Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Medical Management of Rectal Prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179269/

  Full-thickness rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is the passage of the full-thickness wall of the rectum beyond the anal sphincters. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made based on physical examination, although several other modalities are used to provide additional information about the patients’ condition. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made solely on history and physical examination. […] The prolapse can usually be identified in the office. […] While the diagnosis is made based on physical examination alone, all patients should have a recent colonoscopy, and adjunctive studies such as defecography, transit studies, and anal manometry may provide additional information about commonly associated conditions. […] The mainstay of the management of rectal prolapse is surgical correction.

• #2 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Rectal prolapse is a circumferential, full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It is a rare condition, and only affects 0.5% of the general population. […] Understanding the extent of complaints and ruling out differential diagnoses are essential for choosing a tailored surgical procedure. It is crucial to assess these additional symptoms and their severities using preoperative scoring systems. Additionally, radiological and physiological evaluations may explain some vague symptoms and reveal concomitant pelvic disorders. […] There is no consensus on or standardization of the optimal extent of dissection, type of procedure, and materials used for rectal fixation; this makes providing maximum benefits to patients with minimal complications difficult. […] This review explains the appropriate diagnostic tools for different conditions and summarizes the current treatment approaches based on existing literature and expert opinions.

• #3

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-prolapse-expanded-version

  During the first visit, your colon and rectal surgeon will perform a thorough medical history and anorectal examination. The surgeon will likely ask about bowel habits, constipation, fecal incontinence, urinary symptoms or bulging sensations in the vagina or perineum. The surgeon will examine the anorectal area. You may be asked to squeeze and relax the anal sphincter muscles while the doctor is palpating the anal canal. This helps the doctor get a sense of how well the anal sphincter is functioning. If the prolapse is not visible while you are on the examination table, you may be asked to sit on a toilet and strain as if you are having a bowel movement. It is important for the surgeon to see the prolapsed tissue in order to distinguish between prolapsed hemorrhoids versus rectal prolapse, since the treatment of these conditions is very different. Some patients bring in photos of the prolapsed rectum which they have taken at home, since it may be uncomfortable or not possible to show the surgeon the extent or severity of the prolapse in an office setting. In some cases, a rectal prolapse may be „hidden” or internal, making diagnosis more difficult. Your doctor may request additional testing for diagnosis. These may include:

• #4 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse

  Rectal prolapse occurs when your rectum, part of your large intestine, slips down inside your anus. […] Rectal prolapse may look or feel like hemorrhoids, but unlike hemorrhoids, it doesn’t go away on its own. You’ll eventually need surgery to fix it. […] A prolapsed rectum slips down into the anal canal, and sometimes pokes out of the other side. […] When rectal prolapse occurs, the rectum itself travels with it, slipping down telescope-style into the anal canal and sometimes out the other side. […] Failure of the muscles that hold the rectum in place leads to rectal prolapse. […] Your healthcare provider will review your medical history, then examine your rectum. […] To confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible problems, they might use one or several of the following tests: Digital Rectal Exam, Defecography, Anorectal Manometry, Lower GI Series (barium enema), Colonoscopy, Electromyography (EMG).

• #5 Rectal prolapse – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450472

  Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. To find rectal prolapse and rule out other related health problems, your health care provider may suggest: […] Digital rectal exam. Your health care provider places a gloved and lubricated finger into your rectum to check the strength of your sphincter muscles and to check for any problems in the rectal area. During the exam, your health care provider may ask you to bear down, to check for rectal prolapse. […] Anal manometry. A narrow, flexible tube is inserted into the anus and rectum. A small balloon at the tip of the tube may be blown up. This test helps measure the tightness of your anal sphincter and how your rectum is working. […] Colonoscopy. To rule out other conditions, such as hemorrhoids, polyps or colon cancer, you may have a colonoscopy, in which a flexible tube is placed in your rectum to look at all of the colon. […] Defecography. This test adds the use of a dye to an imaging study, such as X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Defecography can help show structural changes in and around your lower digestive tract and find out how your rectal muscles are working.

• #6 Diagnosis – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/gastroenterology/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis

  Rectal prolapse is a clinical diagnosis based on patient’s history and supported by physical examination findings (1). […] A detailed history of patients should be obtained […] Physical examination […] in patients with a history suggesting rectal prolapse but not detected on physical examination, the prolapse may be easily reproducible when the patient strains while in the lateral or jack-knifed position or in the sitting or squatting position […] digital rectal examination helps in identifying anal sphincter hypotonia […] differentiating rectal prolapse from an intussusception with prolapse that originates from a higher level than the rectum.

• #7 Rectal Prolapse – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/anal-and-rectal-disorders/rectal-prolapse

  Rectal prolapse is a painless protrusion of the rectum through the anus. […] The diagnosis is based on an examination and various viewing and imaging tests. […] A doctor’s examination […] Sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or barium enema x-rays. […] To determine the extent of a prolapse, a doctor examines the area while the person is standing or squatting and straining. By feeling the anal sphincter with a gloved finger, a doctor often detects diminished muscle tone. […] A sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or barium enema x-rays of the large intestine may reveal an underlying disease.

• #8

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/rectal-prolapse

  Your doctor will be able to diagnose rectal prolapse with a medical history and a physical exam. […] You may be asked to squat and strain as if you are having a bowel movement. […] Your health providers may also do other tests to confirm the diagnosis. Tests may include: […] Anorectal manometry: A pressure-measuring tube placed inside the rectum to measure how well the muscles that control bowel movements are working. […] Endoscope: a flexible telescope placed inside the rectum so the doctor can do a visual exam […] Barium enema: x-ray pictures are taken after a type of contrast solutions is placed in the rectum.

