Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hoarding Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hoarding-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Hoarding disorder is common and potentially disabling. It is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of the value others may attribute to these possessions. […] Whether hoarding would continue to be described as a symptom of another disorder such as OCD or OCPD, or classified as a separate disorder in the 2013 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was the subject of discussion for several years. It was determined that there was sufficient evidence to recommend the creation of a new disorder called hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding disorder can occur in the context of several developmental, neurologic and psychiatric behaviors. Clinically significant hoarding is prevalent and can vary from mild to life-threatening. Hoarding recently met the criteria to qualify as a new disorder in DSM-5 called hoarding disorder in order to remove any ambiguities and clearly separate it from hoarding as a compulsion in OCD and or OCPD. This condition was previously classified as a symptom of OCD and patients received treatments designed for OCD.

• #2 Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20336805/

  This article provides a focused review of the literature on compulsive hoarding and presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. […] In DSM-IV-TR, hoarding is listed as one of the diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). […] However, compulsive hoarding seems to frequently be independent from other neurological and psychiatric disorders, including OCD and OCPD. […] Second, we address whether compulsive hoarding should be classified as a separate disorder in DSM-V, weighing the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. […] We conclude that there is sufficient evidence to recommend the creation of a new disorder, provisionally called hoarding disorder. […] The creation of a new diagnosis in DSM-V would likely increase public awareness, improve identification of cases, and stimulate both research and the development of specific treatments for hoarding disorder.

• #3 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  DSM-5: Hoarding Disorder Disorder Class: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment safe for oneself or others). The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive defects in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #4 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. Attempts to part with possessions create considerable distress and lead to decisions to save them. The resulting clutter disrupts the ability to use living spaces (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). […] Specific symptoms for a hoarding disorder diagnosis include (American Psychiatric Association, 2022): Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes major distress or problems in social, work or other important areas of functions (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others).

• #5 Hoarding Disorder DSM-5 300.3 (F42)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/hoarding-disorder-dsm–5-300.3-(f42)

  Hoarding disorder is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed.) diagnosis assigned to individuals who excessively save items and the idea of discarding items causes extreme stress. […] Diagnostic Criteria for Hoarding: Persistent difficulty or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. […] The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. […] The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning including (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others). […] The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (eg., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome).

• #6 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  Hoarding Disorder is an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions (regardless of their actual value) due to a strong perceived need to save the items. There is also associated distress associated with discarding these items. […] The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for hoarding disorder includes persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. […] The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. […] The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others).

• #7 Hoarding Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter living areas to the point that the intended use of the areas is substantially compromised. […] Diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder include the following; Patients have persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. The difficulty discarding is due to the perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The accumulated possessions congest and clutter active living areas (ie, not basements or storage areas) and substantially compromise the intended use of these areas. The hoarding causes significant distress or impairs social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

• #8 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  Specify if: With excessive acquisition: If difficulty discarding possessions is accompanied by excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which there is no available space. (Approximately 80 to 90 percent of individuals with hoarding disorder display this trait.) […] Specify if: With good or fair insight: The individual recognizes that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are problematic. […] With poor insight: The individual is mostly convinced that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are not problematic despite evidence to the contrary. […] With absent insight/delusional beliefs: The individual is completely convinced that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are not problematic despite evidence to the contrary.

• #9 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  Specify if: With excessive acquisition: If difficulty discarding possessions is accompanied by excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which there is no available space. (Approximately 80 to 90 percent of individuals with hoarding disorder display this trait.) […] Specify if: With good or fair insight: The individual recognizes that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are problematic. […] With poor insight: The individual is mostly convinced that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are not problematic despite evidence to the contrary. […] With absent insight/delusional beliefs: The individual is completely convinced that hoarding-related beliefs and behaviors (pertaining to difficulty discarding items, clutter, or excessive acquisition) are not problematic despite evidence to the contrary.

• #10 Hoarding Disorder DSM-5 300.3 (F42)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/hoarding-disorder-dsm–5-300.3-(f42)

  The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (eg. Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder). […] According to (DSM-5) 80-90% of hoarders also engage in excessive shopping and buying unnecessary items. […] DSM-5 reports that 2% to 6% of the population have a hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding is no longer considered a type of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but 20 percent of people with hoarding disorder also have OCD. […] Change is always possible and most effective with the support of family, community, and a psychologist.

