Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Yips – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/symptoms-causes/syc-20379021

  The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect.

• #2 Yips | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20379009/

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. […] Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. […] Because the yips may be related to overuse of specific muscles, a change of technique or equipment may help.

• #3 Yips | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/yips

  The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect. […] Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis. […] Because the yips may be related to overuse of specific muscles, a change of technique or equipment may help.

• #4 Understanding the Yips in Athletes: Causes and Symptoms – El Paso, TX Health Coach Clinic

  https://healthcoach.clinic/understanding-the-yips-in-athletes-causes-and-symptoms/

  Yips are involuntary wrist muscle spasms that affect athletes. They are often associated with golf, baseball, and sports that involve swinging and throwing motions, such as bowling, darts, cricket, and others. […] Yips are involuntary wrist spasms that athletes experience. The term is also used to refer to performance anxiety without physical spasms. Researchers believe they are caused by muscle overuse that leads to dystonia (a condition that causes muscles to contract involuntarily), and combined with psychological factors like performance anxiety and overthinking, can make them worse. […] The most common symptom is muscle spasms, often in the hands and wrists. Thats why it is the most common among athletes who play sports that require precision hand and wrist movements. Yips affect fine motor skills. In addition to muscle spasms, symptoms can also include: twitching, tremors, freezing up, psychological distress.

• #5 YIPS: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/orthopedics/yips-types-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Muscle spasms are the most common indication that someone has yips. They usually have an impact on the wrists and hands. This is why athletes with yips are more likely to play sports requiring deft hand and wrist actions. Yipping affects athletes’ fine motor skills. […] Additional symptoms of yips include: […] Feeling cold […] Tremors […] Twitching […] Mental stress

• #6

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  The yips are characterized by sudden and involuntary muscle contractions or jerks, primarily affecting an athlete’s ability to perform precise and coordinated motor skills. […] Golfers often experience the yips when putting or chipping. The sudden, jerky motion while attempting a putt can result in a missed shot, causing frustration and negatively impacting performance. […] Pitchers may struggle with control and accuracy, experiencing spasms during their throwing motion. This can lead to wild pitches, disrupted games, and decreased confidence. […] Tennis players might find it challenging to serve accurately due to unexpected jerks or twitches in their arm or wrist. This can result in double faults and hinder their overall game. […] Musicians, particularly instrumentalists, can experience involuntary muscle contractions while playing their instruments, affecting their ability to produce consistent and controlled music.

• #7 What Causes Yips Symptoms? | Beat Golf Putting and Chipping Yips

  https://www.puttingyips.com/2011/what-causes-yips-symptoms/

  Symptoms of the yips include jerks, tremors and freezing, which cause performance problems for tournament players. […] Golfers with the yips reported that the most troublesome putts were 3, 4 and 2 feet from the hole. […] The researchers concluded that golfers with the yips showed higher muscle activity, faster heart rates, higher grip pressure, and poorer putting performance than golfers without the yips. […] Golfers with the yips had more forearm muscle activity and higher anxiety levels compared to other golfers. […] This study concluded that the yips are caused by anxiety-related problems (choking), which cause muscles to contract and spasm involuntarily.

• #8 What Causes Yips Symptoms? | Beat Golf Putting and Chipping Yips

  https://www.puttingyips.com/2011/what-causes-yips-symptoms/

  Symptoms of the yips include jerks, tremors and freezing, which cause performance problems for tournament players. […] Golfers with the yips reported that the most troublesome putts were 3, 4 and 2 feet from the hole. […] The researchers concluded that golfers with the yips showed higher muscle activity, faster heart rates, higher grip pressure, and poorer putting performance than golfers without the yips. […] Golfers with the yips had more forearm muscle activity and higher anxiety levels compared to other golfers. […] This study concluded that the yips are caused by anxiety-related problems (choking), which cause muscles to contract and spasm involuntarily.

