Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  Goiter may be associated with an irregular amount of thyroid hormone in your body (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) or with normal levels of thyroid hormone (euthyroid). […] Goiter has several possible causes. Depending on the cause, it may or may not require treatment. […] The most common cause of goiters worldwide is iodine deficiency, which affects an estimated 2.2 billion people. […] Goiter is an adaptive reaction of the cells in your thyroid to any process that blocks thyroid hormone production. While the most common cause of goiter worldwide is iodine deficiency, many conditions can cause it. […] Causes of goiter include: Iodine deficiency: Your thyroid needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. If you dont get enough iodine in your diet, your thyroid makes more cells (and grows) to try to make more thyroid hormone.

• #2 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  A goiter may be an overall enlargement of the thyroid, or it may be the result of irregular cell growth that forms one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid. […] The most common cause of goiters worldwide is a lack of iodine in the diet. In the United States, where the use of iodized salt is common, goiters are caused by conditions that change thyroid function or factors that affect thyroid growth. […] A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter. […] Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. This increased signal results in thyroid growth. In the United States, this cause is uncommon because of iodine added to table salt.

• #3 Goiter: Causes, treatment, types, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167559

  A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland that causes swelling in the neck. There are various possible causes, but it can be a sign that the thyroid gland is producing too much or too little thyroid hormone. […] There are a range of possible causes of a goiter, including: […] The most common cause of goiters outside the United States is a lack of iodine in the diet. The thyroid needs iodine to create thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism. […] Hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid gland. When the gland produces too little thyroid hormone, it is stimulated to produce more, leading to swelling. […] Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid gland, is another cause of goiters. In people with this condition, the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. […] Less common causes of goiters include the following: Smoking: Thiocyanate in tobacco smoke interferes with iodine absorption and can cause enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] People over the age of 40 are at greater risk of goiters, as are people with a family history of the condition.

• #4 Goiter in Animals – Endocrine System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/the-thyroid-gland/goiter-in-animals

  A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. […] Common causes of goiter include the following: iodine deficiency or excess, ingestion of goitrogenic plants, hereditary factors, congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome. […] Iodine deficiency is still responsible for most non-neoplastic goiters in large domestic animals in which a definitive cause is determined. […] With lower concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones, the pituitary secretes more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and subsequent development of a goiter. […] Goiter that is due to iodine deficiency is most common in neonatal pigs, lambs, and calves in areas with iodine-deficient soil. […] Goiter and hypothyroidism can occur in foals of dams fed excess iodine during gestation.

• #5 Colloid Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/colloid-nodular-goiter

  Colloid nodular goiter is the enlargement of an otherwise normal thyroid gland. […] When the thyroid gland is unable to make enough thyroid hormone, it may attempt to compensate by enlarging. Thyroid enlargement may also be caused by certain environmental factors. […] A colloid nodular goiter occurs when the thyroid gland is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body with sufficient hormone production. The thyroid gland compensates by enlarging, which usually overcomes mild deficiencies of thyroid hormone. […] Colloid nodular goiters are also known as endemic goiters and are usually caused by inadequate iodine in diet. They tend to occur in certain geographical areas with iodine-depleted soil, usually areas away from the sea coast. […] Risk factors are being female, being older than 40, having an inadequate dietary intake of iodine, living in an endemic area, and having a family history of goiters. […] A simple goiter may progress to a toxic nodular goiter.

• #6 What Causes Goiters?: Desert West Surgery : Minimally Invasive Surgeons

  https://www.desertwestsurgery.com/blog/what-causes-goiters

  Goiter is a relatively common type of thyroid disease thats often easier to diagnose. […] A goiter happens when the gland enlarges, or forms lumps called nodules that may or may not affect hormone production. […] Worldwide, goiter is often associated with iodine deficiency. But in Western countries like the United States, most goiters are caused by an underlying autoimmune disease called Hashimotos disease. […] You can also develop a goiter if you have an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroid disease) or an underactive thyroid (hypothyroid disease). These diseases happen when the thyroid produces too many or too few hormones. […] Finally, some people develop growths or nodules inside the thyroid gland. These nodules can grow and swell, resulting in goiter and affecting the levels of hormones the gland produces.

