Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiologic aspects of complete rectal prolapse – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16259169/

  This study was undertaken to find out the incidence of rectal prolapse. […] The annual incidence of diagnosed complete rectal prolapse in the district of Central Finland was mean 2.5 (range, 0.79-6.08) per 100 000 population. […] The annual incidence of rectal prolapse is 2.5 per 100 000 population. Rectal prolapse is associated with anal incontinence and constipation in majority of patients.

• #2 Current diagnostic tools and treatment modalities for rectal prolapse

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i16/3680.htm

  Rectal prolapse has an annual incidence of 2.5% (per 100000 people); their incidence increases after the fifth decade of life. The condition is more common among women, inmates, and patients with mental disorders. The most common symptoms are constipation, incontinence, incomplete evacuation, rectal bleeding, pain, and tenesmus. Although the spectrum of symptoms varies with the type of rectal prolapse, 50%-75% and 25%-50% of the patients complain of fecal incontinence and constipation, respectively. […] Optimal treatment options for rectal prolapse remain controversial; even recent publications and systematic reviews have not recommended the most appropriate treatment option. According to the practice guidelines proposed by the American Society of Colorectal Surgeons, the goal of a rectal prolapse surgery is to correct the prolapse without causing bowel dysfunction and improve the associated functional abnormalities.

• #3 Rectal Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2026460-overview

  Rectal prolapse is uncommon; however, the true incidence is not known, because of underreporting, especially in the elderly population. Peaks in occurrence are noted in the fourth and seventh decades of life, and most patients (80-90%) are women. […] The annual incidence of rectal prolapse in Finland was found to be 2.5 per 100,000 population. […] Although all ages can be affected, peak incidences are observed in the fourth and seventh decades of life. Pediatric patients usually are affected when younger than 3 years, with the peak incidence in the first year of life. Mucosal prolapse is more common than complete prolapse (possibly because of poor fixation of the submucosa to the mucosa in pediatric patients). The incidence of prolapsed rectum in children with cystic fibrosis approaches 20%. […] In the adult population, the male-to-female ratio is 1:6. Although in the adult population, women account for 80-90% of cases, in the pediatric population, the incidence of rectal prolapse is evenly distributed between males and females.

• #4 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-prolapse

  Uncommon but the true incidence is unknown because of under-reporting, especially in the elderly population. […] It is most common in the elderly but can occur in all ages, including children. […] Complete prolapse in adults is most common in elderly females. […] In children, rectal prolapse occurs most often in patients between 1 and 3 years of age.

• #5 Rectal prolapse – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/prolapse-of-the-urinary-tract/

  According to research, the prevalence of rectal prolapse varies from 0.5 to 4% in the general population, but among the elderly, this figure is significantly higher and can reach 30%. […] More than 70% cases are observed in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the pelvic structure and hormonal changes that occur during menopause. […] In certain groups of the population, such as the elderly, especially those suffering from chronic constipation or making prolonged efforts during defecation, the risk of developing pathology increases significantly. […] There is also evidence that rectal prolapse often accompanies other diseases, such as urinary incontinence or colorectal diseases. […] Monitoring the patient’s condition after diagnosis of rectal prolapse includes regular checks of the person’s general condition and timely changes in the treatment plan.

• #6 Rectal Prolapse and Intussusception | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/rectal-prolapse-and-intussusception/

  Rectal prolapse affects patients of both genders and all ages. […] Although rectal prolapse is thought by many to be a disease of the elderly, procidentia has a bimodal age distribution with peaks at the extremes of age. It can occur at any stage in life. In children it is most commonly diagnosed before 3 years, and is seen more often in boys. Rectal prolapse in adults generally occurs after the fifth decade and is associated with the female gender 80% to 90% of the time. The condition occurs infrequently, with an incidence in adults between 0.25 and 0.42% and a prevalence of 1% in adults more than 65 years of age. Despite this seemingly low number, it is a common condition evaluated by health care providers of all specialties, and especially those treating colorectal disease. […] Although rectal prolapse is diagnosed on physical examination alone, it is difficult to determine the extent of pelvic floor dysfunction in certain patients without further studies. The presence of other concomitant pelvic floor abnormalities such as cystocele, enterocele, rectocele, sigmoidocele, or vaginal vault prolapse may necessitate complex pelvic floor repair rather than simply addressing the rectal prolapse. […] Preoperative defecography has been shown to affect management strategy in up to 40% of patients.