• #9 The 'yips’ in golf: a continuum between a focal dystonia and choking – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477375/

  The definition of the 'yips’ has evolved over time. It is defined as a motor phenomenon of involuntary movements affecting golfers. In this paper, we have extended the definition to encompass a continuum from the neurologic disorder of dystonia to the psychologic disorder of choking. In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the 'yips’ is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. […] Physically, the 'yips’ is manifested by symptoms of jerks, tremors or freezing in the hands and forearms. These symptoms can result in: (i) a poor quality of golf performance (adds 4.9 strokes per 18 holes); (ii) prompt use of alcohol and beta-blockers; and (iii) contribute to attrition in golf.

• #10 Examining the “Yips” in Golf | WeDevelopYou.com

  https://www.wedevelopyou.com/blog/2019/02/05/examining-the-yips-in-golf/

  The yips are one of golfs most perplexing challenges, and have driven many good golfers to give up the game. Symptoms of the yips include jerks, tremors and freezing, which act as a performance barrier for golfers in competition. Players describe the yips as involuntary muscle spasms and feelings of pressure and anxiety. […] In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the yips is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. […] Research suggests that the yips add approximately 4.7 strokes to affected golfers scores for 18 holes of golf (Detling et al., 2000). […] However, cause and treatment of yip symptoms is still widely debated among golf performance specialists. […] Yip affected golfers need to accept that they cant change pervious missed shots in the round. […] To reduce yip symptoms golfers need to simplify their approach to each shot. […] This only makes matters worse because they have too many thoughts to process at once.

• #11 Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors in: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Volume 18 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/18/3/article-p374.xml

  Despite the high prevalence of yips, a psychoneuromuscular impairment affecting fine motor skills in sports performance, the specific aspects of its causality and treatment have not been identified or verified. […] A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others mistakes were positively associated with baseball players yips symptoms. […] The yips are called career killers in sports because they deteriorate performance and lead to reduced playing time or athletes early retirement. […] The psychological characteristics of Types I and II yips include anxiety and fear of failure. Moreover, one behavioral characteristic of yips includes poor performance. […] This study focused on the psychological and behavioral characteristics of throwing yips in baseball that we defined as the yips symptoms.

• #12 VITAL SIGNS: SYMPTOMS; Keeping the Yips Off the Golf Greens – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/09/health/vital-signs-symptoms-keeping-the-yips-off-the-golf-greens.html

  Could there be an end in sight to the yips? […] But, in fact, the yips afflicts regular golfers and is characterized by tremors, jerking or freezing while putting. […] The yips may affect more than 25 percent of frequent golfers, and it adds an estimated 4.7 strokes to their average score for an 18-hole course, said Dr. Aynsley Smith, Mayo’s director of sport psychology and sports medicine research. […] Most symptoms appeared to be associated with fast, downhill and left-to-right breaking putts, suggesting that certain postures might bring on the condition. […] But the players also reported that the yips occurred when under pressure — making tricky putts or playing against tough competitors, for example. The pressure factor suggests a psychological link. […] When the researchers compared the heart rates, arm-muscle activity and grips of seven golfers with and without the yips as they putted, they found higher heart rates and muscle activity among those with the condition.

• #13 The Relationship Between Perfectionism, Anxiety, Putting Performance and the Yips in Golf: Replication of Chambers & Marshall (2017) | Published in International Journal of Golf Science

  https://www.golfsciencejournal.org/article/33644-the-relationship-between-perfectionism-anxiety-putting-performance-and-the-yips-in-golf-replication-of-chambers-marshall-2017

  This study attempted to elucidate the effects of perfectionism and anxiety on golf putting performance and the yips by replicating a study from Chambers and Marshall (2017). […] results revealed 34.2% of participants had been affected by the yips at some point in their golfing life. […] The yips are a chronic form of choking, characterised by involuntary movements such as jerks, tremors and freezing in the hands or forearms during skill execution. […] In terms of golf putting, these movements occur prior to striking the ball and result in a loss of control and usually a missed putt. […] It appears that it is not necessarily long or difficult putts that are affected, but shorter, more simple putts. […] Evidently these symptoms result in poor performance, with studies suggesting yips affected golfers add between 4.7 and 4.9 strokes onto their score for 18 holes.