• #7 Goiter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-overview

  A goiter may result from a number of TSH receptor agonists. TSH receptor stimulators include TSH receptor antibodies, pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone, adenomas of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and tumors producing human chorionic gonadotropin. […] A deficiency in thyroid hormone synthesis or intake leads to increased TSH production. Increased TSH causes increased cellularity and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland in an attempt to normalize thyroid hormone levels. If this process is sustained, a goiter is established. Causes of thyroid hormone deficiency include inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, iodine deficiency, and goitrogens. […] In the United States, most goiters are due to autoimmune thyroiditis (ie, Hashimoto disease). […] Worldwide, the most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency. It is estimated that goiters affect as many as 200 million of the 800 million people who have a diet deficient in iodine. […] Granulomatous and infectious etiologies for goiter require specific treatment depending on the underlying cause.

• #8 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  Graves’ disease: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks your thyroid, causing it to grow larger. […] Hashimoto’s disease: This is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some people with Hashimoto’s disease develop a compensatory increase in the thyroid gland’s size. […] Thyroid cancer: Cancer of your thyroid gland often enlarges your thyroid. […] Pregnancy: Human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that a person produces during pregnancy, can cause their thyroid to grow. […] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland itself can cause your thyroid gland to grow. This can happen for several reasons.

• #9 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  Hashimoto’s disease. Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. The damaged and inflamed tissues of the thyroid don’t produce enough hormones (hypothyroidism). When the pituitary gland detects the decline and prompts the thyroid to create more hormones, the thyroid can become enlarged. […] Graves’ disease. Another autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system produces a protein that mimics TSH. This rogue protein prompts the thyroid to overproduce hormones (hyperthyroidism) and can result in thyroid growth. […] Thyroid nodules. A nodule is the irregular growth of thyroid cells that form a lump. A person may have one nodule or several nodules (multinodular goiter). The cause of nodules is not clear, but there may be multiple factors genetics, diet, lifestyle and environment. Most thyroid nodules are noncancerous (benign).

• #10 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Goiter can be the initial symptom of autoimmune thyroid disease. In Hashimotos thyroiditis thyroid enlarges gradually and can be detected by inspection, palpation, or ultrasonography. Occasionally it may enlarge rapidly and gives the impression of subacute thyroiditis. Elevated TSH levels due to hypothyroidism may also contribute to goiter in autoimmune thyroid disease. […] The concordance of goiter is higher in monozygotic twins than dizygotic. Mutations in sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, dual oxidase 2, pendrin, and TSH receptor gene have been identified responsible for the development of goiter. […] Lithium can cause hypothyroidism and goiter. Amiodarone, interleukin-2, sunitinib, sorafenib, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab can cause thyroiditis and hence goiter. Thiocyanate, perchlorate, and NO3- inhibit transport of iodide to the thyroid gland and decrease iodide uptake and thyroid hormone formation.

• #11 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  The pituitary gland senses a low thyroid hormone level and secretes more TSH to stimulate the thyroid. […] This stimulation causes the thyroid to grow, which may produce a goiter. […] Another common cause of goiter is Graves disease. […] In this case, ones immune system produces a protein, called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). […] As with TSH, TSI stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge producing a goiter. […] However, TSI also stimulates the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone (causes hyperthyroidism). […] Since the pituitary senses too much thyroid hormone, it stops secreting TSH. […] Therefore, Graves disease produces a goiter and hyperthyroidism. […] Multinodular goiters are another common cause of goiters. […] This is often detected as a nodular feeling gland on physical exam.