• #7 Rectal prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_prolapse

  Rectal prolapse affects less than 0.5% of the general population. It affects women more commonly, with a female to male ratio of 9:1. […] The true incidence of rectal prolapse is unknown, but it is thought to be uncommon. As most affected people are elderly, the condition is generally under-reported. It may occur at any age, even in children, but there is peak onset in the fourth and seventh decades. Women over 50 are six times more likely to develop rectal prolapse than men. […] Rectal prolapse is generally more common in elderly women, although it may occur at any age and in either sex. It is very rarely life-threatening, but the symptoms can be debilitating if left untreated.

• #8 What Is Rectal Prolapse? – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-is-rectal-prolapse/

  Rectal prolapse predominantly affects elderly and parous women, although it can occur in men and nulliparous women as well. […] In children, it is relatively common and usually self-limiting, with peak incidence between 1 and 3 years of age.

• #9 Complete Rectal Prolapse Associated with Redundant Sigmoid Colon in Young Psychiatric Patients: Anterior Resection of the Rectosigmoid is a Safe and Effective Choice of Operation

  https://fortuneonline.org/articles/complete-rectal-prolapse-associated-with-redundant-sigmoid-colon-in-young-psychiatric-patients-anterior-resection-of-the-rectosigm.html

  Complete rectal prolapse is a chronic condition affecting older patients, mainly females and more rarely children. […] Epidemiologic data for the epidemiologic aspects of the complete rectal prolapse show a mean annual incidence of 2.5/100.000 population with a female/male ratio 9:1, the condition affects older ages (mean=69yrs) and the majority of patients present with constipation or anal incontinence and 15% of patients suffer from psychiatric diseases. […] In another more recent study on the epidemiological trends in surgery for rectal prolapse in an 11-year period, admissions and operations for rectal prolapse were increasing year by year and probably the decision making for surgery has changed over the time in favor of surgical treatment with an increase of laparoscopic operations. […] The group of patients with psychiatric disease has not been adequately studied but there are indications that medication-induced constipation is a factor associated with rectal prolapse in this selected group of patients. […] Rectal prolapse is an uncommon condition in middle aged patients.

• #10 Understanding Pelvic Floor Health and Rectal Prolapse with Dr. Brooke Gurland | Surgery | Stanford Medicine

  https://surgery.stanford.edu/research/scrubcast/pelvic-floor-health-gurland.html

  So, right. I do a lot within colorectal, but I’ve kind of made my niche in this, uh, idea about prolapse and also multi compartment prolapse, which means that it can just happen to the rectum, but it can also happen to the other organs. […] In the world of rectal prolapse, about 90 percent affected are women and about 10 percent men. […] In the younger group, we think more along the lines of like hyperreflexia, which is those hypermobility kind of disorders, Ehlers Danlos, something related to connective tissue disorders. […] In the older group, we blame a lot on childbirth, but there are probably other things that also are adding to weakening the pelvic floor and some lifestyle things that one could work. […] In the world of rectal prolapse, there can be like internal rectal prolapse, external rectal prolapse, and then it depends on what the symptom is.

• #11 Rectal Prolapse: Symptoms, Surgery, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rectal-prolapse

  Rectal prolapse affects about 2.5 out of every 100,000 people. Women over age 50 are six times more likely than men to have this condition. […] Rectal prolapse is more common in the pediatric population than in adults. […] Women over age 50 are also at an increased risk of rectal prolapse.

