Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder is a relatively new diagnosis, as it was first published in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013. Due to the novelty of this diagnosis, the prevalence of IAD is largely unknown. The prevalence of IAD is estimated by the prevalence of the DSM-III and DSM-IV diagnosis of hypochondriasis. Among patients who were previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis (which is now an obsolete diagnosis), about 25% of patients meet the criteria for IAD. The prevalence of IAD varies according to the study location (e.g., medical clinical setting vs. community). The estimated prevalence of IAD in the medical outpatient environment is about 0.75%, and in the general population, it is about 0.1%. IAD is common in adolescents with no gender preponderance, and it typically worsens with age. IAD is more common in unemployed and less educated persons.

• #1 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  It is crucial for general practitioners, internists, and family medicine physicians to be well informed about illness anxiety disorder so that this psychiatric disorder may be recognized and treated appropriately. IAD can pose a tremendous burden on the healthcare system as providers may be ordering expensive and unnecessary investigations and imaging. Once IAD is recognized, the primary care team needs to work closely with the mental health team so that collaborative care may be provided to the patient. Furthermore, both the primary care physician and psychiatrist should closely observe the patient for improvement or development of new symptoms and stressors.

• #2 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. Illness anxiety disorder is usually chronic. This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. Although relatively few studies of illness anxiety disorder have been published, there is a larger literature on the symptom of health anxiety, defined as persistent unrealistic worry or conviction about having an illness. The spectrum of health anxiety ranges from none to severe, with the severe end representing a clinical endpoint (such as illness anxiety disorder). Among patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis, it is estimated that approximately 75 percent are subsumed under the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder and 25 percent under the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. Support for these estimates include a retrospective study of patients who initially received a diagnosis of hypochondriasis; post-hoc application of the criteria used in DSM-5-TR found that 76 percent met criteria for somatic symptom disorder and 24 percent met criteria for illness anxiety disorder.

• #3 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis/print

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. Although relatively few studies of illness anxiety disorder have been published, there is a larger literature on the symptom of health anxiety, defined as persistent unrealistic worry or conviction about having an illness. The spectrum of health anxiety ranges from none to severe, with the severe end representing a clinical endpoint (such as illness anxiety disorder). Among patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis, it is estimated that approximately 75 percent are subsumed under the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder and 25 percent under the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. Support for these estimates include a retrospective study of patients who initially received a diagnosis of hypochondriasis; post-hoc application of the criteria used in DSM-5-TR found that 76 percent met criteria for somatic symptom disorder and 24 percent met criteria for illness anxiety disorder.

• #4 Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9886-illness-anxiety-disorder-hypochondria-hypochondriasis

  Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondria) is extremely rare. It affects about 0.1% of people in the U.S. It typically appears during early adulthood. […] A persistent fear about having a serious illness or developing one is the top symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. Your provider may diagnose illness anxiety disorder if you have health anxiety (or other illness anxiety disorder symptoms) for six months or longer even after tests show that you’re not sick. […] Unfortunately, there’s no known prevention against illness anxiety disorder. But getting support from medical and mental health professionals and loved ones (family, friends, etc.) may help reduce the severity of your symptoms and help you cope with the disorder.

• #5 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  Health anxiety can be conceptualised on a continuum, ranging from mild to severe, with IAD at the severe end of this spectrum. The prevalence of health anxiety in the general adult population varies considerably across the literature and is estimated to range between 2.1-13.1%. The prevalence rates of health anxiety are higher in medical settings such as primary care and secondary care than in the general community, ranging between 7% and 19.9%. Health anxiety has been on the rise over the past three decades in both the community and medical settings. This increase has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where health anxiety and fears of COVID-19 were common. If left untreated, health anxiety is chronic, episodic, and can last for years. Health anxiety causes significant impact and impairment to individuals and society. For example, health anxious individuals report worse self-rated health, more interference with daily activities such as household duties, self-care and mobility, more personal distress, and are at increased risk of early mortality. Health anxiety impacts at a societal level; individuals with health anxiety report more absenteeism from work than the general population and higher health care utilisation even compared to individuals with well-defined medical conditions. Although the significant burden of health anxiety on individuals and society is recognised, there are gaps in our understanding of the condition.