• #9 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods, additional treatment modalities, and controversial issues regarding surgical techniques for rectal prolapse. […] The use of fluoroscopic defecography (FD) has gradually decreased over the years; however, compared with existing modalities, FD has a higher detection rate of pelvic floor anomalies and allows imaging in a more natural position. […] Dynamic magnetic resonance defecography (DMRD) allows the evaluation of concomitant pelvic floor disorders and enables clear demonstration of the pelvic anatomy. […] Anal manometry provides valuable information about anal sphincter function, including the resting and squeeze pressures, length of the functional anal canal, recto-anal inhibitory reflex activity during rectal distension, rectal sensation, rectal compliance, and defecation function.

• #10 Rectal prolapse – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450472

  Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. To find rectal prolapse and rule out other related health problems, your health care provider may suggest: […] Digital rectal exam. Your health care provider places a gloved and lubricated finger into your rectum to check the strength of your sphincter muscles and to check for any problems in the rectal area. During the exam, your health care provider may ask you to bear down, to check for rectal prolapse. […] Anal manometry. A narrow, flexible tube is inserted into the anus and rectum. A small balloon at the tip of the tube may be blown up. This test helps measure the tightness of your anal sphincter and how your rectum is working. […] Colonoscopy. To rule out other conditions, such as hemorrhoids, polyps or colon cancer, you may have a colonoscopy, in which a flexible tube is placed in your rectum to look at all of the colon. […] Defecography. This test adds the use of a dye to an imaging study, such as X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Defecography can help show structural changes in and around your lower digestive tract and find out how your rectal muscles are working.

• #11 Rectal Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse/treatment

  Barium enema. A lower gastrointestinal (GI) series of video X-Rays to examine the form and function of the lower tract. […] Defecography. A series of images using an X-Ray or MRI to study the muscles during a bowel movement. […] Urological or pelvic exams. Depending on the signs and symptoms, other exams may be recommended to determine if there is a weakness in the pelvic floor or if other organs have prolapsed such as the uterus or bladder.

• #12 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods, additional treatment modalities, and controversial issues regarding surgical techniques for rectal prolapse. […] The use of fluoroscopic defecography (FD) has gradually decreased over the years; however, compared with existing modalities, FD has a higher detection rate of pelvic floor anomalies and allows imaging in a more natural position. […] Dynamic magnetic resonance defecography (DMRD) allows the evaluation of concomitant pelvic floor disorders and enables clear demonstration of the pelvic anatomy. […] Anal manometry provides valuable information about anal sphincter function, including the resting and squeeze pressures, length of the functional anal canal, recto-anal inhibitory reflex activity during rectal distension, rectal sensation, rectal compliance, and defecation function.

• #13 Rectal Prolapse

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/testsprocedures/134,176

  Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and health history. Your provider will give you a physical exam. You may be asked to squat and strain as if you are having a bowel movement. You may also have tests, such as: […] This test is a type of X-ray taken during a simulated bowel movement. […] A pressure-measuring tube is placed in the rectum. This is done to measure how well the muscles that control bowel movements are working. […] A flexible tube with a camera is placed inside the rectum so the healthcare provider can do a visual exam. […] X-ray pictures are taken after a type of chalky contrast solution is placed in the rectum. […] A special MRI can be done during simulated bowel movement. […] Your provider will also assess the rest of your pelvic floor. Your provider will look for weakness or signs of other organs prolapsing. These might be the bladder or uterus. This test is also done if a woman has both rectal prolapse and uterine prolapse.

• #14 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods, additional treatment modalities, and controversial issues regarding surgical techniques for rectal prolapse. […] The use of fluoroscopic defecography (FD) has gradually decreased over the years; however, compared with existing modalities, FD has a higher detection rate of pelvic floor anomalies and allows imaging in a more natural position. […] Dynamic magnetic resonance defecography (DMRD) allows the evaluation of concomitant pelvic floor disorders and enables clear demonstration of the pelvic anatomy. […] Anal manometry provides valuable information about anal sphincter function, including the resting and squeeze pressures, length of the functional anal canal, recto-anal inhibitory reflex activity during rectal distension, rectal sensation, rectal compliance, and defecation function.

• #15 Rectal Prolapse Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Barium Enema and Colonoscopy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2026460-workup

  Rectal prolapse is usually only a symptom, and evaluation should focus on discovery of an underlying disorder. […] The only pertinent laboratory studies for a patient with rectal prolapse are those studies that are dictated by the patients age and comorbidities. There are no specific tests that aid in the evaluation of rectal prolapse itself. […] Before initiating surgical treatment of rectal prolapse, it is important to evaluate the entire colon in order to exclude any other colonic lesions that should be simultaneously addressed. […] Video defecography is used to help document internal prolapse or to distinguish rectal prolapse from mucosal prolapse if it is not clinically obvious. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. […] Anal-rectal manometry is sometimes used to evaluate the anal sphincter muscles.

• #16 Rectal prolapse – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450472

  Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. To find rectal prolapse and rule out other related health problems, your health care provider may suggest: […] Digital rectal exam. Your health care provider places a gloved and lubricated finger into your rectum to check the strength of your sphincter muscles and to check for any problems in the rectal area. During the exam, your health care provider may ask you to bear down, to check for rectal prolapse. […] Anal manometry. A narrow, flexible tube is inserted into the anus and rectum. A small balloon at the tip of the tube may be blown up. This test helps measure the tightness of your anal sphincter and how your rectum is working. […] Colonoscopy. To rule out other conditions, such as hemorrhoids, polyps or colon cancer, you may have a colonoscopy, in which a flexible tube is placed in your rectum to look at all of the colon. […] Defecography. This test adds the use of a dye to an imaging study, such as X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Defecography can help show structural changes in and around your lower digestive tract and find out how your rectal muscles are working.

• #17

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-prolapse-expanded-version

  Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy is a procedure where a long, flexible, tubular instrument called a colonoscope is used to look at the entire inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and the rectum. This will often be necessary to rule out any associated polyps or cancer prior to treatment for rectal prolapse.