• #11 Hoarding Disorder Test: Signs You’re a HoarderFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/screener-hoarding-spectrum-symptoms-test-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOopnkRDV4zDzmjXvrbrMaR592vwHGPRGMb81g_B6plNHOi3zXDoR

  Not everyone with hoarding disorder recognizes that their behaviors are indicative of a mental health condition. When diagnosing hoarding disorder, clinicians specify if the patient demonstrates good, fair, poor, or delusional beliefs about their hoarding behaviors. In addition to DSM-5-TR criteria, clinicians often use scales and other tools to assess a patient’s hoarding severity. The Clutter Image Rating Scale, for example, asks patients to select photos that best match the amount of clutter in their home. […] Hoarding disorder commonly co-occurs with conditions like depression, anxiety, OCD, and ADHD. Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. […] The questions in this self-test are informed, in part, by criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). This self-test is designed to screen for the possibility of hoarding disorder, and it is intended for personal use only. This self-test is not intended as a diagnostic tool.

• #12 Diagnosing Hoarding Disorder – Hoarding

  https://hoarding.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosing-hoarding-disorder/

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines Hoarding Disorder (HD) as follows: […] The DSM-V also calls for the clinician to specify whether the individual is also experiencing “excessive acquisition” (e.g., do they acquire items that they don’t need and for which they don’t have space in their home?) and to specify the person’s level of insight (good, fair, poor, or absent/delusional).

• #13 Hoarding disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062

  People often don’t seek treatment for hoarding disorder, but rather for other issues, such as depression, anxiety or relationship problems. To help diagnose hoarding disorder, it’s best to see a mental health provider who has expertise in diagnosing and treating the condition. You’ll have a mental health exam that includes questions about emotional well-being. You’ll likely be asked about your beliefs and behaviors related to getting and saving items and the impact clutter may have on your quality of life. […] Your mental health provider may ask your permission to talk with relatives and friends. Pictures and videos of your living spaces and storage areas affected by clutter are often helpful. You also may be asked questions to find out if you have symptoms of other mental health conditions.

• #14 Hoarding disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  A hoarding disorder is where someone acquires an excessive number of items and stores them in a chaotic manner, usually resulting in unmanageable amounts of clutter. […] Hoarding disorders are challenging to treat because many people who hoard frequently do not see it as a problem, or have little awareness of how it’s affecting their life or the lives of others. […] It’s really important to encourage a person who is hoarding to seek help, as their difficulties discarding objects can not only cause loneliness and mental health problems but also pose a health and safety risk. […] A hoarding disorder can be a problem for several reasons. It can take over the person’s life, making it very difficult for them to get around their house. […] The hoarding could also be a sign of an underlying condition, such as OCD, other types of anxiety, depression and dementia.

• #15 Hoarding disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062

  If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder. […] Because some people with hoarding disorder symptoms don’t recognize that their behavior is a problem, you as a friend or family member may experience more distress over the hoarding than your loved one does. If this is the case, you may want to first meet alone with a mental health provider with expertise in treating hoarding disorder. A provider can offer support and help on how to encourage your loved one to seek help. […] To gain an understanding of how hoarding disorder is affecting your life, your provider may ask: What types of things do you tend to get and save? Do you avoid throwing things away? Do you avoid making decisions about your clutter? How often do you decide to get or keep things you don’t have space or use for? How would it make you feel if you had to get rid of some things? Does the clutter in your home keep you from using rooms for their intended purpose? Does clutter prevent you from inviting people to visit your home? How many pets do you have? Are you able to provide proper care for them? Have you tried to reduce the clutter on your own or with the help of friends and family? How successful were those attempts? Have your family members expressed concern about the clutter? Are you currently being treated for any mental health conditions?

• #16 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  An assessment for hoarding may include questions such as: Do you have trouble parting with possessions (such as discarding, recycling, selling or giving away)? Because of the clutter or number of possessions, how difficult is it to use the rooms and surfaces in your home? To what extent does your hoarding, saving, acquisition and clutter affect your daily functioning? How much do these symptoms interfere with school, work, social life or family life? How much distress do these symptoms cause you? […] Many people with hoarding disorder also experience other mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or alcohol use disorder. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.

• #17 Hoarding disorder: Treatments, symptoms, causes, and definition

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326369

  Diagnosing hoarding disorder can be difficult, as many people with the condition are not willing to admit that they have it or are unwilling to seek treatment, often for fear of losing their belongings. […] To diagnose someone with hoarding disorder, a psychiatrist will usually ask the person some questions about themselves, their belongings, and their homes. Common questions include: […] For a diagnosis of hoarding disorder, someone will need to display: […] For an accurate diagnosis, a psychiatrist will also need to make sure that hoarding disorder is not a symptom of another condition.

• #18 Hoarding disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062

  People often don’t seek treatment for hoarding disorder, but rather for other issues, such as depression, anxiety or relationship problems. To help diagnose hoarding disorder, it’s best to see a mental health provider who has expertise in diagnosing and treating the condition. You’ll have a mental health exam that includes questions about emotional well-being. You’ll likely be asked about your beliefs and behaviors related to getting and saving items and the impact clutter may have on your quality of life. […] Your mental health provider may ask your permission to talk with relatives and friends. Pictures and videos of your living spaces and storage areas affected by clutter are often helpful. You also may be asked questions to find out if you have symptoms of other mental health conditions.