• #5 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  There has been a long-standing debate about whether health anxiety would be better classified under Anxiety Disorders than under its current classification Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders due to its shared features and high comorbidity with anxiety disorders, namely Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. For example, health anxiety involves both hypervigilance to bodily sensations (a common characteristic in Panic Disorder) and excessive worry (a core feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder). Research using the DSM-IV Hypochondriasis criteria has shown higher levels of comorbidity with anxiety disorders than comorbid depressive or somatoform disorders. Similarly, substantial comorbidity was found between DSM-5 IAD and other anxiety disorders, particularly Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder. To determine whether IAD should be better classified as an anxiety disorder, future research should investigate whether IAD symptom profiles, course, treatment response and comorbidities more closely align with anxiety disorders compared with other somatic symptom disorders.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2

  Health anxiety can be conceptualised on a continuum, ranging from mild to severe, with IAD at the severe end of this spectrum. The prevalence of health anxiety in the general adult population varies considerably across the literature and is estimated to range between 2.1-13.1%. The prevalence rates of health anxiety are higher in medical settings such as primary care and secondary care than in the general community, ranging between 7% and 19.9%. Health anxiety has been on the rise over the past three decades in both the community and medical settings. This increase has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where health anxiety and fears of COVID-19 were common. If left untreated, health anxiety is chronic, episodic, and can last for years. Health anxiety causes significant impact and impairment to individuals and society. For example, health anxious individuals report worse self-rated health, more interference with daily activities such as household duties, self-care and mobility, more personal distress, and are at increased risk of early mortality. Health anxiety impacts at a societal level; individuals with health anxiety report more absenteeism from work than the general population and higher health care utilisation even compared to individuals with well-defined medical conditions. Although the significant burden of health anxiety on individuals and society is recognised, there are gaps in our understanding of the condition. This review aims to summarise recent literature on health anxiety, and specifically on Illness Anxiety Disorder, identify research gaps, discuss ongoing debates, and suggest avenues for future research to enhance our understanding of the condition.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2

  There has been a long-standing debate about whether health anxiety would be better classified under Anxiety Disorders than under its current classification Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders due to its shared features and high comorbidity with anxiety disorders, namely Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. For example, health anxiety involves both hypervigilance to bodily sensations and excessive worry. Research using the DSM-IV Hypochondriasis criteria has shown higher levels of comorbidity with anxiety disorders than comorbid depressive or somatoform disorders. Similarly, substantial comorbidity was found between DSM-5 IAD and other anxiety disorders, particularly Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder. To determine whether IAD should be better classified as an anxiety disorder, future research should investigate whether IAD symptom profiles, course, treatment response and comorbidities more closely align with anxiety disorders compared with other somatic symptom disorders.

• #7 Epidemiology of Hypochondriasis and Health Anxiety: Comparison of Different Diagnostic Criteria

  https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/58860

  This review addresses the prevalence of hypochondriasis and less restrictive subtypes of hypochondriacal phenomena (abridged hypochondriasis and health anxiety). […] Altogether, 55 papers based on 47 independent samples reporting prevalence rates of hypochondriasis, abridged hypochondriasis, and health anxiety were taken into account. […] In general populations a weighted prevalence of 0.40% was found for hypochondriasis (range 0.0-4.5%) and a weighted prevalence of 1.00% (0.6-2.0%) was found for abridged hypochondriasis. Health anxiety was frequently reported in general populations with a wide range (2.1-13.1%). […] In general medical samples a weighted prevalence rate of 2.95% (range 0.3-8.5%) was found for hypochondriasis. […] In specific clinical samples (e.g., cancer patients, psychiatric outpatients) hypochondriasis and health anxiety were frequently reported as well. […] The high prevalence of hypochondriasis in medical settings should be addressed in the future with effective screening instruments in order to optimize treatment strategies for patients with hypochondriasis and persons with elevated health anxiety.

• #8 Epidemiology of Hypochondriasis and Health Anxiety: Comparison of…: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/cpsr/2014/00000010/00000001/art00003?crawler=true

  This review addresses the prevalence of hypochondriasis and less restrictive subtypes of hypochondriacal phenomena (abridged hypochondriasis and health anxiety). […] Health anxiety was frequently reported in general populations with a wide range (2.1-13.1%). […] The high prevalence of hypochondriasis in medical settings should be addressed in the future with effective screening instruments in order to optimize treatment strategies for patients with hypochondriasis and persons with elevated health anxiety.

