Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Reinvestment – The cause of the yips? : LSBU Open Research

  https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/item/8942z

  The yips is a multi-etiological phenomenon consisting of involuntary movements during the execution of a skill (e.g., a golf putt). […] Reinvestment, the conscious control of a movement that detrimentally affects automated movements, is thought to be a potential mechanism leading to the yips. […] The data do not support the assumption that there is a link between the yips and reinvestment, likely because of the multi-etiological nature of the yips. Other psychological or neurological mechanisms such as conditioned reactions may better explain the yips and should be investigated.

• #2 Reinvestment – the Cause of the Yips? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082470

  The yips is a multi-etiological phenomenon consisting of involuntary movements during the execution of a skill (e.g., a golf putt). […] Reinvestment, the conscious control of a movement that detrimentally affects automated movements, is thought to be a potential mechanism leading to the yips. […] The data do not support the assumption that there is a link between the yips and reinvestment, likely because of the multi-etiological nature of the yips. Other psychological or neurological mechanisms such as conditioned reactions may better explain the yips and should be investigated. […] Different yips etiologies have been reported in the literature. The predominant model is Smith et al.s continuum model, which places yips on a continuum anchored by a neurological and a psychological origin.

• #3 Spatiotemporal patterns of throwing muscle synergies in yips-affected baseball players | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52332-9

  Yips are involuntary movements that interfere with the automatic execution of sports movements. […] This study aimed to assess whether muscle synergy analysis through non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) could identify impaired spatiotemporal muscle coordination in baseball players with throwing yips. […] The results of this study indicate no common spatiotemporal pattern of muscle synergies specific to the yips group. […] Furthermore, these results suggest that the spatiotemporal pattern of muscle synergies in baseball throwing motion is not impaired in situations where symptoms are not reproduced even if the players have yips symptoms. […] However, muscle synergy analysis can identify the characteristics of muscle coordination of players who exhibit dystonic movements. […] The findings of this investigation revealed that four muscle synergies were extracted from the yips group that were common to the control group.

• #4 Cures For The Yips

  https://golfstateofmind.com/cure-yips/

  The Mayo Clinic defines The Yips as a psycho-neuromuscular problem that often occurs in golf (especially during putting and chipping) when the golfer experiences freezing, jerking, or a tremor prior to initiating a putt or chip. Psycho-neuromuscular simply means that the mind controls the muscles. It is not a disease at all but more likely a phobia that develops and then becomes a habitual state of mind. […] In laymans terms, (emotional) Yips is a manifestation of fear. Fear of hitting a bad shot, fear of embarrassment, fear of scoring a high number and fear of yipping. That fear is derived from the feelings associated with past experiences, which are stored in the subconscious mind (where your feelings are triggered). The severity of the yips depends on how deep-rooted in the subconscious that fear is i.e. how many times that feeling has been experienced in the past.

• #5 Golf Yips how to be free a practical guide to clearing the yips

  https://www.golfmentalgamecoach.com/golf-yips-how-to-be-free-a-practical-guide/

  WIKIPEDIA defines the Yips : the yips is the loss of fine motor skills in athletes. The condition occurs suddenly and without apparent explanation usually in mature athletes with years of experience. It is poorly understood and has no known treatment or therapy […] The yips manifest themselves as twitches, staggers, jitters and jerks. The condition occurs most often in sports which athletes are required to perform a single precise and well-timed action such as golf and darts. […] The 2-3 different types of Yips are : Focal dystonia Misfiring of neurones in the sensorimotor cortex. […] Neurological disorder involving misfiring of neurones in the sensorimotor cortex. […] This type of yips is thought to affect only a small percentage of total yips sufferers around 7 % according to Dr Debbie Crews who has run several studies on putting yips.

• #6 Reinvestment – the Cause of the Yips? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082470

  The yips is a multi-etiological phenomenon consisting of involuntary movements during the execution of a skill (e.g., a golf putt). […] Reinvestment, the conscious control of a movement that detrimentally affects automated movements, is thought to be a potential mechanism leading to the yips. […] The data do not support the assumption that there is a link between the yips and reinvestment, likely because of the multi-etiological nature of the yips. Other psychological or neurological mechanisms such as conditioned reactions may better explain the yips and should be investigated. […] Different yips etiologies have been reported in the literature. The predominant model is Smith et al.s continuum model, which places yips on a continuum anchored by a neurological and a psychological origin.