• #18 Rectal Prolapse Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Barium Enema and Colonoscopy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2026460-workup

  Rectal prolapse is usually only a symptom, and evaluation should focus on discovery of an underlying disorder. […] The only pertinent laboratory studies for a patient with rectal prolapse are those studies that are dictated by the patients age and comorbidities. There are no specific tests that aid in the evaluation of rectal prolapse itself. […] Before initiating surgical treatment of rectal prolapse, it is important to evaluate the entire colon in order to exclude any other colonic lesions that should be simultaneously addressed. […] Video defecography is used to help document internal prolapse or to distinguish rectal prolapse from mucosal prolapse if it is not clinically obvious. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. […] Anal-rectal manometry is sometimes used to evaluate the anal sphincter muscles.

• #19 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-prolapse

  Diagnosing rectal prolapse (investigations) […] Barium enema and/or colonoscopy: To evaluate the entire colon prior to surgery for rectal prolapse to exclude any other colonic lesions. […] Other investigations to assess underlying conditions include stool microscopy and cultures for gastrointestinal infection and sweat test for cystic fibrosis. […] Anal physiology tests are sometimes used to distinguish between mucosal and full-thickness prolapse and may be useful in patients about to undergo surgery. They include defecography, anal manometry, continence tests, electromyography of the anal sphincter and the pelvic floor and nerve stimulation tests. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. These ulcers are present in about 10-15% of patients with either internal or full-thickness prolapse.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7

  Rectal prolapse can present in a variety of forms and is associated with a range of symptoms including pain, incomplete evacuation, bloody and/or mucous rectal discharge, and fecal incontinence or constipation. […] Preoperative workup includes physical exam, colonoscopy, anoscopy, and, in some patients, anal manometry and defecography. […] We propose an algorithm based on available outcomes data in the literature, an understanding of anorectal physiology, and expert opinion that can serve as a guide to determining the rectal prolapse operation that will achieve the best possible postoperative outcomes for individual patients.

• #21 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods, additional treatment modalities, and controversial issues regarding surgical techniques for rectal prolapse. […] The use of fluoroscopic defecography (FD) has gradually decreased over the years; however, compared with existing modalities, FD has a higher detection rate of pelvic floor anomalies and allows imaging in a more natural position. […] Dynamic magnetic resonance defecography (DMRD) allows the evaluation of concomitant pelvic floor disorders and enables clear demonstration of the pelvic anatomy. […] Anal manometry provides valuable information about anal sphincter function, including the resting and squeeze pressures, length of the functional anal canal, recto-anal inhibitory reflex activity during rectal distension, rectal sensation, rectal compliance, and defecation function.

• #22 Rectal prolapse – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450472

  Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. To find rectal prolapse and rule out other related health problems, your health care provider may suggest: […] Digital rectal exam. Your health care provider places a gloved and lubricated finger into your rectum to check the strength of your sphincter muscles and to check for any problems in the rectal area. During the exam, your health care provider may ask you to bear down, to check for rectal prolapse. […] Anal manometry. A narrow, flexible tube is inserted into the anus and rectum. A small balloon at the tip of the tube may be blown up. This test helps measure the tightness of your anal sphincter and how your rectum is working. […] Colonoscopy. To rule out other conditions, such as hemorrhoids, polyps or colon cancer, you may have a colonoscopy, in which a flexible tube is placed in your rectum to look at all of the colon. […] Defecography. This test adds the use of a dye to an imaging study, such as X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Defecography can help show structural changes in and around your lower digestive tract and find out how your rectal muscles are working.

• #23

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-prolapse-expanded-version

  Defecography: This is a study in which the patient is given an enema to simulate having a bowel movement, and then pictures are taken using an X-ray or MRI machine. This shows the motion of the pelvic organs and muscles during a bowel movement. Defecography may also show other problems related to the pelvic floor. These should be addressed by a urogynecologist (a specialist of the urinary and reproductive organs) when planning the appropriate mode of treatment. Sometimes, fixing rectal prolapse can cause other pelvic floor problems to worsen if they are not simultaneously dealt with. […] Anorectal Manometry: A small probe is inserted into the rectum to test and measure muscle functions and reflexes of the pelvis, rectum and anus used during bowel movements. […] Colonic transit study (Sitzmark test): Patients with rectal prolapse in the setting of lifelong constipation may be asked to undergo a transit study to evaluate their colons ability to evacuate stool. This involves swallowing a capsule containing multiple markers that can be seen on an abdominal x-ray. Several x-rays are then taken over a five-day period to see how the markers move through the small intestine and colon, referred to as transit time. Patients found to have unusually long transit times may benefit from having some or, less likely all, of their colon removed at the time of the repair of their rectal prolapse.

• #24 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-rectal-prolapse

  If you feel like something isnt right when you go to the bathroom, or try to poop, you shouldnt ignore it or make light of it. Your doctor can diagnose rectal prolapse and suggest treatment. […] It may be difficult for your doctor to know if you have hemorrhoids, another condition, or rectal prolapse. Because of this, your doctor may recommend one of several tests. These include: […] During this test, your doctor will place a gloved finger in your anus to check the strength of the muscles. […] This test checks to see if nerve damage is causing your anal sphincter problems. […] A thin tube is inserted into your rectum to test muscle strength. […] A probe inserted into your anus and rectum is used to examine muscles and tissues. […] It checks your pudendal nerves, which you use to control bowel movements.

