statements that express their concern for the well-being of the object.

• #57 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  For someone with C-PTSD, hoarding can serve as a way to create a protective barrier between themselves and the world. […] These feelings can carry into adulthood, influencing how the individual relates to others and how they cope with emotional pain. […] These thought patterns illustrate how hoarding is not a simple issue of clutter or disorganization; it is a complex coping mechanism that is deeply intertwined with emotional pain and trauma. […] Recognizing hoarding disorder as an attachment injury opens the door to a more compassionate and effective approach to treatment. […] Through therapy, individuals can work to challenge the thought patterns that sustain hoarding, address the attachment injuries that underlie their behavior, and ultimately, heal from the emotional wounds that have driven them to hoard.

• #58 Hoarding Disorder: A Sociological Perspective

  https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/5/2/21

  In terms of psychological pathophysiology, the development and maintenance of hoarding disorder can be explained through various psychological theories and empirical studies. Some of the major theories include: Attachment Theory, which is used as a foundation to examine HD and better understand the dysfunctional relationships seen in those who hoard. It proposes that maladaptive cognitions and dysfunctional attachments to people and possessions jointly underlie the saving behaviors characteristic of the disorder. […] The Cognitive-Behavioral Model posits that hoarding behavior is maintained through a combination of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors. The pathological attachment of individuals with HD to their possessions is not well understood or integrated into cognitive-behavioral models.

• #59 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Early anxious attachments can lead to the avoidance of human interaction and the replacement of human relationships with objects. […] As the number of traumatic or stressful events increases, so does the severity of hoarding. […] Treatment motivation is a primary consideration in CBT for hoarding disorder, Chasson noted. […] Dr Chu recommends applying psychological ownership theory to understanding how to encourage consumers in general to dispose of possessions.

• #60 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  Hoarding disorder is more than just an issue of clutterits a profound and complex mental health condition that often arises from deep emotional wounds. […] This behavior often results in living spaces that are cluttered to the point where they become unusable, creating a physical manifestation of the emotional turmoil within. […] The items they collect and hold onto represent far more than just material possessionsthey are imbued with memories, significance, and often, a sense of safety. […] These injuries can lead to feelings of insecurity, abandonment, or mistrust, and may set the stage for the development of hoarding behaviors later in life. […] In many cases, hoarding disorder is closely linked to Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). […] Individuals with C-PTSD often struggle with a deep sense of insecurity and a pervasive feeling of being unsafe in the world.

• #61

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder is defined by difficulty discarding material possessions, accompanied by frequent accumulation of possessions and cluttered, disorganised living spaces. […] The psychological causes of hoarding are broadly understood, with the leading cognitive-behavioural model suggesting that four major factors influence hoarding development: (i) dysregulated emotional attachment; (ii) information-processing deficits; (iii) unhelpful beliefs about possessions; and (iv) behavioural avoidance. […] Strong emotional attachment to possessions is the core characteristic of hoarding. […] Information-processing deficits are also a key theme in individuals with hoarding disorder. […] A number of unhelpful, unrealistic and all too often rigorously defended beliefs are commonly linked to hoarding behaviour.

• #62 Changes in Saving Cognitions Mediate Hoarding Symptom Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder

  https://scholarworks.smith.edu/psy_facpubs/34/

  Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically-supported treatment for hoarding disorder (HD). […] To inform the development of more effective and targeted treatments, it will be important to clarify the mechanisms of treatment response in CBT for HD. […] Results showed that change in saving cognitions mediated change in all three domains of HD symptoms (i.e., acquiring, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter), suggesting that cognitive change may be a mechanism of treatment response in CBT. […] The findings indicate that cognitive change may have an impact on treatment outcomes, and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory of HD and potential ways in which to enhance belief change in treatment.

• #63 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Hoarding disorder is characterised by accumulation of possessions due to excessive acquisition of or difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value. Excessive acquisition is characterized by repetitive urges or behaviours related to amassing or buying items. Difficulty discarding possessions is characterized by a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them. Accumulation of possessions results in living spaces becoming cluttered to the point that their use or safety is compromised. The symptoms result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. […] The essential feature of hoarding disorder is persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value (Criterion A). The term persistent indicates a long-standing difficulty rather than more transient life circumstances that may lead to excessive clutter, such as inheriting property. The difficulty in discarding possessions noted in Criterion A refers to any form of discarding, including throwing away, selling, giving away, or recycling. The main reasons given for these difficulties are the perceived utility or aesthetic value of the items or strong sentimental attachment to the possessions. Some individuals feel responsible for the fate of their possessions and often go to great lengths to avoid being wasteful. Fears of losing important information are also common. The most commonly saved items are newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, mail, and paperwork, but virtually any item can be saved. The nature of items is not limited to possessions that most other people would define as useless or of limited value. Many individuals collect and save large numbers of valuable things as well, which are often found in piles mixed with other less valuable items.

• #64 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Hoarding disorder is characterised by accumulation of possessions due to excessive acquisition of or difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value. Excessive acquisition is characterized by repetitive urges or behaviours related to amassing or buying items. Difficulty discarding possessions is characterized by a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them. Accumulation of possessions results in living spaces becoming cluttered to the point that their use or safety is compromised. The symptoms result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. […] The essential feature of hoarding disorder is persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value (Criterion A). The term persistent indicates a long-standing difficulty rather than more transient life circumstances that may lead to excessive clutter, such as inheriting property. The difficulty in discarding possessions noted in Criterion A refers to any form of discarding, including throwing away, selling, giving away, or recycling. The main reasons given for these difficulties are the perceived utility or aesthetic value of the items or strong sentimental attachment to the possessions. Some individuals feel responsible for the fate of their possessions and often go to great lengths to avoid being wasteful. Fears of losing important information are also common. The most commonly saved items are newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, mail, and paperwork, but virtually any item can be saved. The nature of items is not limited to possessions that most other people would define as useless or of limited value. Many individuals collect and save large numbers of valuable things as well, which are often found in piles mixed with other less valuable items.