• #19 Clinical Assessment – Hoarding

  https://hoarding.iocdf.org/professionals/clinical-assessment/

  If you believe your client might have Hoarding Disorder (HD) based on the DSM-V definition, several standard rating scales listed here can help you make a diagnosis and assess the severity and impact of HD on the client. […] The Saving Inventory-Revised is a 23-item questionnaire designed to measure three features of HD: excessive acquisition, difficulty discarding, and clutter. Scoring instructions are located at the end of the questionnaire, along with a table showing the average scores of people who do not suffer from HD, as well as cutoff scores that typically indicate a significant clinical hoarding problem and/or HD diagnosis. […] The Hoarding Rating Scale is a brief 5-item scale that can be given as a semi-structured clinician interview or as a questionnaire. This tool includes 5 questions about clutter, difficulty discarding, excessive acquisition, and the resulting distress and impairment caused by hoarding. Initial studies suggest that a score of 14 or higher on the HRS indicates a probable hoarding problem/HD diagnosis.

• #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-hoarding.aspx

  In addition there may be excessive acquisition by buying, stealing or scavenging, lack of awareness that there is a problem or a delusion that the behavior is not worrisome. […] Assessment includes […] Looking at the amount of clutter […] Assessment of beliefs about possessions […] Assessment of information processing, decision making and categorizing difficulties among sufferers […] Avoidance behavior assessment – compulsive hoarders may avoid routine tasks such as checking mail, returning calls, or washing dishes or social obligations like paying bills, rent, and taxes […] Assessment of daily functioning like sleep wake cycles, daily routines etc. […] Scales used to assess hoarding include […] Saving Inventory-Revised (SIR) scale This is a 23-item questionnaire that asks about three features of hoarding that include – excessive acquisition, difficulty discarding, and clutter.

• #21 Clinical Assessment – Hoarding

  https://hoarding.iocdf.org/professionals/clinical-assessment/

  The Clutter Image Rating is a tool that helps standardize definitions of clutter by showing a series of images depicting rooms in various stages of clutter. This allows the client, the clinician, or another observer to select the image on the scale that best corresponds with the state of the main rooms in the home. The CIR contains three sets of 9 pictures to clarify the level of clutter in the kitchen, the living room, and the bedroom. The living room photos can be used to rate other types of rooms in the home. In general, rooms that are rated as picture #4 or higher indicate a probable hoarding problem/HD diagnosis.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-hoarding.aspx

  Hoarding Rating Scale (HRS) This is a 5-item interview that can be given to a suspected sufferer as a questionnaire. […] The questions ask about clutter, difficulty discarding, excessive acquisition, distress caused by hoarding and impairment resulting from it. […] Studies show that a score of 14 or higher indicates a probable hoarding problem. […] Clutter Image Rating (CIR) In this a series of pictures of rooms in various stages of clutter from completely clutter-free to very severely cluttered are taken.

• #23 Hoarding Disorder DSM-5 300.3 (F42)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/hoarding-disorder-dsm–5-300.3-(f42)

  The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (eg. Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder). […] According to (DSM-5) 80-90% of hoarders also engage in excessive shopping and buying unnecessary items. […] DSM-5 reports that 2% to 6% of the population have a hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding is no longer considered a type of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but 20 percent of people with hoarding disorder also have OCD. […] Change is always possible and most effective with the support of family, community, and a psychologist.

• #24 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g. – brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). […] The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g. – obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #25 Hoarding Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/hoarding

  The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g. – brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). […] The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g. – obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #26 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  DSM-5: Hoarding Disorder Disorder Class: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment safe for oneself or others). The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive defects in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #27 Hoarding Disorder DSM-5 300.3 (F42)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/hoarding-disorder-dsm–5-300.3-(f42)

  The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (eg. Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder). […] According to (DSM-5) 80-90% of hoarders also engage in excessive shopping and buying unnecessary items. […] DSM-5 reports that 2% to 6% of the population have a hoarding disorder. […] Hoarding is no longer considered a type of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but 20 percent of people with hoarding disorder also have OCD. […] Change is always possible and most effective with the support of family, community, and a psychologist.