• #25 Rectal Prolapse Surgery: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/rectal-prolapse

  How is rectal prolapse diagnosed? […] First, your doctor will take your medical history and will perform a rectal exam. You may be asked to strain while sitting on a commode to mimic an actual bowel movement. Being able to see the prolapse helps your doctor confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment. […] There are several tests doctors can use to diagnose rectal prolapse and other pelvic floor problems. Tests used to evaluate and make treatment decisions include: […] Anal electromyography (EMG): This test determines if nerve damage is the reason why the anal sphincters are not working properly. It also examines the coordination between the rectum and anal muscles. […] Anal manometry: This test studies the strength of the anal sphincter muscles. A short, thin tube, inserted up into the anus and rectum, is used to measure the sphincter tightness.

• #26 Rectal Prolapse Surgery: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/rectal-prolapse

  How is rectal prolapse diagnosed? […] First, your doctor will take your medical history and will perform a rectal exam. You may be asked to strain while sitting on a commode to mimic an actual bowel movement. Being able to see the prolapse helps your doctor confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment. […] There are several tests doctors can use to diagnose rectal prolapse and other pelvic floor problems. Tests used to evaluate and make treatment decisions include: […] Anal electromyography (EMG): This test determines if nerve damage is the reason why the anal sphincters are not working properly. It also examines the coordination between the rectum and anal muscles. […] Anal manometry: This test studies the strength of the anal sphincter muscles. A short, thin tube, inserted up into the anus and rectum, is used to measure the sphincter tightness.

• #27 Rectal Prolapse Surgery: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/rectal-prolapse

  Anal ultrasound: This test helps evaluate the shape and structure of the anal sphincter muscles and surrounding tissue. In this test, a small probe is inserted up into the anus and rectum to take images of the sphincters. […] Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency test: This test measures the function of the pudendal nerves, which are involved in bowel control. […] Proctography (also called defecography): This test is done in the radiology department. In this test, an X-ray video is taken that shows how well the rectum is functioning. The video shows how much stool the rectum can hold, how well the rectum holds the stool, and how well the rectum releases the stool. […] Colonoscopy: This is an exam of the colon or large bowel. A flexible tube with a camera is passed through the anus upwards to where the large intestine joins the small intestine. This helps provide visual clues as to the source of the problem.

• #28 Rectal Prolapse Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Barium Enema and Colonoscopy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2026460-workup

  Rectal prolapse is usually only a symptom, and evaluation should focus on discovery of an underlying disorder. […] The only pertinent laboratory studies for a patient with rectal prolapse are those studies that are dictated by the patients age and comorbidities. There are no specific tests that aid in the evaluation of rectal prolapse itself. […] Before initiating surgical treatment of rectal prolapse, it is important to evaluate the entire colon in order to exclude any other colonic lesions that should be simultaneously addressed. […] Video defecography is used to help document internal prolapse or to distinguish rectal prolapse from mucosal prolapse if it is not clinically obvious. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. […] Anal-rectal manometry is sometimes used to evaluate the anal sphincter muscles.

• #29 Rectal Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse/treatment

  Barium enema. A lower gastrointestinal (GI) series of video X-Rays to examine the form and function of the lower tract. […] Defecography. A series of images using an X-Ray or MRI to study the muscles during a bowel movement. […] Urological or pelvic exams. Depending on the signs and symptoms, other exams may be recommended to determine if there is a weakness in the pelvic floor or if other organs have prolapsed such as the uterus or bladder.

• #30 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-prolapse

  Diagnosing rectal prolapse (investigations) […] Barium enema and/or colonoscopy: To evaluate the entire colon prior to surgery for rectal prolapse to exclude any other colonic lesions. […] Other investigations to assess underlying conditions include stool microscopy and cultures for gastrointestinal infection and sweat test for cystic fibrosis. […] Anal physiology tests are sometimes used to distinguish between mucosal and full-thickness prolapse and may be useful in patients about to undergo surgery. They include defecography, anal manometry, continence tests, electromyography of the anal sphincter and the pelvic floor and nerve stimulation tests. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. These ulcers are present in about 10-15% of patients with either internal or full-thickness prolapse.

• #31

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-prolapse-expanded-version

  Defecography: This is a study in which the patient is given an enema to simulate having a bowel movement, and then pictures are taken using an X-ray or MRI machine. This shows the motion of the pelvic organs and muscles during a bowel movement. Defecography may also show other problems related to the pelvic floor. These should be addressed by a urogynecologist (a specialist of the urinary and reproductive organs) when planning the appropriate mode of treatment. Sometimes, fixing rectal prolapse can cause other pelvic floor problems to worsen if they are not simultaneously dealt with. […] Anorectal Manometry: A small probe is inserted into the rectum to test and measure muscle functions and reflexes of the pelvis, rectum and anus used during bowel movements. […] Colonic transit study (Sitzmark test): Patients with rectal prolapse in the setting of lifelong constipation may be asked to undergo a transit study to evaluate their colons ability to evacuate stool. This involves swallowing a capsule containing multiple markers that can be seen on an abdominal x-ray. Several x-rays are then taken over a five-day period to see how the markers move through the small intestine and colon, referred to as transit time. Patients found to have unusually long transit times may benefit from having some or, less likely all, of their colon removed at the time of the repair of their rectal prolapse.

• #32 Rectal Prolapse | Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://colorectalsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/cope-center/pelvic-floor/rectal-prolapse/

  Rectal prolapse occurs when the lower rectum protrudes out of the anus. […] Discussion of your symptoms and a physical examination by your physician is necessary to identify rectal prolapse. […] If the prolapse cannot be demonstrated in the office setting, additional test may be performed. […] X-ray pictures and video that demonstrate how the rectum empties and determines if any other organs are involved. […] The test, commonly referred to as a Sitz marker test, involves swallowing a capsule that contains tiny rings visible on X-ray. […] Most patients are helped significantly with surgery. Success depends on a variety of factors including the status of the anal sphincter and the condition of the patient before surgery. […] Recurrence rates after an abdominal procedure are generally less than those after a perineal procedure, but postoperative complications can be higher.

