Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Yips – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/symptoms-causes/syc-20379021

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. […] Anxiety worsens the effect. […] Some athletes become so anxious and self-focused overthinking to the point of distraction that their ability to perform a skill, such as putting, is impaired.

• #2 Yips | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/yips?content_id=CON-20379009

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] It was once thought that the yips were always associated with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis.

• #3

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/yips

  Yips Last Updated on March 5, 2024 Overview The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. However, the yips also can affect people who play other sports such as cricket, darts and baseball. […] It was once thought that the yips were always associated with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] Diagnosis There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis.

• #4 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Yips | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20379009

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. […] There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis.

• #5 Yips // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/yips

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] It was once thought that the yips were always associated with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. […] There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis.

• #6 Spatiotemporal patterns of throwing muscle synergies in yips-affected baseball players | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52332-9

  Yips are involuntary movements that interfere with the automatic execution of sports movements. […] This study aimed to assess whether muscle synergy analysis through non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) could identify impaired spatiotemporal muscle coordination in baseball players with throwing yips. […] The results of this study indicate no common spatiotemporal pattern of muscle synergies specific to the yips group. […] Furthermore, these results suggest that the spatiotemporal pattern of muscle synergies in baseball throwing motion is not impaired in situations where symptoms are not reproduced even if the players have yips symptoms. […] However, muscle synergy analysis can identify the characteristics of muscle coordination of players who exhibit dystonic movements. […] These findings can be useful in developing personalized therapeutic strategies based on individual characteristics of yips symptoms.

• #7 Yips and lost move syndrome: exploring psychological symptoms, similarities, and implications for treatment | IJSP Online

  http://www.ijsp-online.com/abstract/view/46/61

  This study explored the lived experience of performance problems in sport, where athletes suddenly lose the ability to execute previously mastered skills. […] Specifically, this study explored lost move syndrome (LMS) and the yips, with the aim to make suggestions for diagnosis and more effective treatment methods. […] Analysis revealed that emotional, cognitive, physical, and wider impact factors were all similarly associated with LMS and the yips. […] Specifically, LMS and the yips are characterised by a sudden and temporary loss of fine, and/or gross motor control, manifesting as locked, stuck, or frozen movements. […] A central finding of the paper associated LMS and the yips to feeling like someone, or something, other than the athlete was in control for a momentary period of time. […] These findings provide a rationale for further research investigating the two disorders, and developing targeted interventions.

• #8 Understanding the Yips in Athletes: Causes and Symptoms – El Paso, TX Health Coach Clinic

  https://healthcoach.clinic/understanding-the-yips-in-athletes-causes-and-symptoms/

  Yips are involuntary wrist muscle spasms that affect athletes. They are often associated with golf, baseball, and sports that involve swinging and throwing motions, such as bowling, darts, cricket, and others. […] Researchers believe they are caused by muscle overuse that leads to dystonia (a condition that causes muscles to contract involuntarily), and combined with psychological factors like performance anxiety and overthinking, can make them worse. […] Researchers have identified three types of yips that affect athletes. […] There is no official diagnosis for yips. However, a coach, athletic trainer, sports doctors, and others can observe the pattern of symptoms and behavior and provide an informed diagnosis. […] Yips are common among athletes. It is important to address the physical and psychological components to treat the condition.

• #9 Dealing with the Yips: Solutions for Athletes – El Paso’s Personal Injury Doctors 915-850-0900

  https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2024/10/24/dealing-with-the-yips-solutions-for-athletes/

  Yips are involuntary wrist muscle spasms that affect athletes. They are often associated with golf, baseball, and sports that involve swinging and throwing motions, such as bowling, darts, cricket, and others. Can understanding the information and causes help diagnose and find the right therapy or training? […] Yips are involuntary wrist spasms that athletes experience. The term is also used to refer to performance anxiety without physical spasms. Researchers believe they are caused by muscle overuse that leads to dystonia (a condition that causes muscles to contract involuntarily), and combined with psychological factors like performance anxiety and overthinking, can make them worse. […] Researchers have identified three types of yips that affect athletes. […] A study of over a hundred experienced athletes found that nearly 68% of archers and 40% of golfers experienced yips.

