Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of illness anxiety disorder, particularly the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating patients with this condition. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion. A comprehensive medical examination and appropriate testing according to the patient’s symptoms should be conducted to exclude organic diseases before diagnosing a patient with IAD. DSM-5 has also elaborated diagnostic criteria to help in the diagnosis of IAD.

• #2 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. […] You may experience extreme anxiety that body sensations, such as muscle twitching or fatigue, are associated with a specific, serious illness. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, no longer includes hypochondriasis also called hypochondria as a diagnosis. […] If your provider believes that you may have illness anxiety disorder, he or she may refer you to a mental health professional. […] Encourage your loved one to consider a mental health referral to learn ways to cope with illness anxiety disorder.

• #3 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis that was introduced in 2013. The clinical features and diagnostic criteria are discussed elsewhere in this topic. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in DSM-5-TR. According to DSM-5-TR, patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis are nearly always diagnosed with either somatic symptom disorder (if physical complaints are prominent) or illness anxiety disorder (if physical complaints are minimal or nonexistent).

• #4 Illness anxiety disorder: Treatment and prognosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-treatment-and-prognosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis (table 1) that was introduced in 2013. The clinical features and diagnostic criteria are discussed separately. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). In DSM-5-TR, patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis are nearly always diagnosed with either somatic symptom disorder (if physical complaints are prominent) or illness anxiety disorder (if physical complaints are minimal or nonexistent). […] Although relatively few studies of illness anxiety disorder have been published, there is a larger literature on the symptom of health anxiety, defined as persistent unrealistic worry or conviction about having an illness. The spectrum of health anxiety ranges from none to severe, with the severe end representing a clinical endpoint (such as illness anxiety disorder or hypochondriasis).

• #5 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of illness anxiety disorder, particularly the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating patients with this condition. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion. A comprehensive medical examination and appropriate testing according to the patient’s symptoms should be conducted to exclude organic diseases before diagnosing a patient with IAD. DSM-5 has also elaborated diagnostic criteria to help in the diagnosis of IAD.

• #6 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder: A. Excessive worry about having or developing a debilitating or life-threatening illness. B. Somatic symptoms are absent. If somatic symptoms are present, they are only mildly distressing to the patient. If a medical condition is present or a high-risk for developing a medical condition is present (due to family history), the anxiety regarding the medical condition (or potential impending medical condition) is excessive. C. Excessive concern and anxiety regarding health-related issues. D. The individual exhibits disproportionate and redundant health-related behaviors, such as repeatedly checking his or her body for indications of disease. E. Symptoms have been present for at least 6 months. F. The illness-related preoccupation is not better explained by another psychiatric condition.

• #7 Illness Anxiety Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/illness-anxiety-disorder

  Illness anxiety disorder is preoccupation with and fear of having or acquiring a serious disorder. Diagnosis is confirmed when fears and symptoms (if any) persist for 6 months despite reassurance after a thorough medical evaluation. […] The diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is based on criteria from the DSM-5-TR, including the following: The patient is preoccupied with having or acquiring a serious illness. The patient has no or minimal somatic symptoms. The patient is highly anxious about health and easily alarmed about personal health issues. The patient repeatedly checks health status or maladaptively avoids doctor appointments and hospitals. The patient has been preoccupied with illness for 6 months, although the specific illness feared may change during that time period. Symptoms are not better accounted for by depression or another psychiatric disorder. […] Patients who have significant somatic symptoms and are primarily concerned about the symptoms themselves are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder.

• #8 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  IAD and SSD were put forward to replace DSM-IV Hypochondriasis due to its limited clinical validity, and research suggests that IAD and SSD are more reliable than Hypochondriasis. […] However, having two separate diagnoses is not clinically useful, as research has found there are few differences in how individuals with health anxiety experience the disorders. […] The DSM-5 categorizes IAD into two subtypes: care-seeking for individuals that frequently seek medical care, and care-avoidant for individuals that frequently avoid medical care. […] There has been a long-standing debate about whether health anxiety would be better classified under Anxiety Disorders than under its current classification Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders due to its shared features and high comorbidity with anxiety disorders.

• #9 Illness Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 300.7 (F45.21)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/illness-anxiety-disorder-dsm–5-300.7-(f45.21)

  IAD (Illness Anxiety Disorder) is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition) formerly known as somatoform disorder, and prior to that, hypochondriasis (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). IAD is a disorder involving excessive concern with ones health in the absence of objective, verifiable evidence of a health condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Persons with IAD experience what has been called Health anxiety and Body vigilance (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014). […] The clinician can add specifiers to the diagnosis: Care-seeking type: The patient will frequently seek medical care, presenting with health concerns and complaints, and undergoing diagnostic procedures. Care-avoidant type: The patients will have anxiety about presenting themselves for diagnosis and avoid medical care (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

• #10 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when significant somatic symptoms are present. In contrast, individuals with illness anxiety disorder can only have mild or minimal somatic symptoms and are primarily concerned with the idea they are ill. […] In generalized anxiety disorder, individuals worry about multiple events, situations, or activities, only one of which may involve health. In panic disorder, the individual may be concerned that the panic attacks reflect the presence of a medical illness; however, although these individuals may have health anxiety, their anxiety is typically very acute and episodic. In illness anxiety disorder, the health anxiety and fears are more persistent and enduring. Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may experience panic attacks that are triggered by their illness concerns.

• #11 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when significant somatic symptoms are present. In contrast, individuals with illness anxiety disorder can only have mild or minimal somatic symptoms and are primarily concerned with the idea they are ill. […] In generalized anxiety disorder, individuals worry about multiple events, situations, or activities, only one of which may involve health. In panic disorder, the individual may be concerned that the panic attacks reflect the presence of a medical illness; however, although these individuals may have health anxiety, their anxiety is typically very acute and episodic. In illness anxiety disorder, the health anxiety and fears are more persistent and enduring. Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may experience panic attacks that are triggered by their illness concerns.