• #28 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  DSM-5: Hoarding Disorder Disorder Class: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment safe for oneself or others). The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive defects in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #29

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/5PnjMZ6Qwg8Xt7rHC4HKLLd/

  The present study reflects the discussion on the nosological status of hoarding carried out by the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. […] The ICD-10 approach might be considered neglectful for not even mentioning hoarding as a symptom or syndrome, dependent or independent of some other diagnosis. […] In contrast to the ICD-10 approach to hoarding described above, hoarding is implicitly mentioned in DSM-IV-TR as a symptom of OCD, when hoarding is severe, or of OCPD, when hoarding is milder. […] The approach to hoarding was modified in DSM-5. […] Based on the differences between hoarding and OCD/OCPD, the DSM-5 classified hoarding disorder as a discrete condition. […] There is good evidence supporting the inclusion of a specific hoarding disorder in the ICD-11.

• #30 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  An assessment for hoarding may include questions such as: Do you have trouble parting with possessions (such as discarding, recycling, selling or giving away)? Because of the clutter or number of possessions, how difficult is it to use the rooms and surfaces in your home? To what extent does your hoarding, saving, acquisition and clutter affect your daily functioning? How much do these symptoms interfere with school, work, social life or family life? How much distress do these symptoms cause you? […] Many people with hoarding disorder also experience other mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or alcohol use disorder. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.

• #31 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  Hoarding disorder (HD) or Plyushkin’s disorder is a mental disorder characterised by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions and engaging in excessive acquisition of items that are not needed or for which no space is available. This results in severely cluttered living spaces, distress, and impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] It is recognised by the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). […] The prevalence of hoarding disorder is estimated to be between 2 and 6 percent, although some surveys indicate the lifetime prevalence may be as high as 14%. […] Under the DSM-IV, hoarding was listed as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder; however, hoarding was found to have a relatively weak connection to OCD or OCPD compared to their other symptoms. Due to this evidence, hoarding disorder was separated as its own disorder in the DSM-5.

• #32 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOorAF6nFPyFsK9wmbeiKOQa5EIZ448WSxM5NGY2D8JE1LO2z46Cz

  Hoarding disorder may co-occur with other conditions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] The main difference between an ADHD-clutter problem and a hoarding-clutter problem is that someone with hoarding disorder has a reason for saving items. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem. […] Currently, no medication is FDA-approved for the treatment of hoarding disorder, however, Rodriguez cites small, open-label trials studying the use of paroxetine, venlafaxine, and psychostimulants for treating hoarding disorder. […] CBT is one of the most evidence-based treatments available for hoarding disorder.

• #33 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others). […] The lack of insight exhibited by the individual does not vary markedly as a function of anxiety level. […] The most commonly saved items are newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, mail, and paperwork, but virtually any item can be saved. […] Individuals accumulate large numbers of items that fill up and clutter active living areas to the extent that their intended use is no longer possible (Criterion C). […] The term persistent indicates a long-standing difficulty rather than more transient life circumstances that may lead to excessive clutter, such as inheriting property. […] The main reasons given for these difficulties are the perceived utility or aesthetic value of the items or strong sentimental attachment to the possessions.

• #34 Clinical Classification of Hoarding Disorder | OCD-UK

  https://www.ocduk.org/related-disorders/hoarding-disorder/clinical-classification-of-hoarding-disorder/

  The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others). […] The lack of insight exhibited by the individual does not vary markedly as a function of anxiety level. […] The most commonly saved items are newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, mail, and paperwork, but virtually any item can be saved. […] Individuals accumulate large numbers of items that fill up and clutter active living areas to the extent that their intended use is no longer possible (Criterion C). […] The term persistent indicates a long-standing difficulty rather than more transient life circumstances that may lead to excessive clutter, such as inheriting property. […] The main reasons given for these difficulties are the perceived utility or aesthetic value of the items or strong sentimental attachment to the possessions.

• #35 Psych News Alert: Is Hoarding Disorder a New Diagnosis?

  https://alert.psychnews.org/2011/09/is-hoarding-disorder-new-diagnosis.html

  Previously considered a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hoarding disorder (HD) may become a diagnosis in its own right. […] A review commissioned by the DSM-5 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorders Work Group, published in the June 2010 Depression and Anxiety, found sufficient evidence to recommend classifying HD as a new disorder. […] Further work, led by one of the authors of the review, has now characterized comorbidity patterns in people who hoard. […] High comorbidity rates were observed for major depressive disorder, as well as acquisition-related impulse control disorders such as compulsive buying, kleptomania, and acquiring free things. […] Fewer than 20 percent of HD participants met criteria for OCD. […] Inattentive ADHD was diagnosed in 28 percent of HD participants and was significantly more frequent than among OCD participants.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-hoarding.aspx

  Compulsive hoarding is a progressive disease. Diagnosis, like in other mental health conditions, is not straightforward. […] There are people who hoard but are not compulsive hoarders. These individuals need to be identified when diagnosing the condition. […] However, these hoarders over years and after a traumatic life event like a bereavement of depressive episode may turn into compulsive hoarders. […] Most people with compulsive hoarding do not realise they have a problem and seldom seek help. […] Compulsive hoarders often do not understand that by refusing to part with their possessions they are hindering their own life. […] This additionally makes diagnosing and treating compulsive hoarders a challenge. […] Hoarding in its compulsive form is being considered for inclusion in DSM V as a distinct disorder called Hoarding Disorder.

