Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Yips – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yips

  In sports, the yips are a sudden and unexplained loss of ability to execute certain skills in experienced athletes. […] The exact cause of the yips is still not fully understood. […] Causes include but may not be limited to performance anxiety and neurological conditions. […] Although the exact cause of the yips has yet to be determined, one possibility is biochemical changes in the brain that accompany aging. […] Focal dystonia has been mentioned as another possibility for the cause of yips.

• #2 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Yips | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20379009

  It was once thought that the yips were always associated with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect. […] Some athletes become so anxious and self-focused overthinking to the point of distraction that their ability to perform a skill, such as putting, is impaired. „Choking” is an extreme form of performance anxiety that may have a harmful effect on a golfer’s or any athlete’s game.

• #3 Yips | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/yips?content_id=CON-20379009

  The yips are involuntary wrist spasms that occur most commonly when golfers are trying to putt. […] However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles. This condition is known as focal dystonia. […] In some people, the yips are a type of focal dystonia, a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It’s most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writer’s cramp. Anxiety worsens the effect. […] „Choking” is an extreme form of performance anxiety that may have a harmful effect on a golfer’s or any athlete’s game.

• #4 Yips: Do They Exist or Are They Just Sports Mythology?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/yips

  In the past, people thought the yips were solely caused by anxiety and stress. But now, scientists have learned that neurological factors can also play a role. […] It’s thought that the yips are due to neurological and psychological causes. These include: Focal dystonia. Focal dystonia, a neurological condition, involves involuntary spasms that affect one body part. It’s often associated with repetitive movements. […] A combination of both. Some people develop the yips due to a combination of focal dystonia and performance anxiety. Stress and anxiety can also worsen focal dystonia. […] The yips are a real condition that affect athletes and people who frequently write, type, or play an instrument. It can be caused by a neurological disorder, performance anxiety, or a mix of both.

• #5 Yips and Twisties: What Makes Athletes Suddenly Lose Control of Their Bodies?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/movement/2023/yips-and-twisties-what-makes-athletes-suddenly-lose-control-of-their-bodies-091823

  Gymnasts struck by the twisties can lose their sense of body position mid-jump, causing them to spin too many or too few times and putting their safety at risk. […] These struggles often stem from psychological stress, but new research says some cases may originate deep in the brain. […] While most cases have a psychological basis, Adler says there is a clear-cut number of individuals, probably a small percentage, who appear to have a neurological disorder, either a tremor or dystonia. […] The big issue is that people with a neurological issue often get worse when anxious or stressed, he explains. […] Errors in basal ganglia processing are likely the source of dystonic yips. […] Currently, researchers can only guess how the gymnasts brain and body function in the midst of the twisties; tracking muscle movements or brain activity during a backflip is too difficult for available technology.

• #6 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The Yips are a sudden inability to throw the ball accurately. Most view the cause of Ankiels as unexplainable. Despite many other players being inflicted in the 20 years since, little or nothing has been done to fix the yips in baseball. There still is no known effective treatment and little is understood about how they develop. […] The research shows that there are clear neurological and physiological differences between an athlete with the yips and the rest. […] My definition of the yips, after review of the literature, is that they are a form of task specific focal dystonia that is heightened by anxiety. Focal dystonia is a condition in which certain muscles that have long been used repeatedly to perform a task, suddenly cannot perform that task anymore. […] Since the yips are heavily linked to dystonia, and dystonia is believed to be a deterioration of the basal ganglia, it is fair to use what is agreed upon by NINDS as credible evidence that the breakdown of the basal ganglia function is a possible cause of the yips and that the yips are environmentally sensitive.