• #7 Modulation of sensorimotor cortical oscillations in athletes with yips | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89947-1

  The yips, an involuntary movement impediment that affects performance in skilled athletes, is commonly described as a form of task-specific focal dystonia or as a disorder lying on a continuum with focal dystonia at one end (neurological) and choking under pressure at the other (psychological). However, its etiology has been remained to be elucidated. […] The etiology of the yips is thought to be multifactorial and has been remained unclear. The most well-known explanation is a continuum model proposed by Smith and colleagues. In this model, the yips is placed on a continuum between task-specific focal dystonia (neurological) and choking under pressure (psychological). […] The pathophysiological mechanisms of task-specific focal dystonia are not completely understood, but one of the most promising to explain it is dysfunction of inhibitory system as evidenced in several neurophysiological studies.

• #8 The Yips | The New Yorker

  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/26/the-yips

  The yips are often conflated with choking but research suggests neurological causes. […] Haney was suffering from a much dreaded golf malady, which consists of an involuntary disruptive movement of the hands, wrists, or forearms. […] Versions of it have been known over the years by many names, among them freezing, the waggles, the staggers, the jerks, whiskey fingers, and the yips. […] Smith proposed a definition of the yips as a continuum, with choking at one end and a category of neurological disorders called focal dystonias at the other. The defining symptoms of focal dystonias are involuntary movements that affect specific actions made by specific parts of the body. […] Crews told me that she and Adler don’t use the word choking anymore. It isn’t correct, she said. Choking and yips are not the same thing.

• #9

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/effectiveness-of-management-for-yips-in-sports-a-systematic-review-10205.html

  Yips is generally described as a spectrum of psychoneuromuscular movement disorders during specific sporting tasks. […] Pathophysiology of yips is still unclear. Hence, yips are often clinical diagnoses based on subjective examinations. It was suggested that yips might be a continuum of task-specific focal dystonia (type I yips) and choking (type II yips). Task-specific focal dystonia is characterized by involuntary movements in highly overlearned movement patterns in specific tasks. […] These findings suggest that dysfunctional sensorimotor processing in brains might be associated with type I yips. On the other hand, choking is typically described as a significant failure of motor performance due to excessive mental pressure. […] Since psychological pressures are thought to exacerbate type I yips (focal dystonia) too, it seems to be hard to distinguish those two ends of the spectrum clearly.

• #10 (DOC) An exploratory investigation of the ‘yips’ across and within sport

  https://www.academia.edu/25024679/An_exploratory_investigation_of_the_yips_across_and_within_sport

  On the other hand, 'yips’ is also suggested to be a movement disorder characterized by abnormal, involuntary, twitching, jerks, spasms or freezing of planned motor movement in repeatedly learnt skilled activity. […] In literature, this motor activity has been revealed as an abnormal co-contraction of specific upper limb musculature, and therefore has been characterized as a form of task-specific focal dystonia akin to musician’s dystonia or writer’s cramp. […] The yips are a set of conditions associated with intermittent motor disturbances that affect precision movement, especially in sports. Specifically, skilled golfers suffer from the yips, although its clinical characteristics and pathophysiology have not been well-studied.

• #11 Golf Yips how to be free a practical guide to clearing the yips

  https://www.golfmentalgamecoach.com/golf-yips-how-to-be-free-a-practical-guide/

  It has an unknown cause. There is initially no anxiety associated with this type however many people with this type can go on to develop anxiety as a result of having the golf yips for a while. […] This is when we have an emotionally strong reaction while we are making the chip, putt or drive. […] The brain at an unconscious level then remembers these situations while putting or chipping and automatically goes into a fearful state (sometimes we don’t even notice this) because our thinking brain goes blank as we enter a state of fight, flight or freeze which is an old evolutionary safety mechanism. […] Aynsley Smith at the Mayo Sports Medical Centre, Minnesota came to the conclusion that a major cause of the yips was extreme anxiety. They suggested that the feelings of anxiety resulted in an increase in self-awareness and attention to the performance itself. In effect, paralysis by analysis. This is another aspect of the yips.