• #37 Hoarding disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  A hoarding disorder is where someone acquires an excessive number of items and stores them in a chaotic manner, usually resulting in unmanageable amounts of clutter. […] Hoarding disorders are challenging to treat because many people who hoard frequently do not see it as a problem, or have little awareness of how it’s affecting their life or the lives of others. […] It’s really important to encourage a person who is hoarding to seek help, as their difficulties discarding objects can not only cause loneliness and mental health problems but also pose a health and safety risk. […] A hoarding disorder can be a problem for several reasons. It can take over the person’s life, making it very difficult for them to get around their house. […] The hoarding could also be a sign of an underlying condition, such as OCD, other types of anxiety, depression and dementia.

• #38 Hoarding Disorder Test: Signs You’re a HoarderFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/screener-hoarding-spectrum-symptoms-test-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOopnkRDV4zDzmjXvrbrMaR592vwHGPRGMb81g_B6plNHOi3zXDoR

  Not everyone with hoarding disorder recognizes that their behaviors are indicative of a mental health condition. When diagnosing hoarding disorder, clinicians specify if the patient demonstrates good, fair, poor, or delusional beliefs about their hoarding behaviors. In addition to DSM-5-TR criteria, clinicians often use scales and other tools to assess a patient’s hoarding severity. The Clutter Image Rating Scale, for example, asks patients to select photos that best match the amount of clutter in their home. […] Hoarding disorder commonly co-occurs with conditions like depression, anxiety, OCD, and ADHD. Other common features of hoarding disorder include indecisiveness, perfectionism, avoidance, procrastination, difficulty planning and organizing tasks, and distractibility. […] The questions in this self-test are informed, in part, by criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). This self-test is designed to screen for the possibility of hoarding disorder, and it is intended for personal use only. This self-test is not intended as a diagnostic tool.

• #39 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Diagnosis should consider whether hoarding is secondary to other health problems including mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, dementia, or physical ailments that limit mobility or the patients ability to maintain their home environment. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #40 Diagnosis of Compulsive Hoarding | 5 Stars

  https://www.compulsive-hoarding.org/diagnosis-of-compulsive-hoarding/

  Compulsive hoarding is a progressive disease. Nobody wakes up one morning and feels that their home is missing decades of outdated newspapers, or an array of broken electrical appliances. As a result, diagnosis is rarely simple or straightforward. […] Typically, compulsive hoarding will not become apparent for several years. It may even take longer than this. Hoarders are prone to feeling a great deal of personal shame and embarrassment about their issue. […] Denial is also a driving force in compulsive hoarders. Somebody that lives with the uncontrollable urge to hoard will never accept that their devotion to possessions is detrimental to their quality of life. […] Testing, and potential diagnosis, for each of these issues is highly recommended in a compulsive hoarder.

• #41 Hoarding disorder

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  A hoarding disorder can be a sign of underlying conditions such as: […] A hoarding disorder can be a problem for several reasons: […] Talking with their GP will establish what treatment or support is suitable. […] Hoarding disorders are difficult to treat because many people who hoard do not see it as a problem. […] Some people who hoard realise they have a problem but are reluctant to seek help.

• #42 My question is about hoarding. That was an excellent article I read here this morning on that very subject. What is the best way to help? – AgingCare.com

  https://www.agingcare.com/questions/my-question-is-about-hoarding-that-was-an-excellent-article-i-read-here-this-morning-on-that-very-su-490220.htm

  Hoarding is a mental disorder that is usually rooted in extreme loss, grief, or early abuse. […] Hoarding is now, I believe a newly recognized mental disorder in the DSM-5. As is true of MOST mental disorders, it is rarely effectively treated. The fact that it is a disorder, however, can get you coverage for treatment. […] Hoarding creates a very unhealthy living environment – fire risks, falling risks, dust allergens, rodent and insect infestations, and appliances that don’t work.