• #12

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-prolapse-expanded-version

  Rectal prolapse affects relatively few people (about 0.5% of the general population). […] This condition affects mostly adults, and women 50 years and older are six times as likely as men to develop rectal prolapse. […] In younger patients, there is higher rate of defecation disorders, autism, developmental delay, and psychiatric problems requiring multiple medications. […] An estimated 30% to 67% of patients have chronic constipation (infrequent stools or severe straining) and an additional 15% have diarrhea. […] However, as many as 35% of patients with rectal prolapse never gave birth and it can occur in men. […] The risk of permanent or worsening fecal incontinence increases with time as well, due to stretching of the anal sphincter muscle and risk of nerve damage. […] The optimal treatment depends on the size of the prolapse and the patients overall health.

• #13 Rectal Prolapse | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617507/all/Rectal_Prolapse?q=DOCUSATE

  Most cases occur in children 4 years of age around time of toilet training; equal incidence in boys and girls […] In older children and adults, strong (6-fold) female predilection […] Common in developing countries, perhaps because of poor nutrition and parasitic infection; less common in industrialized countries.

• #14 Rectal Prolapse | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/rectal-prolapse/

  Rectal prolapse is a relatively uncommon phenomenon; however, the true incidence and prevalence are unknown primarily due to underreporting, especially in the elderly population. […] It can occur at any age, although the peak age of incidence for women is in the seventh decade. […] Rectal prolapse can often be seen in children younger than 3 years, where malnutrition and cystic fibrosis appear to be predisposing factors. […] Gender distribution is equal in children. […] In adults, rectal prolapse is more common in women, who are six times more likely to suffer from prolapse than are men. […] Although rectal prolapse is often associated with multiparity, nearly one-third of women with rectal prolapse are nulliparous. […] Male patients, although they represent a very small portion of this population, generally develop prolapse at a younger age than female patients (younger than 40). […] There is also an association between younger presentation and psychiatric conditions requiring multiple medications, such as autism and developmental delay.

• #15 Rectal Prolapse – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/colorectal-and-intestines-disorders/rectal-prolapse

  Rectal prolapse is more prevalent in women over the age of 50. […] Careful monitoring and the involvement of an experienced colon and rectal surgeon are important to the successful outcome for patients with colorectal conditions. […] Brigham and Womens Hospital provides a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, collaborating with colleagues who have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating rectal prolapse.

• #16 Complete Rectal Prolapse Associated with Redundant Sigmoid Colon in Young Psychiatric Patients: Anterior Resection of the Rectosigmoid is a Safe and Effective Choice of Operation

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/complete-rectal-prolapse-associated-with-redundant-sigmoid-colon-in-young-psychiatric-patients-anterior-resection-of-the-rectosigm.html

  Complete Rectal Prolapse is a chronic condition affecting older patients, mainly females and more rarely children. […] Epidemiologic data for the epidemiologic aspects of the complete rectal prolapse show a mean annual incidence of 2.5/100.000 population with a female/male ratio 9:1, the condition affects older ages (mean=69yrs) and the majority of patients present with constipation or anal incontinence and 15% of patients suffer from psychiatric diseases. […] In another more recent study on the epidemiological trends in surgery for rectal prolapse in an 11-year period, admissions and operations for rectal prolapse were increasing year by year and probably the decision making for surgery has changed over the time in favor of surgical treatment with an increase of laparoscopic operations.

• #17 Rectal prolapse | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectal-prolapse

  We do not know the exact cause of rectal prolapse, but risk factors include chronic constipation, straining to pass bowel motions, and weakened pelvic floor muscles. […] Women are six times more likely to suffer rectal prolapse than men. […] Rectal prolapse is graded according to its severity, including: Internal prolapse the rectum has prolapsed, but not so far as to slip through the anus. […] The exact cause of rectal prolapse is unknown, but risk factors include: Chronic constipation, Straining to pass bowel motions, Weakened pelvic floor muscles, Weakened anal sphincter muscles, Weakening of the muscles associated with ageing, since rectal prolapse is more common in people aged 65 years and over. […] About 11 per cent of children with rectal prolapse have cystic fibrosis, so it is important to test young people for this condition too.