• #65 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Hoarding disorder is characterised by accumulation of possessions due to excessive acquisition of or difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value. Excessive acquisition is characterized by repetitive urges or behaviours related to amassing or buying items. Difficulty discarding possessions is characterized by a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them. Accumulation of possessions results in living spaces becoming cluttered to the point that their use or safety is compromised. The symptoms result in significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning. […] The essential feature of hoarding disorder is persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value (Criterion A). The term persistent indicates a long-standing difficulty rather than more transient life circumstances that may lead to excessive clutter, such as inheriting property. The difficulty in discarding possessions noted in Criterion A refers to any form of discarding, including throwing away, selling, giving away, or recycling. The main reasons given for these difficulties are the perceived utility or aesthetic value of the items or strong sentimental attachment to the possessions. Some individuals feel responsible for the fate of their possessions and often go to great lengths to avoid being wasteful. Fears of losing important information are also common. The most commonly saved items are newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, mail, and paperwork, but virtually any item can be saved. The nature of items is not limited to possessions that most other people would define as useless or of limited value. Many individuals collect and save large numbers of valuable things as well, which are often found in piles mixed with other less valuable items.

• #66 The Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Defense Styles With Hoarding Behaviour Among University Students – Practice in Clinical Psychology

  https://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=524&sid=1&slc_lang=en&html=1

  This research reveals that hoarding behaviour and its components have a positively significant relationship with EMS domains, and are able to predict hoarding behaviour among the domains of EMS impaired autonomy/performance and impaired limits. […] Thus, it can be inferred that certain schemas, as it was presented in Frosts and Hartels (1996) model, actually aid the continuation of this disorder in individuals suffering from hoarding behaviour by causing emotional attachment and distortion of information, regarding objects and the rich.

• #67 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. Some individuals with hoarding disorder live in unsanitary conditions that may be a logical consequence of severely cluttered spaces and/or that are related to planning and organizing difficulties. […] Hoarding appears to begin early in life and spans well into the late stages. Hoarding symptoms may first emerge around ages 11-15 years, start interfering with the individual’s everyday functioning by the mid-20s, and cause clinically significant impairment by the mid-30s. […] Indecisiveness is a prominent feature of individuals with hoarding disorder and their first-degree relatives. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often retrospectively report stressful and traumatic life events preceding the onset of the disorder or causing an exacerbation. […] Hoarding behavior is familial, with about 50% of individuals who hoard reporting having a relative who also hoards. Twin studies indicate that approximately 50% of the variability in hoarding behavior is attributable to additive genetic factors.

• #68 What Is Hoarding or Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/hoarding-and-hoarding-disorder

  Compared to people who dont hoard, researchers have found that those with hoarding disorder are more likely to have past traumatic experiences, especially in childhood. […] Around 3 out of 4 people with hoarding disorder have another mental health condition. […] People who hoard often show signs of perfectionism, indecisiveness, and procrastination. […] Treatment for hoarding disorder may include: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a type of talk therapy, and its the go-to treatment for hoarding disorder. […] There arent any drugs approved to treat hoarding disorder. But your doctor may prescribe you antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), particularly if you have anxiety, depression, or another mental health condition. […] Hoarding disorder can harm many areas of your life. It can cause: Injury or safety issues, Arguments with your friends or family, Loneliness, Health problems due to unclean living conditions, Problems at work. […] You cant solve a mental health condition with house help. Instead of hiring someone to clean out or organize the home of someone with hoarding disorder, seek treatment from a mental health professional. Theyll target the emotions and behaviors that lead to hoarding.

• #69 Changes in Saving Cognitions Mediate Hoarding Symptom Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder

  https://scholarworks.smith.edu/psy_facpubs/34/

  Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically-supported treatment for hoarding disorder (HD). […] To inform the development of more effective and targeted treatments, it will be important to clarify the mechanisms of treatment response in CBT for HD. […] Results showed that change in saving cognitions mediated change in all three domains of HD symptoms (i.e., acquiring, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter), suggesting that cognitive change may be a mechanism of treatment response in CBT. […] The findings indicate that cognitive change may have an impact on treatment outcomes, and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory of HD and potential ways in which to enhance belief change in treatment.

• #70 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Twin studies suggest that up to 50% of the variance in hoarding behaviors may be genetically linked. […] The self-reported family history provides further support for a genetic component to hoarding symptoms. […] There is growing research on the connections between HD diagnosis, symptom severity, and executive dysfunction. […] Individuals with HD demonstrate impaired decision making, compared to nonhoarding individuals, on unstructured sorting tasks but not on standardized neuropsychological assessments. […] Increased attachment to possessions and increased anthropomorphization of objects were part of the original conceptualization of hoarding and continue to be a critical facet in the cognitive-behavioral model of HD. […] Patients suffering from HD exhibit patterns of behavioral avoidance of distressful situations (e.g., sorting/discarding) that have been continually reinforced over time.

• #71

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Finally, negative reinforcement of avoidance is a core process driving and maintaining hoarding behaviour. […] The DSM-5 places hoarding disorder in the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders section. […] What evidence differentiates hoarding from OCD? Hoarding symptoms are more common and do not always co-occur alongside OCD symptoms. […] A key challenge in treating hoarding behaviour is that hoarding is ego-syntonic, and seen as an authentic (if not wholly desirable) characteristic of the clients self. […] Treating hoarding is a multi-level problem that requires a multi-level solution. CBT is the most effective treatment at present, but there are still many clients who do not respond.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is a severe psychiatric and public health problem characterized by extreme challenges with discarding possessions and severe acquisition resulting in excessive clutter that impairs daily functioning and may cause substantial health and safety risks. […] The key features of the cognitive behavioral etiological model of hoarding include core vulnerabilities, information processing deficits, cognitions and meaning of possessions, and emotionally driven reinforcement patterns. […] Further research is necessary to elucidate components of the CBT model and their interaction, in order to inform treatment targets. […] Although research on pharmacological treatments for HD is in the nascent stages and extant results are somewhat mixed, future studies may assess medication as a standalone treatment or combined with CBT.

• #73 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. Some individuals with hoarding disorder live in unsanitary conditions that may be a logical consequence of severely cluttered spaces and/or that are related to planning and organizing difficulties. […] Hoarding appears to begin early in life and spans well into the late stages. Hoarding symptoms may first emerge around ages 11-15 years, start interfering with the individual’s everyday functioning by the mid-20s, and cause clinically significant impairment by the mid-30s. […] Indecisiveness is a prominent feature of individuals with hoarding disorder and their first-degree relatives. […] Individuals with hoarding disorder often retrospectively report stressful and traumatic life events preceding the onset of the disorder or causing an exacerbation. […] Hoarding behavior is familial, with about 50% of individuals who hoard reporting having a relative who also hoards. Twin studies indicate that approximately 50% of the variability in hoarding behavior is attributable to additive genetic factors.