• #14

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/01/010101102920.htm

  While pressure situations make the problem worse, it is difficult to imagine why good golfers would suddenly begin having the yips after years of successful performance if it was only a matter of anxiety or 'choking.’ […] Although performance anxiety may cause the yips in many golfers, muscle and nervous system deterioration caused by prolonged overuse may be at the root of the problem for other players. […] Those with the yips had higher average heart rates and demonstrated increased muscle activity, particularly in the wrists. […] In addition, while non-affected golfers were able to make an average of nine out of 10 consecutive five-foot putts, the yips-affected golfers only made half of theirs. […] The yips problem is significant to health professionals.

• #15 Yips – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yips

  In sports, the yips are a sudden and unexplained loss of ability to execute certain skills in experienced athletes. Symptoms of the yips are losing fine motor skills and psychological issues that impact the muscle memory and decision-making of athletes, leaving them unable to perform basic skills of their sport. […] A yips episode may last a short time before the athlete regains their abilities or it can require longer term adjustments to technique before recovery occurs. The worst cases are those where the athlete does not recover at all, forcing the player to abandon the sport at the highest level. […] Early intervention with a thorough treatment plan is imperative for recovery of athletes with yips.

• #16 Yips – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/yips/

  The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect. […] Some athletes become so anxious and self-focused — overthinking to the point of distraction — that their ability to execute a skill, such as putting, is impaired. „Choking” is an extreme form of performance anxiety that may compromise a golfer’s or any athlete’s game.

• #17 The Impact of the Yips on Athletes: Causes and Management – El Paso, TX | Sciatica Pain and Treatment Clinic

  https://sciatica.clinic/the-impact-of-the-yips-on-athletes-causes-and-management/

  Athletes can become so focused on their movements that they overthink their actions and perform worse. […] Individuals who have anxiety, self-consciousness, or stress about a game or performance often find that their involuntary wrist spasms are worse. […] Yips are most common in athletes who use their hands and wrists for their sport and are likely to impact more experienced, competing, and older athletes. […] They are more common in athletes focused on smaller movements or shorter distances. […] There is no official diagnosis for yips. However, a coach, athletic trainer, sports doctors, and others can observe the pattern of symptoms and behavior and provide an informed diagnosis. […] Identifying triggers is important as yips can be triggered by: psychological distress anxiety and/or fear, abnormal sensations, symptoms of discomfort and pain, mechanical movement/motion adjustments or changes. […] Once trigger/s are identified, they can be addressed.

• #18 Towards a psychological understanding of the yips across and within sport. – Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive

  https://shura.shu.ac.uk/20800/

  Once individuals had experienced the initial 'yip’, it appeared that participants would try and 'reinvest’ in the knowledge base, and that they would obsessionally think about what had happened. […] Research has illustrated that damage to the basal ganglia has resulted in a wide range of dysfunctions in both emotions and motor behaviour (Lim et al., 2001). […] The research suggests that those who experience the 'yips’ have elevated levels of maladaptive perfectionism, obsessional thinking and self-consciousness compared with controls. […] The intervention was aimed at the events which occurred prior to the 'yips’ to assess whether physical symptoms subsided, and performance returned to normality. […] It would appear that the 'yips’ are a psychogenic movement disorder. Future research should look to understand the relationship between perfectionism, obsessional thinking, self-consciousness, life events and the development of the 'yips’.

• #19

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  Research into the yips suggests that the brain’s motor control center, which typically operates seamlessly, can misfire during moments of heightened tension. This misfiring manifests as sudden muscle contractions or jerks, leading to missed shots, throws, or serves. […] One of the primary triggers for the yips is anxiety. Performance anxiety can have a profound impact on the brain, affecting the neural networks responsible for executing precise movements. […] When an athlete experiences the yips and makes an error, the brain registers this failure and increases anxiety levels. This heightened anxiety, in turn, exacerbates the yips, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break. […] If you notice a significant and unexplained decline in your performance, especially in a skill you’ve previously mastered, it could be a sign of the yips.

• #20

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/yips

  Yips Last Updated on March 5, 2024 Overview The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. However, the yips also can affect people who play other sports such as cricket, darts and baseball. […] It was once thought that the yips were always associated with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect.