• #7 What Causes the Yips? | HowStuffWorks

  https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/what-causes-yips.htm

  The yips are involuntary jerks, twitches or spasms that wreak havoc on a person’s fine motor skills. […] Although the problem manifests itself physically, most people suspect the yips have psychological underpinnings relating to stress and feelings of anxiety. […] Some researchers say the yips might have a physical genesis, too, a form of dystonia, a neurological disorder that causes the involuntary contraction of muscles. […] On the other hand, Dr. Charles D. Adler, a Mayo Clinic neurologist, concluded in 2011 that the yips, at least in a small group of golfers he studied, were brought on by a movement disorder instead of stress or anxiety. […] Adler found that 17 golfers 15 of whom complained of the yips exhibited signs of involuntary muscle contractions of their wrist, hands and fingers. […] Cleveland Indian pitcher Chris Perez has seen his share of suffering. In the end, he said, the problem is mental. „They’re telling themselves before [the ball is] hit, 'don’t throw it in the dirt,'” Perez said in an interview with MLB.com. „And of course, they throw it right in the dirt.”

• #8 What causes the yips? This study might help reveal the answers

  https://golf.com/instruction/putting/cause-yips-study-reveal-the-answers/

  The yips are a nasty ailment for any golfer, but what exactly causes them? […] However, as technology has advanced, weve been able to use science to nail down the root cause of the yips. […] In this study, led by Dr. Charles Adler, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Scottsdale, Ariz., we set out to distinguish golfers with the yips due to a dystonia (a neurological disorder that causes twisting and jerking movements) from those with the yips for other reasons. […] For instance, one golfer in the study had perfect alignment at address but still yipped putts. […] There can be many reasons for the yips, but for some, we know that a neurological condition called a dystonia is the cause.

• #9 The yips: an investigation of the causes and treatments in the context of golf

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12043691/

  The average age of yips onset was 34.8, and the participants had endured them for 40, 49, 18, and 4 years, respectively. […] In conclusion, physicians need to be aware of the yips and be empathetic. These patients need compassion and understanding. There may be a tendency to make light of a bad golf swing, but this should be avoided. Prior to assuming the yips exist, this must be confirmed by ruling out movement disorders including essential tremor or Parkinson’s disease and patients must be educated on the prognosis possibly being a lengthy process.

• #10 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] Further work to better understand the origin and nature of the yips is needed. […] Factors possibly associated with the yips were male gender, smoking, and a positive family history for the yips. […] The yips occurred mostly in the dominant hand (49%), which is also considered to be the most imported hand in putting, comparable with musicians dystonia. […] This is in line with musicians dystonia, where the male gender is also more common, and with other focal dystonias in which up to 25% of patients have an affected family member. […] In addition, golfers with the yips had been playing golf longer and had better skills, in comparison to those without the yips, which would correspond with the overall hypothesis for the emergence of TSDs.

• #11 Understanding the Yips in Athletes: Causes and Symptoms – El Paso, TX Health Coach Clinic

  https://healthcoach.clinic/understanding-the-yips-in-athletes-causes-and-symptoms/

  Yips are involuntary wrist muscle spasms that affect athletes. […] Researchers believe they are caused by muscle overuse that leads to dystonia (a condition that causes muscles to contract involuntarily), and combined with psychological factors like performance anxiety and overthinking, can make them worse. […] Healthcare providers, trainers, coaches, and researchers know that psychological and physical factors cause yips. Underlying physical causes include overusing wrist muscles, which leads to dystonia or involuntary muscle movements. […] Performance anxiety and psychological stress can worsen dystonia. […] Athletes can become so focused on their movements that they overthink their actions and perform worse. Individuals who have anxiety, self-consciousness, or stress about a game or performance often find that their involuntary wrist spasms are worse.

• #12 Yips: Do They Exist or Are They Just Sports Mythology?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/yips

  In the past, people thought the yips were solely caused by anxiety and stress. But now, scientists have learned that neurological factors can also play a role. […] It’s thought that the yips are due to neurological and psychological causes. These include: Focal dystonia. Focal dystonia, a neurological condition, involves involuntary spasms that affect one body part. It’s often associated with repetitive movements. […] A combination of both. Some people develop the yips due to a combination of focal dystonia and performance anxiety. Stress and anxiety can also worsen focal dystonia. […] The yips are a real condition that affect athletes and people who frequently write, type, or play an instrument. It can be caused by a neurological disorder, performance anxiety, or a mix of both.