• #74

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Finally, negative reinforcement of avoidance is a core process driving and maintaining hoarding behaviour. […] The DSM-5 places hoarding disorder in the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders section. […] What evidence differentiates hoarding from OCD? Hoarding symptoms are more common and do not always co-occur alongside OCD symptoms. […] A key challenge in treating hoarding behaviour is that hoarding is ego-syntonic, and seen as an authentic (if not wholly desirable) characteristic of the clients self. […] Treating hoarding is a multi-level problem that requires a multi-level solution. CBT is the most effective treatment at present, but there are still many clients who do not respond.

• #75 Kevin William Grant—Registered Psychotherapist – Behind Closed Doors: Understanding the Complexities of Hoarding Disorder

  https://www.kevinwgrant.com/blog/item/understanding-the-complexities-of-hoarding-disorder

  Early traumatic experiences or significant losses might play a role in the onset of hoarding for some individuals. The act of acquiring and saving items might serve as a coping mechanism. Additionally, cognitive processing deficits, such as decision-making difficulties and attachment issues, are often noted in individuals with hoarding disorder. […] The act of hoarding can be reinforced over time. When individuals avoid discarding items and subsequently feel relief, this avoidance behavior is reinforced, making it more likely that they will continue hoarding in the future. […] Growing up in a cluttered home or being raised by a parent with hoarding tendencies can influence the development of hoarding behaviors. Such environments might normalize the behavior or serve as a learned response to stress or trauma.

• #76 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.

• #77 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  Individuals with hoarding disorder purposefully save possessions and experience distress when facing the prospect of discarding them (Criterion B). This criterion emphasizes that the saving of possessions is intentional, which discriminates hoarding disorder from other forms of psychopathology that are characterized by the passive accumulation of items or the absence of distress when possessions are removed. […] Symptoms (i.e., difficulties discarding and/or clutter) must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, including maintaining a safe environment for self and others (Criterion D). In some cases particularly when there is poor insight, the individual may not report distress, and the impairment may be apparent only to those around the individual. However, any attempts to discard or clear the possessions by third parties result in high levels of distress.

• #78 Hoarding Disorder | Here to Help

  https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/factsheet/hoarding-disorder

  The beliefs around possessions, the difficulty processing information and making decisions, as well as the positive emotions associated with acquiring and the anxiety associated with discarding, lead to behaviour patterns. If taken to a point that it begins to interfere, these patterns may be described as hoarding.

• #79 Hoarding & Mental Health | Sierra Vista Hospital

  https://sierravistahospital.com/blog/the-connections-between-hoarding-mental-health/

  Hoarding disorder is characterized by the persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or utility. […] The exact cause of hoarding disorder is not fully understood, but common causes include a combination of genetic, environmental and psychological factors. […] People with hoarding disorder may struggle with other mental or behavioral health issues. They may have difficulty regulating their emotions, leading to a reliance on possessions for comfort and security. In addition, perfectionism and difficulty making decisions may also contribute to hoarding behaviors.

• #80 Hoarding Disorder: Complications and Insights | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mind-of-a-collector/202408/hoarding-disorder-complications-and-insights

  Hoarding disorder is associated with many complications. […] Underlying neuropsychological mechanisms contribute to the disorder. […] Research indicates that these cognitive impairments may be related to abnormal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the insula, regions associated with decision-making, emotional regulation, and risk assessment. […] This hyperactivation suggests heightened emotional responses and difficulties in cognitive control, leading to indecisiveness and the urge to save items. […] Neuroimaging studies have linked these emotional responses to dysfunctions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region implicated in emotional regulation and value-based decision-making. […] Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the poor insight and lack of awareness often observed in individuals with HD, making them less responsive to the concerns of others and more likely to engage in socially isolating behaviors.

• #81 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056

  It’s not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes. […] Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including: […] Hoarding disorder also is linked with other mental health conditions, such as:

• #82 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #83 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #84 What Causes Compulsive Hoarding? – Spaulding Decon

  https://www.spauldingdecon.com/blog/what-causes-compulsive-hoarding

  Compulsive hoarding is a mental disorder that affects about 4% of the U.S. population. […] There is not one main cause for compulsive hoarding. Though speculation and studies have been conducted linking hoarding to trauma, genetics, and brain abnormalities, none can firmly state they are the sole cause for hoarding. […] Compulsive Hoarding usually begins in adolescent and teens years and grows in severity as the person ages. […] Traumatic life events can cause someone to cope by hoarding items. […] Hoarders often begin hoarding items after a traumatic life event occurs. […] Many times, hoarding is caused by trauma. […] Just as each person is an individual, each case of hoarding is different and can be caused by one, or a combination of these factors. Compulsive hoarding can be caused by many of the factors talked about above, and is often in combination with those, a defense mechanism.

• #85 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx

  Hoarding is a condition where a person feels compelled to store and preserve materials and stuff which may or may not be of value. […] Actual causes of compulsive hoarding are unknown. […] It is suggested that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. […] The chemical serotonin also seems to play a part in obsessive compulsive disorders. […] Serotonin level alterations may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. […] Other mental health conditions like social phobia or fear of social interactions, bipolar disorders, specific phobias or fears, anxiety and depression may give rise to compulsive hoarding behaviour. […] Stressful life event like a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behaviour.

• #86 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  As per research, up to 85 percent of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one other family member who has this problem. Hoarders may also have grown up in cluttered homes themselves and derive comfort from the clutter. […] Those who have faced early deprivation may develop hoarding as a coping mechanism later in life. This can be usually found on psychological examination of the patient. […] Stressful life events such as a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behavior.

• #87 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-hoarding.aspx

  Hoarding is a condition where a person feels compelled to store and preserve materials and stuff which may or may not be of value. […] Actual causes of compulsive hoarding are unknown. […] It is suggested that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. […] The chemical serotonin also seems to play a part in obsessive compulsive disorders. […] Serotonin level alterations may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. […] Other mental health conditions like social phobia or fear of social interactions, bipolar disorders, specific phobias or fears, anxiety and depression may give rise to compulsive hoarding behaviour. […] Stressful life event like a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behaviour.