• #12 Golfers’

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503271

  Golfers who get „the yips” may have a focal dystonia rather than the performance anxiety that is often considered the driving cause of the condition, according to investigators whose findings were presented here at the 57th annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. […] „The possibility that this is caused by an underlying focal dystonia…has implications beyond golf,” Dr. Adler said. […] Cocontracting in this time frame is consistent with task-specific focal dystonia, Dr. Adler said, noting that in subjects with cocontraction, it was present during all putting conditions. […] „A common perception of the yips is that it’s psychogenic, and Dr. Adler’s work shows that it may be neurogenic instead.” […] „Furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of the yips is a big contribution,” Dr. Klein added. „Focal dystonias affect many people, and if this study is replicated and dystonia is identified as the cause, physicians should take seriously patients who complain of these symptoms, so that they can be appropriately evaluated and treated.”

• #13

  https://www.esquire.com/sports/a44960914/the-yips-sports-performance-mental-health-explained/

  Dr. Hettiarachchi thinks of the yips as a progression: „fight, flight, fear, frigid, frozen.” […] Magnuson’s mention of social media reminded me of another psychologist I spoke to for this story: Dr. Armando Gonzlez, affectionately known as Dr. Mondo, founder of Cheatcode and Cheatcode Foundation. If you’re worried about anything as an athlete, it’s physically getting hurt. But the body is saying, Screw that,'” he said. „Whether you’re aware, there’s this other tab open, and it’s a protection mechanism to make sure that you emotionally don’t get rejectedthat Twitter doesn’t blow up over what you do today. […] Dr. Mondo first associated the yips with Chuck Knoblauch, a former MLB player. […] It felt like the plague came over him,” he says. „This really good baseball player cant do the easiest thing that he used to be able to do in his sleep.

• #14 “The Yips”: Is it Golfer’s Cramp or a Task-Specific Dystonia? – Parkinson’s and Movement Disorder Foundation

  https://pmdf.org/articles/2013-summer-Yips.php

  The yips were first described by Foster in 1977 in the published report entitled, Putting on the agony and were described as involuntary movements during putting or chipping. […] Task-specific movement disorders are characterized by involuntary movements or spasms that occur only during certain activities, postures or circumstances. […] Although over-use is a common mechanism for task-specific dystonias, recent evidence suggests that nerve injury or other factors may play a role. […] Studies have shown that something may interfere with normal sensory-motor organization in the brain, triggering this and other dystonias in predisposed individuals. […] Because the cause is not well understood, treatment approaches are difficult. […] Good results have been shown with botulinum toxin injection as a safe and effective treatment option for task-specific dystonias, but not specifically the yips.

• #15 Modulation of sensorimotor cortical oscillations in athletes with yips | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89947-1

  Our findings indicate that sensorimotor cortical oscillatory response is increased during movement initiation in athletes with yips. […] The enhanced ERD is suggested to be attributed to dysfunction of inhibitory system or increased allocation of attention to the body part used during the task. […] In any case, the cortical oscillatory response is enhanced during movement initiation in athletes with yips.

• #16 Spatiotemporal patterns of throwing muscle synergies in yips-affected baseball players | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52332-9

  Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of those four synergies between the two groups. […] These results suggest that there are no specific muscle synergies in throwing motions that are common to players with yips. […] However, analysis of individual players with yips showed a specific spatiotemporal pattern of muscle synergies that deviated from the control group in two players who reproduced the dystonic symptoms during the experiment. […] These results suggest that aberrant muscle coordination during throwing motion in players with yips is related to the existence of dystonic symptoms.

• #17 Understanding Yips: Comprehensive Guide to Management – shizamhealth

  https://shizamhealth.com/understanding-yips-comprehensive-guide-management-supplements-medicines/

  Yips are influenced by both mental aspects and physical conditions. Some athletes encounter this performance issue due to the immense stress and worry linked with competition, which can cause muscle spasms and loss of motor skills. […] Neurological studies imply that a defense response mechanism might also be involved, with the body reacting to safeguard itself during stress, impacting movement disorder. […] Factors like performance anxiety interfere with the regular neurological response necessary for seamless muscle coordination. […] The intricate web of causes underscores the need for comprehensive understanding of yips, which incorporates neuroscience-based justifications along with psychological intervention tactics. […] The neuroscience behind the yips reveals its a neurological response involving muscle spasms and loss of fine motor skills. This condition impacts athletes and individuals engaging in activities requiring precision, like writing or playing an instrument.