• #13

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  The yips, once considered a purely psychological phenomenon, are increasingly recognized as having a significant neural basis. […] Understanding the brain-body connections involved in the yips is crucial for devising effective strategies to manage and, ideally, overcome this challenging condition. […] Research into the yips suggests that the brain’s motor control center, which typically operates seamlessly, can misfire during moments of heightened tension. This misfiring manifests as sudden muscle contractions or jerks, leading to missed shots, throws, or serves. […] One of the primary triggers for the yips is anxiety. Performance anxiety can have a profound impact on the brain, affecting the neural networks responsible for executing precise movements. […] The amygdala, a region deep within the brain associated with emotional processing, plays a crucial role in this process.

• #14 YIPS: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/orthopedics/yips-types-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-treatment

  The yips, or involuntary wrist spasms, are most commonly seen by golfers when trying to putt. However, the yips can also affect sportsmen who play other sports, including cricket, darts, and baseball. […] There was once thought to be a universal connection between performance anxiety and the yips. However, it appears that various neurological disorders that affect specific muscles are the cause of the yips in some persons these days. This disorder is known as focal dystonia. […] Some people get yips, but others have focal dystonia, a disease that causes involuntary muscle spasms during a specific task. Similar to a writer’s cramp, it is typically brought on by overusing a specific group of muscles. Anxiety increases the effect. […] Some sportsmen are so anxious and self-absorbed that they become sidetracked, which makes it hard for them to perform a skill like putting. Especially for golfers, the severe form of performance anxiety known as „choking” can have a detrimental effect on an athlete’s game.

• #15 What Causes the Yips?

  https://www.yipsfree.com/whatcausestheyips

  First, it’s important to understand that the yips has absolutely nothing to do with mental weakness. Do not allow that label to be placed on you by anyone, including yourself. […] The yips is caused by past experiences. Players struggling with involuntary tension usually have experienced challenging and/or traumatic events in their personal and professional lives. It’s similar to post traumatic stress. […] The combination of not wanting to lose what you love doing, an identity mostly dependent on it, high expectations, not wanting to disappoint peers in terms of people or entities, mixed with traumatic or challenging events on and off of the field creates a pot of soup with all of the ingredients for the yips. […] Rather, the subconscious part of our mind simply creates a defense mechanism due to a perceived danger. It signals the body to tense up and causes stiffness and sometimes a muscle contraction. This is why relaxation and visualization is ineffective as a sole solution.

• #16 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms. […] Research to date suggests that certain personality characteristics might increase susceptibility. Perfectionism, for example, is considered to be a consistent predictor of anxiety across a range of populations. […] Individuals affected by Type I yips invest considerable time engaging in obsessive thinking about the experience, specifically focusing on the negative outcomes and potential causes. […] The primary purpose of this article was to systematically review the psychological, neurological and physiological parameters of the yips along with the impact the yips have on performance. After exploring the causes of the yips, together with the way it manifests itself in an athletes mind, I believe it is possible to extrapolate research from other sports to understanding the yips in baseball. I defined the yips as a form of task specific focal dystonia that results from a shift from external to internal thinking, leading to the breakdown of the basal ganglia and the functions controlling proprioception. Despite the yips being considered an individually inflicted issue, where the player is mentally weak and unable to handle pressure, I conclude the yips are much more a product of a players environment than previously thought.

• #17 What is the Yips?

  https://www.yipsfree.com/whataretheyips

  The yips is best understood through the example of shooting a gun. […] An athlete experiences the same thing. As they release the ball or bring the golf club forward, the subconscious mind perceives danger and causes involuntary muscle tension during the release of the ball from the hand or strike of the ball with the club. […] The yips is not a mindset issue in terms of how we choose to think. It is a central nervous system issue in how our subconscious mind perceives. […] The central nervous system believes there is danger and involuntarily releases adrenaline, except in this case it is causing tension and a loss of dexterity.