• #88 Psychology| What is Hoarding Disorder? CBT Kenya

  https://www.cbtkenya.org/psychology-what-is-hoarding-disorder-cbt-kenya/

  Hoarding disorder is not the same as collecting. […] Many hoarders experienced a traumatic event in their lives. Is it possible that this was responsible for triggering hoarding as a defense mechanism. Hoarding disorder both relieves anxiety and causes it. […] Stressful life events such as losing a partner, parent or child or going through a divorce could all be triggers for a hoarding disorder. […] For people with social anxiety and low self-esteem, hoarding offers a leg up the confidence ladder. Older hoarders reported that stockpiling possessions gave them a sense of pride and accomplishment. […] If you parents were hoarders, you may also be prone to hoarding. The environment in which we grew up influences your adulthood. If you were never taught to organize and sort through material objects, you are likely to have clutter.

• #89 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #90 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #91 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Early anxious attachments can lead to the avoidance of human interaction and the replacement of human relationships with objects. […] As the number of traumatic or stressful events increases, so does the severity of hoarding. […] Treatment motivation is a primary consideration in CBT for hoarding disorder, Chasson noted. […] Dr Chu recommends applying psychological ownership theory to understanding how to encourage consumers in general to dispose of possessions.

• #92 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #93 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #94 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  Hoarding disorder is more than just an issue of clutterits a profound and complex mental health condition that often arises from deep emotional wounds. […] This behavior often results in living spaces that are cluttered to the point where they become unusable, creating a physical manifestation of the emotional turmoil within. […] The items they collect and hold onto represent far more than just material possessionsthey are imbued with memories, significance, and often, a sense of safety. […] These injuries can lead to feelings of insecurity, abandonment, or mistrust, and may set the stage for the development of hoarding behaviors later in life. […] In many cases, hoarding disorder is closely linked to Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). […] Individuals with C-PTSD often struggle with a deep sense of insecurity and a pervasive feeling of being unsafe in the world.

• #95 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  As per research, up to 85 percent of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one other family member who has this problem. Hoarders may also have grown up in cluttered homes themselves and derive comfort from the clutter. […] Those who have faced early deprivation may develop hoarding as a coping mechanism later in life. This can be usually found on psychological examination of the patient. […] Stressful life events such as a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behavior.

• #96 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  As per research, up to 85 percent of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one other family member who has this problem. Hoarders may also have grown up in cluttered homes themselves and derive comfort from the clutter. […] Those who have faced early deprivation may develop hoarding as a coping mechanism later in life. This can be usually found on psychological examination of the patient. […] Stressful life events such as a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behavior.

• #97 Psychology| What is Hoarding Disorder? CBT Kenya

  https://www.cbtkenya.org/psychology-what-is-hoarding-disorder-cbt-kenya/

  Hoarding disorder is not the same as collecting. […] Many hoarders experienced a traumatic event in their lives. Is it possible that this was responsible for triggering hoarding as a defense mechanism. Hoarding disorder both relieves anxiety and causes it. […] Stressful life events such as losing a partner, parent or child or going through a divorce could all be triggers for a hoarding disorder. […] For people with social anxiety and low self-esteem, hoarding offers a leg up the confidence ladder. Older hoarders reported that stockpiling possessions gave them a sense of pride and accomplishment. […] If you parents were hoarders, you may also be prone to hoarding. The environment in which we grew up influences your adulthood. If you were never taught to organize and sort through material objects, you are likely to have clutter.

• #98 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  As per research, up to 85 percent of people with compulsive hoarding usually name at least one other family member who has this problem. Hoarders may also have grown up in cluttered homes themselves and derive comfort from the clutter. […] Those who have faced early deprivation may develop hoarding as a coping mechanism later in life. This can be usually found on psychological examination of the patient. […] Stressful life events such as a divorce or death of a loved one may trigger hoarding behavior.

• #99 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #100 Psychology| What is Hoarding Disorder? CBT Kenya

  https://www.cbtkenya.org/psychology-what-is-hoarding-disorder-cbt-kenya/

  Hoarding disorder is not the same as collecting. […] Many hoarders experienced a traumatic event in their lives. Is it possible that this was responsible for triggering hoarding as a defense mechanism. Hoarding disorder both relieves anxiety and causes it. […] Stressful life events such as losing a partner, parent or child or going through a divorce could all be triggers for a hoarding disorder. […] For people with social anxiety and low self-esteem, hoarding offers a leg up the confidence ladder. Older hoarders reported that stockpiling possessions gave them a sense of pride and accomplishment. […] If you parents were hoarders, you may also be prone to hoarding. The environment in which we grew up influences your adulthood. If you were never taught to organize and sort through material objects, you are likely to have clutter.

• #101 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #102 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #103 What Is Hoarding or Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/hoarding-and-hoarding-disorder

  Compared to people who dont hoard, researchers have found that those with hoarding disorder are more likely to have past traumatic experiences, especially in childhood. […] Around 3 out of 4 people with hoarding disorder have another mental health condition. […] People who hoard often show signs of perfectionism, indecisiveness, and procrastination. […] Treatment for hoarding disorder may include: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a type of talk therapy, and its the go-to treatment for hoarding disorder. […] There arent any drugs approved to treat hoarding disorder. But your doctor may prescribe you antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), particularly if you have anxiety, depression, or another mental health condition. […] Hoarding disorder can harm many areas of your life. It can cause: Injury or safety issues, Arguments with your friends or family, Loneliness, Health problems due to unclean living conditions, Problems at work. […] You cant solve a mental health condition with house help. Instead of hiring someone to clean out or organize the home of someone with hoarding disorder, seek treatment from a mental health professional. Theyll target the emotions and behaviors that lead to hoarding.

• #104 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #105 Hoarding Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hoarding-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Hoarding appears to be more common in people with psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Research to date has not supported this idea. However, experiencing a traumatic event or serious loss, such as the death of a spouse or parent, may lead to a worsening of hoarding behavior. […] In addition to the above treatment strategies, research is focused on finding functional brain abnormalities and information-processing deficits that appear to underlie hoarding disorder. […] This research has compared regional cerebral glucose metabolism between OCD patients with and without compulsive hoarding, as well as normal subjects. OCD patients with compulsive hoarding had a different pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism (significantly lower glucose metabolism) than nonhoarding OCD patients (significantly higher glucose metabolism) in relation to comparison subjects. […] Hoarding disorder can occur in the context of several developmental, neurologic and psychiatric behaviors. […] However, hoarding disorder in highly motivated patients can be improved by pharmacologic (SSRIs) and psychological therapies or a combination of both.