• #12 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when significant somatic symptoms are present. In contrast, individuals with illness anxiety disorder can only have mild or minimal somatic symptoms and are primarily concerned with the idea they are ill. […] In generalized anxiety disorder, individuals worry about multiple events, situations, or activities, only one of which may involve health. In panic disorder, the individual may be concerned that the panic attacks reflect the presence of a medical illness; however, although these individuals may have health anxiety, their anxiety is typically very acute and episodic. In illness anxiety disorder, the health anxiety and fears are more persistent and enduring. Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may experience panic attacks that are triggered by their illness concerns.

• #13 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may have intrusive thoughts about having a disease and also may have associated compulsive behaviours (e.g. – seeking reassurance). However, in illness anxiety disorder, the preoccupations are usually focused on having a disease, whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the thoughts are intrusive and are usually focused on fears of getting a disease in the future. […] A separate diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is not made if these concerns occur only during major depressive episodes. However, if excessive illness worry persists after remission of the episode, a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder should be considered. […] Individuals with illness anxiety disorder are not delusional and can acknowledge the possibility that the feared disease is not present. Their ideas do not have the same fixed rigidity and intensity seen in the somatic delusions occurring in psychotic disorders.

• #14 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may have intrusive thoughts about having a disease and also may have associated compulsive behaviours (e.g. – seeking reassurance). However, in illness anxiety disorder, the preoccupations are usually focused on having a disease, whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the thoughts are intrusive and are usually focused on fears of getting a disease in the future. […] A separate diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is not made if these concerns occur only during major depressive episodes. However, if excessive illness worry persists after remission of the episode, a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder should be considered. […] Individuals with illness anxiety disorder are not delusional and can acknowledge the possibility that the feared disease is not present. Their ideas do not have the same fixed rigidity and intensity seen in the somatic delusions occurring in psychotic disorders.

• #15 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Individuals with illness anxiety disorder may have intrusive thoughts about having a disease and also may have associated compulsive behaviours (e.g. – seeking reassurance). However, in illness anxiety disorder, the preoccupations are usually focused on having a disease, whereas in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the thoughts are intrusive and are usually focused on fears of getting a disease in the future. […] A separate diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is not made if these concerns occur only during major depressive episodes. However, if excessive illness worry persists after remission of the episode, a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder should be considered. […] Individuals with illness anxiety disorder are not delusional and can acknowledge the possibility that the feared disease is not present. Their ideas do not have the same fixed rigidity and intensity seen in the somatic delusions occurring in psychotic disorders.

• #16 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis that was introduced in 2013. The clinical features and diagnostic criteria are discussed elsewhere in this topic. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in DSM-5-TR. According to DSM-5-TR, patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis are nearly always diagnosed with either somatic symptom disorder (if physical complaints are prominent) or illness anxiety disorder (if physical complaints are minimal or nonexistent).

• #17 Illness anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373787

  To determine a diagnosis, you’ll likely have a physical exam and any tests your primary care provider recommends. Your primary care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional. He or she may: […] Determine whether your illness preoccupation is better explained by another mental disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional may ask: What are your symptoms, and when did they first occur? […] Have you or any of your close relatives been diagnosed with a mental health disorder? […] Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? How often? […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs.

• #18 Illness anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373787

  To determine a diagnosis, you’ll likely have a physical exam and any tests your primary care provider recommends. Your primary care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional. He or she may: […] Determine whether your illness preoccupation is better explained by another mental disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional may ask: What are your symptoms, and when did they first occur? […] Have you or any of your close relatives been diagnosed with a mental health disorder? […] Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? How often? […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs.

• #19 Diagnosing Anxiety Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders/diagnosis

  NYU Langone specialists offer expert diagnosis of anxiety disorders, which are common mental health conditions that can interfere with daily activities, affecting your performance at work and school as well as your relationships. […] To diagnose an anxiety disorder, a doctor performs a physical exam, asks about your symptoms, and recommends a blood test, which helps the doctor determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, may be causing your symptoms. […] If the doctor does not find an underlying cause of the symptoms, he or she performs a psychological evaluation. […] During a psychological evaluation, a specialist asks if you have a family history of an anxiety disorder or depression. […] After the specialist assesses your symptoms and family history, he or she conducts a feedback session, during which you and the doctor discuss the diagnosis and most appropriate treatment options. […] Diagnosis

• #20 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. […] You may experience extreme anxiety that body sensations, such as muscle twitching or fatigue, are associated with a specific, serious illness. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, no longer includes hypochondriasis also called hypochondria as a diagnosis. […] If your provider believes that you may have illness anxiety disorder, he or she may refer you to a mental health professional. […] Encourage your loved one to consider a mental health referral to learn ways to cope with illness anxiety disorder.

• #21 Illness anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373787

  To determine a diagnosis, you’ll likely have a physical exam and any tests your primary care provider recommends. Your primary care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional. He or she may: […] Determine whether your illness preoccupation is better explained by another mental disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional may ask: What are your symptoms, and when did they first occur? […] Have you or any of your close relatives been diagnosed with a mental health disorder? […] Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? How often? […] Your primary care provider or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs.

• #22 Anxiety Test – Free Online

  https://www.mind-diagnostics.org/anxiety-test

  Effective management of anxiety begins with an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Understanding the available treatment options can empower individuals to take control of their mental health. […] A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or counselor, typically diagnoses anxiety disorders through a combination of interviews, questionnaires, and observation. They assess the intensity, duration, and impact of symptoms on daily life to determine the type of anxiety disorder. […] If anxiety symptoms persist and disrupt daily activities, consulting a mental health professional is crucial. Timely intervention can lead to significant improvement and prevent complications.