• #10 the yips – Nursing Notebook

  https://nursing-notebook.com/en-us/simplepage.cfm?ID=x2019101616942688267&linkID=80231

  The yips defined as the occurrence of involuntary movements during the execution of a fine motor skill (1) […] these involuntary movements, usually twisting and jerks of the wrist and lower arm shortly before hitting the ball, disturb the execution of a smooth, controlled putt, resulting in poor performance (1,2,3) […] predominant model is Smith et al. (4) continuum model, which places yips on a continuum anchored by a neurological and a psychological origin […] assumes that both neurological and psychological mechanisms have explanatory power, but their proportion of contribution to the occurrence of the yips can vary within the affected athlete, and this determines the type of yips […] Type I describes athletes who exhibit mainly neurological symptoms associated with task-specific focal dystonia

• #11 (PDF) Psychodiagnostics: Classification of the Yips Phenomenon based on Musician’s Dystonia

  https://www.academia.edu/37824561/Psychodiagnostics_Classification_of_the_Yips_Phenomenon_based_on_Musicians_Dystonia

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] The golfers who experienced yips could be categorized according to whether they reported mainly movement-related symptoms (Type I) or anxiety-related symptoms (Type II).

• #12 the yips – Nursing Notebook

  https://nursing-notebook.com/en-us/simplepage.cfm?ID=x2019101616942688267&linkID=80231

  neurological movement disorder is defined as involuntary muscular contractions that lead to repetitive movements or abnormal postures of one body part, which occur exclusively during the execution of one specific task (5) […] Type II characterizes the yips driven by mainly psychological mechanisms related to choking under pressure (choking) […] choking is defined as the „process, whereby the individual perceives their resources are insufficient to meet the demands of the situation, and concludes with a significant drop in performance-a choke” (6) […] a small study showed that Quantitative methods were identified that appear to identify golfers with a dystonic aetiology for the yips (7)

• #13 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  As a result, yips is considered a neuropsychological phenomenon because of its congruity with high-pressure situations and its near-complete absence of symptoms in day-to-day activities. […] On the other hand, yips is also suggested to be a movement disorder characterized by abnormal, involuntary, twitching, jerks, spasms or freezing of planned motor movement in repeatedly learnt skilled activity. […] In practice however, golfers usually fall somewhere in between these two pure subtypes (anxiety or dystonia) of the yips spectrum. […] Prior studies have reported anywhere between 20 and 48% of elite professional golfers to be affected by the yips. […] However, details of such self-care interventions are unknown. […] Our findings also hint that despite reporting musculoskeletal involvement, a substantial number of yips-golfers perceive yips to be a psychological issue.

• #14 Yips – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379024

  There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis. […] Your healthcare professional may ask detailed questions about how and when your symptoms occur. They also may want to observe your putting stroke. But because the yips occur most often under tournament conditions, it may be impossible to demonstrate the yips on command.

• #15 Yips | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/yips

  There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. Video recording the wrist during putting to capture the movement associated with the yips also can help the healthcare professional make the diagnosis.

• #16

  https://www.meetaugust.ai/library/en/diseases-conditions/view/yips

  Identifying the „yips” a sudden, involuntary loss of control in a repetitive task like putting isn’t easy because there’s no single, official test. […] Crucially, diagnosing the yips relies heavily on the person describing their experience. What does it feel like? How does their body move when the yips strike? What are the specific actions that are affected? […] To further help with diagnosis, a healthcare professional might ask for video recordings of the person’s wrist while putting. This visual record captures the precise movements associated with the yips, providing important information for the doctor. This helps them see exactly how the yips manifest physically, which is vital for accurately identifying the problem.

• #17 Spatiotemporal patterns of throwing muscle synergies in yips-affected baseball players | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52332-9

  Yips is defined as a psychoneuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary movements that interfere with the automatic execution of fine movements. […] Several studies have reported that yips occur in various sports, including golf, cricket, baseball, archery, and tennis. […] Yips occurrence in athletes can adversely affect their careers. […] Yips symptoms must thus be properly assessed and treated. […] However, the aforementioned studies focused on the activity of a limited number of muscles without fully elucidating whether the coordination among the multiple muscles required for sport movement would be impaired in athletes with yips. […] Muscle synergy analysis is also employed to describe the neuromuscular dysfunction of patients suffering from various neurological disorders.

• #18 The Yips: Methods to Identify Golfers with a Dystonic Etiology/Golfer’s Cramp – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29889820/

  Purpose: To determine whether quantitative methods could separate golfers with a possible dystonic cause of the „yips” from those that appear to be nondystonic. […] Results: On video review of two-handed putting, five golfers had yips that appeared to be dystonic, nine had yips that did not appear to be dystonic, and 13 had no yips. […] Conclusions: Quantitative methods were identified that appear to identify golfers with a dystonic etiology for the yips. It is not just the frequency of yips nor just specific motion patterns alone, rather it is also a combination of yips with co-occurring co-contraction when putting with two hands, and then right hand only, that distinguished this possible etiology.