• #106 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #107 Hoarding – What Is Hoarding? – Anxiety Disorder | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/hoarding/

  Hoarding is an anxiety disorder. A person with this disorder is unable to get rid of things, even things of no value. These could include newspaper clippings, old receipts, containers, even trash. A person diagnosed with this disorder goes to an extreme to save things. They are emotionally unable to throw away or donate items. This disorder can interfere with a person’s relationships at home and work. It can lead to unsafe conditions in their home. It can even be a fire hazard or a fall risk. […] Hoarding disorder is associated with other mental disorders. This includes depression, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity, obsessive compulsive disorder, or substance abuse.

• #108 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. […] Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy and compulsive shopping. […] Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject’s emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject’s anxiety around memory.

• #109 Hoarding – What Is Hoarding? – Anxiety Disorder | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/hoarding/

  Hoarding is an anxiety disorder. A person with this disorder is unable to get rid of things, even things of no value. These could include newspaper clippings, old receipts, containers, even trash. A person diagnosed with this disorder goes to an extreme to save things. They are emotionally unable to throw away or donate items. This disorder can interfere with a person’s relationships at home and work. It can lead to unsafe conditions in their home. It can even be a fire hazard or a fall risk. […] Hoarding disorder is associated with other mental disorders. This includes depression, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity, obsessive compulsive disorder, or substance abuse.

• #110 Hoarding Disorder: More Than Just a Problem of Too Much Stuff

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/hoarding-disorder-more-problem-too-much-stuff/

  Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. […] HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiologic overlap between the 2 disorders. […] Although the core feature of HD is difficulty discarding unnecessary and/or useless items, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that this difficulty is due to an even more fundamental deficit of executive function. […] A history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular, the inattentive subtype, has been associated with HD in a number of studies, providing indirect evidence that executive dysfunction may predate the onset of hoarding symptoms and also suggesting that pharmacotherapy for ADHD (eg, stimulants, bupropion, atomoxetine) may be of benefit in HD.

• #111 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq0C74opM3Gy1bpQMq1MlOUE4oJ8DclT926O5jzB7mjkWaju_gq

  Hoarding disorder develops from vulnerabilities, information-processing problems, and a perceived need to save items regardless of their value. […] Hoarding is an accepted psychiatric diagnosis that develops from vulnerabilities, information processing problems, and beliefs about and attachments to possessions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding disorder and ADHD share various executive function deficits, including weak organization, focus and decluttering skills, and cognitive flexibility — or the ability to adapt to changes in the environment.

• #112 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq0C74opM3Gy1bpQMq1MlOUE4oJ8DclT926O5jzB7mjkWaju_gq

  The main difference between an ADHD-clutter problem and a hoarding-clutter problem is that someone with hoarding disorder has a reason for saving items. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] A 2016 study published in the Journal of Attention Disorders found childhood inattentive ADHD predicts three core features of hoarding disorder: clutter, difficulty discarding items, and excessive acquisition. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem. […] Further, the study found that childhood hyperactivity alone does not predict hoarding disorder, but it does predict impulsivity, which is associated with excessive acquisitions.

• #113 Why Does a Person Become a Hoarder?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/why_does_a_person_become_a_hoarder/article.htm

  Hoarding is a severe psychological disorder where a person gathers an excessive number of items and stores them. The reasons someone become a hoarder include altered brain connections, genetics, stress, OCD, environmental factors and altered levels of serotonin. […] Studies showed that abnormal brain development and brain lesions could lead to compulsive behaviors of hoarding. Sometimes, hoarding may begin after brain damage due to surgery, stroke, brain injury or infections. Compulsive hoarding is often seen in individuals who have autistic spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Research showed that the chemical serotonin seems to play a part in OCD. It is a chemical that the brain uses to transmit information. Altered serotonin levels may play a role in compulsive hoarding as well. Hoarders may develop the condition much later in life. In addition, hoarders have less awareness that their condition is abnormal compared to patients with OCD.

• #114 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  Hoarding disorder is more than just an issue of clutterits a profound and complex mental health condition that often arises from deep emotional wounds. […] This behavior often results in living spaces that are cluttered to the point where they become unusable, creating a physical manifestation of the emotional turmoil within. […] The items they collect and hold onto represent far more than just material possessionsthey are imbued with memories, significance, and often, a sense of safety. […] These injuries can lead to feelings of insecurity, abandonment, or mistrust, and may set the stage for the development of hoarding behaviors later in life. […] In many cases, hoarding disorder is closely linked to Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). […] Individuals with C-PTSD often struggle with a deep sense of insecurity and a pervasive feeling of being unsafe in the world.

• #115 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq0C74opM3Gy1bpQMq1MlOUE4oJ8DclT926O5jzB7mjkWaju_gq

  The main difference between an ADHD-clutter problem and a hoarding-clutter problem is that someone with hoarding disorder has a reason for saving items. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] A 2016 study published in the Journal of Attention Disorders found childhood inattentive ADHD predicts three core features of hoarding disorder: clutter, difficulty discarding items, and excessive acquisition. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem. […] Further, the study found that childhood hyperactivity alone does not predict hoarding disorder, but it does predict impulsivity, which is associated with excessive acquisitions.

• #116 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOoq0C74opM3Gy1bpQMq1MlOUE4oJ8DclT926O5jzB7mjkWaju_gq

  Hoarding disorder develops from vulnerabilities, information-processing problems, and a perceived need to save items regardless of their value. […] Hoarding is an accepted psychiatric diagnosis that develops from vulnerabilities, information processing problems, and beliefs about and attachments to possessions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding disorder and ADHD share various executive function deficits, including weak organization, focus and decluttering skills, and cognitive flexibility — or the ability to adapt to changes in the environment.

• #117

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/5PnjMZ6Qwg8Xt7rHC4HKLLd/

  More recently, Frost Hartl have put forward a widely employed cognitive-behavioral model of hoarding, which conceptualizes hoarding as a consequence of: 1) information-processing deficits; 2) problems in forming emotional attachments; 3) behavioral avoidance; and 4) erroneous beliefs about the nature of possessions. […] However, a number of observations have emerged suggesting that hoarding and other OCD symptoms are distinct conditions. […] Hoarding has also been associated with a pattern of neurobiological correlates that seem to differ from those observed in OCD, including genetic, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings. […] The WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders has attempted to list some counterarguments questioning the validity of these data, ranging from clinical to therapeutic and biological ones, in Table 1.