• #18 Understanding Yips: Comprehensive Guide to Management – shizamhealth

  https://shizamhealth.com/understanding-yips-comprehensive-guide-management-supplements-medicines/

  Neuroscience explains this as possibly being a survival mechanism, where the brain triggers specific responses to protect the body from perceived threats. Understanding this can help in developing targeted treatments. […] Experts view the yips as a result of both psychological factors and physical issues. The complex interplay between an individuals mental state like performance anxiety and their neurological functioning suggests that treatments need to address both aspects for effective management. […] Trauma plays a crucial role in the science behind yips, acting as a survival response that our bodies use for protection. […] Understanding how trauma affects motor skills and psychological factors offers insight into the neurological responses involved in yips symptoms. […] Exploring these connections between trauma and yips opens doors to developing effective treatments, integrating medications like benzodiazepines, baclofen, and anticholinergic drugs that have shown promise in managing this condition. […] Each medication comes with its own set of potential side effects and considerations; therefore, working closely with a healthcare provider to choose the best option is crucial.

• #19 Tyler Matzek, Rick Ankiel, and the Science Behind the Yips – Viva El Birdos

  https://www.vivaelbirdos.com/2021/11/14/22780081/tyler-matzek-rick-ankiel-and-the-science-behind-the-yips

  The changes are physiological. Adrenaline, heart rate, blood pressure. And then its that classic fight or flight mechanism engaging. Between the two, the system starts locking up. […] The flight, fight, or freeze response is initiated by the brain and is utilized as a survival-by-instinct mechanism. As a result, it makes rational thought extremely difficult in the moment. […] As far as the scientific literature goes, the yips are often referred to as focal or task-specific dystonia (dys meaning abnormal, tonia meaning tone or tension) and are characterized as involuntary movements that interfere with whatever activity is being performed. […] Some researchers have claimed that personality differences may make certain people more susceptible to the yips. […] Another publication studied brain waves in sensorimotor regions in the brains of ten athletes affected by the yips: nine baseball players and one badminton player. […] Ultimately, a lot of what constitutes the yips remains a mystery. The events that cause the onset are different for each person.

• #20 Yips and Twisties: What Makes Athletes Suddenly Lose Control of Their Bodies?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/movement/2023/yips-and-twisties-what-makes-athletes-suddenly-lose-control-of-their-bodies-091823

  Gymnasts struck by the twisties can lose their sense of body position mid-jump, causing them to spin too many or too few times and putting their safety at risk. […] While most cases have a psychological basis, Adler says there is a clear-cut number of individuals, probably a small percentage, who appear to have a neurological disorder, either a tremor or dystonia. […] Errors in basal ganglia processing are likely the source of dystonic yips. […] Currently, researchers can only guess how the gymnasts brain and body function in the midst of the twisties; tracking muscle movements or brain activity during a backflip is too difficult for available technology. […] The authors suggested the athletes may be focusing too much on their body parts a higher-order cognitive task more easily disrupted by psychological stress. […] While detailed studies and treatments for the yips and twisties are at an early stage, Adler hopes greater awareness can help people realize that these conditions arent all in the mind.

• #21 Reinvestment – the Cause of the Yips? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082470

  This movement strategy has been described as the paradox of control or the vicious circle of yips-affected golfers, and might lead to the opposite, the occurrence of the yips. […] The tendency to reinvest can be measured with the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale consisting of two subscales. […] The validity of reinvestment as the underlying mechanism can be tested by manipulating the focus of attention, by either focusing on a skill to provoke reinvestment or distracting attention from performing a skill to prevent reinvestment. […] The present study aimed to confirm that reinvestment also leads to the occurrence of the yips, which would have important implications for designing effective interventions. […] According to the results, reinvestment or the attempt to consciously control their own movements did not appear to be responsible for the occurrence of the yips. […] Therefore, reinvestment might be not responsible for the occurrence of the yips. Future investigations could conceptually replicate these findings by using different designs, such as intervention studies.