• #9 Illness Anxiety Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290955-overview

  Illness anxiety disorder, formerly known as hypochondriasis, is characterized by a preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness. […] Based on the previously defined „hypochondriasis,” the DSM estimates that the community 12-year prevalence is 1.310% in high-income countries such as the United States and Germany, while the 6-month to 1-year prevalence in medical outpatients is 38%. […] Most people who would have been identified as having hypochondriasis under the DSM-IV criteria are now categorized with somatic symptom disorder. However, in one-third of cases, the diagnosis is instead illness anxiety disorder. […] Epidemiological studies are few, but patients with illness anxiety disorder appear to have no significant differences in age or gender than patients without this disorder although a German study noted slightly greater prevalence in patients of female gender and older age. […] Patients with illness anxiety disorder have a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity. […] Illness anxiety disorder appears to occur equally in men and women. […] The disorder can begin at any age, but the most common age of onset is early adulthood. The disorder is thought to be rare in children.

• #10 Health anxiety and work loss in patients diagnosed with serrated polyposis syndrome: A cross sectional study

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v16/i2/97107.htm

  Health anxiety was found in 21.57% of SPS patients, with anxious patients being significantly more concerned about surveillance (OR = 7.70). […] Health anxiety in SPS patients aligns with rates in other gastroenterology populations. Identifying it may improve management, though further research is needed to better understand prevalence and care improvements. […] Health anxiety is outlined in the DSM 5 as Illness Anxiety Disorder: the preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness with specific criteria required for diagnosis. […] In Australia, health anxiety was found to be prevalent in 5.7% of the population in the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, where it was found to be significantly associated with more stress, impairment, disability and health service utilisation.

• #11 Health anxiety and work loss in patients diagnosed with serrated polyposis syndrome: A cross sectional study

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v16/i2/97107.htm

  Health anxious patients are significantly more likely to take long term sick leave, have a disability pension award and utilise far more healthcare services. […] This study demonstrated there is a prevalence of health anxiety in SPS patients that is similar to previous general clinical samples of gastroenterology patients. However, this is still substantially higher than general population, and should be used to help guide management.

• #12 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, no longer includes hypochondriasis also called hypochondria as a diagnosis. […] Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder involve preoccupation with the idea that you’re seriously ill, based on normal body sensations (such as a noisy stomach) or minor signs (such as a minor rash). […] Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use.

• #12 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder.

• #13 Distribution of health anxiety in a general adult population and associations with demographic and social network characteristics | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/distribution-of-health-anxiety-in-a-general-adult-population-and-associations-with-demographic-and-social-network-characteristics/0568EC81D23C412CF37BD4EF29BD1017

  In line with Ferguson, we assume that HA is more accurately represented as a dimensional rather than a categorical construct. […] The aim of this article is to study the distribution of a self-report HA measure in a general adult population and the association of HA with sociodemographic variables. […] The distribution of HA was highly skewed with exponential distribution. The mean and median scores of the WI-6 were 3.3 and 2 points, respectively. […] In the bivariate exponential regression analyses, all variables except gender were significantly associated with HA. […] Respondents who did not have friends to get support from and talk confidentially with had significantly higher HA than those who did have such friends. […] The quality of friendship remained strongly negatively associated with HA in both strata. […] The findings indicate that social factors of friendship and participation in an organized activity may be decisive for HA levels.

• #13 Distribution of health anxiety in a general adult population and associations with demographic and social network characteristics | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/distribution-of-health-anxiety-in-a-general-adult-population-and-associations-with-demographic-and-social-network-characteristics/0568EC81D23C412CF37BD4EF29BD1017

  Health anxiety (HA) is associated with increased risk of disability, increased health care utilization and reduced quality of life. However, there is no consensus on which factors are important for the level of HA. The aim of this study was to explore the distribution of HA in a general adult population and to investigate whether demographic and social factors were associated with HA. […] HA showed an exponential distribution among the participants with a median score of 2 points out of 24 points. In total, 75% had a total score of 5 points or less, whereas 1% had a score 14 points. Education, household income, quality of friendship and participation in organized activity were significantly associated with HA. The variable quality of friendship demonstrated the strongest association with HA.