• #19 Psychodiagnostics: Classification of the yips phenomenon based on musician’s dystonia : LSBU Open Research

  https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/item/86q7y

  Purpose: Similar to musicians focal dystonia a task-specific phenomenon, known as yips has also been reported in professional athletes. […] Findings based on a clustering procedure suggest that similar to musicians dystonia, yips-affected golfers can be classified into those with and those without specific elevated perfectionistic, stress and anxiety traits. […] The current study suggests that the yips phenomenon might cover a broader range of different subtypes of movement disturbances than those already suggested in the literature. […] A better classification and understanding of the different subtypes of yips could lead to a more accurate diagnosis and to the design of more individualized treatment intervention.

• #20 Psychodiagnostics: Classification of the Yips Phenomenon based on Musician’s Dystonia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29933350/

  The current study suggests that the yips phenomenon might cover a broader range of different subtypes of movement disturbances than those already suggested in the literature. Finally, a theoretical model, which explains the role of the different triggering factors in the discrimination of the different subtypes, is suggested. A better classification and understanding of the different subtypes of yips could lead to a more accurate diagnosis and to the design of more individualized treatment intervention.

• #21 Understanding Yips: Comprehensive Guide to Management – shizamhealth

  https://shizamhealth.com/understanding-yips-comprehensive-guide-management-supplements-medicines/

  Yips are sudden, uncontrolled movements or twitches that can ruin an athletes performance. They often stem from a mix of psychological factors and physical issues. […] Medical treatments for the yips include medications such as benzodiazepines, baclofen, and anticholinergic drugs. These medicines work by targeting the neurological responses associated with the condition. […] Doctors diagnose the yips after talking to patients about their symptoms and watching how they move. They look for signs of performance anxiety, muscle spasms, and trouble with motor skills that show up during tasks like writing, playing instruments, or sports. […] Understanding medicines and medical treatment is important for managing the yips effectively. […] The yips can be managed through a comprehensive approach involving management, supplements, and medicines.

• #22 Dealing with the Yips: Solutions for Athletes – El Paso’s Personal Injury Doctors 915-850-0900

  https://personalinjurydoctorgroup.com/2024/10/24/dealing-with-the-yips-solutions-for-athletes/

  The most common symptom is muscle spasms, often in the hands and wrists. […] Healthcare providers, trainers, coaches, and researchers know that psychological and physical factors cause yips. […] Yips are most common in athletes who use their hands and wrists for their sport and are likely to impact more experienced, competing, and older athletes. […] There is no official diagnosis for yips. However, a coach, athletic trainer, sports doctors, and others can observe the pattern of symptoms and behavior and provide an informed diagnosis. […] Identifying triggers is important as yips can be triggered by psychological distress anxiety and/or fear, abnormal sensations, symptoms of discomfort and pain, and mechanical movement/motion adjustments or changes. […] Treatments that can help include alternate hand positions, using different equipment or stabilizers, mindfulness, Botox injections, and sports psychology. […] Yips are common among athletes. It is important to address the physical and psychological components to treat the condition.

• #23 Defining movement instabilities in yips golfers using motion capture and muscle synergies | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.20178475v2.full-text

  Yips is an involuntary movement disorder seen in some professional golfers. The diagnostic challenge in yips is to distinguish symptoms of task-specific dystonia from psychological choking. […] Our results showed that golfers with mild yips require sensitive motion-capture evaluations wherein movement instabilities become evident. […] To summarize, we hypothesized that during putting, within each golfer, the co-contraction balance maintained by upper-arm and forearm muscles are altered in yips shots when compared to normal shot patterns. […] Our study is the first comprehensive report on mild yips golfers where sensitive movement-related measurements were utilized to reveal features of a movement disorder. Specifically we found that in mild yips (i) golfers experience reasonable amounts of stress that may contribute to a state of underperformance overlapping with their movement instabilities; (ii) for putting shots, whereas motion-tracking readily captures fine motor changes in movement trajectories, features of co-contraction imbalance on sEMG recordings may not be particularly evident; (iii) finally, the downswing is particularly affected, and the ensuing perturbations in muscle activity share dystonic features that are consistently identified as abnormal muscle synergy patterns.

• #24 Spatiotemporal patterns of throwing muscle synergies in yips-affected baseball players | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52332-9

  Therefore, the assessment of muscle coordination using muscle synergy analysis in athletes with yips may contribute to a more objective diagnosis. […] This study provides a novel finding that deviations from the typical muscle synergy pattern were observed only in players in whom dystonic movements were reproduced during the experiment. […] These findings could be useful in the development of personalized treatments based on the individual characteristics of yips symptoms.