• #18 Understanding Yips: Comprehensive Guide to Management – shizamhealth

  https://shizamhealth.com/understanding-yips-comprehensive-guide-management-supplements-medicines/

  Yips are sudden, uncontrolled movements or twitches that can ruin an athletes performance. They often stem from a mix of psychological factors and physical issues. […] Yips are influenced by both mental aspects and physical conditions. Some athletes encounter this performance issue due to the immense stress and worry linked with competition, which can cause muscle spasms and loss of motor skills. […] Neurological studies imply that a defense response mechanism might also be involved, with the body reacting to safeguard itself during stress, impacting movement disorder. […] The intricate web of causes underscores the need for comprehensive understanding of yips, which incorporates neuroscience-based justifications along with psychological intervention tactics. […] The neuroscience behind the yips reveals its a neurological response involving muscle spasms and loss of fine motor skills. This condition impacts athletes and individuals engaging in activities requiring precision, like writing or playing an instrument.

• #19 Reinvestment – the Cause of the Yips? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082470

  The yips is a multi-etiological phenomenon consisting of involuntary movements during the execution of a skill (e.g., a golf putt). […] The etiology of the yips remains unclear. In the following, we present an overview of contemporary beliefs about the etiology of the yips and then introduce reinvestment as a possible yips mechanism in more detail. […] Different yips etiologies have been reported in the literature. The predominant model is Smith et al.s continuum model, which places yips on a continuum anchored by a neurological and a psychological origin. It assumes that both neurological and psychological mechanisms have explanatory power, but their proportion of contribution to the occurrence of the yips can vary within the affected athlete, and this determines the type of yips. […] The present study, however, focused on yips being caused by psychological mechanisms because Klmpfl et al. did not find a strong connection between the yips and the task-specific focal dystonia in their sample.

• #20 The Yips | The New Yorker

  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/26/the-yips

  Smith proposed a definition of the yips as a continuum, with choking at one end and a category of neurological disorders called focal dystonias at the other. […] Crews told me that she and Adler dont use the word choking anymore. It isnt correct, she said. Choking and yips are not the same thing. […] Fahn said that Sam Snead and other famously yippy golfers had the same problem. Its beyond their control, he said. Its not psychogenic; its an organic disease of the brain. […] No one understands for certain what causes any form of the yips, and no one yet has identified physical loci in the brain for focal dystonias.

• #21 What Does Yips Mean?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/what-is-yips

  Yips is a golfing disorder that affects the body’s motor skills. The most common causes of yips are focal dystonia, performance anxiety, or a combination of the two. […] Focal Dystonia: It is a neurological condition caused by an over-activity in specific brain areas. These areas of the brain control muscle contractions and can lead to unintentional muscle movements. They can result in the body performing movements that are not intentional, such as the golfers hands shaking when they are trying to hit the ball. […] Performance Anxiety: This can also be a cause of yips. When a golfer feels anxious or nervous before or during a shot, it can lead to an over-tensing of the muscles. This tension can cause the same unintentional muscle movements seen in focal dystonia, leading to the yips. […] Combination of Neurological Issues and Anxiety: Both focal dystonia and performance anxiety are potential causes of yips. When both conditions are present, they can amplify each other, leading to more frequent and intense yips symptoms.

• #22 Yips: Do They Exist or Are They Just Sports Mythology?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/yips

  In the past, people thought the yips were solely caused by anxiety and stress. But now, scientists have learned that neurological factors can also play a role. […] It’s thought that the yips are due to neurological and psychological causes. These include: Focal dystonia. Focal dystonia, a neurological condition, involves involuntary spasms that affect one body part. It’s often associated with repetitive movements. […] A combination of both. Some people develop the yips due to a combination of focal dystonia and performance anxiety. Stress and anxiety can also worsen focal dystonia. […] The yips are a real condition that affect athletes and people who frequently write, type, or play an instrument. It can be caused by a neurological disorder, performance anxiety, or a mix of both.

• #23 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The development of anxiety-based disorders have been linked to history of traumatic experience, with the occurrence of a further traumatic event at a later time triggering the associated symptoms. […] Research to date suggests that certain personality characteristics might increase susceptibility. Perfectionism, for example, is considered to be a consistent predictor of anxiety across a range of populations. […] Individuals affected by Type I yips invest considerable time engaging in obsessive thinking about the experience, specifically focusing on the negative outcomes and potential causes. […] The primary purpose of this article was to systematically review the psychological, neurological and physiological parameters of the yips along with the impact the yips have on performance. After exploring the causes of the yips, together with the way it manifests itself in an athletes mind, I believe it is possible to extrapolate research from other sports to understanding the yips in baseball. I defined the yips as a form of task specific focal dystonia that results from a shift from external to internal thinking, leading to the breakdown of the basal ganglia and the functions controlling proprioception. Despite the yips being considered an individually inflicted issue, where the player is mentally weak and unable to handle pressure, I conclude the yips are much more a product of a players environment than previously thought.