• #13 Distribution of health anxiety in a general adult population and associations with demographic and social network characteristics | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/distribution-of-health-anxiety-in-a-general-adult-population-and-associations-with-demographic-and-social-network-characteristics/0568EC81D23C412CF37BD4EF29BD1017

  Our study showed an exponential distribution of HA in a general adult population. There was no evident cut-off point to distinguish participants with severe HA based on their WI-6 score, indicating the importance of analysing HA as a complex, continuous construct. HA demonstrated strong associations with quality of friendship and participation in an organized activity. […] Despite growing evidence of the consequences of HA, we know little about the distribution of HA in the general population. One reason is that most research on HA has been performed with patient populations. […] The lack of criteria to define HA through the different self-report measures is a challenge within this field of research. This affects the reliability and validity of assessments of HA prevalence, which has been reported to be between 2.7% and 13%.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2

  Current literature reports the pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety is 45% and 47% respectively, which is higher than during the non-epidemic period. […] Recent literature from the COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators indicates that the prevalence and burden of depression and anxiety has increased significantly during the pandemic. […] The prevalence of depression and anxiety have varied throughout the different periods of the pandemic. […] Besides, different populations varied in the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and this may be associated with the possibility of epidemic exposure. […] Comorbidity of chronic diseases has been another risk factor for mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #15 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  A comprehensive epidemiological study of the global burden of anxiety disorders, as well as their sociodemographic associations, is needed to evaluate population-wide trends and potential factors associated with anxiety, as well as to more efficiently target health promotion efforts to reduce the economic and social burden associated with this mental health issue. […] The global prevalence of anxiety continues to increase, along with the associated social and economic burdens of anxiety disorders. Higher rates of anxiety disorders were associated with more economic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #15 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Anxiety disorders comprise some of the most common mental health conditions. This study examined the global and regional burden of anxiety disorders over the last three decades. Epidemiological data relating to anxiety disorders from the latest Global Burden of Disease dataset were analyzed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates from 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and regions. […] The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been rising over the last three decades. The prevalence of anxiety appears to increase with socioeconomic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization. […] Disease epidemiology is critical for understanding population trends, such as whether or not anxiety is increasing, covariates associated with changing trends, and factors involved in the control and management of anxiety disorders.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder (1). In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders (1). […] Although highly effective treatments for anxiety disorders exist, only about 1 in 4 people in need (27.6%) receive any treatment (2). Barriers to care include lack of awareness that this is a treatable health condition, lack of investment in mental health services, lack of trained health care providers, and social stigma. […] Anxiety disorders are closely related to and affected by physical health. Many of the impacts of anxiety (such as physical tension, nervous system hyperactivity or harmful use of alcohol) are also known risk factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In turn, people with these diseases may also find themselves experiencing anxiety disorders due to the difficulties associated with managing their conditions.

• #17 Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/global-regional-and-national-burden-of-anxiety-disorders-from-1990-to-2019-results-from-the-global-burden-of-disease-study-2019/9ABBDAE4017CDE11476B9DB51F75C32F

  Anxiety disorders are widespread across the world. A systematic understanding of the disease burden, temporal trend and risk factors of anxiety disorders provides the essential foundation for targeted public policies on mental health at the national, regional, and global levels. […] The estimation of anxiety disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 using systematic review was conducted to describe incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019. […] Globally, 45.82 million incident cases of anxiety disorders, 301.39 million prevalent cases and 28.68 million DALYs were estimated in 2019. […] Although the overall age-standardised burden rate of anxiety disorders remained stable over the past three decades, the latest absolute number of anxiety disorders increased by 50% from 1990.