• #23 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #24 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) – Mental Health Screening – National HIV Curriculum

  https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/mental-health-screening/gad-7

  When screening for anxiety disorders, a score of 8 or greater represents a reasonable cut-point for identifying probable cases of generalized anxiety disorder; further diagnostic assessment is warranted to determine the presence and type of anxiety disorder. Using a cut-off of 8 the GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 76% for diagnosis generalized anxiety disorder. […] Based on a recent meta-analysis, some experts have recommended considering using a cut-off of 8 in order to optimize sensitivity without compromising specificity. […] Although designed as a screening tool for generalized anxiety, the GAD-7 is also performs reasonably well as a screening tool for three other common anxiety disorders Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

• #25 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2) – Mental Health Screening – National HIV Curriculum

  https://www.hiv.uw.edu/page/mental-health-screening/gad-2

  A score of 3 points is the preferred cut-off for identifying possible cases and in which further diagnostic evaluation for generalized anxiety disorder is warranted. […] Using a cut-off of 3 the GAD-2 has a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 83% for diagnosis generalized anxiety disorder.

• #26 Test for health anxiety problems | Therapy for health worry | Psychotherapist Sevenoaks

  https://thinkcbt.com/health-anxiety-inventory

  Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18) You can respond anonymously, and no data will be retained from this assessment. If you choose to include your initials and an email address, your results will be automatically sent to the email address provided. Please check that the email address has been entered correctly before submitting this form. All client information is managed on a strictly confidential basis. Please Note: Whilst every effort is made to ensure that our system is securely encrypted, email is not a completely secure means of communication. Think CBT does not accept liability for loss or theft of personal data where any individual chooses to transmit or receive information via email. […] This questionnaire is not designed to provide a definitive psychological diagnosis or to take the place of a professional consultation. Please answer all questions as accurately and honestly as possible. […] This assessment is not intended to be a diagnosis. If you are concerned about your results in any way, please speak with a qualified health professional.

• #27 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #28 Illness Anxiety/Hypochondria Test | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/tests/health/illness-anxiety-hypochondria-test

  Although the term hypochondria is often still used, the official label according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is illness anxiety disorder or hypochondriasis. A person with hypochondriasis is obsessed with having a serious illness or the possibility of developing one. […] This test is for anyone who wants to examine whether they have hypochondria or illness anxiety. Its designed for adults and is not intended to be diagnostic. […] For a reliable medical diagnosis, please consult a professional.

• #29 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #30 Illness Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 300.7 (F45.21)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/illness-anxiety-disorder-dsm–5-300.7-(f45.21)

  The DSM-5 describes the following rule-outs for the clinician to consider: Other legitimate medical conditions: One can really be sick, and still have IAD. The non-medical provider must have the collaboration of a medical team to rule out legitimate conditions. IAD indicates that the response to an actual illness is out of proportion to the severity of the illness. […] Approximately two-thirds of individuals with IAD are likely to have at least one other comorbid form of psychopathology. […] The DSM-5 does not specify Treatment options for IAD ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). […] A review of the literature indicated that IAD can endure and persist for life, but it is amenable to treatment.

• #31 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #32 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  Many anxiety disorders have common physical, cognitive and behavioural features. Diagnosis requires that the symptoms be considered excessive and unreasonable, and that they cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Symptoms are persistent, typically lasting six months or more. […] Part of the challenge in diagnosis is matching the symptoms to the appropriate anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are differentiated from one another by the prominence of certain symptoms. Patients often have more than one anxiety disorder, so it is important to identify each one and to prioritize the one that is most distressing to help guide the treatment plan. […] Some non-psychiatric conditions can mimic or exacerbate symptoms of an anxiety disorder. These conditions can be endocrine (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes), cardiac (e.g., angina), respiratory (e.g., asthma), gastrointestinal (e.g., reflux), immunological (e.g., allergies), neurological (e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy), hematological (e.g., B12 deficiency) or genitourinary (e.g., urinary tract infections).

• #33 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  The investigations required to rule out organic pathology depend on the patient’s clinical presentation, age, sex, health history and other individual and familial factors. A comprehensive physical exam is recommended. […] Canadian clinical practice guidelines (Katzman et al., 2014) outline the following considerations for baseline laboratory investigations: complete blood count, fasting glucose, fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides), electrolytes, thyroid-stimulating hormone, liver enzymes, urine toxicology for substance use. […] If the patient is experiencing significant sleep disturbance, rule out factors such as sleep apnea. Patients on antipsychotic medication require baseline bloodwork, so consider investigating and regularly monitoring for metabolic syndrome.

• #34 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use. […] Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder. […] If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional advice as soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.

• #35 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use. […] Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder. […] If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional advice as soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.

• #36 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  There is considerable overlap between health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in ICD-11 the revision group of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have included not only classic obsessive-compulsive disorder, but also body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder and hoarding disorder. […] Health anxiety is common and is probably becoming more so because of increased use of the internet to seek knowledge about illness (cyberchondria): in our personal work we have seen a doubling in the prevalence of health anxiety over a 10-year period. […] It is therefore not at all surprising that rates of health anxiety are higher in those attending medical facilities, with rates of around 10% in all attenders in primary care and up to 20% in medical out-patients.

• #37 Always worried about your health? You may be dealing with health anxiety disorder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/always-worried-about-your-health-you-may-be-dealing-with-health-anxiety-disorder

  Health anxiety is a condition that causes healthy people to worry that they are sick even when they have no symptoms, or minor symptoms like a scratchy throat. […] „People with health anxiety for the most part tend to fear severe illness, such as HIV, cancer, or dementia. They worry far less about strep throat, twisting their ankle, or getting a cold,” says Dr. Timothy Scarella, instructor in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. This fear that they have a serious illness can interfere with their daily life. […] Health anxiety is a relatively common condition, known to affect some 4% to 5% of people. But experts believe it may be underreported and that the percentage could be closer to 12% or even twice that, says Dr. Scarella. […] People with health anxiety often misinterpret normal or benign physical symptoms and attribute them to something more serious.