• #21 Yips: Do They Exist or Are They Just Sports Mythology?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/yips

  But because of the yips, Blass lost his ability to properly pitch a ball. In turn, he retired in 1975, and the yips earned the nickname, Steve Blass disease. […] The yips is an informal term for a movement disorder involving your wrists. It causes involuntary muscle spasms when youre trying to perform a specific movement. […] The yips generally occur when youre doing a specific action, like putting or handwriting. Symptoms include: muscle jerks (most common), shaking or tremors, twitching, feeling locked or frozen. […] Its thought that the yips are due to neurological and psychological causes. […] The yips are a real condition that affect athletes and people who frequently write, type, or play an instrument. It can be caused by a neurological disorder, performance anxiety, or a mix of both.

• #22 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  Yips in golf is a complex spectrum of anxiety and movement-disorder that affects competitive sporting performance. […] 35% of the respondents had experienced yips in their career, their odds increasing proportionally to their golfing experience. […] Regardless of musculoskeletal symptoms, about 57% of all yips-golfers attributed their symptoms to psychological causes. […] Yips in professional golfers presents an acute involuntary loss of motor skill during high-pressure sporting environments. […] Presently, the exact origin of yips is still undefined but is known to lie on a continuum between competition anxiety and task-specific movement disorder. […] As a result, yips is considered a neuropsychological phenomenon because of its congruity with high-pressure situations and its near-complete absence of symptoms in day-to-day activities.

• #23 Association of the Yips and Musculoskeletal Problems in Highly Skilled Golfers: A Large Scale Epidemiological Study in Japan

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8224395/

  The yips are a set of conditions associated with intermittent motor disturbances that affect precision movement, especially in sports. […] Golfers who had experienced the yips were older and had longer golfing careers and more frequent musculoskeletal problems than those without experience of the yips. […] The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a longer golfing career and musculoskeletal problems were independent factors associated with yips experience. More severe musculoskeletal problems were associated with higher odds of experiencing the yips. […] The yips have similar characteristics to task-specific movement disorders, with a detrimental effect caused by excessive repetition of a routine task. […] Our findings revealed that 39% of the golfers experienced the yips, confirming the findings of previous reports with 22-48% of golfers experiencing the yips in their careers.

• #24 The Relationship Between Perfectionism, Anxiety, Putting Performance and the Yips in Golf: Replication of Chambers & Marshall (2017) | Published in International Journal of Golf Science

  https://www.golfsciencejournal.org/article/33644-the-relationship-between-perfectionism-anxiety-putting-performance-and-the-yips-in-golf-replication-of-chambers-marshall-2017

  Some researchers have suggested the yips are a neurological issue due to the physical manifestation of symptoms and similarities with involuntary sustained muscle contractions (focal dystonia), which is exacerbated by anxiety. […] Other researchers have argued that the aetiology of the yips is purely psychological, based on the fact that there is a lot evidence supporting the idea that the yips are a chronic form of choking, with symptoms appearing to worsen under stress. […] Based on the research above, it would be reasonable to suggest that the aetiology of the yips in a large proportion of golfers would be primarily psychologically based. […] Despite the contradictory and inconsistent findings in research investigating the yips, one finding in particular appears to be well supported throughout the literature: that older golfers who have played for a longer period of time are more susceptible to developing the yips.

• #25 What Does Yips Mean?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/what-is-yips

  Yips are a form of dystonia, which is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary and sustained muscle contractions. Yips symptoms can vary from person to person but typically include sudden and uncontrollable muscle jerks or twitches that occur during the golf swing, known as shaking or tremors. These movements can cause feelings of being locked or frozen in place. In some cases, the golfer may experience a fear of hitting the ball, causing them to hesitate when they reach the top of the backswing or when beginning the forward motion. This fear can lead to further physical tension and disruption of the golf swing. […] The complications of yips can range from mild to severe. In some cases, the person may experience a complete loss of ability to perform their golf game. This can be emotionally devastating. In addition, there can be physical complications associated with the yips. For instance, some people may suffer from chronic pain due to tightness in their muscles or joints caused by the tension associated with the yips. It can make performing golf shots extremely uncomfortable and further deteriorate one’s golf game.