• #18 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  The prevalence of specific anxiety disorders appears to vary between countries and cultures. A systematic review of the current prevalence of anxiety disorders in 89 countries found significant variation ranging from 0.9% in China to 28.3% in Afghanistan. […] Respondents who were White, Native American, or Hispanic/Latino were more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder compared to those who were African American. […] The female-to-male ratio for any lifetime anxiety disorder is 3:2. […] Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder that commonly begins in childhood and during adolescence but can uncommonly begin during adulthood. […] Panic disorder demonstrates a bimodal age of onset in the NCS study in the age groups of 15-24 years and 45-54 years. The age of onset for OCD appears to be in the mid-20s to early 30s. […] Most social anxiety disorders begin before age 20 years (median age at illness onset, 16 years). […] Agoraphobia usually begins in late adolescence to early adulthood (median age at illness onset, 29 years).

• #19 Frontiers | Ethnic and migration-related inequalities in health anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.960256/full

  Health anxiety exists on a continuum ranging from the absence of health awareness to the obsessive fear of having a serious illness despite reassurance. […] Health anxiety is associated with psychological distress and adverse life events, among others, and leads to considerable economic burden. […] To date, potential ethnic and migration-related inequalities in health anxiety have not been clearly described. […] The pooled effect size indicated a higher risk of health anxiety in migrants and ethnic minorities compared to the majority population (OR 1.39, 95%-CI 1.01–1.92). […] Health anxiety is defined as the “preoccupation with the fear of having a serious disease, which persists in spite of appropriate medical reassurance.” […] Health anxiety as a broader concept is present in about 10% of the general population and over 30% in mental health care settings.

• #20 The global economic burden of health anxiety/hypochondriasis- a systematic review | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17159-5

  Recent studies have shown a lifetime prevalence of 5.7% for health anxiety/hypochondriasis resulting in increased healthcare service utilisation and disability as consequences. […] To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic review examining the global costs of hypochondriasis, encompassing both direct and indirect costs. […] This systematic review suggests that existing studies underestimate the costs of hypochondriasis due to missing information on indirect costs. […] There is a need for standardised data collection and definition of hypochondriasis in future studies to identify major cost drivers as potential target point for interventions. […] Hypochondriasis or, sometimes also referred to as health anxiety, can be broadly defined as the pathological fear of suffering from a serious physical illness, poses a major economic burden on healthcare systems and society.

• #20 The global economic burden of health anxiety/hypochondriasis- a systematic review | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17159-5

  The condition is associated with an increased use of health services due to regular doctor visits and elevated number of days on sick leave, compared to the general population, as patients suffering from hypochondriasis are convinced or afraid that they might have a serious illness. […] To the best of our knowledge, no existing systematic review has examined the economic impact of health anxiety and hypochondriasis on healthcare systems and societies at a global level. […] This systematic review revealed a lack of data about indirect and direct costs of hypochondriasis. […] The 12-month costs ranged from 857.19 to 21137.55 US$. […] There are several factors that contribute to this heterogeneous data situation. […] While some studies consider all participants above a certain cut-off point to be equally affected by health anxiety, other studies divide health anxiety into mild and severe.

• #20 The global economic burden of health anxiety/hypochondriasis- a systematic review | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17159-5

  A systematic review that examined the global economic costs of anxiety disorders has revealed that indirect costs account for a significant proportion of the total costs. […] Research about hypochondriasis in children appears to be underrepresented. […] The economic burden resulting from hypochondriasis in children seems to be lower compared to adults. […] This systematic review offers valuable insights into the costs related to hypochondriasis while identifying relevant research gaps. […] Future research especially for policy making should therefore seek to ascertain indirect costs on one hand, as it is likely that these add a significant burden to overall costs.

• #21 Workplace Mental Health – Anxiety Disorders

  https://workplacementalhealth.org/mental-health-topics/anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders lead to an average of 5.5 workdays of reduced productivity per month. Employees with anxiety disorders have more than 1.5 times the risk of being absent for at least two weeks than those without anxiety and more than double the risk of having poor work performance. […] Anxiety disorders have also been linked to numerous chronic health conditions, such as chronic pain, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and events (e.g., heart attack, stroke), irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma.