• #38 Identifying and Treating Health Anxiety Disorder – VHA Home HealthCare

  https://www.vha.ca/blog/identifying-and-treating-health-anxiety-disorder/

  Everyone worries about their health and the health of loved ones, especially after living through the COVID-19 pandemic. However, adults with health anxiety disorder previously known as hypochondria experience a long-term, distressing and unreasonable fear of having or developing a serious illness. […] Health-related anxiety is unfortunately quite common and is known to affect at least 4-5% of people. This number is likely much higher because, as with other mental illnesses, many cases go undiagnosed and underreported. […] The primary symptom of health-related anxiety is the constant belief that you or someone you love has an undiagnosed illness. […] Always speak to a health professional for an accurate diagnosis. […] Fortunately, after an accurate diagnosis, health anxiety disorder is very treatable. Support is focused on improving your symptoms and your ability to function in daily life using psychotherapy or medication. […] Health anxiety is a long-term medical condition that usually occurs in early adulthood or middle age, can get worse with age and during times of stress. However, with the right treatment plan, you can improve your symptoms, functioning and quality of life.

• #39 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use. […] Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder. […] If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional advice as soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.

• #40 Illness Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 300.7 (F45.21)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/illness-anxiety-disorder-dsm–5-300.7-(f45.21)

  The DSM-5 describes the following rule-outs for the clinician to consider: Other legitimate medical conditions: One can really be sick, and still have IAD. The non-medical provider must have the collaboration of a medical team to rule out legitimate conditions. IAD indicates that the response to an actual illness is out of proportion to the severity of the illness. […] Approximately two-thirds of individuals with IAD are likely to have at least one other comorbid form of psychopathology. […] The DSM-5 does not specify Treatment options for IAD ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). […] A review of the literature indicated that IAD can endure and persist for life, but it is amenable to treatment.

• #41 Illness anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782

  Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. […] Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include: A time of major life stress, Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious, History of abuse as a child, A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness, Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier, Excessive health-related internet use. […] Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with: Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others, Work-related performance problems or excessive absences, Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability, Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills, Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder. […] If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional advice as soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.

• #42 Illness Anxiety Disorder Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290955-clinical

  Hypochondriasis was removed as a diagnosis from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013. […] The core feature of illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness. […] The DSM-5-TR criteria for illness anxiety disorder are as follows: The individual is preoccupied with having or acquiring a serious illness. […] The individual has a high level of anxiety about health, and is easily alarmed about personal health status. […] The absence of physical findings, particularly after serial examinations, supports the diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] A cognitive model of illness anxiety disorder suggests that patients misinterpret bodily symptoms by augmenting and amplifying their somatic sensations. […] Patients who are hypochondriacal may be significant consumers of medical care, undergoing repetitive doctor visits, physical examinations, laboratory testing, and other costly, invasive, and/or potentially dangerous procedures.

• #43 Always worried about your health? You may be dealing with health anxiety disorder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/always-worried-about-your-health-you-may-be-dealing-with-health-anxiety-disorder

  Symptoms produced by anxiety which can include muscle pain, chest pain, heart rate changes, headaches, and dizziness, among others can heighten existing anxiety about one’s health. […] Most often, people with health anxiety have a pattern of this behavior that a primary care physician may begin to notice over time. […] „Repeated testing is unable to reassure people with health anxiety; people don’t feel calmed when they get new information that disproves their fear,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „There are real risks in not going to the doctor for example, not getting appropriate cancer screenings,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „The most important thing to know about health anxiety is that it’s a treatable problem,” says Dr. Scarella. […] Treatment options include medications and psychotherapy, often in the form of talk therapy, which can help you manage and move past your worries. […] But ultimately, those who seek help are often able to overcome the constant anxiety.

• #44 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

• #45 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  Although health anxiety is an important diagnostic entity that has only recently received prominence, it overlaps considerably with generalised anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and it might be thought that the treatments for each would overlap. […] Cognitive-behavioural therapy has the best evidence base for effectiveness for health anxiety, with consistent evidence from trials in many different settings, in patients with and without medical illness, and with benefits extending over time. […] It is also important to avoid reassurance, both from doctors and other professionals and from relatives, as this intervention is the most evanescent of placebo reactions; most patients have a recurrence of anxiety within 12 h. […] Internet CBT-HA has proved to be highly effective, and probably cost-effective, for patients who recognise that they have health anxiety and want treatment, and in this respect it is better than stress management. […] What has become apparent in recent years is that to exclude patients with health anxiety from psychiatric treatment on the grounds that they have an existing medical illness is not justified.

• #46 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  To determine whether IAD should be better classified as an anxiety disorder, future research should investigate whether IAD symptom profiles, course, treatment response and comorbidities more closely align with anxiety disorders compared with other somatic symptom disorders. […] The most widely supported evidence based psychological treatment for health anxiety and IAD is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). […] Evidence from meta-analyses shows that CBT is a highly efficacious and cost-effective treatment for health anxiety, with a moderate to large pooled effect size on health anxiety compared to non-CBT controls, with improvements largely maintained over 12-18 months. […] Although less research has been conducted on other psychological therapies for health anxiety, some evidence also supports the use of third-wave therapies for health anxiety such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).

• #47 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

• #48 Health anxiety: Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/health-anxiety

  Health professionals may treat health anxiety with medication. […] Medications for health anxiety include antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). […] Self-help measures may help some people manage or reduce mild health anxiety. […] Those with moderate to severe health anxiety may benefit from trying CBT and medication. […] Health anxiety can cause mental and physical symptoms such as headaches or a fast heartbeat. […] Treatment can help improve a persons anxiety symptoms and quality of life.