• #26 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  On the other hand, yips is also suggested to be a movement disorder characterized by abnormal, involuntary, twitching, jerks, spasms or freezing of planned motor movement in repeatedly learnt skilled activity. […] Among yips golfers, these co-contractions are known to impact the musculoskeletal system thereby affecting the kinematic outcomes of gameplay. […] Prior studies have reported anywhere between 20 and 48% of elite professional golfers to be affected by the yips. […] However, details of such self-care interventions are unknown. […] We observed that yips golfers had significantly higher musculoskeletal symptoms that affected not only their golfing performance, but also activities outside of their competitive environments. […] The high degree centrality, noted via network analysis, showed that putting was accompanied by a variety of movement problems that resulted in abnormal control of swing i.e. forceful or slowing of the swing, or those suggestive of abnormal co-contractions i.e. tremors, jerks or freezing. […] Our findings also hint that despite reporting musculoskeletal involvement, a substantial number of yips-golfers perceive yips to be a psychological issue. […] This perception begets self-help strategies that appear futile in the management of yips without professional help.

• #27 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  Yips in golf is a complex spectrum of anxiety and movement-disorder that affects competitive sporting performance. […] 35% of the respondents had experienced yips in their career, their odds increasing proportionally to their golfing experience. […] Regardless of musculoskeletal symptoms, about 57% of all yips-golfers attributed their symptoms to psychological causes. […] Yips in professional golfers presents an acute involuntary loss of motor skill during high-pressure sporting environments. […] Presently, the exact origin of yips is still undefined but is known to lie on a continuum between competition anxiety and task-specific movement disorder. […] As a result, yips is considered a neuropsychological phenomenon because of its congruity with high-pressure situations and its near-complete absence of symptoms in day-to-day activities.

• #28 Yips – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/symptoms-causes/syc-20379021

  The most common symptom associated with the yips is an involuntary muscle jerk, although some people experience tremors, twitches, spasms or freezing. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect.

• #29 The 'yips’ in golf: a continuum between a focal dystonia and choking – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477375/

  The definition of the 'yips’ has evolved over time. It is defined as a motor phenomenon of involuntary movements affecting golfers. In this paper, we have extended the definition to encompass a continuum from the neurologic disorder of dystonia to the psychologic disorder of choking. In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the 'yips’ is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. […] Physically, the 'yips’ is manifested by symptoms of jerks, tremors or freezing in the hands and forearms. These symptoms can result in: (i) a poor quality of golf performance (adds 4.9 strokes per 18 holes); (ii) prompt use of alcohol and beta-blockers; and (iii) contribute to attrition in golf.

• #30 Examining the 'Yips’ in Golf | Sports Psychology Today – Sports Psychology

  https://www.sportpsychologytoday.com/sport-psychology-for-coaches/examining-the-yips-in-golf/

  The yips are one of golfs most perplexing challenges, and have driven many good golfers to give up the game. Symptoms of the yips include jerks, tremors and freezing, which act as a performance barrier for golfers in competition. Players describe the yips as involuntary muscle spasms and feelings of pressure and anxiety. […] In many golfers, the pathophysiology of the yips is believed to be an acquired deterioration in the function of motor pathways (e.g. those involving the basal ganglia) which are exacerbated when a threshold of high stress and physiologic arousal is exceeded. […] Research suggests that the yips add approximately 4.7 strokes to affected golfers scores for 18 holes of golf (Detling et al., 2000). However, cause and treatment of yip symptoms is still widely debated among golf performance specialists.

• #31 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The Yips are a sudden inability to throw the ball accurately. […] Despite many other players being inflicted in the 20 years since, little or nothing has been done to fix the yips in baseball. […] There still is no known effective treatment and little is understood about how they develop. […] The research shows that there are clear neurological and physiological differences between an athlete with the yips and the rest. […] My definition of the yips, after review of the literature, is that they are a form of task specific focal dystonia that is heightened by anxiety. […] Dystonia disrupts the nervous systems ability to allow the brain and the muscles to communicate and control movements. […] Since the yips are heavily linked to dystonia, and dystonia is believed to be a deterioration of the basal ganglia, it is fair to use what is agreed upon by NINDS as credible evidence that the breakdown of the basal ganglia function is a possible cause of the yips and that the yips are environmentally sensitive.