• #43 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Hoarding Disorder

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/expert-q-and-a

  TV shows have raised awareness of the devastating impact hoarding behaviors can have on the individual and their loved ones. […] Hoarding disorder, which became a new diagnostic entry in the DSM-5 in 2013, affects about 2-3 percent of the population. People with hoarding disorder have difficulty parting with possessions, clutter that interferes with normal functioning and marked distress and impairment. […] The initial start of hoarding symptoms is thought to happen in childhood or adolescence (typical onset is around age 16) and it is chronic and progressive. Hoarding is more common in older age groups than younger age groups. […] Hoarding disorder is more common among people who have a family member who has hoarding disorder. The cause of hoarding disorder remains unknown. Genetics is likely only one part of why hoarding disorder affects a particular individual; environment and traumatic life events play a role as well. […] Hoarding disorder can be treated, and there is hope for returning to a normal life. Typically, individuals will continue to face challenges throughout their lives; staying in treatment may decrease chances that hoarding symptoms and clutter will return.

• #44 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  An assessment for hoarding may include questions such as: Do you have trouble parting with possessions (such as discarding, recycling, selling or giving away)? Because of the clutter or number of possessions, how difficult is it to use the rooms and surfaces in your home? To what extent does your hoarding, saving, acquisition and clutter affect your daily functioning? How much do these symptoms interfere with school, work, social life or family life? How much distress do these symptoms cause you? […] Many people with hoarding disorder also experience other mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or alcohol use disorder. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.

• #45 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056

  Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, talk with a health care provider or a mental health provider with expertise in diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder as soon as possible. […] Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including: […] Because little is understood about what causes hoarding disorder, there’s no known way to prevent it. However, as with many mental health conditions, getting treatment at the first sign of a problem may help prevent hoarding from getting worse.

• #46 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  An assessment for hoarding may include questions such as: Do you have trouble parting with possessions (such as discarding, recycling, selling or giving away)? Because of the clutter or number of possessions, how difficult is it to use the rooms and surfaces in your home? To what extent does your hoarding, saving, acquisition and clutter affect your daily functioning? How much do these symptoms interfere with school, work, social life or family life? How much distress do these symptoms cause you? […] Many people with hoarding disorder also experience other mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or alcohol use disorder. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.

• #47 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Hoarding Disorder

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/expert-q-and-a

  TV shows have raised awareness of the devastating impact hoarding behaviors can have on the individual and their loved ones. […] Hoarding disorder, which became a new diagnostic entry in the DSM-5 in 2013, affects about 2-3 percent of the population. People with hoarding disorder have difficulty parting with possessions, clutter that interferes with normal functioning and marked distress and impairment. […] The initial start of hoarding symptoms is thought to happen in childhood or adolescence (typical onset is around age 16) and it is chronic and progressive. Hoarding is more common in older age groups than younger age groups. […] Hoarding disorder is more common among people who have a family member who has hoarding disorder. The cause of hoarding disorder remains unknown. Genetics is likely only one part of why hoarding disorder affects a particular individual; environment and traumatic life events play a role as well. […] Hoarding disorder can be treated, and there is hope for returning to a normal life. Typically, individuals will continue to face challenges throughout their lives; staying in treatment may decrease chances that hoarding symptoms and clutter will return.

• #48 Hoarding Disorder: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17682-hoarding-disorder

  Hoarding disorder is a mental health condition in which you have a strong need to save a large number of items and experience distress when attempting to get rid of them. […] To diagnose hoarding disorder, your healthcare provider will ask about your collecting and saving habits. To confirm a diagnosis, the following symptoms must be present: ongoing difficulty getting rid of possessions whether they have value or not; feeling a strong need to save items and feelings of distress associated with discarding items; living spaces that are so filled with possessions that they’re unusable and/or unsafe. […] Healthcare providers use two main types of therapies to treat hoarding disorder: cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of talk therapy (psychotherapy); antidepressant medications, which are usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #49 Hoarding disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  It’s not easy to treat a hoarding disorder, even when the person is prepared to seek help, but it can be overcome. […] The main treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). […] Antidepressant medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also been shown to help some people with hoarding disorders. […] Regular sessions of CBT over a long period of time are usually necessary and will almost always need to include some home-based sessions, working directly on the clutter. […] The goal is to improve the person’s decision-making and organisational skills, help them overcome urges to save and, ultimately, clear the clutter, room by room.

• #50 Hoarding Disorder in Adults

  https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/adults/hoarding-disorder

  At this time, there is no published consensus about the best ways to treat hoarding disorder. Currently, clinical research suggests that the most promising treatment is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT consists of education about hoarding, building motivation, teaching strategies for sorting and discarding possessions, and challenging unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about possessions. CBT can be conducted individually or in a group setting.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  While CBT is associated with significant reductions in hoarding severity, clinical levels of hoarding symptoms persist for greater than half of treatment completers; thus, more efficacious treatments need to be developed. […] Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma. […] Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF. Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:21942.

• #52 Hoarding disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_disorder

  Although excessive acquiring is not a diagnostic criterion of hoarding, at least two-thirds of individuals with hoarding disorder excessively acquire possessions. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a commonly implemented therapeutic intervention for compulsive hoarding. […] This modality of treatment usually involves exposure and response prevention to situations that cause anxiety and cognitive restructuring of beliefs related to hoarding.