• #22 When Athletes Get „the Yips” | Psychology Today United Kingdom

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/the-red-light-district/202307/when-athletes-get-the-yips

  The yips are defined as a psycho-neuromuscular impediment interfering with the execution of fine-motor skills. […] The yips refer to psycho-neuromuscular impediment interfering with the execution of fine motor skills during sport. […] Those with the yips experience uncontrollable physical movement exacerbated by stress. Anxiety likely contributes but does not cause the yips, per the experts. […] Treatments for the yips are not evidence-based and instead rely on anecdotal accounts.

• #23 Reinvestment – the Cause of the Yips? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082470

  An alternative explanation that has received less attention was provided by Marquardt. He claimed that the yips is a contextual movement disorder learned by fatal movement or technique strategies. […] Empirical evidence to support the validity of these etiologies is generally missing. The present study, however, focused on yips being caused by psychological mechanisms because Klmpfl et al. did not find a strong connection between the yips and the task-specific focal dystonia in their sample. […] There are indices of the relevance of reinvestment as a mechanism for the occurrence of the yips in previous studies. […] A prerequisite of reinvestment is the acquisition of explicit knowledge. […] Different contingencies have been reported to cause the athlete to reinvest. […] Yips-affected golfers tend to be anxious in the putting situation about their performance because of having experienced the putting yips many times.

• #24 Unveiled: Stuttering’s Nature May Not Be Speech Related – A revelation through the motor system, the yips, dartitis, the subconscious, fear, the amygdala, the limbic system & emotion – Understanding Dysfluency

  https://understandingdysfluency.com/2017/09/09/unveiled-stutterings-nature-may-not-be-speech-related-a-revelation-through-the-motor-system-the-yips-dartitis-the-subconscious-fear-the-amygdala-the-limbic-system-emotion/

  When fear and the amygdala were activated it not only promoted certain actions/movements but it virtually controlled the very execution of the actions (movements). […] The limbic system is largely thought of as the emotional system. […] Throughout this post, a case has been made that stutterings nature is not rooted in speech nor the speech mechanism at all. However, its origins are rooted in the motor system in general. […] In further examining the nature of the motor system there is strong evidence that elements like fear and other emotions can be significant influences on motor performance. Better yet these elements can at times, directly control motor performance (movements) or inhibit it. […] Experiencing a speech block or a stutter is something the person who stutters feels detached from. It feels as though they are not in control. […] As has been shown, there are elements outside of the motor system that affect its functioning. The two we have discussed are fear and emotion.

• #25

  https://www.esquire.com/sports/a44960914/the-yips-sports-performance-mental-health-explained/

  The phrase is believed to have been coined by golfer Tommy Armour in the 1920s. In 2014, The New Yorker cited Armour as once describing the yips as a brain spasm. The condition is mostly attributed to baseball players and golfers when they lose the ability to perform fundamental functions of their craft, like pitching or putting. The yips, however, have always permeated the psyche of athletes in various sportsas well as people in various walks of life, such as surgeons and public speakers. […] The yips can be found in anything where you are being watched, your performance is being evaluated, and the outcome means something, says Dr. Carrie Hastings, who has been the Los Angeles Rams team psychologist since 2018. Its called the yips because it is kind of mysterious. […] According to Dr. Grand, any discussion about the yips must be preceded by one about developmental traumaand how its stored in the nervous system. „The yips are a form of dissociative freeze,” he adds. „The brain, starting early in life, knows how to put a capsule around a traumatic experience. That capsule is a barrier. When you have repeated traumatic experiences, theres repeated dissociative capsules. The person is carrying trauma deep in their brain and nervous system, but they dont know it.”

• #26 Antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in the pathogenesis of SARS | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v22n3%20Suppl%204/25.htm

  1. Anti-SARS-CoV spike antibodies promote infection of primary human immune cells by SARS-CoV. […] 2. The antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) infection pathway grants SARS-CoV an opportunity to infect primary human macrophages, but it does not sustain productive viral replication in the infected cells. […] 5. Occurrence of ADE of SARS-CoV infection into human primary macrophages, without alteration to their pro-inflammatory properties, advocates cautious development of SARS-CoV vaccine in humans, and provides new ways of investigation to understand the pathogenesis of SARS.