• #33 Rectal Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse/treatment

  Barium enema. A lower gastrointestinal (GI) series of video X-Rays to examine the form and function of the lower tract. […] Defecography. A series of images using an X-Ray or MRI to study the muscles during a bowel movement. […] Urological or pelvic exams. Depending on the signs and symptoms, other exams may be recommended to determine if there is a weakness in the pelvic floor or if other organs have prolapsed such as the uterus or bladder.

• #34 Rectal Prolapse

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/testsprocedures/134,176

  Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and health history. Your provider will give you a physical exam. You may be asked to squat and strain as if you are having a bowel movement. You may also have tests, such as: […] This test is a type of X-ray taken during a simulated bowel movement. […] A pressure-measuring tube is placed in the rectum. This is done to measure how well the muscles that control bowel movements are working. […] A flexible tube with a camera is placed inside the rectum so the healthcare provider can do a visual exam. […] X-ray pictures are taken after a type of chalky contrast solution is placed in the rectum. […] A special MRI can be done during simulated bowel movement. […] Your provider will also assess the rest of your pelvic floor. Your provider will look for weakness or signs of other organs prolapsing. These might be the bladder or uterus. This test is also done if a woman has both rectal prolapse and uterine prolapse.

• #35 Rectal prolapse | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectal-prolapse

  Rectal prolapse is diagnosed by examination. In cases where the rectum goes back inside by itself after passing a bowel motion, the person may have to bear down during examination by the doctor to show the prolapse in order to confirm the diagnosis. […] In cases of suspected internal prolapse, diagnostic tests may include ultrasound, special x-rays and measurement of the anorectal muscle activity (anorectal manometry). If the person has experienced rectal bleeding, the doctor may want to do a number of tests to check for other conditions such as bowel cancer. About 11 per cent of children with rectal prolapse have cystic fibrosis, so it is important to test young people for this condition too.

• #36 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-prolapse

  Diagnosing rectal prolapse (investigations) […] Barium enema and/or colonoscopy: To evaluate the entire colon prior to surgery for rectal prolapse to exclude any other colonic lesions. […] Other investigations to assess underlying conditions include stool microscopy and cultures for gastrointestinal infection and sweat test for cystic fibrosis. […] Anal physiology tests are sometimes used to distinguish between mucosal and full-thickness prolapse and may be useful in patients about to undergo surgery. They include defecography, anal manometry, continence tests, electromyography of the anal sphincter and the pelvic floor and nerve stimulation tests. […] Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy should be performed to assess the rectum for additional lesions, especially solitary rectal ulcers. These ulcers are present in about 10-15% of patients with either internal or full-thickness prolapse.

• #37 Rectal prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_prolapse

  A rectal prolapse occurs when walls of the rectum have prolapsed to such a degree that they protrude out of the anus and are visible outside the body. […] Rectal prolapse may occur without any symptoms, but depending upon the nature of the prolapse there may be mucous discharge (mucus coming from the anus), rectal bleeding, degrees of fecal incontinence, and obstructed defecation symptoms. […] Rectal prolapse is generally more common in elderly women, although it may occur at any age and in either sex. […] Most external prolapse cases can be treated successfully, often with a surgical procedure. Internal prolapses are traditionally harder to treat and surgery may not be suitable for many patients. […] Rectal prolapse may be confused easily with prolapsing hemorrhoids. […] Mucosal prolapse also differs from prolapsing (3rd or 4th degree) hemorrhoids, where there is a segmental prolapse of the hemorrhoidal tissues at the 3, 7 and 11 o’clock positions.

• #38 Rectal prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_prolapse

  The prolapse may be obvious, or it may require straining and squatting to produce it. […] The anus is usually patulous, (loose, open) and has reduced resting and squeeze pressures. […] Sometimes it is necessary to observe the patient while they strain on a toilet to see the prolapse happen. […] These investigations may be used with contrast media (barium enema) which may show the associated mucosal abnormalities. […] This investigation is used to diagnose internal intussusception, or demonstrate a suspected external prolapse that could not be produced during the examination. […] Colonic transit studies may be used to rule out colonic inertia if there is a history of severe constipation. […] Anorectal manometry may be used to assess for pelvic floor dyssenergia. […] It may be used to evaluate incontinence, but there is disagreement about what relevance the results may show, as rarely do they mandate a change of surgical plan.

• #39 Rectal Prolapse | endoscopy online

  https://www.endoscopyonline.com.au/rectal-prolapse/

  Rectal prolapse is caused by weakening of the muscular pelvic floor and ligaments that support the rectum keeping it in place. […] Full thickness prolapse is clearly evident with bearing down with eversion of the rectum and a protruding bulge. Therefore, this diagnosis is made clinically. […] Partial thickness (mucosal) prolapse can sometimes also be severe enough to result in prolapsing mucosa that bulges and is visible external to the anal sphincter on straining. […] More typically however, it is less obvious, and is visible on defecating proctogram, a real time x-ray taken while defecating. […] All patients with rectal prolapse and symptoms of constipation or incomplete evacuation, require a complete colonoscopy to rule out other pathology of the colon that can result in these symptoms. […] Defecating proctography is useful for documenting partial thickness rectal prolapse causing obstructive defecation.

• #40 Rectal Prolapse Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2026460-differential

  The following conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis: […] Rectal polyps should also be considered.

• #41 Rectal prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_prolapse

  The prolapse may be obvious, or it may require straining and squatting to produce it. […] The anus is usually patulous, (loose, open) and has reduced resting and squeeze pressures. […] Sometimes it is necessary to observe the patient while they strain on a toilet to see the prolapse happen. […] These investigations may be used with contrast media (barium enema) which may show the associated mucosal abnormalities. […] This investigation is used to diagnose internal intussusception, or demonstrate a suspected external prolapse that could not be produced during the examination. […] Colonic transit studies may be used to rule out colonic inertia if there is a history of severe constipation. […] Anorectal manometry may be used to assess for pelvic floor dyssenergia. […] It may be used to evaluate incontinence, but there is disagreement about what relevance the results may show, as rarely do they mandate a change of surgical plan.