• #32 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. […] Type I yips are also associated with higher intensities of practice, concentration, tension, and years of competition. […] Type II yips are considered to be a form of psychologically based choking. […] This type of yips seems to be related to the individual, as Type II yips is more likely to occur around the ages of 18-20 which is also when generalized anxiety starts to manifest itself in a person. […] It remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms.

• #33

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  Research into the yips suggests that the brain’s motor control center, which typically operates seamlessly, can misfire during moments of heightened tension. This misfiring manifests as sudden muscle contractions or jerks, leading to missed shots, throws, or serves. […] One of the primary triggers for the yips is anxiety. Performance anxiety can have a profound impact on the brain, affecting the neural networks responsible for executing precise movements. […] When an athlete experiences the yips and makes an error, the brain registers this failure and increases anxiety levels. This heightened anxiety, in turn, exacerbates the yips, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break. […] If you notice a significant and unexplained decline in your performance, especially in a skill you’ve previously mastered, it could be a sign of the yips.

• #34 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. […] Type I yips are also associated with higher intensities of practice, concentration, tension, and years of competition. […] Type II yips are considered to be a form of psychologically based choking. […] This type of yips seems to be related to the individual, as Type II yips is more likely to occur around the ages of 18-20 which is also when generalized anxiety starts to manifest itself in a person. […] It remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms.

• #35 Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors in: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Volume 18 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/18/3/article-p374.xml

  Despite the high prevalence of yips, a psychoneuromuscular impairment affecting fine motor skills in sports performance, the specific aspects of its causality and treatment have not been identified or verified. […] A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others mistakes were positively associated with baseball players yips symptoms. […] The yips are called career killers in sports because they deteriorate performance and lead to reduced playing time or athletes early retirement. […] The psychological characteristics of Types I and II yips include anxiety and fear of failure. Moreover, one behavioral characteristic of yips includes poor performance. […] This study focused on the psychological and behavioral characteristics of throwing yips in baseball that we defined as the yips symptoms.

• #36 The Relationship Between Perfectionism, Anxiety, Putting Performance and the Yips in Golf: Replication of Chambers & Marshall (2017) | Published in International Journal of Golf Science

  https://www.golfsciencejournal.org/article/33644-the-relationship-between-perfectionism-anxiety-putting-performance-and-the-yips-in-golf-replication-of-chambers-marshall-2017

  The current study found support for three of the four proposed hypotheses. […] Evidence was also found for the second hypothesis, which hypothesised that golfers who reported high levels of anxiety would report greater disruption to putting performance. […] Furthermore, support was found for the fourth hypothesis which suggested that anxiety would mediate the influence of NRI on putting performance. […] However, we did not find evidence to support hypothesis three, which proposed that golfers who reported experiencing the yips would produce high scores on both the anxiety scale and NRI scale. […] The results did however show that anxiety is a significant predictor of experiencing the yips, albeit the relationship was relatively weak. […] The only other significant predictor of experiencing the yips was putting performance, which contradicts the findings from the original study and other previous work. […] The prevalence rate of the yips within this particular sample is consistent with previous literature investigating the yips, with 34.2% of participants having experienced the yips at some point in their golfing life.

• #37 The Relationship Between Perfectionism, Anxiety, Putting Performance and the Yips in Golf: Replication of Chambers & Marshall (2017) | Published in International Journal of Golf Science

  https://www.golfsciencejournal.org/article/33644-the-relationship-between-perfectionism-anxiety-putting-performance-and-the-yips-in-golf-replication-of-chambers-marshall-2017

  The current study found support for three of the four proposed hypotheses. […] Evidence was also found for the second hypothesis, which hypothesised that golfers who reported high levels of anxiety would report greater disruption to putting performance. […] Furthermore, support was found for the fourth hypothesis which suggested that anxiety would mediate the influence of NRI on putting performance. […] However, we did not find evidence to support hypothesis three, which proposed that golfers who reported experiencing the yips would produce high scores on both the anxiety scale and NRI scale. […] The results did however show that anxiety is a significant predictor of experiencing the yips, albeit the relationship was relatively weak. […] The only other significant predictor of experiencing the yips was putting performance, which contradicts the findings from the original study and other previous work. […] The prevalence rate of the yips within this particular sample is consistent with previous literature investigating the yips, with 34.2% of participants having experienced the yips at some point in their golfing life.