• #49 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #50 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

• #51 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

• #52 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  Although health anxiety is an important diagnostic entity that has only recently received prominence, it overlaps considerably with generalised anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and it might be thought that the treatments for each would overlap. […] Cognitive-behavioural therapy has the best evidence base for effectiveness for health anxiety, with consistent evidence from trials in many different settings, in patients with and without medical illness, and with benefits extending over time. […] It is also important to avoid reassurance, both from doctors and other professionals and from relatives, as this intervention is the most evanescent of placebo reactions; most patients have a recurrence of anxiety within 12 h. […] Internet CBT-HA has proved to be highly effective, and probably cost-effective, for patients who recognise that they have health anxiety and want treatment, and in this respect it is better than stress management. […] What has become apparent in recent years is that to exclude patients with health anxiety from psychiatric treatment on the grounds that they have an existing medical illness is not justified.

• #53 Always worried about your health? You may be dealing with health anxiety disorder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/always-worried-about-your-health-you-may-be-dealing-with-health-anxiety-disorder

  Symptoms produced by anxiety which can include muscle pain, chest pain, heart rate changes, headaches, and dizziness, among others can heighten existing anxiety about one’s health. […] Most often, people with health anxiety have a pattern of this behavior that a primary care physician may begin to notice over time. […] „Repeated testing is unable to reassure people with health anxiety; people don’t feel calmed when they get new information that disproves their fear,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „There are real risks in not going to the doctor for example, not getting appropriate cancer screenings,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „The most important thing to know about health anxiety is that it’s a treatable problem,” says Dr. Scarella. […] Treatment options include medications and psychotherapy, often in the form of talk therapy, which can help you manage and move past your worries. […] But ultimately, those who seek help are often able to overcome the constant anxiety.

• #54 Always worried about your health? You may be dealing with health anxiety disorder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/always-worried-about-your-health-you-may-be-dealing-with-health-anxiety-disorder

  Symptoms produced by anxiety which can include muscle pain, chest pain, heart rate changes, headaches, and dizziness, among others can heighten existing anxiety about one’s health. […] Most often, people with health anxiety have a pattern of this behavior that a primary care physician may begin to notice over time. […] „Repeated testing is unable to reassure people with health anxiety; people don’t feel calmed when they get new information that disproves their fear,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „There are real risks in not going to the doctor for example, not getting appropriate cancer screenings,” says Dr. Scarella. […] „The most important thing to know about health anxiety is that it’s a treatable problem,” says Dr. Scarella. […] Treatment options include medications and psychotherapy, often in the form of talk therapy, which can help you manage and move past your worries. […] But ultimately, those who seek help are often able to overcome the constant anxiety.

• #55 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  IAD and SSD were put forward to replace DSM-IV Hypochondriasis due to its limited clinical validity, and research suggests that IAD and SSD are more reliable than Hypochondriasis. […] However, having two separate diagnoses is not clinically useful, as research has found there are few differences in how individuals with health anxiety experience the disorders. […] The DSM-5 categorizes IAD into two subtypes: care-seeking for individuals that frequently seek medical care, and care-avoidant for individuals that frequently avoid medical care. […] There has been a long-standing debate about whether health anxiety would be better classified under Anxiety Disorders than under its current classification Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders due to its shared features and high comorbidity with anxiety disorders.

• #56 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  It often persists for years and causes intense misery. Frequently, it fails to be diagnosed: this is regrettable, as there are now treatments, almost exclusively psychological, that can have long-lasting benefit. […] The diagnosis of health anxiety should be relatively easy, but because it is enmeshed with the contentious and heterogeneous group called somatoform disorders (or somatic symptom and related disorders in DSM-5) it complicates the diagnostic process. […] Health anxiety is the equivalent of illness anxiety in DSM-5 and is the new name for hypochondriasis. […] In more simple language, health anxiety is excessive unjustified anxiety about illness. […] This diagnosis, as Mayou and Scarella et al suggest forcefully, should be placed in the anxiety disorders rather than the somatic symptom group.

• #57 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  There is considerable overlap between health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in ICD-11 the revision group of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have included not only classic obsessive-compulsive disorder, but also body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder and hoarding disorder. […] Health anxiety is common and is probably becoming more so because of increased use of the internet to seek knowledge about illness (cyberchondria): in our personal work we have seen a doubling in the prevalence of health anxiety over a 10-year period. […] It is therefore not at all surprising that rates of health anxiety are higher in those attending medical facilities, with rates of around 10% in all attenders in primary care and up to 20% in medical out-patients.

• #58 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  There is considerable overlap between health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in ICD-11 the revision group of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have included not only classic obsessive-compulsive disorder, but also body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder and hoarding disorder. […] Health anxiety is common and is probably becoming more so because of increased use of the internet to seek knowledge about illness (cyberchondria): in our personal work we have seen a doubling in the prevalence of health anxiety over a 10-year period. […] It is therefore not at all surprising that rates of health anxiety are higher in those attending medical facilities, with rates of around 10% in all attenders in primary care and up to 20% in medical out-patients.

• #59 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  There is considerable overlap between health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in ICD-11 the revision group of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders have included not only classic obsessive-compulsive disorder, but also body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder and hoarding disorder. […] Health anxiety is common and is probably becoming more so because of increased use of the internet to seek knowledge about illness (cyberchondria): in our personal work we have seen a doubling in the prevalence of health anxiety over a 10-year period. […] It is therefore not at all surprising that rates of health anxiety are higher in those attending medical facilities, with rates of around 10% in all attenders in primary care and up to 20% in medical out-patients.