• #27 The Mind Game of Golf. Cure the Yips — Dreaming to Sleep

  https://www.dreamingtosleep.com/yips

  The YIPS as a Survival Mechanism. […] ADRENALINE is the cause ! […] It tightens the muscles making the swing tense, not smooth. […] More importantly, it is a memory enhancer, fixing everything you did as a reflex which triggers automatically, the next time you encounter a similar situation. […] If you are under pressure and you snatch at a putt, there is a very good chance that the same thing will happen, without any conscious control, the next time you are in a similar situation. […] One aspect of how the brain responds to stress and pressure is vitally important to poor performance in golf, and that is the concept of State Dependent Memory or Imprinting. Essentially this is a mechanism which enables the brain to learn rapidly from surviving life threatening experiences. […] This is because the adrenaline that helps us to survive life threatening experiences by helping us to run or fight for our lives, is also a memory enhancing hormone.

• #28 The Mind Game of Golf. Cure the Yips — Dreaming to Sleep

  https://www.dreamingtosleep.com/yips

  The memory of the survival situation includes everything that happened to allow us to survive the threatening situation. […] The fact that the petrol made survival LESS likely rather than more likely is not analysed at a logical level. […] The next time you have a three foot putt under pressure, the whole response appears again as a reflex, and is very hard to unlearn. […] That is why POSITIVE THINKING AND VISUALISATION is relatively INEFFECTIVE when we encounter PRESSURE SITUATIONS IN GOLF.

• #29 Simple Fixes To Eradicate The Yips (AKA Involuntary Wrist Spasms) From Your Golf Game — RSNG

  https://uk.rsng.com/categories/mindset/articles/simple-fixes-to-eradicate-the-yips-aka-involuntary-wrist-spasms-from-your-golf-game

  According to Performance Psychologist Jake Brown, the yips are an anxiety and attentional problem rather than a short game problem. […] Now in some cases, a neurological disorder focal dystonia causes involuntary muscle contraction that manifests itself in the form of yips, but how can golfers go from a smooth practice swing to an uncontrolled jump at the ball within a matter of seconds? If the physical movement is there beforehand, then its got to be a psychological issue. […] I see yips largely as an attentional problem. You cant lose your attention, you can only misplace it. […] Neuroscience shows us why these attentional errors are detrimental to our short game. The deadliest attentional mistake is internal attention focussing on your hands, arms and body as it activates the cerebrum, a part of the brain that is associated with less efficient movement.

• #30 Simple Fixes To Eradicate The Yips (AKA Involuntary Wrist Spasms) From Your Golf Game — RSNG

  https://uk.rsng.com/categories/mindset/articles/simple-fixes-to-eradicate-the-yips-aka-involuntary-wrist-spasms-from-your-golf-game

  Conscious bodily attention activates our clunky cerebrum which blocks off our motion optimized cerebellum, causing a paralysis-by-analysis type response a problem that is only exacerbated under pressure, even if you dont have the yips. This is the same mechanism that causes choking under pressure. […] Going unconscious and surrendering control is the antidote to, internal attention and a forced, clunky stroke AKA the yips.

• #31 Yips – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/symptoms-causes/syc-20379021

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect.

• #32

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/effectiveness-of-management-for-yips-in-sports-a-systematic-review-10205.html

  Common interventions include motor imagery, pre-performance routines, outward intentional shift with music, sensory tricks such as changing grips or putters in golf, muscle relaxants, botulinum toxin, the use of -blockers or alcohol and acupuncture. […] Although there is some narrative reviews on yips, to date, no systematic review specifically regarding the effectiveness of management for athletes with yips has been published. […] The effects of motor imagery were positive with large effect sizes for type I yips in three studies. Considering that mental rotation performance is impaired among patients with focal dystonia, motor imagery might be a reasonable treatment option for athletes with type I yips. […] Given that the mechanism of impaired motor imagery capacity can be potentially common in chronic pain conditions and type I yips, left/right discrimination and mirror therapy might be also applicable to type I yips.