• #118 Possessed by Possessions: Hoarding Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment – MPR

  https://www.empr.com/home/features/possessed-by-possessions-hoarding-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Hoarding disorder was recently classified as a separate disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] According to Sanjaya Saxena, MD, director of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Program and Outpatient Psychiatric Services at the University of California in San Diego, there is a wealth of evidence that demonstrates hoarding disorder may share similarities to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) but is not the same thing. Hoarding disorder is a discrete entity of its own. […] Based on the DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of hoarding include but are not limited to excessive acquisition and saving, even if the individual doesn’t need or have space for such things. Individuals with hoarding disorder have difficulty discarding possessions, which leads to clutter and congestion in their home, work spaces, or even outside areas. This can compromise the use of rooms, surfaces, and other areas of the home. Hoarding disorder clearly impacts activities of daily living and causes a significant amount of functional impairment even risks to physical health in more severe cases, infestations of rodents, falls, mold, dust build up, and fire hazards, said Saxena.

• #119 The Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7294599/

  Emotional reactivity describes the intensity and duration of emotions an individual experiences following exposure to emotional stimuli and it has been postulated as a possible vulnerability factor for HD. […] The current theory postulates that the manifestation of hoarding is likely due to a combination of genetic factors, vulnerability towards avoidant behaviors, and a reinforcement of beliefs surrounding reasons to save objects.

• #120 The Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Defense Styles With Hoarding Behaviour Among University Students – Practice in Clinical Psychology

  https://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=524&sid=1&slc_lang=en&html=1

  Hoarding Disorder (HD) is an extreme psychiatric condition leading to excessive aggregation of items which usually remained unused and accumulated. […] Some factors contribute in the emergence and explanation of hoarding such as: 1. Beliefs and concepts which reinforce the acquisition and maintenance of this condition; 2. Core beliefs regarding identity, competence, and interests. 3. Genetic predisposition; 4. Troubles with data processing, including decrease in focused attention, decision-making, and organising; 5. High emotional attachment to the rich; 6. Deficiencies in cognitive processes; 7. Maladaptive behaviors and beliefs; and 8. Specific abnormalities in particular regions of brain, corresponding to executive function, impulse control, and reward processing. […] The role of EMS and defense mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive disorders are obvious.

• #121 Etiology of Hoarding Disorder in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: An Integrated Genetic Environmental and Behavioral Model – Internal Medicine Today – مجله علمی پژوهشی طب داخلی روز

  https://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3974&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  Hoarding disorder is a syndrome and a debilitating mental disorder that is characterized by collecting objects, storing, and excessive saving that leads to a cluttered living space and significant discomfort or harm. Hoarding is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions regardless of their true value. A person with this disorder has a strong tendency to hoard items and is distressed by throwing them away, which leads to the accumulation of a high degree of clutter. […] Genetic studies of twins show that HD has a strong genetic component and a complex pattern of inheritance. Evidence also suggests that genetic factors account for approximately half of the phenotypic variance in HD. […] The results of the present study revealed that the correlation rate of the identical group was equal to 0.58, whereas it was 0.26 in the non-identical group. According to the best-fitting model (i.e., AE), the additive genetic factor explained more than 50% of the variance of the HD phenotype, while the other half of the HD variance was explained by the non-shared environmental factor and the error variance. Therefore, the comorbidity pattern of additive genetics and non-shared environment plays the most important role in the occurrence of obsessive phenotype, while the role of shared environment, such as siblings and parenting style, was very small in the etiology of HD.

• #122 Hoarding Disorder: Complications and Insights | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mind-of-a-collector/202408/hoarding-disorder-complications-and-insights

  Hoarding disorder is associated with many complications. […] Underlying neuropsychological mechanisms contribute to the disorder. […] Research indicates that these cognitive impairments may be related to abnormal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the insula, regions associated with decision-making, emotional regulation, and risk assessment. […] This hyperactivation suggests heightened emotional responses and difficulties in cognitive control, leading to indecisiveness and the urge to save items. […] Neuroimaging studies have linked these emotional responses to dysfunctions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region implicated in emotional regulation and value-based decision-making. […] Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the poor insight and lack of awareness often observed in individuals with HD, making them less responsive to the concerns of others and more likely to engage in socially isolating behaviors.

• #123 Understanding Hoarding Disorder | Mental Health Academy

  https://www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au/blog/understanding-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder affects 2.5% of the population and arises from a combination of factors, such as emotional dysregulation, information-processing deficits, unhelpful beliefs, and behavioural avoidance. […] Several decades ago, Frost and Hartl (1996) proposed an explanatory framework comprised of four major factors said to influence hoarding development: (1) dysregulated emotional attachment; (2) information-processing deficits; (3) unhelpful beliefs about possessions; and (4) behavioural avoidance. […] A core trait of those afflicted with hoarding disorder is that they are strongly attached to their possessions. […] Deficits in information processing are central to an understanding of hoarding disorder, with difficulties in concentration, categorisation, inhibitory control, flexibility of thought, planning, decision-making, and visuospatial memory being key components.

• #124 Understanding Hoarding Disorder | Mental Health Academy

  https://www.mentalhealthacademy.com.au/blog/understanding-hoarding-disorder

  In Frost and Hartl’s model, the deficit in decision-making manifests in the indecisiveness people with hoarding troubles may experience about the likelihood of future needs. […] Understandably, when material possessions are given ultra-importance, behind the strong attachment to them are numerous unrealistic and often intensely defended beliefs. […] Finally in Frost and Hartl’s cognitive model is the factor of avoidance, which constitutes a form of negative reinforcement for the client. […] Frost and Hartl’s model has been corroborated through numerous experimental and observational studies and has become a foundation for treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy. […] In an inference-based therapy model, three elements added to the above cognitive-behavioural model attempt to contribute understanding of the “inner logic of hoarders” and to address that logic in therapy: (1) poor self-identification; (2) overinvestment of those who hoard in imaginary possibilities; and (3) dissociation.

• #125 Hoarding Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/hoarding-disorder/

  Stressful life events are another critical factor contributing to the onset of hoarding disorder. Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or losing possessions in a fire, can trigger hoarding behaviors. […] According to a 2011 study by Frost RO et al., Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder. Depress Anxiety, people with HD usually report incidences of past trauma. Early experiences of deprivation, neglect, or having belongings forcibly taken away can create a strong emotional attachment to possessions in adulthood. This attachment manifests as hoarding behavior, as individuals hold onto items for fear of future loss or as a way to preserve memories and a sense of security.