• #12 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  Thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers and generally treatable. About 5% of people with thyroid nodules are found to have cancer. […] Pregnancy. A hormone produced during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may cause the thyroid gland to be overactive and enlarge slightly. […] Inflammation. Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid caused by an autoimmune disorder, bacterial or viral infection, or medication. The inflammation may cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

• #13 Goiter > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/goiter

  A goiter is a swelling in the neck caused by an enlarged thyroid gland. […] There are several possible causes of goiter, including: An iodine deficiency, An overactive or underactive thyroid, Thyroid nodules, Thyroid infection or injury, Inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), Exposure to radiation, Certain inherited conditions, Graves disease, Hashimotos disease, Cancer. […] Those with iodine-deficient diets are at greater risk of developing a goiter. […] Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis are both autoimmune thyroid conditions where antibodies attack the thyroid, causing inflammation and thyroid enlargement. […] Pregnancy often causes mild swelling of the thyroid gland to meet increasing metabolic demands, and it typically resolves after delivery. […] Certain medications, such as birth control pills, amiodarone (a treatment for heart arrhythmia), and lithium (a treatment for bipolar disorder), may increase the chances of thyroid enlargement.

• #14 Thyroid Goiter

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-goiter

  Several conditions may cause or predispose to the development of thyroid nodules including iodine deficiency. […] The reason why these thyroid goiters occur is not well understood. This is a condition called follicular hyperplasia. […] Multinodular goiter is a thyroid gland which contains multiple thyroid nodules. The cause of multinodular goiter is not known but in some instances there may be a strong family history of goiters. […] Although the likelihood that a thyroid nodule is a cancer is quite low, the following are associated with an increased malignant risk: age less than 30 years of age, age greater than 50 years of age, men greater than women, a positive family history of thyroid cancer, a positive family history of other endocrine cancers, a history of radiation exposure, larger thyroid nodules, vocal cord paralysis.

• #15 Goiter Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-clinical

  The different etiologic mechanisms that can cause a goiter include the following: […] Iodine deficiency […] Autoimmune thyroiditis – Hashimoto or postpartum thyroiditis […] Excess iodine (Wolff-Chaikoff effect) or lithium ingestion, which decrease release of thyroid hormone […] Goitrogens […] Stimulation of TSH receptors by TSH from pituitary tumors, pituitary thyroid hormone resistance, gonadotropins, and/or thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins […] Inborn errors of metabolism causing defects in biosynthesis of thyroid hormones […] Exposure to radiation […] Deposition diseases/infiltrative disease […] Thyroid hormone resistance (pituitary thyroid hormone resistance with resultant elevated TSH) […] Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain thyroiditis) […] Silent thyroiditis […] Riedel thyroiditis […] Infectious agents […] Granulomatous disease […] Thyroid malignancy […] Low selenium levels: This may be associated with goiter prevalence.

• #16 Goitre – disease, treatment, thyroid | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/goitre

  Goitre is an enlarged thyroid gland. The main causes of goitre are: autoimmune diseases such as Hashimotos disease or Graves disease, nodules or lumps in your thyroid gland, a lack of iodine in your diet, a tumour or thyroid cancer. […] There are several causes of goitre, and your treatment will depend on the cause. […] Iodine deficiency can still occur. You need more iodine when you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

• #17 Goitre

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/goitre/

  A goitre happens when your thyroid gland is swollen. […] Some reasons why your thyroid might be swollen include: an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), harmless lumps (nodules) on the thyroid, hormone changes during puberty, pregnancy or the menopause, an inflamed thyroid gland (thyroiditis), having a condition with your immune system, like Grave’s disease, not enough iodine in your diet – this is rare in the UK, thyroid cancer this is rare.

• #18 Causes of Goiter

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/causes-of-goiter

  Iodine deficiency found in seafood is a big reason for goiter. […] However, this is not a problem for vegetarians living in countries wherein iodine is added to salt. […] Thyroid gland requires iodine for producing thyroid hormones that regulate the bodys rate of metabolism. […] Hypothyroidism is a consequence of underactive thyroid gland this leads to goiter. […] This generally is a consequence of Hashimotos thyroiditis which is a condition wherein which the immune system of our body attacks its own tissue leads to inflammation of our thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism refers to an overactive gland. […] This generally results from Graves disease which is an autoimmune disorder wherein which the immunity of our body turns on itself attacks thyroid gland making it swollen. […] Less common reasons for goiter comprise the following- Smoking thiocyanate of tobacco smoke interferes with the absorption of iodine. […] Hormonal changes Puberty, pregnancy menopause could affect the thyroid function. […] Thyroiditis inflammation which is lead to infection.