• #38 Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors in: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Volume 18 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/18/3/article-p374.xml

  Despite the high prevalence of yips, a psychoneuromuscular impairment affecting fine motor skills in sports performance, the specific aspects of its causality and treatment have not been identified or verified. […] A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others mistakes were positively associated with baseball players yips symptoms. […] The yips are called career killers in sports because they deteriorate performance and lead to reduced playing time or athletes early retirement. […] The psychological characteristics of Types I and II yips include anxiety and fear of failure. Moreover, one behavioral characteristic of yips includes poor performance. […] This study focused on the psychological and behavioral characteristics of throwing yips in baseball that we defined as the yips symptoms.

• #39 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING “THE YIPS” IN BASEBALL AND SOFTBALL PLAYERS

  https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/666607

  The Yips is the sudden and unexplained loss of a previously automatic motor skill that can arise in a variety of experienced athletes and musicians. […] Regardless of the fact that there are still unknowns related to the underpinnings of the Yips, researchers have classified it as existing on a continuum. One end of this continuum defines the origin of the Yips as physiological (Type I) and classifies the phenomenon as a subtype of focal dystonia. The opposite end, however, describes the Yips as having more psychological foundations (Type II). Type III Yips is in the middle of this spectrum and can best be defined as a combination of both physiological and psychological factors that are believed to contribute to the onset of the Yips. […] Although the Yips experience is different for every athlete and musician, there is evidence of some conserved structural elements. By directly comparing my Yips symptoms with other athletes experiences, the conserved physiological and psychological aspects become evident. Furthermore, these elements are the target of many promising research efforts to discover successful methods for treating those who are suffering from various forms of the Yips.

• #40 Yips – iResearchNet

  https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/health-psychology-research/psychophysiology/yips/

  The symptoms of focal hand dystonia and Type I yips can sometimes be temporarily alleviated by the use of sensory tricks, such as wearing a glove on the affected hand, using a different grip, or by changing to a different (usually longer) putter. […] If the overactive forearm muscles can be clearly identified in an individual, injection of botulinum toxin can markedly reduce the level of involuntary activity. However, this treatment carries the risk of the toxin spreading to adjacent musculature not intended for treatment, and the effects of treatment are temporary, lasting approximately 3 to 4 months. […] A model proposed by Aynsley Smith et al. was developed on the basis of questionnaires completed by 70 golfers who experience yips symptoms. Generally, the combination of distraction by the specific competitive context and an increase in arousal and self-awareness, increases performance anxiety and decreases confidence, which in turn increases the likelihood of suboptimal performance. Most researchers and clinicians are in agreement that yips-like symptoms are exacerbated by heightened anxiety. However, it should be reinforced there is considerable debate concerning whether excessive anxiety is sufficient to trigger actual yips symptoms.

• #41 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. […] Type I yips are also associated with higher intensities of practice, concentration, tension, and years of competition. […] Type II yips are considered to be a form of psychologically based choking. […] This type of yips seems to be related to the individual, as Type II yips is more likely to occur around the ages of 18-20 which is also when generalized anxiety starts to manifest itself in a person. […] It remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms.

• #42 A Cure for the Yips – Psychotherapy Networker

  https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/article/cure-yips/?srsltid=AfmBOoplvPRQ-7pbTV-7c2K8QGOhI9d6XvagVz9oyJiXgyi5L_F_04EL

  My work with other clients like Rick has taught me that if a catcher has experienced repeated traumatic injuries, eventually the whole natural sequence of tossing a ball can shut down, even though this makes no sense to him. […] I’ve learned from experience that the Brainspotting process is often unpredictable and that yips can pop up even when you think you’ve got them beaten. […] My theory, generated from prior experiences with impaired athletes, is that sports injuries accumulate into an unprocessed network in the brain and are best processed one by one. […] By the end of the session, Rick was totally depleted but reported feeling relaxed, with low activation. […] His throwing yips mostly went away, and he won the backup catcher’s job, a triumph for him but still short of his potential.