• #33 Understanding Yips: Comprehensive Guide to Management – shizamhealth

  https://shizamhealth.com/understanding-yips-comprehensive-guide-management-supplements-medicines/

  Yips are sudden, uncontrolled movements or twitches that can ruin an athletes performance. They often stem from a mix of psychological factors and physical issues. […] The yips is a condition that impacts the control of muscle movements in athletes and people who perform repeated actions like writing, typing, or playing instruments. This loss of control can lead to involuntary spasms or tremors, making precise movements difficult. […] Neuroscience explains the yips as a survival response our bodies trying to protect us from perceived threats by altering our movement patterns. […] Medical treatments for the yips include medications such as benzodiazepines, baclofen, and anticholinergic drugs. These medicines work by targeting the neurological responses associated with the condition. […] Understanding this disorders underlying science is crucial for managing its effects on performance effectively.

• #34

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/effectiveness-of-management-for-yips-in-sports-a-systematic-review-10205.html

  Considering the low levels of evidence, low methodological qualities and the lack of statistical analysis in the studies, there is virtually no formal research evidence which suggests that medications and botulinum toxin injection are effective for athletes with any types of yips. […] In summary, there is very limited evidence regarding the effects of music on type II yips of basketball players. There is virtually no formal research evidence to support the effectiveness of the cognitive behavioral intervention, acupuncture or emotional freedom technique for athletes with any types of yips.

• #35 How to Beat the Yips

  https://www.yipsfree.com/howtobeattheyips

  The yips is a central nervous system issue, then the solution is to train the CNS to perceive the environment as non-threatening. […] When we have the yips, our central nervous system believes that a defense mechanism in the form of tension is needed to protect us, until we train it to trust free dexterity. […] We override the defense mechanism (mechanical interruption caused by involuntary tension) over and over and over again. […] We recreate the dry fire process in the form of our sport. […] The subconscious part of our mind works in automation. It just does things. So we have to prove to it that free dexterity is to be trusted, instead of tension. […] The yips works the same way. It’s as if we’ve pulled a hamstring, but in our subconscious mind. Rather than get it „taped and iced” (relaxation and visualization techniques) then sprint 100% in a game, we need to train and rehab our injury. […] When we have the yips, our central nervous system believes that a defense mechanism in the form of tension is needed to protect us, until we train it to trust free dexterity.

• #36 Unveiled: Stuttering’s Nature May Not Be Speech Related – A revelation through the motor system, the yips, dartitis, the subconscious, fear, the amygdala, the limbic system & emotion – Understanding Dysfluency

  https://understandingdysfluency.com/2017/09/09/unveiled-stutterings-nature-may-not-be-speech-related-a-revelation-through-the-motor-system-the-yips-dartitis-the-subconscious-fear-the-amygdala-the-limbic-system-emotion/

  The yips manifest themselves as twitches, staggers, jitters and jerks. The condition occurs most often in sports which athletes are required to perform a single precise and well-timed action such as golf and darts. […] In looking at the common denominators/similarities between stuttering and these other stutter-like behaviors (the yips, dartitis) it becomes fairly clear that neither the physical apparatus nor its neurological wiring are the root of the problem. […] What we are observing in these stutter-like behaviors or yips is a phenomenon of the motor system; not of any specific behavior nor physical body part. […] The required conditions for developing stutter-like behaviors are, for one; it is a learned movement skill. Two; there is pressure on the individual performing the movement skill to do it right and well. Three; upon attempting or completing the movement skill, there will be feedback, either positive or negative, instantly.

• #37

  https://www.esquire.com/sports/a44960914/the-yips-sports-performance-mental-health-explained/

  „If we update this encyclopedia and we actually create that knowledge within sports, it will have people in front offices feel more empowered in those moments and not be so quick to feel like they have to make [roster] decisions that might equate to giving up on people,” Dr. Mondo says. „They would see it as similar to a lingering hamstring injury that might heal. And then, they’ll convey the message to the players: 'Hey, this isn’t a [death] sentence. Help is on the way.'”

Zobacz więcej