• #53 Hoarding Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment DSM-5 300.3 (F42)

  https://thriveworks.com/blog/hoarding-disorder/

  Hoarding Disorder is when people consistently have a hard time throwing away or letting go of possessions and feel a need to save them. […] The disorder spans from mild to severe. For some people, hoarding doesn’t cause much difficulty in their lives, while in others it severely affects how they function on an everyday basis. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder helps the person uncover the beliefs about the emotional attachment to the items he collects. […] Behavioral exposure and response prevention therapy targets the avoidance of anxiety-producing experiences related to hoarding.

• #54 Hoarding disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  It’s not easy to treat a hoarding disorder, even when the person is prepared to seek help, but it can be overcome. […] The main treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). […] Antidepressant medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also been shown to help some people with hoarding disorders. […] Regular sessions of CBT over a long period of time are usually necessary and will almost always need to include some home-based sessions, working directly on the clutter. […] The goal is to improve the person’s decision-making and organisational skills, help them overcome urges to save and, ultimately, clear the clutter, room by room.

• #55 Hoarding disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/hoarding-disorder/

  It’s not easy to treat a hoarding disorder, even when the person is prepared to seek help, but it can be overcome. […] The main treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). […] Antidepressant medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also been shown to help some people with hoarding disorders. […] Regular sessions of CBT over a long period of time are usually necessary and will almost always need to include some home-based sessions, working directly on the clutter. […] The goal is to improve the person’s decision-making and organisational skills, help them overcome urges to save and, ultimately, clear the clutter, room by room.

• #56 Possessed by Possessions: Hoarding Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment – MPR

  https://www.empr.com/home/features/possessed-by-possessions-hoarding-disorder-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Hoarding disorder was recently classified as a separate disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). […] Based on the DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of hoarding include but are not limited to excessive acquisition and saving, even if the individual doesn’t need or have space for such things. […] Hoarding disorder is treatable with both anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications such as paroxetine, despite lack of FDA approval and/or non-pharmacologic approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) tailored to hoarding disorder.

• #57 Hoarding Disorder: Symptoms, Treatments & ADHD LinkFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/hoarding-disorder-why-people-hoard-adhd/?srsltid=AfmBOorAF6nFPyFsK9wmbeiKOQa5EIZ448WSxM5NGY2D8JE1LO2z46Cz

  Hoarding disorder may co-occur with other conditions. […] Many ADHD symptoms overlap with hoarding disorder symptoms, but they are distinct disorders. […] Some studies have suggested that there may be some shared vulnerability between hoarding disorder and ADHD, and that inattentive ADHD may predict some of the core features of hoarding disorder. […] The main difference between an ADHD-clutter problem and a hoarding-clutter problem is that someone with hoarding disorder has a reason for saving items. […] Inattentive ADHD in childhood carries the risk of a future hoarding disorder. […] At least one study has found that ADHD in children predicts the development of hoarding, but it doesn’t mean that someone with ADHD will invariably develop a hoarding problem. […] Currently, no medication is FDA-approved for the treatment of hoarding disorder, however, Rodriguez cites small, open-label trials studying the use of paroxetine, venlafaxine, and psychostimulants for treating hoarding disorder. […] CBT is one of the most evidence-based treatments available for hoarding disorder.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  While CBT is associated with significant reductions in hoarding severity, clinical levels of hoarding symptoms persist for greater than half of treatment completers; thus, more efficacious treatments need to be developed. […] Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma. […] Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF. Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:21942.

• #59 Hoarding disorder: evidence and best practice in primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/73/729/182

  Hoarding disorder (HD) only exists as a psychiatric condition with clear diagnostic criteria since 2013, hampering research and treatment. […] Symptoms include difficulty discarding possessions and their excessive accumulation, along with clutter of active living areas to a degree that compromises their intended use. […] Individuals with HD are often characterised by limited insight, which can be exacerbated by stigma, with both substantially inhibiting disclosure and help seeking to healthcare professionals. […] Diagnosis should consider whether hoarding is secondary to other health problems including mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, dementia, or physical ailments that limit mobility or the patients ability to maintain their home environment. […] Current best practice entails close and coordinated engagement with all relevant agencies to facilitate long-term patient-centred support and care.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  While CBT is associated with significant reductions in hoarding severity, clinical levels of hoarding symptoms persist for greater than half of treatment completers; thus, more efficacious treatments need to be developed. […] Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma. […] Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF. Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:21942.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0098-1

  While CBT is associated with significant reductions in hoarding severity, clinical levels of hoarding symptoms persist for greater than half of treatment completers; thus, more efficacious treatments need to be developed. […] Current data indicate a cost-effective and coordinated response that combines community-based and individualized interventions for hoarding may be optimal in order to (1) reach the broadest group of clients with hoarding (e.g., beyond those who voluntarily seek treatment), (2) maximize incentives and motivation through housing, health services, and safety laws, (3) enhance communication and coordination between diverse teams of providers, (4) provide sustainable comprehensive services in a stepped care approach, and (5) reduce stigma. […] Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF. Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:21942.