• #24 Yips: The Game Killer – Sidekick Boxing

  https://sidekickboxing.co.uk/yips-the-game-killer/

  Some sportsmen become so worried and self-absorbed, overthinking to the point of distraction, that they lose their ability to execute a talent like putting. Choking is a severe form of performance anxiety that can derail a golfers or any athletes performance. […] However, some people are more at risk of suffering from yips if: They are older. They have played golf frequently. During tournament play. They are prone to extreme anxiety. They have perfectionistic tendencies.

• #25 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] Further work to better understand the origin and nature of the yips is needed. […] Factors possibly associated with the yips were male gender, smoking, and a positive family history for the yips. […] The yips occurred mostly in the dominant hand (49%), which is also considered to be the most imported hand in putting, comparable with musicians dystonia. […] This is in line with musicians dystonia, where the male gender is also more common, and with other focal dystonias in which up to 25% of patients have an affected family member. […] In addition, golfers with the yips had been playing golf longer and had better skills, in comparison to those without the yips, which would correspond with the overall hypothesis for the emergence of TSDs.

• #26 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] Further work to better understand the origin and nature of the yips is needed. […] Factors possibly associated with the yips were male gender, smoking, and a positive family history for the yips. […] The yips occurred mostly in the dominant hand (49%), which is also considered to be the most imported hand in putting, comparable with musicians dystonia. […] This is in line with musicians dystonia, where the male gender is also more common, and with other focal dystonias in which up to 25% of patients have an affected family member. […] In addition, golfers with the yips had been playing golf longer and had better skills, in comparison to those without the yips, which would correspond with the overall hypothesis for the emergence of TSDs.

• #27 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] Further work to better understand the origin and nature of the yips is needed. […] Factors possibly associated with the yips were male gender, smoking, and a positive family history for the yips. […] The yips occurred mostly in the dominant hand (49%), which is also considered to be the most imported hand in putting, comparable with musicians dystonia. […] This is in line with musicians dystonia, where the male gender is also more common, and with other focal dystonias in which up to 25% of patients have an affected family member. […] In addition, golfers with the yips had been playing golf longer and had better skills, in comparison to those without the yips, which would correspond with the overall hypothesis for the emergence of TSDs.

• #28 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  The yips in golf is currently regarded as a task-specific movement disorder, with variable phenomenology and of unclear etiology. […] Further work to better understand the origin and nature of the yips is needed. […] Factors possibly associated with the yips were male gender, smoking, and a positive family history for the yips. […] The yips occurred mostly in the dominant hand (49%), which is also considered to be the most imported hand in putting, comparable with musicians dystonia. […] This is in line with musicians dystonia, where the male gender is also more common, and with other focal dystonias in which up to 25% of patients have an affected family member. […] In addition, golfers with the yips had been playing golf longer and had better skills, in comparison to those without the yips, which would correspond with the overall hypothesis for the emergence of TSDs.

• #29 The Dutch Yips Study: Results of a Survey Among Golfers | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.636

  We conclude from this questionnaire study that the golfers yips as a task-specific movement disorder may be frequent in a group of amateur golfers and that the risk profile seems to consist of male gender, current or past smoking, extensive golf experience and skills, and a positive family history of the yips. Further work is needed to better understand the origin and nature of the yips.

• #30 Yips: The Game Killer – Sidekick Boxing

  https://sidekickboxing.co.uk/yips-the-game-killer/

  Some sportsmen become so worried and self-absorbed, overthinking to the point of distraction, that they lose their ability to execute a talent like putting. Choking is a severe form of performance anxiety that can derail a golfers or any athletes performance. […] However, some people are more at risk of suffering from yips if: They are older. They have played golf frequently. During tournament play. They are prone to extreme anxiety. They have perfectionistic tendencies.