• #18 The Incidence of rectal prolapse with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | The EDS Clinic

  https://www.eds.clinic/articles/rectal-prolapse-ehlers-danlos-syndrome

  Rectal prolapse is notably more common in individuals with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) compared to the general population. Research has shown that approximately 7% of rectal prolapse cases in young adults under 30 are linked to EDS. This association stems from the underlying connective tissue fragility characteristic of EDS, which compromises the structural integrity of the rectum and surrounding tissues. […] In EDS, the supportive structures of the rectum are weakened due to collagen abnormalities, predisposing individuals to prolapse even in the absence of typical risk factors. These findings underscore the importance of early recognition and targeted management for this complication in EDS patients, as delayed intervention can lead to significant morbidity. […] The prevalence of rectal prolapse in EDS patients is notably higher than in the general population.

• #19 Rectal Prolapse – Clinical Features – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/anorectal/rectal-prolapse/

  A rectal prolapse is the protrusion of mucosal or full-thickness layer of rectal tissue out of the anus. It is a relatively uncommon condition, affecting about 2.5 per 100 000 individuals each year in the UK, mainly affecting older females. […] The main risk factors for rectal prolapse are increasing age, female gender, multiple deliveries, straining, anorexia, and previous traumatic vaginal delivery. […] Definitive management is via surgical repair, either by an abdominal or perineal approach.

• #20 Pediatric Rectal Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/931455-overview

  In adults, rectal prolapse is six times more common in females than in males. 75% of patients have history of constipation, which stretches the pelvic floor and the anal sphincter mechanism, predisposing them to the disease. […] In children, incidence is higher during the first year of life, after which it becomes increasingly infrequent. It is slightly more common in boys than in girls and usually occurs between infancy and 4 years of age. […] Rentea and St. Peter, proposed the following risk factors for rectal prolapse: Chronic constipation 28%, Neurologic or anatomic conditions 24%, Diarrheal disease 20%, No underlying cause 17%, Cystic Fibrosis 11%. […] An earlier review of CF revealed that 23% of patients with CF experienced rectal prolapse and that 78% of these patients experiencing rectal prolapse before the diagnosis of CF. This led to the recommendation that CF should be considered in a child with rectal prolapse of unknown etiology.

• #21 Best approaches to rectal prolapse – Rajasingh – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/8260/html

  Rectal prolapse is a relatively uncommon condition with an incidence of 2.5 cases per 100,000 annually. However, amongst older women, the incidence of prolapse or incontinence rises substantially, and nearly 50% of women over 80 will report urinary or fecal incontinence (FI) or pelvic organ prolapse. The prevalence of rectal prolapse rises in two distinct patient populations: elderly women and younger women, particularly those with a history of chronic straining, functional bowel disorders, autism or other psychiatric disorders. In older women, concomitant pelvic organ prolapse is common (approximately 30%) and other associated risk factors in the older population include: multiparity (though 30% of women with rectal prolapse are nulliparous), pelvic floor weakness or diastasis of the levators, a deep cul-de-sac, a weak anal sphincter, chronic straining, functional disorders that lead to difficulty with elimination, and other anatomical variations that lead to obstruction and difficulty with elimination. Men represent 10% of the rectal prolapse cohort. In this population, irritable bowel disorders, chronic straining conditions, connective tissue disorders and hypermobility (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) are risk factors for prolapse.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02235476

  PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, and associations between urinary incontinence and genital prolapse in females after surgery for fecal incontinence or rectal prolapse. […] CONCLUSION: There is a higher prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and pelvic genital prolapse in females operated on for either fecal incontinence or rectal prolapse than in a control group. Therefore, female patients with fecal incontinence or rectal prolapse should be evaluated and treated by a multidisciplinary group of pelvic floor clinicians, including a gynecologist or urologist with special training in female pelvic floor dysfunction and a colorectal surgeon.

• #23 Rectal prolapse in the pediatric population—a narrative review of medical and surgical management – Kodia – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8810/html

  Although more frequent in the adult population, rectal prolapse is a common anorectal condition that can occur in children and adolescents. […] Despite significant advances in the evaluation, procedural and surgical management of pediatric anorectal conditions in the last few decades, there continues to be substantial variation in clinicians and surgeons practice for the treatment of rectal prolapse in children and adolescents. […] The most common cause of rectal prolapse in developed nations is chronic constipation. […] The evaluation of CF screening and its relationship to rectal prolapse management has similarly evolved over time. […] The management of pediatric rectal prolapse is closely related to its multifactorial etiology.