• #22 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  The highest prevalence was observed among those aged 30 to 54 followed by those 55 years and older, while the largest relative increases in prevalence were found among children and youth (aged 5 to 14 years); although in absolute terms, these increases were less than one percent. […] In 2009/10, Nova Scotia had the highest age-standardized prevalence of the use of health services for mood and anxiety disorders (11.6%), while the lowest was observed in the Northwest Territories (5.8%). […] A higher prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to a lesser degree ischemic heart disease, diabetes and hypertension, was observed among people who used health services for mood and anxiety disorders compared to those who did not. […] Future work involving the CCDSS related to mood and anxiety disorders includes but is not limited to: the ongoing collection and reporting of data on mood and anxiety disorders; developing an approach to study the chronicity of mood and anxiety disorders; and exploring other comorbid diseases and conditions.

• #23 Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – HPCDP: Volume 36-12, December 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-36-no-12-2016/report-summary-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  The CCDSS estimates represent the prevalence of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders, rather than the prevalence of diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders. […] About three-quarters of Canadians who used health services for a mental illness annually consulted for mood and anxiety disorders. In 2009/10, almost 3.5 million Canadians (or 10%) used health services for mood and anxiety disorders. […] A higher prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to a lesser degree ischemic heart disease, diabetes and hypertension, was observed among people who used health services for mood and anxiety disorders compared to those who did not.

• #23 Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – HPCDP: Volume 36-12, December 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-36-no-12-2016/report-summary-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 provides national annual prevalence estimates of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders over a 14-year period (1996/97 to 2009/10) and by age, sex and geography for the latest year of data (2009/10). It also offers information on the prevalence of comorbidities among those who use health services for mood and anxiety disorders and surveillance challenges specific to these disorders. […] According to key findings of the report, approximately 1 in 10 (3.5 million) Canadians used health services annually for mood and anxiety disorders, and higher rates were observed among adolescent and adult females, middle-aged and older adults and those with other chronic conditions, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] In 2010, the CCDSS was expanded to track and report on mental illness overall, as well as mood and anxiety disorders in the Canadian population. The CCDSS identified individuals as having used health services for mood and anxiety disorders if they met a minimum requirement of at least one physician claim, or one hospital discharge abstract in a given year listing diagnostic codes for mood and anxiety disorders from the 9th or 10th edition of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases.

• #24

  https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/data_publications/index.htm

  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) collects information on health risk behaviors, preventative practices, and healthcare access. Questions include recent mentally unhealthy days, anxiety and depressive disorders, mental illness and stigma, and psychological distress. […] National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collects data on both adult and children’s mental health and mental disorders. For adults, this includes serious psychological distress and feelings of depression and anxiety. […] National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study (NPALS) monitors trends in the supply, provision, and use of the major sectors of paid, regulated long-term care services. Data cover mental illness, depression, and service use. […] Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collects data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and after pregnancy. Surveillance research includes the prevalence of self-reported postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms.

• #24

  https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/data_publications/index.htm

  National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) collects data from medical examiners, coroners, police, crime labs, and death certificates to understand the circumstances surrounding violent deaths, including suicide. NVDRS can also provide details on the circumstances that may have led to violent deaths, including mental illness and mental disorders.

• #25 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  The IAD prevalence among medical students has been reported in countries such as Malaysia, Australia, and India. […] In Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional study showed that the overall prevalence of IAD among 400 medical students was 3.4%. […] A recent systematic review of the prevalence rate of anxiety among medical and non-medical students found that Middle Eastern and Asian medical students had the highest prevalence of anxiety. […] There is a clear need to monitor and implement measures to support students exhibiting health anxiety. […] Different results have been yielded from many studies about IAD prevalence among medical students. […] This study identified the prevalence of IAD in medical and nursing student samples in Saudi Arabia. […] The results are similar to previous local studies that show the prevalence of IAD (hypochondriasis) among medical students.

• #25 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Distress among Female Medical and Nursing Students

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/19/ELOCATOR/e17450179277976/FULLTEXT/

  This indicates that medical students are more likely to experience health anxiety and IAD symptoms. […] Interestingly, the study found a higher prevalence of IAD among nursing students. […] This study also highlights the percentage of students who visited doctors at least once in the past six months. […] There is a positive correlation between health anxiety and increased student visits to medical doctors during the past six months. […] This study has shown that a small fraction of medical and nursing students have addictions. […] It is significant to conduct sessions to teach the students some coping strategies and better understand anxiety. […] This study provides additional insights into the prevalence of IAD in medical and nursing student samples in Saudi Arabia.

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