• #31 Yips: The Game Killer – Sidekick Boxing

  https://sidekickboxing.co.uk/yips-the-game-killer/

  Some sportsmen become so worried and self-absorbed, overthinking to the point of distraction, that they lose their ability to execute a talent like putting. Choking is a severe form of performance anxiety that can derail a golfers or any athletes performance. […] However, some people are more at risk of suffering from yips if: They are older. They have played golf frequently. During tournament play. They are prone to extreme anxiety. They have perfectionistic tendencies.

• #32 Focal Dystonia: What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22796-focal-dystonia

  Focal dystonia is idiopathic, which means experts cant point to one factor that causes it. But we do know that focal dystonia occurs when your nerves and brain dont communicate as they should. […] Some people think golfers or baseball players get the yips because of performance anxiety. But the yips may also happen because of improper form or overuse.

• #33

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  These hormones can negatively affect motor control by altering the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain, making it more likely for involuntary muscle contractions to occur. […] When an athlete experiences the yips and makes an error, the brain registers this failure and increases anxiety levels. […] This heightened anxiety, in turn, exacerbates the yips, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break. […] Athletes with the yips often report a sensation of „choking” under pressure, where the fear of making a mistake consumes their thoughts and disrupts their ability to execute well-practiced skills.

• #34

  https://www.momentumperformancegroup.com/blog/understanding-the-yips

  These hormones can negatively affect motor control by altering the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain, making it more likely for involuntary muscle contractions to occur. […] When an athlete experiences the yips and makes an error, the brain registers this failure and increases anxiety levels. […] This heightened anxiety, in turn, exacerbates the yips, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break. […] Athletes with the yips often report a sensation of „choking” under pressure, where the fear of making a mistake consumes their thoughts and disrupts their ability to execute well-practiced skills.

• #35 Focal Dystonia: The Root Causes Underpinning the Yips — GreyMattersTU

  https://greymattersjournaltu.org/issue-2/focal-dystonia-the-root-causes-underpinning-the-yips

  Have you ever cracked under pressure, for a test, a championship game, or an interview? […] A theory proposed by researchers to explain the yips is a motor dysfunction known as focal dystonia. […] Severe performance anxiety may be a catalyst for the yips. […] Focal dystonia may be a contributing factor causing involuntary muscular spasms that impede an athlete from competing. […] Focal dystonia has been proposed to originate in golfers’ forearm muscles, making it increasingly difficult to swing a golf club. […] One theory is that the yips could manifest due to a loss in confidence to perform successfully, however it is also plausible that this condition could arise due to disrupted musculoskeletal systems controlling motor function because of their prolonged training. […] There is further speculation in scientific literature that the yips develop due to excessive repetition and damage to the reward-motivation system.

• #36 Focal Dystonia: The Root Causes Underpinning the Yips — GreyMattersTU

  https://greymattersjournaltu.org/issue-2/focal-dystonia-the-root-causes-underpinning-the-yips

  Have you ever cracked under pressure, for a test, a championship game, or an interview? […] A theory proposed by researchers to explain the yips is a motor dysfunction known as focal dystonia. […] Severe performance anxiety may be a catalyst for the yips. […] Focal dystonia may be a contributing factor causing involuntary muscular spasms that impede an athlete from competing. […] Focal dystonia has been proposed to originate in golfers’ forearm muscles, making it increasingly difficult to swing a golf club. […] One theory is that the yips could manifest due to a loss in confidence to perform successfully, however it is also plausible that this condition could arise due to disrupted musculoskeletal systems controlling motor function because of their prolonged training. […] There is further speculation in scientific literature that the yips develop due to excessive repetition and damage to the reward-motivation system.

• #37 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. However the precise etiology of FD is unknown. […] In contrast to what was hypothesized, the results of Stinear (2006) also show that there were no differences between the Type I and Type II groups on a number of measurements. Thus, although it is certainly possible that the two types of yips are caused by different underlying mechanisms, it remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] This highlights the importance that an environment can have on a pitcher. While many yips-afflicted pitchers will have idiopathic causes where no clear reason is determined, I would theorize that many amateur cases of the yips are exacerbated (if not directly caused) by the environment the player is in.