• #19 Multinodular Goiter | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70705

  Naturally occurring goitrogens are thought to work by different mechanisms, leading to impaired thyroid hormone synthesis or thyroid growth. […] Certain mutations like those affecting the activation of camp cascade (e.g., TSH-r mutations) which stimulates growth and function mutation in genes encoding thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), dual oxidase 2 (THOX2), the sodium-iodide symporter gene (SLC5A5), Pendred syndrome gene (SLC26A4), the TSH receptor gene (TSHR gene), the iodotyrosine deiodinase (DEHAL 1), and the thyroid oxidase 2 gene (THOX2) have been found to be responsible in certain cases for the formation of nodules in a patient with MNG. […] Familial MNGs have been found to be strongly associated with mutations in the miRNA processing gene DICER1.

• #20 Goiter causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Goiter_causes

  Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, Grave’s disease and hashimoto’s disease. […] Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene. […] Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows: […] Goiter may be caused by: […] Iodine deficiency […] Grave’s disease […] Hashimoto’s disease […] Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: […] Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene […] Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene.

• #21 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Goitre refers to an enlarged thyroid. Common causes of goitre include autoimmune disease, thyroid nodules and iodine deficiency. […] When diffuse enlargement of the thyroid occurs in the absence of nodules and hyperthyroidism, it is referred to as a diffuse nontoxic goitre. […] Worldwide, diffuse goitre is most commonly caused by iodine deficiency and is termed 'endemic goitre’ when it affects 5% of the population in a given geographic area. […] The prevalence of goitre, diffuse and nodular, is dependent on the status of iodine intake of the population. […] Smoking is also known to be goitrogenic, with cigarette smoke containing goitrogens including thiocyanates. […] Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. […] Iodine supplementation will usually reduce thyroid volume in children and adolescents living in iodine deficient environments.

• #22 Goitre | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/goitre

  A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] Causes include iodine deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. […] Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of goitre involve conditions of the thyroid – such as nodules, cancer, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. […] Goitre can be caused by a range of factors, including: […] Insufficient iodine in the diet. […] High consumption of certain foods that neutralise iodine, such as cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower. Other foods, like soy, may also induce goitres. […] Certain drugs, such as lithium and phenylbutazone. […] Thyroid cancer. […] Nodules growing on the thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland).

• #23 Goiter – simple Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/goiter-simple

  A simple goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is usually not a tumor or cancer. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. The body needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. If you do not have enough iodine in your diet, the thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right amount of thyroid hormone. So, a goiter can be a sign the thyroid is not able to make enough thyroid hormone. […] Other causes of goiter include: The body’s immune system attacking the thyroid gland (autoimmune problem), Certain medicines (lithium, amiodarone), Infections (rare), Cigarette smoking, Eating very large amounts of certain foods (soy, peanuts, or vegetables in the broccoli and cabbage family), Toxic nodular goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland that has a small growth or many growths called nodules, which produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Simple goiters are more common in: People over age 40, People with a family history of goiter, People who are born and raised in areas with iodine deficiency, Women.

• #24 Goitre – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goitre

  A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. […] Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. […] The most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, commonly seen in countries that scarcely use iodized salt. Selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor. In countries that use iodized salt, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause. […] Goitre can also result from cyanide poisoning, which is particularly common in tropical countries where people eat the cyanide-rich cassava root as the staple food.

• #25 Causes and Signs of an Enlarged Thyroid | Hackensack Meridian Health

  https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/en/healthu/2021/02/08/causes-and-signs-of-an-enlarged-thyroid

  Goiters affect about 16 percent of people worldwide, ranging from just under 5 percent in the United States to 28.3 percent in Africa, according to the National Institutes of Health. […] But the most common cause of goiters globally—a lack of the nutrient iodine—isn’t a significant issue in the U.S., where iodized salt is routinely used. […] In our country, many goiters are idiopathic, meaning we don’t know the reason why they occur, says Alexander Shifrin, M.D., an endocrine surgeon with Hackensack Meridian Health. […] Still, various risk factors can make it more likely that you’ll develop a goiter. These include: […] If you or a family member have dealt with an autoimmune disease, this ups your risk for a goiter. […] Thyroid problems happen more often during these hormone-fluctuating times in women’s lives. […] Those who’ve undergone radiation treatments to the head, neck or chest, or have been exposed to radiation from a nuclear facility or accident, are more prone.