• #42 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Rectal prolapse is a circumferential, full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It is a rare condition, and only affects 0.5% of the general population. […] Understanding the extent of complaints and ruling out differential diagnoses are essential for choosing a tailored surgical procedure. It is crucial to assess these additional symptoms and their severities using preoperative scoring systems. Additionally, radiological and physiological evaluations may explain some vague symptoms and reveal concomitant pelvic disorders. […] There is no consensus on or standardization of the optimal extent of dissection, type of procedure, and materials used for rectal fixation; this makes providing maximum benefits to patients with minimal complications difficult. […] This review explains the appropriate diagnostic tools for different conditions and summarizes the current treatment approaches based on existing literature and expert opinions.

• #43 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Before rectal prolapse surgery, neoplasms and inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out. […] Surgical treatment is indicated for internal prolapse of Oxford grades III-IV and symptomatic external rectal prolapse. […] Surgical treatment options are generally divided into two categories, namely abdominal and perineal approaches. […] The plane of rectal dissection is a controversial issue in rectal prolapse surgery. […] The laparoscopic and robotic approaches do not differ in terms of rates of conversion to open surgery. […] After surgery, patients should be advised against lifting, engaging in sexual intercourse, and consuming laxatives for at least 6 weeks postoperatively. […] In patients with early recurrence of full-thickness rectal prolapse, the European Society of Coloproctology guidelines recommend reoperation to reattach the mesh to the sacral promontory. […] Management of rectal prolapse is complex. To select the appropriate surgical intervention, factors such as the patient’s medical history, clinical symptoms, surgeon’s experience, and hospital equipment must be considered.

• #44 Overview of rectal procidentia (rectal prolapse) in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-rectal-procidentia-rectal-prolapse-in-adults

  Rectal procidentia, also called rectal prolapse, is a pelvic floor disorder that typically occurs in older adult women but can occur in patients of all ages. Rectal prolapse results in local symptoms (eg, pain, bleeding, and seepage), bowel dysfunction (eg, constipation, fecal incontinence), and a diminished and disabled quality of life. […] The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and general treatment of rectal procidentia in adults are discussed here. […] The surgical treatment of rectal procidentia in adults is discussed in detail elsewhere. […] No standard method of classification has been widely accepted. Clinically, rectal procidentia is commonly referred to as complete, partial, or occult.

• #45 Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Medical Management of Rectal Prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179269/

  Full-thickness rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is the passage of the full-thickness wall of the rectum beyond the anal sphincters. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made based on physical examination, although several other modalities are used to provide additional information about the patients’ condition. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made solely on history and physical examination. […] The prolapse can usually be identified in the office. […] While the diagnosis is made based on physical examination alone, all patients should have a recent colonoscopy, and adjunctive studies such as defecography, transit studies, and anal manometry may provide additional information about commonly associated conditions. […] The mainstay of the management of rectal prolapse is surgical correction.

• #46 Rectal Prolapse | endoscopy online

  https://www.endoscopyonline.com.au/rectal-prolapse/

  Rectal prolapse is caused by weakening of the muscular pelvic floor and ligaments that support the rectum keeping it in place. […] Full thickness prolapse is clearly evident with bearing down with eversion of the rectum and a protruding bulge. Therefore, this diagnosis is made clinically. […] Partial thickness (mucosal) prolapse can sometimes also be severe enough to result in prolapsing mucosa that bulges and is visible external to the anal sphincter on straining. […] More typically however, it is less obvious, and is visible on defecating proctogram, a real time x-ray taken while defecating. […] All patients with rectal prolapse and symptoms of constipation or incomplete evacuation, require a complete colonoscopy to rule out other pathology of the colon that can result in these symptoms. […] Defecating proctography is useful for documenting partial thickness rectal prolapse causing obstructive defecation.

• #47 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse

  The term internal prolapse is used to describe the initial phase of rectal prolapse when the rectum has started to drop but is not yet protruding externally from the anus. This is the most difficult phase to diagnose as it is not yet protruding and visible. […] If you are experiencing any of these warning signs, our rectal prolapse specialists can help treat the symptoms and the best approach to developing a rectal prolapse treatment plan. […] Complications of rectal prolapse occur when the prolapse cant be pushed back into its normal position, goes untreated, or if the prolapse is recurring. […] The most common complications include: Ulcers or painful sores in the rectum (rectal ulcers) that can bleed uncontrollably leading to anemia.

• #48 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Rectal prolapse is a circumferential, full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It is a rare condition, and only affects 0.5% of the general population. […] Understanding the extent of complaints and ruling out differential diagnoses are essential for choosing a tailored surgical procedure. It is crucial to assess these additional symptoms and their severities using preoperative scoring systems. Additionally, radiological and physiological evaluations may explain some vague symptoms and reveal concomitant pelvic disorders. […] There is no consensus on or standardization of the optimal extent of dissection, type of procedure, and materials used for rectal fixation; this makes providing maximum benefits to patients with minimal complications difficult. […] This review explains the appropriate diagnostic tools for different conditions and summarizes the current treatment approaches based on existing literature and expert opinions.

• #49 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i16/3680.htm

  Rectal prolapse is a circumferential, full-thickness protrusion of the rectum through the anus. It is a rare condition, and only affects 0.5% of the general population. […] Understanding the extent of complaints and ruling out differential diagnoses are essential for choosing a tailored surgical procedure. It is crucial to assess these additional symptoms and their severities using preoperative scoring systems. […] However, there is no consensus on or standardization of the optimal extent of dissection, type of procedure, and materials used for rectal fixation; this makes providing maximum benefits to patients with minimal complications difficult. […] This review explains the appropriate diagnostic tools for different conditions and summarizes the current treatment approaches based on existing literature and expert opinions.