• #60 Stop Googling Your Symptoms: How Self-Diagnosis is Dangerous — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/articles/symptom-checker-dangerous-mental-health/

  Ill be the first to admit: I love Doctor Google. For better or worse, as a very anxious person with health anxiety, Im constantly Googling my symptoms both mental and physical. […] One of the major problems with online self-diagnosis is that it may prevent you from seeking actual help. […] Given the complexity in many diagnoses along with misinformation on the internet, someone can simply look up a few keywords and think they have a mental health diagnosis that may not be accurate, says Talkspace provider Jill E. Daino, LCSW. […] You shouldnt be diagnosing yourselves, or even worse, treating ourselves when you dont even know whats actually going on. Mental health conditions need professional attention, whether its in the form of online therapy, medication, or both. […] While hypochondriacs (people with health anxiety who often believe that they have something seriously wrong with them) are most likely to be Googling their symptoms, their mental health is probably most as risk when searching for symptoms and self-diagnosing.

• #61 Stop Googling Your Symptoms: How Self-Diagnosis is Dangerous — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/articles/symptom-checker-dangerous-mental-health/

  Ill be the first to admit: I love Doctor Google. For better or worse, as a very anxious person with health anxiety, Im constantly Googling my symptoms both mental and physical. […] One of the major problems with online self-diagnosis is that it may prevent you from seeking actual help. […] Given the complexity in many diagnoses along with misinformation on the internet, someone can simply look up a few keywords and think they have a mental health diagnosis that may not be accurate, says Talkspace provider Jill E. Daino, LCSW. […] You shouldnt be diagnosing yourselves, or even worse, treating ourselves when you dont even know whats actually going on. Mental health conditions need professional attention, whether its in the form of online therapy, medication, or both. […] While hypochondriacs (people with health anxiety who often believe that they have something seriously wrong with them) are most likely to be Googling their symptoms, their mental health is probably most as risk when searching for symptoms and self-diagnosing.

• #62 Stop Googling Your Symptoms: How Self-Diagnosis is Dangerous — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/articles/symptom-checker-dangerous-mental-health/

  Given that people who struggle with hypochondria and/or health anxiety can read about a medical or mental health condition and quickly spiral into thinking they have those symptoms or condition, going to the internet for information will dramatically contribute to an increase in their symptoms, says Daino. […] So, if you think you might have a mental health condition based on your online research, make an appointment with your general practitioner or a mental health professional to be thoroughly assessed. […] Diagnosing ourselves is dangerous, and its certainly best to leave it to the pros. If you think you might be suffering from a mental health condition, dont hesitate to reach out to a professional for a real diagnosis so you can get on the right path to feeling better immediately.

• #63 How to Get an Anxiety Diagnosis – Genesis Behavioral Health

  https://genesisbehavioralhealth.org/how-to-get-an-anxiety-diagnosis/

  Getting an accurate anxiety diagnosis is the first step to working toward recovery if anxiety is what you’re dealing with. […] Only mental health professionals are legally qualified to provide you with an official anxiety diagnosis. […] The mental health professional will compare the symptoms you report to the clinical diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. […] It’s important to note that the mental health professional won’t only be evaluating you for an anxiety disorder. […] Getting a diagnosis for an anxiety disorder is only the first step in your mental health journey. […] An anxiety diagnosis doesn’t have to be disheartening. Recovery from anxiety disorders is possible, and there is a healthy and fulfilling life waiting for you even after receiving an anxiety diagnosis.

• #64 How to Get an Anxiety Diagnosis – Genesis Behavioral Health

  https://genesisbehavioralhealth.org/how-to-get-an-anxiety-diagnosis/

  Getting an accurate anxiety diagnosis is the first step to working toward recovery if anxiety is what you’re dealing with. […] Only mental health professionals are legally qualified to provide you with an official anxiety diagnosis. […] The mental health professional will compare the symptoms you report to the clinical diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. […] It’s important to note that the mental health professional won’t only be evaluating you for an anxiety disorder. […] Getting a diagnosis for an anxiety disorder is only the first step in your mental health journey. […] An anxiety diagnosis doesn’t have to be disheartening. Recovery from anxiety disorders is possible, and there is a healthy and fulfilling life waiting for you even after receiving an anxiety diagnosis.

• #65 Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis: Tests, Screening, and Criteria

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-disorder-diagnosis-5114303

  Your healthcare provider may also use the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) during diagnosis. […] Although there are no specific laboratory tests that can diagnose GAD, your healthcare provider may order some to rule out the possibility of another medical condition causing your symptoms. […] It is possible for certain medications and medical conditions to cause symptoms that can be similar to GAD. […] Even if you take this type of test, you will still need to see a healthcare provider to get a diagnosis and treatment. […] A self-assessment cannot replace the experience and knowledge of a mental health professional. […] If you or a loved one is experiencing GAD, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider. Receiving the correct diagnosis is the first step on the path to wellness because understanding the mental health condition you have is important for getting the right treatment.

• #66 Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis: Tests, Screening, and Criteria

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/anxiety-disorder-diagnosis-5114303

  Your healthcare provider may also use the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) during diagnosis. […] Although there are no specific laboratory tests that can diagnose GAD, your healthcare provider may order some to rule out the possibility of another medical condition causing your symptoms. […] It is possible for certain medications and medical conditions to cause symptoms that can be similar to GAD. […] Even if you take this type of test, you will still need to see a healthcare provider to get a diagnosis and treatment. […] A self-assessment cannot replace the experience and knowledge of a mental health professional. […] If you or a loved one is experiencing GAD, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider. Receiving the correct diagnosis is the first step on the path to wellness because understanding the mental health condition you have is important for getting the right treatment.