• #43

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/yips

  The yips tend to be associated with: Older age. More experience playing golf. Tournament play. […] There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis. […] Because the yips may be related to overuse of specific muscles, a change of technique or equipment may help. Consider these strategies: Change your grip. This technique works for many golfers, because it changes the muscles they use to make the putting stroke. […] Treatment with medicines taken by mouth may help manage the yips. Benzodiazepines, baclofen and anticholinergic drugs can be used to treat focal dystonia, and propranolol can be used to treat tremor.

• #44 Understanding the Yips in Athletes: Causes and Symptoms – El Paso, TX Health Coach Clinic

  https://healthcoach.clinic/understanding-the-yips-in-athletes-causes-and-symptoms/

  Healthcare providers, trainers, coaches, and researchers know that psychological and physical factors cause yips. Underlying physical causes include overusing wrist muscles, which leads to dystonia or involuntary muscle movements. Also known as task-specific dystonia, it can also affect individuals who engage in repetitive muscle movements, like factory and assembly line workers, store check-out clerks, musicians, etc. Performance anxiety and psychological stress can worsen dystonia. Athletes can become so focused on their movements that they overthink their actions and perform worse. Individuals who have anxiety, self-consciousness, or stress about a game or performance often find that their involuntary wrist spasms are worse. […] Yips are most common in athletes who use their hands and wrists for their sport and are likely to impact more experienced, competing, and older athletes. They are more common in athletes focused on smaller movements or shorter distances. For example, golfers commonly experience involuntary wrist spasms when putting, and baseball players are likelier to experience them when throwing less than 20 meters.

• #45 Association of the Yips and Musculoskeletal Problems in Highly Skilled Golfers: A Large Scale Epidemiological Study in Japan

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/9/6/71

  Our findings revealed that 39% of the golfers experienced the yips, confirming the findings of previous reports with 22–48% of golfers experiencing the yips in their careers. […] In our study, the golfers who experienced the yips were older and had longer golfing careers than those without the yips. Furthermore, a longer golfing career was the independent factor associated with yips experience. […] In addition, it was observed in our study that the golfers with yips experience more often had musculoskeletal problems than those without. Ordered logistic regression analysis showed that having musculoskeletal problems was an independent factor related to yips experience, and more severe musculoskeletal symptoms were associated with higher odds of having the yips.

• #46 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. […] Type I yips are also associated with higher intensities of practice, concentration, tension, and years of competition. […] Type II yips are considered to be a form of psychologically based choking. […] This type of yips seems to be related to the individual, as Type II yips is more likely to occur around the ages of 18-20 which is also when generalized anxiety starts to manifest itself in a person. […] It remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms.

• #47 Understanding the Yips in Athletes: Causes and Symptoms – El Paso, TX Health Coach Clinic

  https://healthcoach.clinic/understanding-the-yips-in-athletes-causes-and-symptoms/

  Healthcare providers, trainers, coaches, and researchers know that psychological and physical factors cause yips. Underlying physical causes include overusing wrist muscles, which leads to dystonia or involuntary muscle movements. Also known as task-specific dystonia, it can also affect individuals who engage in repetitive muscle movements, like factory and assembly line workers, store check-out clerks, musicians, etc. Performance anxiety and psychological stress can worsen dystonia. Athletes can become so focused on their movements that they overthink their actions and perform worse. Individuals who have anxiety, self-consciousness, or stress about a game or performance often find that their involuntary wrist spasms are worse. […] Yips are most common in athletes who use their hands and wrists for their sport and are likely to impact more experienced, competing, and older athletes. They are more common in athletes focused on smaller movements or shorter distances. For example, golfers commonly experience involuntary wrist spasms when putting, and baseball players are likelier to experience them when throwing less than 20 meters.

• #48 Yips – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yips

  In sports, the yips are a sudden and unexplained loss of ability to execute certain skills in experienced athletes. Symptoms of the yips are losing fine motor skills and psychological issues that impact the muscle memory and decision-making of athletes, leaving them unable to perform basic skills of their sport. […] A yips episode may last a short time before the athlete regains their abilities or it can require longer term adjustments to technique before recovery occurs. The worst cases are those where the athlete does not recover at all, forcing the player to abandon the sport at the highest level. […] Early intervention with a thorough treatment plan is imperative for recovery of athletes with yips.

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