• #50 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Patients with rectal prolapse should be subjected to detailed history taking, thorough physical examinations, and assessments with appropriate scoring systems before deciding to proceed with surgical intervention. […] Magnetic resonance defecography is beneficial for understanding both functional and anatomical pathologies. […] Most patients with rectal prolapse present with obvious manifestations and can be diagnosed based on a physical examination. […] It is crucial to assess these additional symptoms and their severity using preoperative scoring systems. […] Optimal treatment options for rectal prolapse remain controversial; even recent publications and systematic reviews have not recommended the most appropriate treatment option. […] The goal of a rectal prolapse surgery is to correct the prolapse without causing bowel dysfunction and improve the associated functional abnormalities.

• #51 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Before rectal prolapse surgery, neoplasms and inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out. […] Surgical treatment is indicated for internal prolapse of Oxford grades III-IV and symptomatic external rectal prolapse. […] Surgical treatment options are generally divided into two categories, namely abdominal and perineal approaches. […] The plane of rectal dissection is a controversial issue in rectal prolapse surgery. […] The laparoscopic and robotic approaches do not differ in terms of rates of conversion to open surgery. […] After surgery, patients should be advised against lifting, engaging in sexual intercourse, and consuming laxatives for at least 6 weeks postoperatively. […] In patients with early recurrence of full-thickness rectal prolapse, the European Society of Coloproctology guidelines recommend reoperation to reattach the mesh to the sacral promontory. […] Management of rectal prolapse is complex. To select the appropriate surgical intervention, factors such as the patient’s medical history, clinical symptoms, surgeon’s experience, and hospital equipment must be considered.

• #52 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse

  If rectal prolapse occurs in your child, it might go away after you treat the cause. […] If you’re an adult, however, rectal prolapse won’t improve without surgery. […] If it’s not causing bothersome symptoms, you may be able to live for some time with rectal prolapse, taking care of it at home. […] Untreated rectal prolapse can lead to several possible complications, including fecal incontinence, constipation, rectal ulcers, and incarceration. […] There are several surgical approaches to fixing rectal prolapse. […] Rectopexy has a 97% long-term success rate in fixing rectal prolapse. […] If abdominal surgery isn’t an ideal option for you, your surgeon may approach your rectal prolapse through your anus. […] All surgeries come with a low risk of certain general complications, including bleeding, infection, blood clots, injury to nearby organs, and anesthesia complications. […] Additional risks associated with rectal prolapse surgery include anastomotic leak, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.

• #53 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse

  If rectal prolapse occurs in your child, it might go away after you treat the cause. […] If you’re an adult, however, rectal prolapse won’t improve without surgery. […] If it’s not causing bothersome symptoms, you may be able to live for some time with rectal prolapse, taking care of it at home. […] Untreated rectal prolapse can lead to several possible complications, including fecal incontinence, constipation, rectal ulcers, and incarceration. […] There are several surgical approaches to fixing rectal prolapse. […] Rectopexy has a 97% long-term success rate in fixing rectal prolapse. […] If abdominal surgery isn’t an ideal option for you, your surgeon may approach your rectal prolapse through your anus. […] All surgeries come with a low risk of certain general complications, including bleeding, infection, blood clots, injury to nearby organs, and anesthesia complications. […] Additional risks associated with rectal prolapse surgery include anastomotic leak, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.

• #54 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Before rectal prolapse surgery, neoplasms and inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out. […] Surgical treatment is indicated for internal prolapse of Oxford grades III-IV and symptomatic external rectal prolapse. […] Surgical treatment options are generally divided into two categories, namely abdominal and perineal approaches. […] The plane of rectal dissection is a controversial issue in rectal prolapse surgery. […] The laparoscopic and robotic approaches do not differ in terms of rates of conversion to open surgery. […] After surgery, patients should be advised against lifting, engaging in sexual intercourse, and consuming laxatives for at least 6 weeks postoperatively. […] In patients with early recurrence of full-thickness rectal prolapse, the European Society of Coloproctology guidelines recommend reoperation to reattach the mesh to the sacral promontory. […] Management of rectal prolapse is complex. To select the appropriate surgical intervention, factors such as the patient’s medical history, clinical symptoms, surgeon’s experience, and hospital equipment must be considered.

• #55 Overview of rectal procidentia (rectal prolapse) in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-rectal-procidentia-rectal-prolapse-in-adults

  Rectal procidentia, also called rectal prolapse, is a pelvic floor disorder that typically occurs in older adult women but can occur in patients of all ages. Rectal prolapse results in local symptoms (eg, pain, bleeding, and seepage), bowel dysfunction (eg, constipation, fecal incontinence), and a diminished and disabled quality of life. […] The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and general treatment of rectal procidentia in adults are discussed here. […] The surgical treatment of rectal procidentia in adults is discussed in detail elsewhere. […] No standard method of classification has been widely accepted. Clinically, rectal procidentia is commonly referred to as complete, partial, or occult.

• #56 Diagnosis – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/gastroenterology/rectal-prolapse/diagnosis

  Rectal prolapse is a clinical diagnosis based on patient’s history and supported by physical examination findings (1). […] A detailed history of patients should be obtained […] Physical examination […] in patients with a history suggesting rectal prolapse but not detected on physical examination, the prolapse may be easily reproducible when the patient strains while in the lateral or jack-knifed position or in the sitting or squatting position […] digital rectal examination helps in identifying anal sphincter hypotonia […] differentiating rectal prolapse from an intussusception with prolapse that originates from a higher level than the rectum.