• #25 Defining movement instabilities in yips golfers using motion capture and muscle synergies | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.20178475v2.full-text

  Diagnosis of yips is fraught with difficulties mainly due to limited research, scant literature and incongruity within the target populations. Still, we were able to highlight and unravel abnormal kinematics and synergy patterns that influence motor behavior among golfers irrespective of their subjective feeling of yips.

• #26 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  This perception begets self-help strategies that appear futile in the management of yips without professional help. […] Our results were congruent with several well-established findings observed in yips. […] Notably, we observed that nearly 57% of yips-golfers attributed their symptoms to be psychological. […] This characteristic of dystonic yips golfers was also previous highlighted by Ioannou et.al. in which they argued that those with predominant motor instabilities often do not have strong psychological influence on their symptoms. […] Given the overarching presence of performance anxiety among the participants in our survey, we observed that yips golfers had significantly higher musculoskeletal symptoms that affected not only their golfing performance, but also activities outside of their competitive environments.

• #27 Conquering the Yips: Strategies for Athletes – El Paso, TX Doctor Of Chiropractic

  https://dralexjimenez.com/conquering-the-yips-strategies-for-athletes/amp/

  Yips are involuntary wrist muscle spasms that affect athletes. They are often associated with golf, baseball, and sports that involve swinging and throwing motions, such as bowling, darts, cricket, and others. Can understanding the information and causes help diagnose and find the right therapy or training? […] Researchers have identified three types of yips that affect athletes. […] There is no official diagnosis for yips. However, a coach, athletic trainer, sports doctors, and others can observe the pattern of symptoms and behavior and provide an informed diagnosis. […] Yips are common among athletes. It is important to address the physical and psychological components to treat the condition.

• #28 Yips – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yips

  In sports, the yips are a sudden and unexplained loss of ability to execute certain skills in experienced athletes. Symptoms of the yips are losing fine motor skills and psychological issues that impact the muscle memory and decision-making of athletes, leaving them unable to perform basic skills of their sport. […] The exact cause of the yips is still not fully understood. A yips episode may last a short time before the athlete regains their abilities or it can require longer term adjustments to technique before recovery occurs. The worst cases are those where the athlete does not recover at all, forcing the player to abandon the sport at the highest level. Causes include but may not be limited to performance anxiety and neurological conditions. […] Early intervention with a thorough treatment plan is imperative for recovery of athletes with yips.

• #29 Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives from a network modelled approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99128-9

  This means that up to a certain point depending on the individuals own threshold of sense of anxiety, the performance-anxiety loop can either streamline their quality of shots or might debilitate the task. […] It would therefore be necessary to sensitize the golfers about the benefits of rest and immobilization in rehabilitative retuning of the symptoms. […] In summary, it is crucial that golfers and trainers need to be mindful of yips phenomenon early in their commencement of training, especially for high-risk shots such as putting. […] From our perspective, even when symptoms of yips are mild, in addition to the short-term fixes such as switching grips or changing clubs, it may be worthwhile for golfers to focus on intermittent training and alter training environments. […] These measures need not be restricted to golf, and could potentially be extended to other sports where yips is commonly encountered (e.g. baseball or cricket).

• #30 Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors in: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Volume 18 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/18/3/article-p374.xml

  Despite its high prevalence, no appropriate treatments have been established for yips. […] The results indicated that 12 studies demonstrated limited evidence that image training, listening to music, cognitive reconstructing, relaxation training, educating teammates, preperformance routines, positive instructional self-talk during shots, and breathing exercises were efficacious treatments for the yips. […] ACT is an effective treatment that decreases experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. However, no studies have examined the relationship between the yips and experiential avoidance or cognitive fusion. […] We developed the following hypotheses: (a) Experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion are positively associated with yips symptoms, (b) low values-based throwing scores are positively associated with yips symptoms, and (c) social factors are also positively associated with yips symptoms.

• #31 Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors in: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Volume 18 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/18/3/article-p374.xml

  The results indicated that feeling glad about not failing, the CFQ score, and being reprimanded by others increased the sense of high strain caused by wild pitch image, sense of inferiority, excessive consciousness toward critical situations, and frequency of throwing errors. […] The AAQ-II did not predict multiple yips symptoms. However, this study’s results generally supported the study’s hypotheses. Hence, changing the context of playing baseball and reducing cognitive fusion could improve many yips symptoms. […] The results of this study suggest the need to encourage athletes to rethink the purpose of sports, the desire to play well, and the joy of playing, instead of playing with a focus on not making mistakes. […] These thoughts might intimidate athletes and prolong their yips. Moreover, this study’s results suggest that improving coaching methods might reduce the risk of throwing yips in baseball.

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