• #126 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  For someone with C-PTSD, hoarding can serve as a way to create a protective barrier between themselves and the world. […] These feelings can carry into adulthood, influencing how the individual relates to others and how they cope with emotional pain. […] These thought patterns illustrate how hoarding is not a simple issue of clutter or disorganization; it is a complex coping mechanism that is deeply intertwined with emotional pain and trauma. […] Recognizing hoarding disorder as an attachment injury opens the door to a more compassionate and effective approach to treatment. […] Through therapy, individuals can work to challenge the thought patterns that sustain hoarding, address the attachment injuries that underlie their behavior, and ultimately, heal from the emotional wounds that have driven them to hoard.

• #127 Kevin William Grant—Registered Psychotherapist – Behind Closed Doors: Understanding the Complexities of Hoarding Disorder

  https://www.kevinwgrant.com/blog/item/understanding-the-complexities-of-hoarding-disorder

  Early traumatic experiences or significant losses might play a role in the onset of hoarding for some individuals. The act of acquiring and saving items might serve as a coping mechanism. Additionally, cognitive processing deficits, such as decision-making difficulties and attachment issues, are often noted in individuals with hoarding disorder. […] The act of hoarding can be reinforced over time. When individuals avoid discarding items and subsequently feel relief, this avoidance behavior is reinforced, making it more likely that they will continue hoarding in the future. […] Growing up in a cluttered home or being raised by a parent with hoarding tendencies can influence the development of hoarding behaviors. Such environments might normalize the behavior or serve as a learned response to stress or trauma.

• #128

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Finally, negative reinforcement of avoidance is a core process driving and maintaining hoarding behaviour. […] The DSM-5 places hoarding disorder in the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders section. […] What evidence differentiates hoarding from OCD? Hoarding symptoms are more common and do not always co-occur alongside OCD symptoms. […] A key challenge in treating hoarding behaviour is that hoarding is ego-syntonic, and seen as an authentic (if not wholly desirable) characteristic of the clients self. […] Treating hoarding is a multi-level problem that requires a multi-level solution. CBT is the most effective treatment at present, but there are still many clients who do not respond.

• #129 Hoarding Disorder: More Than Just a Problem of Too Much Stuff

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/hoarding-disorder-more-problem-too-much-stuff/

  More work is needed to identify effective treatments for HD, both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic. Given the relatively poor response rates for currently available treatments (30% improvement of symptoms) and evidence of potential underlying neurocognitive deficits, new avenues for treatments might include cognitive remediation in addition to medication and therapy and/or medications that target executive dysfunction (eg, anticholinesterase inhibitors, stimulants).

• #130 Changes in Saving Cognitions Mediate Hoarding Symptom Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder

  https://scholarworks.smith.edu/psy_facpubs/34/

  Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically-supported treatment for hoarding disorder (HD). […] To inform the development of more effective and targeted treatments, it will be important to clarify the mechanisms of treatment response in CBT for HD. […] Results showed that change in saving cognitions mediated change in all three domains of HD symptoms (i.e., acquiring, difficulty discarding, and excessive clutter), suggesting that cognitive change may be a mechanism of treatment response in CBT. […] The findings indicate that cognitive change may have an impact on treatment outcomes, and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory of HD and potential ways in which to enhance belief change in treatment.

• #131 Virtual reality helps people with hoarding disorder practice decluttering | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/10/vr-hoarding-disorder.html

  Hoarding disorder is an under-recognized and under-treated condition that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to as the DSM-5 as a formal diagnosis only since 2013. […] As with many mental health disorders, the causes of hoarding disorder are not well understood, Rodriguez said, but could involve difficulty processing information, making decisions, sustaining attention or regulating emotions. People with the disorder may fear a loss of security or identity giving up their treasured possessions. […] „People tend to have a lot of biases against hoarding disorder and see it as a personal limitation instead of a neurobiological entity,” Rodriguez said.

• #132 Hoarding Disorder: More Than Just a Problem of Too Much Stuff

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/hoarding-disorder-more-problem-too-much-stuff/

  Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. […] HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiologic overlap between the 2 disorders. […] Although the core feature of HD is difficulty discarding unnecessary and/or useless items, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that this difficulty is due to an even more fundamental deficit of executive function. […] A history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular, the inattentive subtype, has been associated with HD in a number of studies, providing indirect evidence that executive dysfunction may predate the onset of hoarding symptoms and also suggesting that pharmacotherapy for ADHD (eg, stimulants, bupropion, atomoxetine) may be of benefit in HD.

• #133 Hoarding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hoarding

  Individual and group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be the most successful way to treat HD. This should be directed by a medical professional. […] Research has shown that this type of treatment can be useful. […] The goal of CBT is to alter behavior and the thought processes that contribute to hoarding. […] No medications exist specifically to treat HD. Some may help with symptoms. […] However, it’s not clear whether these medications are useful for HD. Some research has indicated that medications for ADHD may also be helpful for HD. […] Hoarding disorder is a diagnosable condition that requires the help of a medical professional. With professional help and time, a person may be able to move on from their hoarding behaviors and reduce dangerous and tension-inducing clutter in their personal space.

• #134 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1934139-overview

  Attention has also been focused on glutamatergic abnormalities and possible glutamatergic treatments for OCD. Although modulated by serotonin and other neurotransmitters, the synapses in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits thought to be centrally involved in the pathology of OCD principally employ the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

• #135 Possessed by Possessions: Hoarding Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment – MPR

  https://www.empr.com/home/features/possessed-by-possessions-hoarding-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  The reasons for hoarding vary and can be due to items holding sentimental value, compulsive shopping, a perceived need for items (either now or in the future), and an inability to discard items caused by other psychological factors. […] Hoarding disorder is treatable with both anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications such as paroxetine, despite lack of FDA approval and/or non-pharmacologic approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) tailored to hoarding disorder. […] One novel CBT approach combines standard behavioral techniques with cognitive rehabilitation of neurocognitive abilities and has worked well in clinical practice as well as in research studies, according to Saxena. […] In addition, Saxena said that some antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications have worked well in clinical trials for treating hoarding disorder such as paroxetine, which has been shown to improve hoarding and associated symptoms in an open label, prospective study conducted by Saxena and colleagues, with the majority of patients responding.