• #57 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse

  The term internal prolapse is used to describe the initial phase of rectal prolapse when the rectum has started to drop but is not yet protruding externally from the anus. This is the most difficult phase to diagnose as it is not yet protruding and visible. […] If you are experiencing any of these warning signs, our rectal prolapse specialists can help treat the symptoms and the best approach to developing a rectal prolapse treatment plan. […] Complications of rectal prolapse occur when the prolapse cant be pushed back into its normal position, goes untreated, or if the prolapse is recurring. […] The most common complications include: Ulcers or painful sores in the rectum (rectal ulcers) that can bleed uncontrollably leading to anemia.

• #58 Rectal Prolapse: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/rectal-prolapse/treatment

  Barium enema. A lower gastrointestinal (GI) series of video X-Rays to examine the form and function of the lower tract. […] Defecography. A series of images using an X-Ray or MRI to study the muscles during a bowel movement. […] Urological or pelvic exams. Depending on the signs and symptoms, other exams may be recommended to determine if there is a weakness in the pelvic floor or if other organs have prolapsed such as the uterus or bladder.

• #59 Rectal Prolapse

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/testsprocedures/134,176

  Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and health history. Your provider will give you a physical exam. You may be asked to squat and strain as if you are having a bowel movement. You may also have tests, such as: […] This test is a type of X-ray taken during a simulated bowel movement. […] A pressure-measuring tube is placed in the rectum. This is done to measure how well the muscles that control bowel movements are working. […] A flexible tube with a camera is placed inside the rectum so the healthcare provider can do a visual exam. […] X-ray pictures are taken after a type of chalky contrast solution is placed in the rectum. […] A special MRI can be done during simulated bowel movement. […] Your provider will also assess the rest of your pelvic floor. Your provider will look for weakness or signs of other organs prolapsing. These might be the bladder or uterus. This test is also done if a woman has both rectal prolapse and uterine prolapse.

• #60 Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Medical Management of Rectal Prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5179269/

  Full-thickness rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is the passage of the full-thickness wall of the rectum beyond the anal sphincters. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made based on physical examination, although several other modalities are used to provide additional information about the patients’ condition. […] The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made solely on history and physical examination. […] The prolapse can usually be identified in the office. […] While the diagnosis is made based on physical examination alone, all patients should have a recent colonoscopy, and adjunctive studies such as defecography, transit studies, and anal manometry may provide additional information about commonly associated conditions. […] The mainstay of the management of rectal prolapse is surgical correction.

• #61 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i16/3680.htm

  Patients with rectal prolapse should be subjected to detailed history taking, thorough physical examinations, and assessments with appropriate scoring systems before deciding to proceed with surgical intervention. […] Magnetic resonance defecography is beneficial for understanding both functional and anatomical pathologies. […] Most patients with rectal prolapse present with obvious manifestations and can be diagnosed based on a physical examination. […] Radiological and physiological evaluations may explain some unclear symptoms and also reveal concomitant pelvic disorders. […] Optimal treatment options for rectal prolapse remain controversial; even recent publications and systematic reviews have not recommended the most appropriate treatment option. […] The goal of a rectal prolapse surgery is to correct the prolapse without causing bowel dysfunction and improve the associated functional abnormalities. […] This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods, additional treatment modalities, and controversial issues regarding surgical techniques for rectal prolapse.

• #62 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14615-rectal-prolapse

  If rectal prolapse occurs in your child, it might go away after you treat the cause. […] If you’re an adult, however, rectal prolapse won’t improve without surgery. […] If it’s not causing bothersome symptoms, you may be able to live for some time with rectal prolapse, taking care of it at home. […] Untreated rectal prolapse can lead to several possible complications, including fecal incontinence, constipation, rectal ulcers, and incarceration. […] There are several surgical approaches to fixing rectal prolapse. […] Rectopexy has a 97% long-term success rate in fixing rectal prolapse. […] If abdominal surgery isn’t an ideal option for you, your surgeon may approach your rectal prolapse through your anus. […] All surgeries come with a low risk of certain general complications, including bleeding, infection, blood clots, injury to nearby organs, and anesthesia complications. […] Additional risks associated with rectal prolapse surgery include anastomotic leak, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.

• #63 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Before rectal prolapse surgery, neoplasms and inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out. […] Surgical treatment is indicated for internal prolapse of Oxford grades III-IV and symptomatic external rectal prolapse. […] Surgical treatment options are generally divided into two categories, namely abdominal and perineal approaches. […] The plane of rectal dissection is a controversial issue in rectal prolapse surgery. […] The laparoscopic and robotic approaches do not differ in terms of rates of conversion to open surgery. […] After surgery, patients should be advised against lifting, engaging in sexual intercourse, and consuming laxatives for at least 6 weeks postoperatively. […] In patients with early recurrence of full-thickness rectal prolapse, the European Society of Coloproctology guidelines recommend reoperation to reattach the mesh to the sacral promontory. […] Management of rectal prolapse is complex. To select the appropriate surgical intervention, factors such as the patient’s medical history, clinical symptoms, surgeon’s experience, and hospital equipment must be considered.

• #64 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10294152/

  Before rectal prolapse surgery, neoplasms and inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out. […] Surgical treatment is indicated for internal prolapse of Oxford grades III-IV and symptomatic external rectal prolapse. […] Surgical treatment options are generally divided into two categories, namely abdominal and perineal approaches. […] The plane of rectal dissection is a controversial issue in rectal prolapse surgery. […] The laparoscopic and robotic approaches do not differ in terms of rates of conversion to open surgery. […] After surgery, patients should be advised against lifting, engaging in sexual intercourse, and consuming laxatives for at least 6 weeks postoperatively. […] In patients with early recurrence of full-thickness rectal prolapse, the European Society of Coloproctology guidelines recommend reoperation to reattach the mesh to the sacral promontory. […] Management of rectal prolapse is complex. To select the appropriate surgical intervention, factors such as the patient’s medical history, clinical symptoms, surgeon’s experience, and hospital equipment must be considered.

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