• #38 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. However the precise etiology of FD is unknown. […] In contrast to what was hypothesized, the results of Stinear (2006) also show that there were no differences between the Type I and Type II groups on a number of measurements. Thus, although it is certainly possible that the two types of yips are caused by different underlying mechanisms, it remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] This highlights the importance that an environment can have on a pitcher. While many yips-afflicted pitchers will have idiopathic causes where no clear reason is determined, I would theorize that many amateur cases of the yips are exacerbated (if not directly caused) by the environment the player is in.

• #39

  https://a-zdarts.com/blogs/all/what-is-dartitis-understanding-and-managing-the-yips-in-darts?srsltid=AfmBOori1PZZzPV3WUL5jN42d1otB1k2k5zeen0gDO8eiRGWOjj_lZVy

  What is dartitis? Understanding and Managing the Yips in darts Dax Munna Blog banner […] The term the yips helps you do just that. My aim is to better define the affliction of dartitis so that you may find more resources. […] The Mayo Clinic says, it was once thought that the yips were associated only with performance anxiety. However, it now appears that some people have the yips due to a neurological condition affecting specific muscles (focal dystonia). Focal dystonia is a condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions during a specific task. It is most likely related to overuse of a certain set of muscles, similar to writers cramp. Anxiety can worsen the effect. […] The yips are broken down in two ways: Of psychological origin via: PERFORMANCE ANXIETY […] Of neurological origin via: FOCAL DYSTONIA.

• #40 The Theory Behind the Yips in Baseball

  https://treadathletics.com/yips/

  The Type I Yips (sometimes referred to as Lost Movement Syndrome or LMS) has been documented in research that suggests that the yips are instigated by a focal-dystonia, which is exacerbated by anxiety. However the precise etiology of FD is unknown. […] In contrast to what was hypothesized, the results of Stinear (2006) also show that there were no differences between the Type I and Type II groups on a number of measurements. Thus, although it is certainly possible that the two types of yips are caused by different underlying mechanisms, it remains unconfirmed whether the Type I yips are caused by focal dystonia and the Type II yips by choking, as proposed. […] This highlights the importance that an environment can have on a pitcher. While many yips-afflicted pitchers will have idiopathic causes where no clear reason is determined, I would theorize that many amateur cases of the yips are exacerbated (if not directly caused) by the environment the player is in.

• #41 Yips – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yips/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379024

  There is no standard test to diagnose the yips. A neurologic exam may be performed to rule out other potential causes. Diagnosis of the yips is based on people describing their symptoms. […] Because the yips may be related to overuse of specific muscles, a change of technique or equipment may help. […] What might be causing my symptoms? […] Is there any treatment for my symptoms? […] Will I always be affected by the yips?

• #42 The yips: an investigation of the causes and treatments in the context of golf

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12043691/

  The average age of yips onset was 34.8, and the participants had endured them for 40, 49, 18, and 4 years, respectively. […] In conclusion, physicians need to be aware of the yips and be empathetic. These patients need compassion and understanding. There may be a tendency to make light of a bad golf swing, but this should be avoided. Prior to assuming the yips exist, this must be confirmed by ruling out movement disorders including essential tremor or Parkinson’s disease and patients must be educated on the prognosis possibly being a lengthy process.

• #43 The Yips: Methods to Identify Golfers with a Dystonic Etiology/Golfer’s Cramp – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29889820/

  To determine whether quantitative methods could separate golfers with a possible dystonic cause of the „yips” from those that appear to be nondystonic. […] Based on a videotape review, golfers were grouped into those with yips of dystonic etiology, those with the yips nondystonic, and those with no yips. […] The dystonic group had no increase in the number of yipped putts or yips with co-contraction when putting right hand only, whereas the nondystonic group had significantly more yipped putts and more yipped putts with co-contraction with right hand only. […] Quantitative methods were identified that appear to identify golfers with a dystonic etiology for the yips. It is not just the frequency of yips nor just specific motion patterns alone, rather it is also a combination of yips with co-occurring co-contraction when putting with two hands, and then right hand only, that distinguished this possible etiology.