• #67 Seeking Relief: How to Obtain an Accurate Anxiety Diagnosis | FHE Health

  https://fherehab.com/learning/anxiety-correct-diagnosis

  We all experience worry and symptoms of anxiety from time to time. […] A correct diagnosis can help you understand what is going on and what’s needed to treat and manage it and achieve a better quality of life. […] For a diagnosis of anxiety to be official, it must be made by a medical professional. […] An accurate medical diagnosis is the first step toward proper management of the condition and recovery. […] Upon diagnosing your condition, your provider may recommend counseling and, in many cases, medication. […] If you get an anxiety diagnosis, don’t panic. […] A diagnosis is a good first step because it puts you on the path to proper treatment. […] With the right treatment, you should experience an alleviation of symptoms. […] The doctor who diagnoses anxiety, either your general practitioner, psychiatrist, or psychologist, needs to hear all of your symptoms. […] If you are experiencing symptoms of anxiety or any other mental health condition, don’t wait to get help.

• #68 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Illness anxiety disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness. Somatic symptoms are either not present or mild in intensity. Illness anxiety can be thought of as a generalized anxiety disorder that focuses exclusively on health concerns. […] The diagnosis should be made with caution in individuals whose ideas about disease are congruent with widely held, culturally sanctioned beliefs. The phenomenology of illness anxiety disorder across culture is not well understood. […] Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. […] Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. If another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition (e.g. – strong family history is present), the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate.

• #69 Illness Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/somatic/dsm-5/illness-anxiety

  Illness anxiety disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness. Somatic symptoms are either not present or mild in intensity. Illness anxiety can be thought of as a generalized anxiety disorder that focuses exclusively on health concerns. […] The diagnosis should be made with caution in individuals whose ideas about disease are congruent with widely held, culturally sanctioned beliefs. The phenomenology of illness anxiety disorder across culture is not well understood. […] Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. […] Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. If another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition (e.g. – strong family history is present), the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate.

• #70 Assess and Confirm Diagnosis of an Anxiety Disorder

  https://ottawaanxietyalgorithm.ca/en/content?id=77

  Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate […] Sweating […] Trembling or shaking […] Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering […] Feeling of choking […] Chest pain or discomfort […] Nausea or abdominal distress […] Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint […] Chills or heat sensations […] Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) […] Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself) […] Fear of losing control or going crazy […] Fear of dying […] Note: Culturespecific symptoms (e.g., tinnitus, neck soreness, headache, uncontrollable screaming or crying) may be seen. Such symptoms should not count as one of the four required symptoms. […] B. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or both of the following:

• #71 Anxiety Diagnosis: Criteria for Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-diagnosis

  The same diagnostic criteria and assessments that are used for adults apply to children, too. […] If you notice anxiety symptoms or any anxious or worrying behaviors that last for more than two weeks, take your child to the doctor. There, they can be checked for an anxiety disorder. […] A proper diagnosis can lead to interventions to help them manage anxiety at a young age.

• #72 Anxiety Diagnosis: Criteria for Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-diagnosis

  The same diagnostic criteria and assessments that are used for adults apply to children, too. […] If you notice anxiety symptoms or any anxious or worrying behaviors that last for more than two weeks, take your child to the doctor. There, they can be checked for an anxiety disorder. […] A proper diagnosis can lead to interventions to help them manage anxiety at a young age.

• #73 Anxiety Diagnosis: Criteria for Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-diagnosis

  The same diagnostic criteria and assessments that are used for adults apply to children, too. […] If you notice anxiety symptoms or any anxious or worrying behaviors that last for more than two weeks, take your child to the doctor. There, they can be checked for an anxiety disorder. […] A proper diagnosis can lead to interventions to help them manage anxiety at a young age.

• #74 Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211185/

  We review recent evidence on Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), including risk factors and precipitants, diagnostic classification, clinical characteristics of the disorder, and assessment and treatment in both children and adults. […] Despite its impact, understanding of the disorder is lacking and debates remain about whether IAD should be classified as an anxiety disorder and whether it is distinct from Somatic Symptom Disorder. […] Research using DSM-5 IAD criteria is lacking, and more research is needed to better understand the disorder, particularly in children and youth. […] According to the DSM-5, IAD is only diagnosed when a person experiences either no or mild somatic symptoms. […] For an IAD diagnosis, the individual will experience excessive worry about either having or developing a serious medical illness, which persists for six months or more.

• #75 Anxiety Disorders (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-disorders.html

  Anxiety disorders can be diagnosed by a trained therapist. They talk with you and your child, ask questions, and listen carefully. They’ll ask how and when the child’s anxiety and fears happen most. That helps them diagnose the specific anxiety disorder the child has. […] A child or teen with symptoms of anxiety should also have a regular health checkup. This helps make sure no other health problem is causing the symptoms.

• #76 Managing high-functioning anxiety – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/managing-high-functioning-anxiety

  High-functioning anxiety is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Instead, it usually is diagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder. […] While high-functioning anxiety may not be a recognized diagnosis, it represents a significant subset of people who experience anxiety symptoms while maintaining a high level of functionality. These people face internal struggles like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure, and a constant drive for perfection and pleasing others, which profoundly affect their daily lives. […] Talk with your health care team if you are experiencing anxiety symptoms like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure and a constant drive for perfection. They can connect you to therapy and help you develop coping strategies so you can foster healthier ways of managing your anxiety and lead a fulfilling life.

• #77 Managing high-functioning anxiety – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/managing-high-functioning-anxiety

  High-functioning anxiety is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Instead, it usually is diagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder. […] While high-functioning anxiety may not be a recognized diagnosis, it represents a significant subset of people who experience anxiety symptoms while maintaining a high level of functionality. These people face internal struggles like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure, and a constant drive for perfection and pleasing others, which profoundly affect their daily lives. […] Talk with your health care team if you are experiencing anxiety symptoms like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure and a constant drive for perfection. They can connect you to therapy and help you develop coping strategies so you can foster healthier ways of managing your anxiety and lead a fulfilling life.