• #62 Table 3.29, DSM-5 Hoarding Disorder – Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t29/

  DSM-5: Hoarding Disorder Disorder Class: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment safe for oneself or others). The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, Prader-Willi syndrome). The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive defects in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).

• #63 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  People with hoarding disorder have persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. Attempts to part with possessions create considerable distress and lead to decisions to save them. The resulting clutter disrupts the ability to use living spaces (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). […] Specific symptoms for a hoarding disorder diagnosis include (American Psychiatric Association, 2022): Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to the distress associated with discarding them. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, or the authorities). The hoarding causes major distress or problems in social, work or other important areas of functions (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others).

• #64 Hoarding disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062

  People often don’t seek treatment for hoarding disorder, but rather for other issues, such as depression, anxiety or relationship problems. To help diagnose hoarding disorder, it’s best to see a mental health provider who has expertise in diagnosing and treating the condition. You’ll have a mental health exam that includes questions about emotional well-being. You’ll likely be asked about your beliefs and behaviors related to getting and saving items and the impact clutter may have on your quality of life. […] Your mental health provider may ask your permission to talk with relatives and friends. Pictures and videos of your living spaces and storage areas affected by clutter are often helpful. You also may be asked questions to find out if you have symptoms of other mental health conditions.

• #65 Hoarding disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062

  If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder. […] Because some people with hoarding disorder symptoms don’t recognize that their behavior is a problem, you as a friend or family member may experience more distress over the hoarding than your loved one does. If this is the case, you may want to first meet alone with a mental health provider with expertise in treating hoarding disorder. A provider can offer support and help on how to encourage your loved one to seek help. […] To gain an understanding of how hoarding disorder is affecting your life, your provider may ask: What types of things do you tend to get and save? Do you avoid throwing things away? Do you avoid making decisions about your clutter? How often do you decide to get or keep things you don’t have space or use for? How would it make you feel if you had to get rid of some things? Does the clutter in your home keep you from using rooms for their intended purpose? Does clutter prevent you from inviting people to visit your home? How many pets do you have? Are you able to provide proper care for them? Have you tried to reduce the clutter on your own or with the help of friends and family? How successful were those attempts? Have your family members expressed concern about the clutter? Are you currently being treated for any mental health conditions?

• #66 Psychiatry.org – What is Hoarding Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/what-is-hoarding-disorder

  An assessment for hoarding may include questions such as: Do you have trouble parting with possessions (such as discarding, recycling, selling or giving away)? Because of the clutter or number of possessions, how difficult is it to use the rooms and surfaces in your home? To what extent does your hoarding, saving, acquisition and clutter affect your daily functioning? How much do these symptoms interfere with school, work, social life or family life? How much distress do these symptoms cause you? […] Many people with hoarding disorder also experience other mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or alcohol use disorder. […] Hoarding behaviors appear relatively early in life and then follow a chronic course. Most studies report onset between 15 and 19 years of age. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes.

• #67 Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056

  Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. […] If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, talk with a health care provider or a mental health provider with expertise in diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder as soon as possible. […] Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including: […] Because little is understood about what causes hoarding disorder, there’s no known way to prevent it. However, as with many mental health conditions, getting treatment at the first sign of a problem may help prevent hoarding from getting worse.

• #68 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Hoarding Disorder

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/hoarding-disorder/expert-q-and-a

  TV shows have raised awareness of the devastating impact hoarding behaviors can have on the individual and their loved ones. […] Hoarding disorder, which became a new diagnostic entry in the DSM-5 in 2013, affects about 2-3 percent of the population. People with hoarding disorder have difficulty parting with possessions, clutter that interferes with normal functioning and marked distress and impairment. […] The initial start of hoarding symptoms is thought to happen in childhood or adolescence (typical onset is around age 16) and it is chronic and progressive. Hoarding is more common in older age groups than younger age groups. […] Hoarding disorder is more common among people who have a family member who has hoarding disorder. The cause of hoarding disorder remains unknown. Genetics is likely only one part of why hoarding disorder affects a particular individual; environment and traumatic life events play a role as well. […] Hoarding disorder can be treated, and there is hope for returning to a normal life. Typically, individuals will continue to face challenges throughout their lives; staying in treatment may decrease chances that hoarding symptoms and clutter will return.

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