• #44 The Yips: Methods to Identify Golfers with a Dystonic Etiology/Golfer’s Cramp – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29889820/

  To determine whether quantitative methods could separate golfers with a possible dystonic cause of the „yips” from those that appear to be nondystonic. […] Based on a videotape review, golfers were grouped into those with yips of dystonic etiology, those with the yips nondystonic, and those with no yips. […] The dystonic group had no increase in the number of yipped putts or yips with co-contraction when putting right hand only, whereas the nondystonic group had significantly more yipped putts and more yipped putts with co-contraction with right hand only. […] Quantitative methods were identified that appear to identify golfers with a dystonic etiology for the yips. It is not just the frequency of yips nor just specific motion patterns alone, rather it is also a combination of yips with co-occurring co-contraction when putting with two hands, and then right hand only, that distinguished this possible etiology.

• #45 Focal Dystonia: The Root Causes Underpinning the Yips — GreyMattersTU

  https://greymattersjournaltu.org/issue-2/focal-dystonia-the-root-causes-underpinning-the-yips

  The cause of the yips is far from clear, but the perfectionist mindset that many professional golfers employ seems to be a main driving force underpinning their demise. […] Focal dystonia is a physical disease producing uncontrollable muscular movements which is exacerbated by high levels of performance anxiety to succeed. […] The true cause of the yips is far from conclusive, but due to an increase in research on the topic it is becoming less of a mystery.

• #46 Prevalence and proposed aetiologies of dystonias or yips in athletes playing overhand sports: a scoping review protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/2/e091016

  The primary remaining studies on the yips were in baseball players, largely conducted in Japan, and mostly evaluated psychological causes. […] Given that the prevailing amount of scientific literature about the yips has focused on golfers, information about the overhand motion of athletes in various other sports is lacking. […] The research question leading to this scoping review is: what is the available evidence regarding prevalence, aetiology and treatment of upper extremity focal dystonias (yips) in athletes participating in overhand sports? […] Reporting bias in the literature may be present given a prevailing stigma against addressing the yips among athletes. […] Our goal is to rapidly map the literature on prevalence, aetiology and treatment of upper extremity focal dystonias (yips) in athletes participating in overhand sports.

• #47 The Yips in Golf: Is it a Task-Specific Dystonia ? – MDS Abstracts

  https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/the-yips-in-golf-is-it-a-task-specific-dystonia/

  The Yips is a movement disorder that occurs in many golfers (5-50%), especially during short, subtle strokes such as putting and chipping. […] The Yips shows some overlap with Task-Specific Dystonia, but much is still unknown about the nature and cause of the Yips. […] The relevance of this research is that by carefully characterizing the Yips we gain a better insight into the nature and cause of this abnormal movement towards further research that focuses on prevention treatment of this condition.

• #48 When Athletes Get „the Yips” | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-red-light-district/202307/when-athletes-get-the-yips

  The yips are defined as a psycho-neuromuscular impediment interfering with the execution of fine-motor skills. […] There are no evidence-based interventions for the yips. […] The yips refer to psycho-neuromuscular impediment interfering with the execution of fine motor skills during sport. […] Those with the yips experience uncontrollable physical movement exacerbated by stress. Anxiety likely contributes but does not cause the yips, per the experts. […] Treatments for the yips are not evidence-based and instead rely on anecdotal accounts.

• #49 The yips: an investigation of the causes and treatments in the context of golf

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12043691/

  When a skill is lost, this can impact a person’s career and psychological wellbeing. As this is the case with the yips, preventing, treating, and curing them is important. This study was prompted by the limited information available on the yips, specifically regarding etiologies. The intent of this study was to utilize surveys with both a medical review of systems and psychological questioning to identify commonalities in afflicted players. This could then provide considerations of the causes and guide future research. […] The yips cause problems, especially for those who have invested significant time into perfecting a skill. Continued research is warranted to elucidate the causes and effective treatments. […] Regarding the psychological aspects of the yips, the topic of anxiety is frequently addressed. Researchers have found that the yips may be exacerbated by performance anxiety, a fear associated with a specific task, and choking.

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