• #24 Rectal prolapse as an initial presentation of colorectal cancer: a systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-13924-4

  Colorectal cancer rising incidence still pose a public health challenge. In the present systematic review, we aimed to study the colorectal cancer patients with initial presentation of rectal prolapse. […] Rectal prolapse can be an initial presentation of colorectal cancer, which is more prevalent in female more than 65 years old. The most common symptoms accompanied rectal prolapse were rectal bleeding and constipation. […] According to the extracted case, it has been observed that in recent years the abundance of colorectal cancer cases with initial presentation of rectal prolapse has been increasing. 67.7% of all cases in this review were identified in 2015 and later. […] This review emphasizes that rectal prolapse has the potential to be the initial symptom of CRC and it can also be the presenting aspect of unrecognized intra-abdominal pathology. Hence, further workup and adequate investigation such as colonoscopy is recommended for patients with rectal prolapse without predisposing factors for a concomitant tumor.

• #25 Internal rectal prolapse – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rectal_prolapse

  The exact incidence is unknown. 20 – 50% of people have some detectable degree of IRP on defecography conducted on healthy volunteers with no symptoms. IRP is a common finding when defecography is carried out to investigate a defecation disorder. For those patients referred for defecography for investigation of obstructed defecation, IRP is detected in 40% of cases. According to another report, 12 to 31% of people with obstructed defecation had IRP. On the other hand, among those who are referred for defecography for investigation of fecal incontinence, IRP is detected in only 10% of cases. […] Higher grade of IRP is associated with older age. About 90% of cases of IRP occur in females. About 17% of patients with IRP are females who have never given birth. About 10-11% occur in males. In one systematic review including 1301 patients with IRP across 14 studies, 90% were female and 9% were male.

• #26 The international variability of surgery for rectal prolapse | BMJ Surgery, Interventions, & Health Technologies

  https://sit.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000198

  There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal approach for patients with full-thickness rectal prolapse. […] The aim of this international survey was to assess the patterns in treatment of rectal prolapse. […] There is significant variability in the preoperative evaluation and surgery performed for rectal prolapse. […] Given the lack of consensus, it is not surprising that most surgeons desire further education on the topic. […] Although rectal prolapse is relatively uncommon, with an estimated overall prevalence of 0.5% in the general population, it leads to significant detriment to patient quality of life. […] Performing any surgical randomized control trial is a major challenge and this has proved to be particularly difficult for trials comparing different approaches to the surgical treatment of rectal prolapse.

• #27 The international variability of surgery for rectal prolapse | BMJ Surgery, Interventions, & Health Technologies

  https://sit.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000198

  The use of minimally invasive abdominal procedures continues to remain high at around 90%, however there has been a decrease in the percentage of surgeons using a laparoscopic approach in favor of the robotic approach. […] When looking at the preferred abdominal approach for all participants, ventral rectopexy is often the procedure of choice, likely secondary to its excellent safety profile, functional outcomes, and recurrence rates. […] With respect to perineal repairs, participating surgeons from Europe and surrounding countries and Australasia favored the Delorme procedure and participating surgeons from the Americas preferred the Altmeier procedure. […] There is substantial variability between countries, and even within countries, regarding surgical management of FTRP. […] Therefore, it is not surprising that survey responses indicate that participants from all geographic regions are interested in further education on management of FTRP, with further education on ventral rectopexy being the most preferred topic. […] Future collaboratives within and between international societies will be imperative to prospectively evaluate the optimal individualized approach for patients with rectal prolapse.