• #136 Virtual reality helps people with hoarding disorder practice decluttering | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/10/vr-hoarding-disorder.html

  Hoarding disorder is an under-recognized and under-treated condition that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to as the DSM-5 as a formal diagnosis only since 2013. […] As with many mental health disorders, the causes of hoarding disorder are not well understood, Rodriguez said, but could involve difficulty processing information, making decisions, sustaining attention or regulating emotions. People with the disorder may fear a loss of security or identity giving up their treasured possessions. […] „People tend to have a lot of biases against hoarding disorder and see it as a personal limitation instead of a neurobiological entity,” Rodriguez said.

• #137 Hoarding Disorder as an Attachment Injury: Understanding and Hope

  https://seachangepsychotherapy.com/posts/hoarding-as-an-attachment-injury/

  Healing from hoarding disorder requires more than just decluttering a spaceit requires a deep, compassionate exploration of the emotional pain that lies beneath the surface. […] Hoarding disorder is a complex condition, and it is one that can be addressed with the right support and treatment. […] It is important to understand that hoarding is not a reflection of laziness or lack of disciplineit is a sign of deeper emotional pain that deserves to be addressed with care and compassion. […] Together, we can work to uncover the root causes of your hoarding behavior, address the attachment injuries that underlie it, and develop strategies for healing and growth. […] With the right support, individuals can work through the emotional pain that drives their behavior and develop healthier, more fulfilling ways of coping.

• #138

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma.

• #139 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Living conditions can directly impact not only patient wellbeing and safety but also others in the home, visitors, and at times also those living in close physical proximity. […] A diverse set of front-line providers can often be the first to encounter individuals with HD (for example, housing officers, environmental health, fire, police, and ambulance services), but may not have a long-term relationship with the individual or appropriate clinical training. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #140 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Living conditions can directly impact not only patient wellbeing and safety but also others in the home, visitors, and at times also those living in close physical proximity. […] A diverse set of front-line providers can often be the first to encounter individuals with HD (for example, housing officers, environmental health, fire, police, and ambulance services), but may not have a long-term relationship with the individual or appropriate clinical training. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #141 Hoarding Can Happen to Anyone. Here’s Why We Need to Pay Attention : ScienceAlert

  https://www.sciencealert.com/hoarders-are-much-more-common-than-you-think-new-research-outlines-strategies-for-how-to-help

  They also highlight some early studies investigating certain drugs, like those that help with OCD, that may also help with treating hoarding disorder, although the number of people in these studies is usually very small and more research needs to be done. […] „Severe hoarding disorder and squalor are complex and challenging to manage. These conditions can often be debilitating for a person and their family,” the team writes. […] „A multiservice, multidisciplinary approach is often required. Medical, social and ethical dimensions need to be considered, and ideally clinical and environmental assessments should occur.”

• #142

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma.

• #143 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Living conditions can directly impact not only patient wellbeing and safety but also others in the home, visitors, and at times also those living in close physical proximity. […] A diverse set of front-line providers can often be the first to encounter individuals with HD (for example, housing officers, environmental health, fire, police, and ambulance services), but may not have a long-term relationship with the individual or appropriate clinical training. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #144 Hoarding Can Happen to Anyone. Here’s Why We Need to Pay Attention : ScienceAlert

  https://www.sciencealert.com/hoarders-are-much-more-common-than-you-think-new-research-outlines-strategies-for-how-to-help

  Hoarding disorder was recognized as a distinct disorder back in 2013, in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] MRI scans have suggested that people with hoarding disorders tend to have fewer connections in the brain regions associated with cognitive control, but more connections in the parts that focus on one’s inner world. […] This may help explain their inability to process all the meanings they assign to their belongings, and why they can have so much trouble with letting them go. […] The researchers stress that once help has been accepted, doctors have to first address other problems that might make the hoarding worse. […] The researchers recommend cognitive behavioral therapy alongside targeting specific emotional attachments and patterns.

• #145 The Psychology of Hoarding Disorder: Approaches for Treatment – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/the-psychology-of-hoarding-disorder-approaches-for-treatment/

  Early anxious attachments can lead to the avoidance of human interaction and the replacement of human relationships with objects. […] As the number of traumatic or stressful events increases, so does the severity of hoarding. […] Treatment motivation is a primary consideration in CBT for hoarding disorder, Chasson noted. […] Dr Chu recommends applying psychological ownership theory to understanding how to encourage consumers in general to dispose of possessions.

• #146

  https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2019/october/unpacking-hoarding-disorder

  Finally, negative reinforcement of avoidance is a core process driving and maintaining hoarding behaviour. […] The DSM-5 places hoarding disorder in the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders section. […] What evidence differentiates hoarding from OCD? Hoarding symptoms are more common and do not always co-occur alongside OCD symptoms. […] A key challenge in treating hoarding behaviour is that hoarding is ego-syntonic, and seen as an authentic (if not wholly desirable) characteristic of the clients self. […] Treating hoarding is a multi-level problem that requires a multi-level solution. CBT is the most effective treatment at present, but there are still many clients who do not respond.

• #147 Virtual reality helps people with hoarding disorder practice decluttering | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/10/vr-hoarding-disorder.html

  Hoarding disorder is an under-recognized and under-treated condition that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to as the DSM-5 as a formal diagnosis only since 2013. […] As with many mental health disorders, the causes of hoarding disorder are not well understood, Rodriguez said, but could involve difficulty processing information, making decisions, sustaining attention or regulating emotions. People with the disorder may fear a loss of security or identity giving up their treasured possessions. […] „People tend to have a lot of biases against hoarding disorder and see it as a personal limitation instead of a neurobiological entity,” Rodriguez said.

• #148

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  Hoarding disorder (HD) is a severe psychiatric and public health problem characterized by extreme challenges with discarding possessions and severe acquisition resulting in excessive clutter that impairs daily functioning and may cause substantial health and safety risks. […] The key features of the cognitive behavioral etiological model of hoarding include core vulnerabilities, information processing deficits, cognitions and meaning of possessions, and emotionally driven reinforcement patterns. […] Further research is necessary to elucidate components of the CBT model and their interaction, in order to inform treatment targets. […] Although research on pharmacological treatments for HD is in the nascent stages and extant results are somewhat mixed, future studies may assess medication as a standalone treatment or combined with CBT.

• #149

  https://education.psychiatry.org/Listing/Hoarding-Disorder-A-Comprehensive-Overview-9445

  This symposium will also highlight the importance of translating findings from research to clinical and community settings and of outreach to increase access to care in underserved areas. […] Understand what is known about etiology, from both a cognitive-behavioral and neurobiological perspective.

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