• #78 Managing high-functioning anxiety – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/managing-high-functioning-anxiety

  High-functioning anxiety is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Instead, it usually is diagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder. […] While high-functioning anxiety may not be a recognized diagnosis, it represents a significant subset of people who experience anxiety symptoms while maintaining a high level of functionality. These people face internal struggles like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure, and a constant drive for perfection and pleasing others, which profoundly affect their daily lives. […] Talk with your health care team if you are experiencing anxiety symptoms like persistent self-doubt, fear of failure and a constant drive for perfection. They can connect you to therapy and help you develop coping strategies so you can foster healthier ways of managing your anxiety and lead a fulfilling life.

• #79 Illness anxiety disorder: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/illness-anxiety-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-presentation-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having or developing a serious, undiagnosed general medical disease. The patient’s distress comes primarily from an unfounded fear of having a disease rather than physical symptoms, and persists despite appropriate physical examination and laboratory testing that are negative. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, assessment, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis that was introduced in 2013. The clinical features and diagnostic criteria are discussed elsewhere in this topic. […] Illness anxiety disorder was derived in part from the diagnosis of hypochondriasis, which does not exist in DSM-5-TR. According to DSM-5-TR, patients previously diagnosed with hypochondriasis are nearly always diagnosed with either somatic symptom disorder (if physical complaints are prominent) or illness anxiety disorder (if physical complaints are minimal or nonexistent).

• #80 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder: A. Excessive worry about having or developing a debilitating or life-threatening illness. B. Somatic symptoms are absent. If somatic symptoms are present, they are only mildly distressing to the patient. If a medical condition is present or a high-risk for developing a medical condition is present (due to family history), the anxiety regarding the medical condition (or potential impending medical condition) is excessive. C. Excessive concern and anxiety regarding health-related issues. D. The individual exhibits disproportionate and redundant health-related behaviors, such as repeatedly checking his or her body for indications of disease. E. Symptoms have been present for at least 6 months. F. The illness-related preoccupation is not better explained by another psychiatric condition.

• #81 Illness Anxiety Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/illness-anxiety-disorder

  Illness anxiety disorder is preoccupation with and fear of having or acquiring a serious disorder. Diagnosis is confirmed when fears and symptoms (if any) persist for 6 months despite reassurance after a thorough medical evaluation. […] The diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder is based on criteria from the DSM-5-TR, including the following: The patient is preoccupied with having or acquiring a serious illness. The patient has no or minimal somatic symptoms. The patient is highly anxious about health and easily alarmed about personal health issues. The patient repeatedly checks health status or maladaptively avoids doctor appointments and hospitals. The patient has been preoccupied with illness for 6 months, although the specific illness feared may change during that time period. Symptoms are not better accounted for by depression or another psychiatric disorder. […] Patients who have significant somatic symptoms and are primarily concerned about the symptoms themselves are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder.

• #82 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Illness anxiety disorder (previously called hypochondriasis) is a psychiatric disorder defined by excessive worry about having or developing a serious undiagnosed medical condition. People with illness anxiety disorder experience persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of illness anxiety disorder, particularly the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating patients with this condition. […] Illness anxiety disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion. A comprehensive medical examination and appropriate testing according to the patient’s symptoms should be conducted to exclude organic diseases before diagnosing a patient with IAD. DSM-5 has also elaborated diagnostic criteria to help in the diagnosis of IAD.

• #83 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  A structured, interviewer-administered assessment titled „The Health Preoccupation Diagnostic Interview” is available, which aids in the diagnosis of IAD. This tool allows the interviewer to clarify a patient’s responses and assists in the diagnosis of IAD. It also differentiates IAD from somatic symptom disorder and healthy controls. […] As described above, a diagnosis of a general medical condition does not preclude a diagnosis of IAD. A general medical illness and IAD can be comorbid diagnoses. When a medical disorder is present, IAD is considered when health-related anxieties or preoccupations are out of proportion or excessive relative to the general medical disease. […] The treatment of patients with illness anxiety disorder primarily is focused on helping patients cope with their health anxieties. Primary care providers should aim to establish a rapport and therapeutic alliance with their patients so that patients feel comfortable in discussing their health concerns. […] Once a serious medical condition has been ruled out, and a diagnosis of IAD has been established, the overutilization of the medical system, unnecessary imaging studies, specialist referrals, and laboratory investigations should be avoided.

• #84 Health anxiety: detection and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/health-anxiety-detection-and-treatment/093F59B8FF7844551733E49DFBD75BFB

  Although health anxiety is an important diagnostic entity that has only recently received prominence, it overlaps considerably with generalised anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and it might be thought that the treatments for each would overlap. […] Cognitive-behavioural therapy has the best evidence base for effectiveness for health anxiety, with consistent evidence from trials in many different settings, in patients with and without medical illness, and with benefits extending over time. […] It is also important to avoid reassurance, both from doctors and other professionals and from relatives, as this intervention is the most evanescent of placebo reactions; most patients have a recurrence of anxiety within 12 h. […] Internet CBT-HA has proved to be highly effective, and probably cost-effective, for patients who recognise that they have health anxiety and want treatment, and in this respect it is better than stress management. […] What has become apparent in recent years is that to exclude patients with health anxiety from psychiatric treatment on the grounds that they have an existing medical illness is not justified.

• #85 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

• #86 Illness Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554399/

  Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for IAD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on treating the patient’s dysfunctional maladaptive cognitive beliefs by behavioral modification strategies. It may address the patient’s habits of excessive body checking for signs of illness. CBT also includes education about normal somatic sensations and their normal variations. […] Pharmacological drugs are the second-line treatment for IAD. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are proven to be effective in this condition. […] The prognosis for illness anxiety disorder is better for those patients who were referred early for psychiatric evaluation, as opposed to those who only received general medical care. Additionally, studies reveal that the patients who are cooperative, tolerant, and hopeful typically have better outcomes.

Zobacz więcej