• #28 The international variability of surgery for rectal prolapse | BMJ Surgery, Interventions, & Health Technologies

  https://sit.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000198

  Survey data from pediatric surgeons and colorectal surgeons in the UK have attempted to clarify which procedures are currently being undertaken in Europe, but no such data exist elsewhere. […] To provide future education and resources to improve the care of rectal prolapse, it is necessary to understand how surgeons are currently caring for patients with rectal prolapse. […] The aim of this study is to characterize the practice patterns for surgical management of rectal prolapse internationally. […] Our survey results show that the annual median caseload for rectal prolapse has increased over the past decade. […] An increasing percentage of surgeons continue to favor the abdominal approach for healthy patients and the perineal approach for older patients compared with survey results from 2014.

• #29 Surgical approaches for complete rectal prolapse

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v17/i3/102043.htm

  The choice of the surgical method for patients with complete rectal prolapse primarily depends on the clinical characteristics of the patient and the experience of the surgeon. […] Currently, relevant treatment guidelines are available to assist surgeons in selecting the most appropriate surgical approach. […] With continuous advancements in medical technology, surgical methods for complete rectal prolapse are evolving. […] El-Dhuwaib et al analyzed the epidemiological trends of rectal prolapse surgery in the United Kingdom from 2001 to 2012 and observed that the popularity of laparoscopic rectopexy increased sharply. […] Compared with other rectal prolapse surgeries, this procedure showed better results in terms of hospital stay, mortality, and reoperation rates.

• #30 Best approaches to rectal prolapse – Rajasingh – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/8260/html

  The overall complication rate following rectal prolapse repair is estimated to be around 10%, with slightly higher rates for open abdominal approaches compared to perineal and laparoscopic approaches. […] The recurrence rate after abdominal and perineal operations varies in the literature. The PROSPER trial showed no significant difference in rates of recurrence between procedure type and several meta-analyses have similarly suggested that there is no difference in recurrence rate between perineal and abdominal operations.

• #31 Rectal prolapse – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/prolapse-of-the-urinary-tract/

  The prognosis when contacting a doctor at the early stages of diagnosis is usually favorable. However, in advanced forms, failure to follow recommendations can lead to relapses and complications, such as tissue necrosis or chronic intoxication. […] The impact of concomitant diseases on the course of rectal prolapse and its consequences should also be taken into account.

• #32 Rectal Prolapse Surgery (Rectopexy): Recovery & Complications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4550-rectal-prolapse-surgery-rectopexy

  Rectal prolapse isnt common. It only occurs in about 0.5% of people. The condition affects people of all ages, including children. But its more common in people over 50 and women. Without surgery, rectal prolapse in adults gets worse and can lead to serious complications. […] Surgery is the only way to treat rectal prolapse in adults. Failing to get rectal prolapse surgery can lead to: […] Less than 5% of people who get abdominal rectopexy have another rectal prolapse. But as many as 1 in 4 people have another prolapse after perineal rectopexy.

• #33 Surgical approaches for complete rectal prolapse

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v17/i3/102043.htm

  Studies have shown that compared to laparoscopic suture rectopexy, laparoscopic mesh rectopexy is associated with a lower recurrence rate of rectal prolapse but a longer operative time. […] The therapeutic outcomes of surgery for complete rectal prolapse are unsatisfactory, primarily because of high recurrence rates. […] Many factors influence the choice of surgical approach and method for complete rectal prolapse, including subjective factors such as regional customs, the expertise of specialized physicians, and the difficulty of the surgery, as well as objective factors such as the extent of rectal prolapse, the baseline conditions of the patient, assessment of anal function, sex, recurrence rates, intraoperative and/or postoperative complications, patient acceptance, and economic considerations.

• #34 Characterising rectal prolapse and rectopexy in the United Kingdom: population characteristics, incidence and surgical procedures | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/characterising-rectal-prolapse-and-rectopexy-united-kingdom-population

  Rectal prolapse can be treated with a variety of surgical approaches (rectopexy), encompassing different access points, use of mesh or sutures and resection of the colon. […] The aim of this study is to increase understanding on the epidemiology of rectal prolapse and its surgical management, with a particular interest in procedures involving insertion of mesh. […] This study will improve understanding of the epidemiology of rectal prolapse and its surgical management. It will increase our knowledge of the risks associated with rectopexy procedures, including those that involve mesh insertion.

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