• #26 Goiter Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/goiter

  There are several factors that can lead to thyroid enlargement: […] Iodine deficiency […] A goiter can affect anyone, but its most common in women older than 40. Being obese and having insulin resistance or a family history of thyroid disease can increase the risk of developing a goiter. […] Goiter treatment will depend on whats causing the thyroid to become enlarged.

• #27 Toxic multinodular goitre – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_multinodular_goitre

  Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter (MNTG), is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism. […] It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism in which there is excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). […] Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (after Graves’ disease) in the developed world, whereas iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing-world countries where the population is iodine-deficient. […] However, iodine deficiency can cause goiter (thyroid enlargement); within a goitre, nodules can develop. […] Risk factors for toxic multinodular goiter include individuals over 60 years of age and being female.

• #28 Toxic multinodular goitre – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_multinodular_goitre

  Sequence of events: Iodine deficiency leading to decreased T4 production. Induction of thyroid cell hyperplasia due to low levels of T4. This accounts for the multinodular goitre appearance. Increased replication predisposes to a risk of mutation in the TSH receptor. If the mutated TSH receptor is constitutively active, it would then become 'toxic’ and produces excess T3/T4 leading to hyperthyroidism.

• #29 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause goiter. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, which is often seen in countries that do not have a public health intervention to prevent iodine deficiency. In this instance, the terminology is an endemic goiter. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland such as autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, radiation thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis can cause thyroid enlargement, hence goiter. […] Goiter can include one or more nodules and is termed as nodular goiter or nontoxic multinodular goiter; in these entities, the enlarged thyroid is associated with euthyroidism. Other causes can be thyroid cancer and granulomatous and infiltrative diseases of the thyroid. […] The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency. In countries that use iodized salt and in others where iodine deficiency is not a problem, Hashimoto thyroiditis is an important cause of goiter. However, iodine deficiency still remains the most common cause worldwide. Goiters have various morphological, hormonal, and clinical presentations and not all causes of goiter can be attributed to iodine deficiency. Genetic, demographic, and environmental factors are also responsible for the development of goiter. Other causes include Graves disease, inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, congenital hypothyroidism, inflammatory thyroid diseases like postpartum thyroiditis, infiltrative diseases of thyroid like sarcoidosis, and amyloidosis, TSH secreting pituitary adenomas, and others.

• #30 Goitre – causes, investigation and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145396/

  Goitre refers to an enlarged thyroid. Common causes of goitre include autoimmune disease, thyroid nodules and iodine deficiency. […] Treatment options for goitre depend on the cause and the clinical picture and may include observation, iodine supplementation, thyroxine suppression, thionamide medication (carbimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine ablation and surgery.

• #31 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  However, for the general population and nonpregnant, nonlactating women in Australia, iodine supplementation over what is obtained from iodine fortified bread is not necessary. […] Potential treatment options for goitre will depend on the cause and the clinical picture. Options include observation, iodine supplementation, thyroxine suppression, thionamides (carbimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I131) ablation and surgery. […] Patients with an asymptomatic euthyroid goitre can usually be observed without specific treatment. […] Growth preventing intervention is usually unnecessary, as benign nodules usually grow quite slowly. […] Controlled trials have shown a beneficial effect of thyroxine treatment for both diffuse goitres and thyroid nodules. […] Thionamides (carbimazole and propylthiouracil) are used in patients with thyrotoxicosis and a goitre due to Graves disease. […] Radioactive iodine is another option and reduces goitre size by about 50% in the majority of patients over 612 months. […] Surgery is appropriate in patients who have troubling compressive symptoms and/or fail to respond to medical therapy.

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